FORM-1-CHAPTER-1-7-SCIENCE-NOTES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE

1. Prefix

mili 0.001 10 −3

centi 0.01 10 −2

deci 0.1 10 −1

kilo 1000 10 3

2. Measuring Instructions

a. To measure curve line (e.g. river or road

on the map)

- Use thread and ruler

- Use opisometer 4. Steps to light a Bunsen burner
- Close the air hole
b. i. Internal calipers to measure internal - Light the match stick and bring near
- Turn on the gas pipe
diameter of cylinder. - Adjust the collar

ii. External caliper to measure external 5. Sequences of scientific investigation
a. Make an observation
diameter of cylinder. b. Make a hypothesis
c. Carry out a experiment
iii. Thickness of cylinder d. Analyse and interpret data
e. Make a conclusion
Extended - Internal
=2

3. a. Estimate the area of an irregular object

- Any box that more than 50% are
calculated as 1cm 2 .

b. Differences

Mass Weight

- quantity of - force reacts on

matter an object

- measured by - measured by

level balance spring balance

- unit kilogram - unit Newton

- constant - influenced by

gravity force

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CHAPTER 2 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE

1. a. Cytoplasm = place where chemical process occur.
b. Preparation of cheek cell

Add methylene blue Cover with slip Wipe off excess Observe under
solution on the cell methylene blue microscope

solution

2 Cell → Tissues → Organ → System → Organism
.

- a basic unit - A group of - A few groups - Digestive - animal

- eg: sperm, similar or different system and plant

ovum, platelet, cells groups of

white blood, red performing tissues

blood, neurone the same involved in a

function specific

eg: function.

sperm ovum

(reproductory i. Muscle
process) tissue

(allow 2b. System Function
movement) Organ Digestive to digest or break food
Stomach

Heart Blood circulation to pump blood

ii. epithelial Lungs Respiratory Absorb oxygen
tissue Excretion Carbon dioxide / water
Uterus Reproductory
Eyes / skin Sight / touch

Ear / nose Hearing / smelling

Pancreas Digestive

iii. cardiac Kidney Excretory excrete waste product

tissue Intestine Digestion Absorb food

Bone Skeleton Support and protect

3. a. Nerve / neurone = carries impulse / send information from one part to another part in a

human body.

b. Type of nerve Diagram Function

Sensory - To transfer impulses to the brain.

neurone

Relay neurone - To connect sensory nerve and

motor nerve.

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Motor neurone - To transfer impulses to the
effector.

4. Organism

Multicellular Unicellular (can move)

Plants Animals Plants

- with chloroplast - without chloroplast - Without - With chloroplast

- can make food by - can’t make food. chloroplast - Can make food by

photosynthesis - Can’t make food photosynthesis

Mucuor Hydra Paramecium

Chlamydomonas Euglena

Spirogyra Amoeba

1a. Mushroom

CHAPTER 3 MATTER
Matter

Freezing Melting

- Kinetic energy ↓ / heat is released - Kinetic energy ↑ / heat is absorbed
- Distance between molecules nearer. - Distance between molecules become
- The particles become closely together
and orderly arranged. further
- Particle vibrate only - The particles move further apart and
- Can’t move freely
faster
- Move randomly
- collision greater

Number of molecules unchanged
Size of molecule unchanged

b.

- Kinetic energy ↓ / heat loss - Kinetic energy ↑ / heat absorbed
- Distance of particles closer - Distance of particles increase
- Particles moves slower - Particles moves faster

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2a. Gas is compressible (because the gas
particles are far apart)

b. Liquid is uncompressible (because the
liquid particles are closely together)

4. Air has weight / mass

3. Properties of particles in matter:
- has volume, mass and occupy space.
a. Air occupies space

CHAPTER 4 VARIETY OF RESOURCE ON EARTH
1. Substances

Atom (one unit only) Molecule (more than one atoms)
- e.g: or
Element Compound

- same type of atoms - different type of atoms

- e.g: or - e.g: or

2. Element + Element  heated → Compound

Iron + Sulphur  heated → Iron sulphide

Mixture Compound
Iron can be attracted by a magnet Iron can’t be attracted by a magnet

3. - air Natural Resource
- soil - minerals
- living things - light
- water - fossil fuel (petroleum, natural gas, coal)

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4. a.i. ii.

b. Compound can be separated into element chemically.

Compound → Element + Element

i. By Heating Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide ↑

ii. By Electrolysis Water, H2O → Hydrogen, H2 + Oxygen, O ↑

CHAPTER 5 THE AIR AROUND US

1. Combustion Respiration Photosynthesis
a. i. Occur day and night - Occur day and night - Occur daytime only
ii. Produce energy - Produce energy - Absorb energy
iii. Release CO 2 - Release CO 2 - Release O 2
iv. Absorb O 2 - Absorb O 2 - Absorb CO 2
v. Occur outside of the - Occur inside the living - Occur inside the living

living cell cell cell

2. a. Photosynthesis (use carbon dioxide) iii. lower of oxygen level in the
i. maintain the composition of carbon atmosphere.
dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.
(reduce the amount of carbon dioxide iv. destroy the habitat of flora and fauna.
in the atmosphere but increase the c. Ways to prevent air pollution
amount of oxygen in the atmosphere).
ii. supply food and oxygen for living - enforcement of laws
organisms. - used unleaded petrol
- practice car-pooling system
b. Effect of deforestation / logging - ban open burning in public area.
i. cause greenhouse effect / global - replanting tree
warming d. Prevent depleting of ozone
ii. increase of carbon dioxide level in - reduce the usage of CFC materials in
the atmosphere.
air conditioning and aerosiol can
e. Ozone layer

- protect our earth from harmful ultra-
violet

- ultra-violet can cause eye cataract and
skin cancer.

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- ozone layer can be depleted by CFC
(chloroflour-carbon)

Oxygen can ii. Lead Damage the
a. dissolve into water nervous system
b. dissolve into alkaline iii. Soot Retard the growth
of plant cause
pyrogallol solution iv. Carbon respiratory problem
c. relight a glowing splinter dioxide Cause green house
effect and global
(support combustion) v. Chemical warming
d. for respiration of organism waste From factory

- neutral vi. Fertilizer / From agriculture
Nitrogenous land
Carbon dioxide (acidic) compound
From tanker ship at
a. Dissolve or absorbed by sodium vii. Oil the port or harbour
bicarbonate solution / sodium hydroxide Harmful to
solution. viii. Carbon respiratory system /
monoxide reduce in take of
b. Turns bicarbonate indicator yellowish (from exhaust oxygen to the brain.
c. Turns lime water cloudy pipe) corrode roofs and
d. Turns moist blue litmus paper into red buildings
ix. Acid rain
(acidic).
e. Extinguish a burning splinter / do not b.i. Ozone layer
- reflect ultra-violet ray.
support combustion. - deplete due to CFC
f. Excess carbon dioxide cause greenhouse (chlorofluocarbon), usage of air-
conditional and erosoil can.
effect.
g. Used in photosynthesis process.

5. Snail shell + dilute acid → carbon dioxide
(Carbonate)

6. a. Pollutant Thinning the ozone ii. Ways to prevent depletion of ozone
i. CFC layer layer
- reduce the usage of CFC materials
such as aerosoil can.

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c. Green house effect - Flask Q turn cloudy earlier.

9. Experiment showing that oxygen is
needed to survive

b. Inference: Organism needs oxygen
to survive.

7. Photosynthesis and respiration processes 10ai. The fish alive because
maintain the composition of oxygen and ii. the water weed carries
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. out photosynthesis
process to supply
oxygen and food to the
fishes.
After two days, the fish
die because:
- insufficient of oxygen
- without food.

c. Whale which breath through lungs
need to rise up to the surface of the
water to obtain oxygen.

- Exhale air contains more carbon
dioxide than inhale air

CHAPTER 6 SOURCES OF ENERGY

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CHAPTER 7 HEAT
1. Water is a poor conductor of heat.

2.a. Thermos flask iii. White and Shinny Black and
Dull

- Good reflector of - Good
heat. absorber
of heat

iv. Aluminium foil as chocolate wrapper,
white lorry tanker and house painted
white to make it less hot. White surface
is a good reflector of heat.

v. Solar panel painted black to absorb heat
vi. Car or buildings are painted white to

reflect heat and make them less hot.
vii. Dark colour shirt is not suitable to wear

as it absorbs heat and make us hot.
viii. Dark colour shirt is not suitable to

wear as it absorbs heat and make us hot.

b. Radiation of Heat

The heated sphere ball can’t go through the White and Shinny Black and Dull
ring because the spaces / distance of - Poor radiator of - Good radiator
particles becomes further apart in the
sphere ball causing the sphere ball to expand. heat of heat
4. Absorption of heat ii. Car radiator is painted black to radiate

a. i. Black surface absorbs heat better than heat.
white surface.
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ii.

5. a. Bimetallic strip

8. Differences

Evaporation Boiling

b. Conclusion - occur on the - occur all over
Different metals has different rate of
expansion surface the liquid

- occur at any - occur at 100 ºC

c. Devices using bimetallic principle: temperature only

- Fire alarm system - Iron below 100ºC

- Refrigerator - Oven - slow process - quick process

- Air-conditional 9. a. Fire alarm operation sequences

d.

Ascending order of expansion Bimetallic gets hot
x→y→z
↓
a. Air bubbles are released when the air is
heated. Bimetallic expands and bends

b. Bubbles are given out because air ↓
particle distance further apart and
faster when heated. The kinetic energy Bimetallic touch the contact
increase and the collision is greater.
↓
c. Mercury is used in thermometer
because it expands evenly with heat. Electric flow

7. Sublimation ↓

eg - Iodine crystal, ammonium chloride Bell rings
- Naphtalene The fire heat up the bimetallic strip
- Solid carbon dioxide. and cause it to expand and bend. The
bimetallic touch the contact, enable
the current to flow and cause the bell
to ring.

b. A tight metal cap of a bottle can be
removed by immersing the metal cap into
hot water. The metal cap gets hot,
expand and become loose.

c. Two glasses that are stuck together and be
separated by putting the outer glass into
hot water as the outer glass will expand
more than the inner glass.

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d. The electric cables become straightened 12. Radiation (no medium of transfer heat)
during cold weather. The electric cables
contract when it is cooled. - The heats from the sun reach us by
radiation.
e. Ping-pong ball
A dented ping-pong ball will become - Radiation can transfer through outer
round again when put into hot water. The space which is vacuum.
air pressure inside the ping-pong ball has
high energy to push the wall round again. 13. Condensation
- gas → liquid
f. Thermometer - The gas
- The mercury expands when the molecules lose
thermometer is placed into hot water. its kinetic
- The mercury contracts when the energy and turn
thermometer is placed into the cold into liquid
water. molecules.

10. Electric Cables 14. Convection
- During winter the cables contract and - Hot air moves up
become straighten because the cable’s - Cool air moves down
atoms move closely together. - e.g. car radiator,
- During summer the cables expand and refrigenerator, kettle (boiling of
become curve because the cable’s water/kettle) and air conditioner.
atoms move further away. - Natural phenomena of convection :

- The water level drops first because i.
the flask expands. Then the water
level rises because the cool water
inside gets hot and expand.

- The water level rise first then drop Land Breeze (night time)
because the flask shrinks. Then water
level drops slightly as the hot water WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
contract.

ii.

Sea Breeze (day time) Heat content of beaker P is higher than Q
because the volume / mass of water P is
iii. The spiral turns due to convection of greater than Q (Both have same
hot air temperature).

iv. Convection
v. Convection cools the house

vi. Boiling of water

Hot water rises up.
Cool water moves down
15. Heat content over mass / volume

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