Writing a Script

SCRIPTWRITING
FOR SHORT FILM/FILM/TV DRAMA SCRIPT
WRITING A
SCRIPT

SYAHIRAH I EFFA NORHAIZA I NORAINI

S C R I P T W R I T2 7 I N G

WRITING A SCRIPT

SYAHIRAH I EFFA NORHAIZA I NORAINI

Publisher

POLITEKNIK METrO TASEK GELUGOR

Politeknik METrO Tasek Gelugor
No. 25, Jalan Komersial 2
Pusat Komersial Tasek Gelugor
13300 Tasek Gelugor
Pulau Pinang, MALAYSIA.

WRITER & EDITOR

SYAHIRAH BINTI IBRAHIM
EFFA NORHAIZA BINTI OMAR
NORAINI BINTI RAMLI

LANGUAGE EDITOR

DR. MAJDAH BINTI MAHAMUD

This publication is intended to provide information regarding the subject matter covered.
All the references included in this book are tor teaching and learning purpose

All right reserved

This book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form eithout permission from publisher

2022

Perpustakaan Negara malaysia
e-ISBN :

Synopsis

Writing a script is an important part of
filmmaking. It is a craft that takes time to master
in understanding of story structure and pacing.
Every good movie is developed around a well-
written script. An interesting storyline and a
clearly communicated message will benefit from
interesting story content.
This ebook introduces students to the
fundamentals of developing and writing scripts
for film. The course emphasizes on theme, story,
plot, dialogue, character arc, dramatic structure,
script format, and the process of developing and
writing a script.




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Course Learning Outcome
(CLO)

Upon completion of this course, students
should be able to:

1.Identify clearly fundamental, types and
process of scriptwriting. (C4, PLO1)

2.Prepare accurately the basic concepts
and techniques of scriptwriting. (C5,
PLO2)

3.Constructs creatively a sense of
storytelling, through cinematic
techniques stand as an original
scriptwriting for film. (P5, PLO2)

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Table of Content

1. Synopsis i

2. Course Learning Outcome (CLO) ii

3. Table of Content iii

4. Introduction to Script 1-7

5. Develop Idea and Concept 8 - 14

6. Character Development 15 - 19

7. Story Structure 20 - 28

8. Formatting 29 - 35

9. Screenwriting Software 36 - 43

10. References 44

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SCRIPTWRITING
FOR SHORT FILM/FILM/TV DRAMA SCRIPT
WRITING A SCRIPT

INTRODUCTION
TO

SCRIPT

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Introduction to Script

Summary: Outlines the introduction to writing scripts. Equips students with
knowledge and skills to identifying various type of script.

1.0 Introduction

The field of scriptwriting is not a new field, in fact, it is growing in line with the
appearance of television stations that nurture interest in scriptwriting. Writing
this script requires common sense ideas and logic to interpret messages on
paper. A script is developed according to different levels, the synopsis, and the
original idea translated from the literary language to the film language for
shooting.

It is not easy to produce a script because it requires thoroughness, and a deep
understanding of an issue to be displayed. Screenwriting is a craft that takes time
to learn and requires discipline to understand story structure, psychology, human
dynamics, and pacing. The lack of knowledge makes it difficult for the writer to
flow ideas into a copy of the script. Television production works consider the
script as the heart. The perfection of work will reflect perfect scriptwriting.
Everything that is conveyed in the script should be clearly understood by a
director to prevent the audience from feeling bored with the content of the story
being conveyed.

A screenwriter needs to cleverly position himself as an impressive researcher. The
writer needs to refer to the facts so that the narrator can give confidence and
have a deep impact on the audience. The scriptwriter should be responsible for
ensuring that the script produced is able to attract the hearts of all parties,
whether it is the publishing side, the broadcasting station, or even the audience.

To make a good movie, the script needs to be well-written. The value of the script
is not judged by how big the budget is, not how good the actors embody the
characters, or how dynamic and powerful the visual effects are. But one of the
factors of the failure of a movie is the writing of the script which is not clear and
not understood. It's rare that a bad script results in a good, quality movie.

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Introduction to Script

1.1 What is a script?

The script is a blueprint that contains dialogue, character movements, and scene
descriptions. According to the adage says, "if isn’t on the page, it isn’t on the
stage". A script is also referred to as a text where it is the backbone that patterns
the narrative of a story. The script is written constructively to translate visually.
Interesting story content will have an impact on an easy-to-understand storyline
and a clearly communicated message.

Writing a script is an important aspect of producing a film. For example, studios in
Hollywood spend hundreds of millions of dollars to get great actors, material, and
interesting visual effects. The idea of ​developing a script is through various means
and sources. But there is one indisputable fact without a good script, a good film
cannot be produced.

To write a script, the first step is to have a solid idea. However, before the
determination of the film concept is done, it is necessary to identify what is
needed after the project is completed. Is the purpose of making a film for art or to
achieve a vision and mission for yourself? Or is the purpose of making a film to
learn the filmmaking process? Or the purpose of the film produced is to advance
in that the film produced can be sold commercially and earn a profit.

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Introduction to Script

1.1.1 Definition of Script:

A narrative writing blueprint that includes acting and direction to create a moving
picture.

1.1.2 Definition of Screenplay:

A letter of direction to the actor/actress.

1.1.3 Step of Script:

Synopsis
Character
Treatment
Script

1.1.4 Short Film/ Film/ Tv Drama Script:

There are some elements of script:
Scene Heading
Action
Character Name
Dialogue
Parenthetical
Transition and others

1.2 Definition of Genre:

Refers to the method based on similarities in the narrative element from which
films are constructed.

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Introduction to Script

a) Action

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b) Adventure

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Introduction to Script

c) Biography

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d) Horror

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Introduction to Script

e) Musical

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f) Romantic Comedy

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Introduction to Script

g) Science Fiction

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SCRIPTWRITING
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WRITING A SCRIPT

DEVELOP IDEA
& CONCEPT

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Develop Idea and Concept

Summary: Students will be exposed to various methods and techniques to
visualize the script to screen.

Developing the script

There are several steps to generate a script, among which are:
You can write one yourself
You can develop an original idea as a writer or director
You can adapt a script from another genre such as a play, story or true story
You can find a script that is already written

2.1 What is Idea?

A concept or group of thoughts that arise in the mind might be described as an
idea.

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Develop Idea and Concept

2.1.1 Where Do Scripts Come From?

Script development is to inspire, express and convey something in visual form to
dramatic terms. All these mentioned sources serve as the basis for a dramatic or
documentary project:

Adaptations from short stories  Magazine articles

Dreams Memories

Characters News stories

Concepts Newspaper headlines

Fantasies Personal experience 

Historical events Places

Ideas Real events

Images Real-life experiences

Listening to people talk Social issues

By keeping your eyes and ears open and paying attention to
your surroundings, you can locate great content for your
script. To generate good ideas and stories for diaries and
notebooks, events are observed and written down. When an
event is recorded on a computer, it is possible to overlook
noteworthy, humorous, or interesting elements.

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Develop Idea and Concept

2.1.2 Idea Often Form By:

a) Brainstorming Session
When a group of individuals gathers to discuss a particular topic of interest, the
process is known as brainstorming. People are able to think more freely, explore
new regions of thought, and as a result, come up with a lot of fresh ideas and
answers when given guidelines that remove inhibitions. As ideas come to them,
participants shout them out, and then they build on one another’s ideas. All of the
suggestions are written down without being judged. The ideas are only reviewed
when the brainstorming session is complete.

b) Discussion Session

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Develop Idea and Concept

2.2 An Idea

A new theory, product, method of solving a problem, or concept for a work of art
are all examples of new ideas.
New Ideas Are Old Ideas That Are Arranged In A New Way
a) Innovation

Innovation is the transformation of information and ideas into a benefit, which
may be for private or public use; the benefit may be new or enhanced goods,
procedures, or services.
b) Adaptation
Based on a popular narrative from any source, adaptation dramatizes it to fit
the format.

c) Remake These images are for educational purposes only

A remake is a motion picture based on a film produced earlier

Ideas are made up of various components, and we can combine ideas by
deleting or substituting certain components with others.

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Develop Idea and Concept

Imagination Related To Idea

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Develop Idea and Concept

2.3 What Is Imagination?

The word "imagination" is derived from the Latin verb "imaginari," which means
"to imagine oneself."

Imagination is the ability to form a picture, story, or idea in mind.

The ability of imagination to mix pictures and concepts to carry out the function
of reason is implied as an actual or medium in the individual’s mind.

2.4 Story Concept

Every great screenplay begin with a story concept
There is nothing more difficult than inventing conflict, character, and action
and molding them into a beginning, middle and ending

2.5 Methodology

Step 1 :
Read newspapers, magazines, and internet news articles about everyday people
who have survived traumatic events.

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Develop Idea and Concept

Step 2 :
Choose a news article about an event that is similar to experiences from your
own life.

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Step 3 :
Research takes time and patience.
Making a beginning, middle, and ending for the real-life event you have read about
is the last and final step in developing your story concept.

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WRITING A SCRIPT

CHARACTER
DEVELOPMENT

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Character Development

Summary: Introduces the methods for setting a storytelling character including
the aspect of the character development and classification methods essential for
students to clarify a good script.

3.1 Definition:

Character Development is a process of a writer in developing and enhancing a
character. A character or fictional character is a person in a narrative work of
arts.
Character and characterization will make the audience understand the plot and
the theme that the writer is putting forward. A script that is weak in plot but
strong in character will help to make the script worth looking at.
Characters are crucial to the plot since they make the story move forward.
Brainstorming your character background and creating a unique character
concepts for your story.

3.1.1 Tips to create a character:

1.Make your character likeable early on. Start with character and end also with
character. Find the story in between.

2.Build realistic and detailed characterization. Your character EXIST. Their story
universe EXIST. Your character wants you to tell the story.

3.Let your character make the decisions for you. Think Protagonist. Think
Disunity.

4.Give your character compelling dialogue. In a screenplay, every character has
a narrative function.

5.Think like an actor and give your character a point of view. (Protagonist,
Antagonist, Villain, Guardian and Sidekick).

6.Perhaps the single best character development tool of all: Switch Protagonist.

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Character Development

3.2 Types of Character

Characters can be divided into three main types, each of which plays a distinct
part in moving the story forward.

a) Protagonist: One of the main characters in a play, movie, book and etcetera.
The story is always about the protagonist which is responsible in handling the
main problem that faced by him and to carry the audience through the story.

Examples: Aladdin Film in 2019

Aladdin

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Character Development

b) Antagonist: The antagonist stands in opposition to the protagonist, exposing
the obstacles, challenges, and situations that the protagonist must overcome.
The antagonist has her/his own goals and objectives that contrast with the
protagonist desires.

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Jasmine

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Character Development

c) Supporting character
Supporting character is an actor who performs a slightly lower role in a play or
film than the lead character.

Jaafar

Dalia

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Character Development

Tips for Developing Supporting Characters

1.They deserve a little bit of backstory.
2.They cannot compete with your main character.
3.They need a little personality.
4.You can have too many supporting characters.
5.Let your minor character support your main character.

d) Other Characters :

1.Hero: A person who is admired for their bravery and excellent achievements.
2.Villain: A character who commits evil acts from the beginning to the end of the

story.
3.Guardian: A person who protects or defends something.
4.Sidekick: A person's assistant or close associate, especially one who has less

authority than that person.

e) Memorable Character:
Who truly lives for the audience is one who walks off the screen and into their
minds and their hearts.

f) Unique character:
Look different from other characters like Neytiri, Captain America, Superman and
etcetera.

3.3 Characterization of a Character

1.Direct or Explicit Characterization
The author literally describes a character to the audience. This can be
accomplished by the narrator, another character, or the character themselves.

2. Indirect or Implicit Characterization
The audience must infer what the character is like based on the character's
thoughts, actions, speech (word choice, way of talking), physical appearance,
mannerisms, and interaction with other characters, including other characters'
reactions to that specific person.

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STORY
STRUCTURE

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Story Structure

Summary: Emphasizes the method of developing stories. It covers three act
structure, plot and storytelling.

Idea is ready. The character is developed. So, it is time to create a story. In
creating a story, we need to know the purpose of the story that we want to project
to our audience.

How to tell a story efficiently? There are some tips.

1.Choose a clear central message. A great story usually builds up to a central
moral or message.

2.Embrace conflict. As a storyteller, you cannot shy away from conflict. Great
storyteller craft narratives that have all sorts of obstacles and hardships
strewn in the path of their protagonist.

3.Have a clear structure. There are many different ways to structure a story, but
the three ingredients a story must have are a beginning, middle and ending.

4.Engage your audience. Great storytelling requires you to connect with your
audience, but much of how you captivate your audience depends upon the
mode of storytelling you are using.

5.Narrow the scope of your story.

Story writing consists 4 steps. These steps act as a reference in creating an
effective and good story structure.

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Story Structure

Step 1: Fiction or Non-Fiction

When we begin to write a new story, we need to determine that the story is fiction
or non-fiction. This will make it easier for us to focus on the scope of the story.

Fiction Stories Non Fiction Stories
Refers to plot, settings, and Refers to factual stories focused
characters created from the on actual people and events
writer’s imagination

Short stories, novels, myths, Include documentaries,
legends, and fairy tales are all biographies, histories, journalism,
considered fiction politics, travel and education are
all considered non-fiction

Grant unrestricted access to the May need some requirement to
material, because we are secure the rights to an idea. Make
creating it sure to obtain a permissions to
write about the subject matter
are writing

Read or watch this material for Read or watch this material for
fun and enjoy it getting information or education

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Story Structure

Step 2: Set the genre of the story

Genre refers to the category or type of story. Genre typically have their own style
and story structure. Movies can be a mixture of two or three different genres and
depends on the creator desire of the creator.

There are some common genres:

Action
Adventure
Biography
Comedy
Crime
Drama
Family
Fantasy
Ghost
Horror
Musical
Romance
Romantic Comedy
Science Fiction
Thriller
War
Western

You need to be aware about the cost and difficulties of shooting the genre you
choose especially the cost of sets, costumes and props that you need to provide.

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Story Structure

Step 3: Knowing the film script step

Screenwriters must understand the steps of film writing in order to produce a
film. Before we start writing, we should have a general idea of what our story is
about.

Source: Tomaric, J. (2013)

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Story Structure

Step 4: Develop Plot Type

What makes a movie fresh and exciting for an audience? The manner in which an
idea is communicated. The basic premise of a story is that the main character
encounters a problem and is either successful or unsuccessful in solving it. The
padding that transforms this simple structure into a multilayered, interesting, and
engaging story is the setting, supporting characters, and details. As you begin to
write your script, keep in mind the basic plot structure that will serve as the
backbone of the story.

4.1 Conflict

Conflict is the most important aspect of your story. Without conflict, the story will
be weak, meaningless, and ultimately unsatisfactory to the audience.
Conflicts can take many different forms, but as you may recall from high school
literature class, there are four basic types of conflict to consider.

a) Person vs. Self
A character against himself, confusion or fears. Its refers to an internal conflict
that plagues the character.

b) Person vs. Person
The conflict that occurs between the protagonist and the antagonist.

c) Person vs. Society
The main character’s source of conflict is social traditions, concepts, norms and
mores.

d) Person vs. Supernatural
A character falls victim to supernatural forces such as ghosts, aliens, or other
unearthly antagonists.

e) Person vs. Nature/Environment
Place a character against force of nature.

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Story Structure

4.2 Story Structure

The events that make up the core of your story and move the storyline of your
screenplay ahead are determined by the goals and actions of your protagonist.

This is by no means the only approach to plot and story structure, however it is
the foundation of nearly all great stories in film and TV, and all beginning
screenwriters would do well to master these concepts.

A simple formula for writing a screenplay is: CHARACTERS + PLOT = STORY.
To better understand how to improve your screenplay's plot, consider the
elements that form the foundation of basic story structure.

What is three act structure?
The three act structure is a narrative model that divides stories into three parts –
Act One (Act I), Act Two (Act II) and Act Three (Act III) or rather, a beginning,
middle and ending. It may be labelled as the Setup, Obstacle/Confrontation and
Resolution.

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Story Structure

Act I – Opening/Beginning/Set Up

First quarter of story – 1 – 30 pages (first 30 minutes)
Genre: Establish the genre of the script. Is it a Romance film, a comedy, a
fantasy, adventure etcetera.
Theme: Establish the theme of the film – what message are you trying to
convey.
Introduces the characters, shows some of their interrelationships and place
them within a time and place.
Main character: The person in the story who has a need/objective to fulfill and
whose actions drive the story.
Establish the time period.
Illustrate a routine or way of life provided thought relevant backstory (events
that transpired before the story began).
Inciting incident: Also known as the catalyst, marks the film’s first turning
point. It tilts the story from order to chaos, from complacency to combat. It is
the point of no return.
A mood is established.
Act I ends with the first plot point of the movie.
“Plot point” – The three acts are separated by two plot points. A plot point,
often called a reversal, thrusts the plot in a new direction, leading into a new
act of the screenplay.
“Subplot” – A subplot is a secondary strand of the plot that is a supporting
side story for any story or the main plot.
May connect to main plots, in either time and place or in thematic
significance.
Often involve supporting characters, those besides the protagonist or
antagonist.
It is usually in plays, novels, short stories, television shows and movies.

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Story Structure

Act II – Middle/Confrontation (The challenging)

At least half the entire story (about 60 minutes).
Authors must be wise to keep the order of the storyline in this structure so as
not to bore the audience. At this stage, a variety of problems that led to the
fall of the protagonist character will be introduced to achieve the storyline.
Obstacles: The main character encounter one obstacle after another that
prevent him/her from achieving the dramatic need.
First culmination: A point just before the halfway point of the film where the
main character seems close to achieving his/her goal or objective. Then,
everything falls apart, leading to the midpoint.
Midpoint: A point approximately halfway through the film where the main
character reaches his/her lowest point and seems farthest from fulfilling the
dramatic need or objective.
Struggle to achieve the solution to the problem.
Further complication to finding the solution.
The cycle of struggles and complication are called reversals.

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Story Structure

Act III - Ending/Resolution

Not more than a quarter of the story, usually less than 30 minutes.
Climax (second culmination): The point at which the plot reaches its maximum
tension and the opposition confront each other at a peak of physical or
emotional action.
Denouement: The brief period of calm at the end of a film where a state of
equilibrium returns.
The protagonist achieves his mission.
The conflict or problem is resolved.
Final crisis plays out to climax then to resolution.
Story become happy or sad ending.

The story will end nicely if you follow the flow of story structure given.

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FORMATTING

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Formatting

Summary: Introduces the basic format

Try watching this video as a reference on how to format a screenplay:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEd0lDxmVSg

What is standard screenplay format?

The basics of script formatting are as follows:

12-point Courier font size TESTING, the standard script font to ensure one
page of properly formatted script roughly equals one minute of screen time.
1.5 inch margin on the left of the page.
1 inch margin on the right of the page.
1 inch on the top and bottom of the page.
Each page should have approximately 55 lines.
The dialogue block starts 2.5 inches from the left side of the page.
Character names must have uppercase letters and be positioned starting 3.7
inches from the left side of the page.
Page numbers are positioned in the top right corner with 0.5 inch margin from
the top of the page. The first page shall not be numbered and each number is
followed by a period.

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Formatting

Formatting a scene

1.Scene Heading
The scene heading is there to help break up physical spaces and give the reader
and production team an idea of the story’s geography.
You will either choose INT. for interior spaces or EXT. for exterior spaces. Then, a
description of the setting and then the time of day.

Figure 1: Scene Heading

2. Transition

In the bottom right of the page you will place transitions, but in modern
screenwriting these seem to be used less and less. The transitions that seems
to have really stood the test of the time are CUT TO and FADE OUT.

Figure 2: Transition 30
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Formatting

Flash Cut To: This denotes on extremely brief shot – flashing in front of the
audience’s eyes in as short as one frame, offering a somewhat subliminal effect.

Freeze Frame: Whatever is on the screen freezing, basically becoming a still
photograph and then holds for a period of time.

Jump Cut To: This transition suggests film editing where two or more sequential
shots of the same subject are taken from the camera, actor or prop positions that
vary only slightly. This gives the effect to jumping forwards in time.

Dissolve To: Has somewhat replaced any mention of these FADE transitions to the
point where FADE IN and FADE OUT are only used at the beginning of a screenplay
(FADE IN) and at the end of a screenplay (FADE OUT).

Cut To: Was a simple direction that stipulated the literal cut from one scene to
another – usually, but not always, referring to a location change as well.

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Formatting

3. Character Introduction

When you introduce a character in a screenplay, you want to use all-capital for
the name of the character, then a reference to their age, and finally some
information about their traits and personality.

Figure 3 : Character Introduction

4. Action

Action lines are when you describe the visual and audible actions that take place
on screen.

Figure 4: Action

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Formatting

5. Dialogue

Your lines of dialogue will be set underneath a character to which they are
assigned. Dialogue is pretty straightforward, but it is the most difficult part of
screenwriting.

Figure 5: Dialogue



6. Extention

These occur when a character says something off-screen (O.S), or if the dialogue
uses voice-over (V.O). You will see extensions when a character ends a block of
dialogue, performs an action and speaks more.



Figure 6: Extention

7. Parenthetical

You can use a parenthetical inside your dialogue to show small actions, or even
a change in mood without having to jump out to an action line.



Figure 7: Parenthetical

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Formatting

8. Camera Shot
The best professional screenwriters know how to suggest shots without actually
writing in shots, but if you really insist on describing a particular shot in your
screenplay you can format it like a subheading.

Figure 8: Camera Shot
Examples 1: Formatting a Scene

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Formatting

Examples 2: Formatting a Scene

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SCREENWRITING
SOFTWARE

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Screenwriting Software

Summary: Introduce the screenwriting software that will help in writing a script.
There are a few screenwriting software tools to use.

1.StudioBinder - BEST FREE SCREENWRITING SOFTWARE FOR FILMMAKERS
Website Link:
https://www.studiobinder.com/scriptwriting-software/

Figure 1: Web banner for screenwriting software for production by StudioBinder

Any filmmaker or writer can use StudioBinder free scriptwriting software. Simply
sign up and begin writing your screenplay.

It is simple to use, intuitive, and industry-approved, allowing you to focus on
writing rather than formatting.

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Screenwriting Software





























Figure 2: Timeline in screenwriting software




























Figure 3: Explanation for Screenwriting Software by StudioBinder



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Screenwriting Software

You can use your screenplay to generate shooting schedules, shot lists,
storyboards, and call sheets with a few clicks. Create and manage production
documents, share anything with your team, allow collaborators to comment and
edit, and keep track of all your contacts in the software is easy.

2. Final Draft 10 - SCRIPT WRITING SOFTWARE

Website Link:
https://www.finaldraft.com/support/install-final-draft/install-final-draft-10-
windows/

Figure 1: Web banner for Final Draft 10

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