BLOOD GROUPS & BLOOD TYPES
• Blood is characterized into different blood groups based on the presence or
absence of glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens (agglutinogens) on the surface
of red blood cells.
• Blood plasma usually contains antibodies (agglutinins) that react with A or B
antigens.
• These antigens are genetically controlled, blood types vary among different
populations.
• Classification is based on antigens labeled A, B or AB with O being the absence of
the antigens.
Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014
ANTIGENS & ANTIBODIES
Anatomy & Physiology, 9th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014
RHESUS SYSTEM
• In 1940, Landsteiner & Weiner
discovered other antigens on
human red blood cell named
rhesus antigen (rhesus factor) or
Rh-antigen.
• Rh antibodies is not present at Rhesus antigen
birth, but they are synthesized only
in Rh negative person in response
to the present of Rh antigens.
Anatomy & Physiology, 9th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014
EFFECT OF RHESUS FACTOR
DURING PREGNANCY
• During pregnancy, small amounts of fetal blood leak into the maternal
circulation.
• If the baby is rh+ and the mother is rh–, the mother will develop antibodies
to the rh factor.
• During her next pregnancy with an rh+ baby, when she transfers antibodies to
the fetus (a normal occurrence), transferred anti rh antibodies will attack some
of the fetus’ red blood cells causing agglutination and hemolysis.
Anatomy & Physiology, 9th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014
EFFECT OF RHESUS FACTOR
DURING PREGNANCY
MOTHERS FETAL MOTHER’S EFFECT
RHESUS RHESUS REACTION
Rh positive No effect
Rh positive - No effect
Rh negative No effect
Rh negative - Blood agglutinate &
hemolysed
Rh negative -
Rh positive Develops anti Rh
antibodies
Anatomy & Physiology, 9th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014
EFFECT OF RHESUS FACTOR
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
• During blood transfusion, a person with Rh– blood will develop Rh antibodies
in blood plasma if he or she receive blood from a person with Rh+ blood.
• This anti Rh antibodies will react with Rh antigens (from donor’s blood) and
causes the blood to aggulate.
• A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood
without any problems.
Anatomy & Physiology, 9th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014
EFFECT OF RHESUS FACTOR
DURING PREGNANCY
Anatomy & Physiology, 9th
Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
2014
MATERIALS 4. Anti-serum
1. Lancet Device 3. Alcohol 95%
2. Cotton Ball
Alcohol 95%
5. Toothpick
PROCEDURES – BLOOD GROUP DETERMINATION
1. Swing hands for few second
2. Wipe finger with cotton swab
3. Prick finger using the lancet
4. Drops blood on the iCard
5. Clean finger with cotton swab
6. Drops anti-A, anti-B and anti-D on each blood spot
7. Mix using toothpick
8. Determine the blood type
Anatomy & Physiology, 9th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014
R R
E E
A S
D U
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INTERACTION BETWEEN BLOOD GROUPS
Campbell, Biology 12th Ed. Pearson Education. 2018
COMPATIBLE BLOOD DONOR
REFERENCES
Campbell, N. A., Urry, L.A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. L.,
Minorsky, P. V. & Reece, J.B. 2018. Biology : A Global Approach. 12th
Edition. New York : Pearson Education.
Tortora, G. J. & Derrickson, B. H. 2009. Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology. Vol.2. 12th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
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