Abocard_notes

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WHO DISCOVER ABO BLOOD GROUPS?

• Carl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group in 1901

while trying to understand why blood transfusions sometimes
saved lives and at other time caused death.

• He had been honored for his discovery in 1901 and

outstanding work on the blood groups, for which he was given
the nobel prize for physiology or medicine in 1930.

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1930/landsteiner/biographical/

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BLOOD GROUPS & BLOOD TYPES

• Blood is characterized into different blood groups based on the presence or

absence of glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens (agglutinogens) on the surface
of red blood cells.

• Blood plasma usually contains antibodies (agglutinins) that react with A or B

antigens.

• These antigens are genetically controlled, blood types vary among different

populations.

• Classification is based on antigens labeled A, B or AB with O being the absence of

the antigens.

Anatomy & Physiology, 14th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014

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ANTIGENS & ANTIBODIES

Anatomy & Physiology, 14th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014

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RHESUS SYSTEM

• In 1940, Landsteiner & Weiner

discovered other antigens on
human red blood cell named
rhesus antigen (rhesus factor) or
Rh-antigen.

• Rh antibodies is not present at

birth, but they are synthesized only

in Rh negative person in response Rhesus antigen

to the present of Rh antigens. Anatomy & Physiology, 14th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014

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EFFECT OF RHESUS FACTOR

DURING PREGNANCY

• During pregnancy, small amounts of fetal blood leak into the maternal

circulation.

• If the baby is rh+ and the mother is rh–, the mother will develop antibodies

to the rh factor.

• During her next pregnancy with an rh+ baby, when she transfers antibodies to

the fetus (a normal occurrence), transferred anti rh antibodies will attack some
of the fetus’ red blood cells causing agglutination and hemolysis.

Anatomy & Physiology, 14th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014

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EFFECT OF RHESUS FACTOR

DURING PREGNANCY

MOTHERS FETAL MOTHER’S EFFECT
RHESUS RHESUS REACTION
Rh positive No effect
Rh positive - No effect
Rh negative No effect
Rh negative - Blood agglutinate &
hemolysed
Rh negative -

Rh positive Develops anti Rh
antibodies

Anatomy & Physiology, 14th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014

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EFFECT OF RHESUS FACTOR

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

• During blood transfusion, a person with Rh– blood will develop Rh antibodies

in blood plasma if he or she receive blood from a person with Rh+ blood.

• This anti Rh antibodies will react with Rh antigens (from donor’s blood) and

causes the blood to aggulate.

• A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood

without any problems.

Anatomy & Physiology, 14th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2014

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EFFECT OF RHESUS FACTOR

DURING PREGNANCY

Anatomy & Physiology,
14th Ed. John Wiley &
Sons Inc. 2014

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REFERENCES

Campbell, N. A., Urry, L.A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. L., Minorsky, P. V. & Reece, J.B. 2018.
Biology : A Global Approach. 12th Edition. New York : Pearson Education.

Tortora, G. J. & Derrickson, B. H. 2014. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 14th Edition. John
Wiley & Sons Inc.

www.craigmedical.com
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1930/landsteiner/biographical/

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Riduan

Fadhilah Fadzilah

Nurul

Ku Suyati

Hajar

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