A Level
Psychology
Specimen Papers
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Psychology (9PS0)
Write your name here Other names
Surname
Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number
Level 3 GCE
Psychology
Advanced
Paper 1: Foundations in Psychology
Sample assessment materials for first teaching Paper Reference
September 2015
Time: 2 hours 9PS0/01
You do not need any other materials. Total Marks
••Instructions
Use black ink or ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
•• centre number and candidate number.
Answer all questions.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
••Information
The total mark for this paper is 90.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
•• – use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
The list of formulae and statistical value tables are printed at the start of this paper.
Candidates may use a calculator.
••Advice
Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over
S56501A *S56501A0133*
©2016 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1
FORMULAE AND STATISTICAL VALUE TABLES
Standard deviation (sample estimate)
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient
Critical values for Spearman’s rank
Level of significance for a one-tailed test
0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.0025
Level of significance for a two-tailed test
N 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
5 0.900 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
6 0.829 0.886 0.943 1.000 1.000
7 0.714 0.786 0.893 0.929 0.964
8 0.643 0.738 0.833 0.881 0.905
9 0.600 0.700 0.783 0.833 0.867
10 0.564 0.648 0.745 0.794 0.830
11 0.536 0.618 0.709 0.755 0.800
12 0.503 0.587 0.678 0.727 0.769
13 0.484 0.560 0.648 0.703 0.747
14 0.464 0.538 0.626 0.679 0.723
15 0.446 0.521 0.604 0.654 0.700
16 0.429 0.503 0.582 0.635 0.679
17 0.414 0.485 0.566 0.615 0.662
18 0.401 0.472 0.550 0.600 0.643
19 0.391 0.460 0.535 0.584 0.628
20 0.380 0.447 0.520 0.570 0.612
21 0.370 0.435 0.508 0.556 0.599
22 0.361 0.425 0.496 0.544 0.586
23 0.353 0.415 0.486 0.532 0.573
24 0.344 0.406 0.476 0.521 0.562
25 0.337 0.398 0.466 0.511 0.551
26 0.331 0.390 0.457 0.501 0.541
27 0.324 0.382 0.448 0.491 0.531
28 0.317 0.375 0.440 0.483 0.522
29 0.312 0.368 0.433 0.475 0.513
30 0.306 0.362 0.425 0.467 0.504
The calculated value must be equal to or exceed the critical value in this table for
significance to be shown.
2
*S56501A0233*
ChCi-hsiq-suqauraerdeddidsitsrtirbibuutitoionnfoforrmmuulala
! = (!!!)! = − 1 − 1
!
CrCitriictiaclavl avlaulueessfoforrcchhii--ssqquuaarreedd ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn
1d126345987d0987654321ff 11004519378121.........009875431..122698256102.........904269400852962621.430069942400L3Leevvee11110027964ll2403LL.......o....o0177622ee6360111ff001584105vv976422658320..ssee.....2726710...ii306llgg4851105625oonnffii0ff111110ss7359ii.64215ccii.....0gg.....08984aa050592nn9942n5n29177501111cici09753ff.5421eeii0.....cc48980....50502ffaa92945oo179750nn1111110rr597.962471cc....0aa......ee003300481525281toff4312455woon0rreo111110975.-a7-6a4210....tt3300.....aa050481ot211112210582169wii41534.31608515nll...0ee.......0o62e02043680dd141--89178955ttttaaeeiilsls0211111eett0096.0865310dd2212112210....260.......00436726800480230tt0141.........0ee981985582458843100ss2227867231tt5 0.0005
10 131.24.424 15.9194.68 18.3116.9220.48 19.0223.21 212.96.759
13.44 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 0.001
10.83
111111111111111237614587654321 11111286905411111......98654461839.....7519133198615913 212112798312......0258352211161418521987.....3085216158 122222561293......3066039068032222153219.....0630609638222222648371......138479294425 2222276431.....4173932232292442764209......576201034928 3222209764333333.....71692451627......84923521792123506 13.82
212.06.247 24.7273.54 27.5926.3030.19 28.8353.41 324.00.079 16.27
222.17.662 25.9294.77 28.8727.5931.53 30.1394.81 334.24.131 18.47
1198 232.29.076 27.2205.99 30.1428.8732.85 31.5336.19 344.38.182 20.52
2109 252.30.490 28.4217.20 31.4130.1434.17 32.8357.57 364.51.932 22.46
20 25.04 28.41 31.41 34.17 37.57 24.32
26.12
2222222222246125354321 22223860972222.....987646153....5803754315307 3333223409.....238063332802113209....20860112 3333332675.....196462277533336532....419627273333456890.....0634785868 33339865....307444344688804812.....3692989431 4443210854544....689129629.....84932768172083 27.88
313.08.068 35.5364.38 38.8937.6541.92 40.6455.64 445.43.105 29.59
2276 323.19.180 36.7345.56 40.1138.8943.20 41.9426.96 455.56.448
2287 343.20.391 37.9326.74 41.3440.1144.46 43.2408.28 465.69.689 31.26
2298 353.41.403 39.0397.92 42.5641.3445.72 44.4469.59 485.82.830 32.91
3209 363.52.514 40.2369.09 43.7742.5646.98 45.7520.89 495.95.970 34.53
30 36.25 40.26 43.77 46.98 50.89 36.12
37.70
5465400000 54784..712.7627 6531..815171.81 6557..576155.767591..3442 59.367436..6195 6387.636..94660 39.25
685.89.716 74.6403.17 79.0867.5183.30 71.4828.38 769.91.561 40.79
7600 796.87.297 85.7534.40 90.5379.0895.02 83.13000.43 8181.328.32 42.31
70 79.72 85.53 90.53 95.02 100.43 43.82
45.32
46.80
48.27
49.73
51.18
52.62
54.05
55.48
56.89
58.30
59.70
73.40
86.66
99.61
112.32
The calculated value must be equal to or exceed the critical value in this table for
significance to be shown.
*S56501A0333* 3
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The calculated value must be equal to or less than the critical value in this table for
significance to be shown.
MaMnann-Wn-hWithnietnyeUy Utetsetstfoformrmuulalaee
!! !!!!
! = ! ! + ! − !
!
! = ! ! + !! !!!! − (U is the smaller of Ua and Ub)
!
(U is the smaller of Ua and Ub)
CrCitriictaiclavlavlauleusesfoforrtthheeMMaannnn--WWhhiittnneeyy UU tteeNssttb
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nb13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Na 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
p ≤ N0a.05 (one-tailed), p ≤ 0.10 (two-tailed)
p65 ≤ 0.0455 (on75e-tai86led),18p0 ≤ 01.9120 (t11w41o-ta11i26led)1137 15 16 18 19 20 22 23 25
7 81158 19 21 23 25 26 28 30 32
8 6 4180 51113 61135 92107 112193 122216 122384 132561 132683 133806 133993 234015 234274 234379
5 8 25
9 6 9 512 715 818 1201 1224 1247 1360 1373 1396 2319 2432 245 2468 2581 3504 32
10 71121 61146 81179 122130 122347 123517 133714 133984 243172 244416 245604 245884 355017 356351 365585 366729
11 39
12 813 817 1021 1236 1350 1384 2308 2432 2467 2581 3515 3630 3664 3698 4712 4747 47
13 91165 92119 122264 132518 133836 243171 244462 254771 355061 365361 366616 376951 477270 487525 488872 589124
14 54
15 1018 1123 1428 1733 2309 2444 2570 3515 3641 3676 4712 4747 4883 5818 5954 15080 62
16 112190 122265 163303 193396 244352 254718 355147 366440 376850 477271 487673 588039 598496 1590752 11600119 11610575 69
17
18 122223 132380 173357 214441 245681 355058 366451 376882 487250 488772 598184 1590551 11600092 11610469 11612863 11723203
19 77
20 1325 1532 1939 2447 2584 3632 3679 4727 4874 5912 15060 16017 16155 17203 17350 18308 84
14 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 77 82 87 92
15 18 23 28 33 39 44 50 55 61 66 72 77 83 88 94 100
16 19 25 30 36 42 48 54 60 65 71 77 83 89 95 101 107
17 20 26 33 39 45 51 57 64 70 77 83 89 96 102 109 115
18 22 28 35 41 48 55 61 68 75 82 88 95 102 109 116 123
19 23 30 37 44 51 58 65 72 80 87 94 101 109 116 123 130
20 25 32 39 47 54 62 69 77 84 92 100 107 115 123 130 138
4
*S56501A0433*
Nb
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Na
p ≤ 0.01 (one-tailed), p ≤ 0.02 (two-tailed)
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
6 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 18 19 20 22
7 3 4 6 7 9 11 12 14 16 17 19 21 23 24 26 28
8 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
9 5 7 9 11 14 16 18 21 23 26 28 31 33 36 38 40
10 6 8 11 13 16 19 22 24 27 30 33 36 38 41 44 47
11 7 9 12 15 18 22 25 28 31 34 37 41 44 47 50 53
12 8 11 14 17 21 24 28 31 35 38 42 46 49 53 56 60
13 9 12 16 20 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67
14 10 13 17 22 26 30 34 38 43 47 51 56 60 65 69 73
15 11 15 19 24 28 33 37 42 47 51 56 61 66 70 75 80
16 12 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 82 87
17 13 18 23 28 33 38 44 49 55 60 66 71 77 82 88 93
18 14 19 24 30 36 41 47 53 59 65 70 76 82 88 94 100
19 15 20 26 32 38 44 50 56 63 69 75 82 88 94 101 107
20 16 22 28 34 40 47 53 60 67 73 80 87 93 100 107 114
Nb
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Na
p ≤ 0.025 (one-tailed), p ≤ 0.05 (two-tailed)
5 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20
6 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14 16 17 19 21 22 24 25 27
7 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
8 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24 26 29 31 34 36 38 41
9 7 10 12 15 17 20 23 26 28 31 34 37 39 42 45 48
10 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 33 36 39 42 45 48 52 55
11 9 13 16 19 23 26 30 33 37 40 44 47 51 55 58 62
12 11 14 18 22 26 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
13 12 16 20 24 28 33 37 41 45 50 54 59 63 67 72 76
14 13 17 22 26 31 36 40 45 50 55 59 64 67 74 78 83
15 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 70 75 80 85 90
16 15 21 26 31 37 42 47 53 59 64 70 75 81 86 92 98
17 17 22 28 34 39 45 51 57 63 67 75 81 87 93 99 105
18 18 24 30 36 42 48 55 61 67 74 80 86 93 99 106 112
19 19 25 32 38 45 52 58 65 72 78 85 92 99 106 113 119
20 20 27 34 41 48 55 62 69 76 83 90 98 105 112 119 127
*S56501A0533* 5
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Nb
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Na
p ≤ 0.005 (one-tailed), p ≤ 0.01 (two-tailed)
5 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18
7 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 21 22 24
8 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
9 3 5 7 9 11 13 16 18 20 22 24 27 29 31 33 36
10 4 6 9 11 13 16 18 21 24 26 29 31 34 37 39 42
11 5 7 10 13 16 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48
12 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 31 34 37 41 44 47 51 54
13 7 10 13 17 20 24 27 31 34 38 42 45 49 53 56 60
14 7 11 15 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 63 67
15 8 12 16 20 24 29 33 37 42 46 51 55 60 64 69 73
16 9 13 18 22 27 31 36 41 45 50 55 60 65 70 74 79
17 10 15 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 60 65 70 75 81 86
18 11 16 21 26 31 37 42 47 53 58 64 70 75 81 87 92
19 12 17 22 28 33 39 45 51 56 63 69 74 81 87 93 99
20 13 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 67 73 79 86 92 99 105
The calculated value must be equal to or less than the critical value in this table for
significance to be shown.
6
*S56501A0633*
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test process
• Calculate the difference between two scores by taking one from the other
• Rank the differences giving the smallest difference Rank 1
Note: do not rank any differences of 0 and when adding the number of scores,
do not count those with a difference of 0, and ignore the signs when calculating
the difference
• Add up the ranks for positive differences
• Add up the ranks for negative differences
• T is the figure that is the smallest when the ranks are totalled (may be positive
or negative)
• N is the number of scores left, ignore those with 0 difference
Critical values for the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test
Level of significance for a one-tailed test
0.05 0.025 0.01
Level of significance for a two-tailed test
n 0.1 0.05 0.02
N=5 0 – –
6 20 –
7 32 0
8 53 1
9 85 3
10 11 8 5
11 13 10 7
12 17 13 9
The calculated value must be equal to or less than the critical value in this table for
significance to be shown.
*S56501A0733* 7
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Answer ALL questions.
SECTION A: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
1 Describe the influence of culture on obedience.
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(Total for Question 1 = 2 marks)
8
*S56501A0833*
2 (a) Describe the findings of one contemporary study you have learned about as part
of social psychology.
(2)
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(b) Explain one strength and one weakness of the contemporary study you (4)
described in (a).
Strength
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Weakness
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(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)
*S56501A0933* 9
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3 Social psychology has been used to explain key questions of relevance to today’s (8)
society.
Discuss the key question you have studied using concepts, theories and/or research
from social psychology.
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*S56501A01033*
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(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)
TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 16 MARKS
*S56501A01133* 11
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SECTION B: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
4 Teddy and Chanel are investigating selective attention within the auditory system.
Teddy predicts that participants will recall more words presented in the right ear than
in the left ear.
Participants were presented with stimuli in the form of a word list containing 60
words. Using headphones, 30 words were presented to their left ear, and 30 words
were presented to their right ear. The participants were later asked to recall the words
they had heard.
The data gathered in the experiment is shown in Table 1 below.
Participant number Number of words Number of words
1 recalled (out of 30) when recalled (out of 30) when
presented in the left ear presented in the right ear
20 30
2 29 30
3 10 7
4 30 26
5 5 30
6 17 12
7 25 23
8 11 20
9 27 3
10 8 23
Mean score
Table 1
12
*S56501A01233*
(a) Calculate the mean number of words recalled for the left ear and right ear and (2)
complete Table 1 with your answer. You must give your answers to one
decimal place.
SPACE FOR CALCULATIONS
*S56501A01333* 13
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(b) Complete Table 2 and calculate the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test for Teddy and (4)
Chanel’s data.
Participant Number Number Difference Rank Rank if Rank if
number of words of words positive negative
1 recalled (out recalled (out
of 30) when of 30) when
presented in presented in
the left ear the right ear
20 30
2 29 30
3 10 7
4 30 26
55 30
6 17 12
7 25 23
8 11 20
9 27 3
10 8 23
Total:
Table 2
SPACE FOR CALCULATIONS
Wilcoxon T value ............................................................................................
14
*S56501A01433*
(c) Teddy and Chanel used a one-tailed (directional) test in their study. (2)
Explain whether Teddy and Chanel’s data was significant at p<0.05 and if the
research hypothesis should be accepted.
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(Total for Question 4 = 8 marks)
*S56501A01533* 15
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5 Case studies of brain-damaged patients, such as Henry Molaison (HM), have been (8)
useful in providing evidence for cognitive functioning.
Assess the usefulness of case studies within cognitive psychology.
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*S56501A01633*
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(Total for Question 5 = 8 marks)
TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 16 MARKS
*S56501A01733* 17
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BLA NK PAGE
18
*S56501A01833*
SECTION C: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
6 Describe how hormones could affect human behaviour.
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(Total for Question 6 = 2 marks)
7 When studying biological psychology, you will have learned about different brain
areas and brain functioning as an explanation of human behaviour.
Describe how the limbic system could affect human behaviour.
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(Total for Question 7 = 2 marks)
*S56501A01933* 19
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8 Alan noticed that a lot of people listen to music while exercising at the gym. He
wanted to see if the tempo of the music had an influence on their motivation to
exercise.
Alan went to his school gym and gave a group of student volunteers different tempos
of music, from very slow to very fast. The tempo of the music was measured in beats
per minute (BPM).
Whilst listening to the music during exercise, Alan asked his volunteers to rate their
level of motivation to exercise, on a scale where 10 was high motivation and 1 was
low motivation.
(a) State a fully operationalised non-directional (two-tailed) alternate hypothesis (2)
for Alan’s study.
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(b) Alan’s friend told him he should have used a control group in his study.
State how Alan could have used a control group for his study. (1)
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20
*S56501A02033*
Alan drew a scatter diagram of his results, which is shown in Figure 1 below.
Scatter diagram to show the relationship between tempo
of music and motivation to exercise
Motivation to exercise (out of 10) 10
9
8 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
7 (2)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
Tempo of music (beats per minute)
Figure 1
(c) Explain one conclusion that Alan could make from his scatter diagram.
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(d) Explain one way Alan could have improved his study. (2)
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(Total for Question 8 = 7 marks)
*S56501A02133* 21
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9 Jo is watching a television programme where individuals in relationships are invited
to attempt to resolve their disputes. In the episode she is watching, a man and a
woman are arguing, and the man accuses the woman of having an affair.
A second man appears on stage and a fight breaks out between the two men. It is
later revealed in the episode that the second man is now living with the woman in
the first man’s house and is using his car.
Discuss how evolution can explain human behaviour. You must make reference to the
context in your answer.
(8)
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*S56501A02233*
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(Total for Question 9 = 8 marks)
TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 19 MARKS
*S56501A02333* 23
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SECTION D: LEARNING THEORIES (2)
10 As part of your psychology specification, you were required to carry out a practical
investigation when studying learning theories.
(a) Describe the aim of the practical investigation you carried out when studying
learning theories.
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(b) As part of your practical investigation, you were required to gather quantitative
data.
Describe how you gathered your quantitative data for the practical investigation
you carried out when studying learning theories.
(2)
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*S56501A02433*
(c) As part of your practical investigation, you were required to write up the results of
the quantitative data you gathered, including the use of an appropriate graph.
Plot the quantitative data you gathered from your practical investigation when (3)
studying learning theories in an appropriate graph below.
Title
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*S56501A02533* 25
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(d) Explain one strength of the practical investigation you carried out when studying
learning theories.
(2)
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(e) Explain one improvement you could make to the practical investigation you (2)
carried out when studying learning theories.
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(Total for Question 10 = 11 marks)
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*S56501A02633*
11 Stuart is 16 years old and enjoys watching television programmes about new clothes,
reading internet blogs about make-up, and watching videos on the internet about
how to apply nail varnish.
Stuart has recently started wearing make-up and has changed the way he dresses. He
now goes to college wearing nail varnish and some of his peers have commented on
how much they like it.
Discuss how social learning theory can explain human behaviour such as wearing (8)
make-up and nail varnish. You must make reference to the context in your answer.
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*S56501A02733* 27
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(Total for Question 11 = 8 marks)
TOTAL FOR SECTION D = 19 MARKS
28
*S56501A02833*
SECTION E: ISSUES AND DEBATES
12 Evaluate the issues related to conducting socially sensitive research within social and
biological psychology.
(8)
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*S56501A02933* 29
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(Total for Question 12 = 8 marks)
30
*S56501A03033*
13 To what extent has psychology helped our understanding of human behaviour (12)
within society?
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*S56501A03133* 31
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*S56501A03233*
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(Total for Question 13 = 12 marks)
TOTAL FOR SECTION E = 20 MARKS
TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS
*S56501A03333* 33
GCE Advanced-Level Psychology Paper 1 Mark Scheme
Question Answer Mark
Number
1 AO1 (2 marks) (2)
Up to two marks for description of the influence of culture on
obedience.
For example:
Individuals who belong to an individualistic culture may
behave more independently and maybe more likely to
resist an instruction from an authority figure (1).
However, replications of Milgram’s procedure cross-
culturally have shown very little or no difference in levels
of obedience (1).
Look for other reasonable marking points.
34
Question Answer Mark
Number (2)
2 (a) AO1 (2 marks)
One mark for each point describing the findings of one
contemporary study from social psychology.
For example:
Burger (2009)
Within the base line condition 70% (28) of participants
continued (went to continue but were prevented) after
150 volts (1). In the modelled refusal condition 63.3%
(19) of male and female participants continued (were
prevented to go beyond 150v) (1).
Cohrs et al. (2012)
They found that if an individual is less open to experience
they are more likely to be RWA and prejudiced (1).
Another result was that individuals that are less agreeable
are more likely to be SDO and prejudiced (1).
Reicher and Haslam (2006)
After a prisoner was promoted on day 3, the prisoners
started to identify as a group (1). By day 6 the group
identity of the prisoners had become strong enough and
they were able to overthrow the guards and a break out
occurred (1).
Look for other reasonable marking points.
Generic answers score 0 marks.
35
Question Answer AO1 (2 marks), AO3 (2 marks) Mark
Number (4)
2 (b)
One mark for identifying each strength/weakness (AO1)
One mark for justification of each strength/weakness (AO3)
For example:
Burger (2009)
Strength
Burger (2009) used the same controls as Milgram so can
be tested for reliability (1). For example, the same pre-
determined schedule of correct and incorrect responses
from the confederate was used so it can be directly
compared (1).
Weakness
There are some ethical problems that still exist within the
study, such as shocking another individual (1). The
participants may still have experience distress which
violates the BPS code of ethics and conduct. (1).
Cohrs et al (2012)
Strength
Cohrs et al (2012) used standardised scales such as the
Big Five for personality (1). By using standardised scales
the responses between the participants can be compared
to look for reliability (1).
Weakness
There may have been evidence of social desirability by
the peer rater on behalf of the participant (1). If there
was bias in the data then the prejudice scores may not be
valid (1).
Reicher and Haslam (2006)
Strength
Reicher and Haslam’s research gathered both qualitative
and quantitative data through psychometric tests and
observational data (1). This means that triangulation
could take place so reliability regarding the
prisoner/guard behaviour can be assessed (1).
36
Weakness
As the research was carried out in a television studio and
was being filmed for the BBC, this reduced the ecological
validity of the study (1). The prisoners/guards may have
changed their behaviour compared to how they may have
normally have acted in a prison setting (1).
Look for other reasonable marking points.
Generic answers score 0 marks.
37
Question Indicative content Mark
Number (8)
3 AO1 (4 marks), AO2 (4 marks)
For example:
Key question: How can social psychology be used to
reduce anti-social behaviour such as football
hooliganism?
AO1
Football hooliganism relates to crowd behaviour that is
negative and can cause violence.
Hooliganism is not only a problem in the UK. It has also
been seen at international level between English fans and
Russian fans during the 2016 European Championships.
Rivalry between fans can be seen prior/after matches
outside a stadium as supporters often wear their team’s
colours, making themselves identifiable.
When crowd behaviour such as hooliganism or rioting
becomes violent it has a wider cost to society in the form
of emotional factors and financial implications.
AO2
Social identity theory would explain hooliganism through
the process of categorisation, identification and
comparison. Identifying with their in-group and seeing
the opposing teams’ supporters as inferior.
When supporters form a group they may experience
deindividuation, therefore no longer feeling responsible
for their actions.
As there is competition involved, whether that is to
become top of a league or the better team in a city,
realistic conflict theory suggests that this form of
behaviour may arise due to the competitive nature of
sport.
Social impact theory might explain the behaviour as a
football fan sees a football manager sharing a negative
view of the other team and adopt this as the manager is
an expert in the field.
Look for other reasonable marking points.
38
Level Mark Descriptor
AO1 (4 marks), AO2 (4 marks)
Candidates must demonstrate an equal emphasis between knowledge and
understanding vs application in their answer.
Level 0 0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1–2 Demonstrates isolated elements of knowledge and
marks understanding. (AO1)
Provides little or no reference to relevant evidence from the
context (scientific ideas, processes, techniques and
procedures). (AO2)
Level 2 3–4 Demonstrates mostly accurate knowledge and understanding.
marks (AO1)
Discussion is partially developed, but is imbalanced or
superficial occasionally supported through the application of
relevant evidence from the context (scientific ideas, processes,
techniques and procedures). (AO2)
Level 3 5–6 Demonstrates accurate knowledge and understanding. (AO1)
marks
Arguments developed using mostly coherent chains of
reasoning. Candidates will demonstrate a grasp of competing
arguments but discussion may be imbalanced or contain
superficial material supported by applying relevant evidence
from the context (scientific ideas, processes, techniques and
procedures). (AO2)
Level 4 7–8 Demonstrates accurate and thorough knowledge and
marks understanding. (AO1)
Displays a well-developed and logical balanced discussion,
containing logical chains of reasoning. Demonstrates a
thorough awareness of competing arguments supported
throughout by sustained application of relevant evidence from
the context (scientific ideas, processes, techniques or
procedures). (AO2)
39
Question Answer AO2 (2 marks) Mark
Number (2)
4 (a)
One mark for correct calculation of each mean score.
Number of words Number of words
recalled (out of 30) recalled (out of 30)
when presented in when presented in the
the left ear right ear
18.2 20.4
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Question Answer Mark
Number
4(b) AO2 (4 marks) (4)
Participant Number Number Difference Rank Rank if Rank if
number of words of words -10 7 positive negative
recalled recalled -1 1
1 (out of (out of 3 3 3 7
2 30) when 30) when 4 4 4 1
3 presented presented -25
4 in the left in the 5 10 5 10
5 ear right ear 2 5 2
6 -9 2 6
7 20 30 24 6 9
8 -15 9 8
9 29 30 8 23 32
10
10 7 Total
30 26
5 30
17 12
25 23
11 20
27 3
8 23
One mark for accurate completion of difference column.
One mark for accurate completion of rank column.
One mark for accurate completion of sum of rank if positive and rank if
negative
One mark for correct value of T = 23
41
Question Answer AO2 (1 mark), AO3 (1 mark) Mark
Number (2)
4(c)
One mark for identifying a correct critical value (AO2)
One mark for accurate judgement of significance (AO3)
For example:
The T value (23) is greater than the critical value
(11) as shown in the table where n=10 (1).
Therefore there was no difference in number of
words correctly recalled between left and right ear
presentation (1).
Answers must relate to the scenario.
Look for other reasonable marking points.
42
Question Indicative content Mark
Number (8)
5 AO1 (4 marks), AO3 (4 marks)
AO1
Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single
person, or a small group such as brain-damaged patients.
Data are gathered using several different methods (e.g.
MRI scans, medical records & experiments).
Blakemore’s investigation of HM involved learning short
lists of words to test STM.
The data gathered relates to events in the individual's
past as well as the present.
AO3
It could be difficult to generalise findings from case
studies because people with damage to the brain are
unique individuals which limits their use.
Case studies such as that of HM is time consuming as
they can take place over many years which can make
them an expensive method.
Case studies can be useful as they often provide detailed
information that would be impractical to study in other
ways.
If multiple patients are found with similar damage and
similar performance case study findings can be more
useful as they show increased reliability.
Look for other reasonable marking points.
43
Level Mark Descriptor
AO1 (4 marks), AO3 (4 marks)
Ccandidates must demonstrate an equal emphasis between Knowledge and
understanding vs assessment/conclusion in their answer.
Level 0 0 No rewardable material
Level 1
1–2 Demonstrates isolated elements of knowledge and
marks understanding. (AO1)
Generic assertions may be presented. Limited attempt to
Level 2 3–4 address the question. (AO3)
marks
Demonstrates mostly accurate knowledge and understanding.
Level 3 5–6 (AO1)
marks Candidates will produce statements with some development in
the form of mostly accurate and relevant factual material,
Level 4 7–8 leading to a generic or superficial assessment being presented.
marks (AO3)
Demonstrates accurate knowledge and understanding. (AO1)
Arguments developed using mostly coherent chains of
reasoning leading to an assessment being presented which
considers a range of factors. Candidates will demonstrate
understanding of competing arguments/factors but unlikely to
grasp their significance. The assessment leads to a judgement
but this may be imbalanced. (AO3)
Demonstrates accurate and thorough knowledge and
understanding. (AO1)
Displays a well-developed and logical assessment, containing
logical chains of reasoning throughout. Demonstrates an
awareness of the significance of competing arguments/factors
leading to a balanced judgement being presented. (AO3)
44
Question Answer Marks
Number (2)
6 AO1 (2 marks)
One mark for each point related to how hormones could affect
human behaviour.
For example:
Hormones are secreted from a variety of organs in the
body such as the pineal gland (1). The pineal gland
releases higher levels of melatonin when it is dark which
makes someone feel sleepy (1)
Look for other reasonable marking points.
Question Answer Marks
Number
7 AO1 (2 marks) (2)
One mark for each point related to how the limbic system could
affect human behaviour.
For example:
The limbic system has a role in self-preservation, for
example, the fight or flight response to danger (1).
Therefore, if someone was faced with a confrontation the
limbic system might lead to them creating an anger
response to the perceived threat (1).
Look for other reasonable marking points.
45
Question Answer Mark
Number (2)
8 (a) AO2 (2 marks)
One mark for a basic two-tailed alternate hypothesis
Two marks for a fully operationalised two-tailed alternate
hypothesis
For example:
There will be a relationship between music and
motivation. (1)
There will be a relationship between tempo of music
(beats per minute) and motivation for exercise (out of
10). (2)
Answers must relate to the scenario.
Look for other reasonable marking points.
Generic answers score 0 marks
Question Answer Mark
Number
8 (b) AO2 (1 mark) (1)
One mark for stating how Alan could have used a control group.
For example:
Alan could have asked a group of volunteers to rate their
motivation for exercise with no music (1).
Answers must relate to the scenario.
Look for other reasonable marking points.
Generic answers score 0 marks
46
Question Answer Mark
Number (2)
AO2 (1 mark) AO3 (1 mark)
8 (c) One mark for use of the graph in an appropriate way (AO2)
One mark for an appropriate conclusion (AO3).
For example:
As the tempo of music increases so does the motivation
for exercise (1) which shows that there was a positive
correlation between tempo of music and motivation for
exercise (1).
Answers must relate to the scenario.
Look for other reasonable marking points.
Generic answers score 0 marks
Question Answer Mark
Number
AO2 (1 mark) AO3 (1 mark) (2)
8 (d)
One mark for identification of an appropriate improvement
(AO2)
One mark for justification of an appropriate improvement (AO3)
For example:
Alan only used students from his school gym so he could
have conducted his study at different gyms in a variety of
areas (1). This would mean that he had a greater variety
of participants in terms of age and/or ethnicity which
would have increased the generalisability of his results
(1).
Answers must relate to the scenario.
Look for other reasonable marking points.
Generic answers score 0 marks
47
Question Indicative content Marks
Number
9 AO1 (4 marks), AO2 (4 marks) (8)
AO1
Evolution is the impact of how inherited characteristics
change throughout generations.
‘Survival of the fittest’ means that organisms who are
suited to their environment will survive in order to
reproduce.
It is the combination between the genotype and
environment that lead to the phenotype which is what is
passed on through time to subsequent generations.
Aggression could be an evolved solution to adaptive
problems so individuals act aggressively to protect
themselves.
Fighting is an evolved strategy to assert dominance on a
rival.
Aggressive behaviour may be due to inheritance of an
aggressive gene combined with abusive upbringing.
Aggression has evolved to increase status against
competing males to make the aggressor more attractive
to the female.
Appropriating resources of a rival makes them weaker and
the aggressor stronger so they have a survival advantage.
AO2
The males may have been fighting to show who was the
most dominant.
The males may have wanted to act aggressively to
increase their social status with the woman and also with
the audience and friends watching at home.
The second man is living in the first males house and
using his car so has acquired their resources which gives
him an advantage over the first man.
The men may have wanted to fight to inflict damage to
their rival man with the victor being more attractive to the
woman.
The first man may not have wanted to fight but felt
obliged to defend against the attack of the second man to
uphold his honour and reputation with the woman.
Look for other reasonable marking points.
48
Level Mark Descriptor
AO1 (4 marks), AO2 (4 marks)
Candidates must demonstrate an equal emphasis between knowledge and
understanding vs application in their answer.
Level 0 0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 marks Demonstrates isolated elements of knowledge and
understanding. (AO1)
Level 3 3–4 Provides little or no reference to relevant evidence from the
marks context (scientific ideas, processes, techniques and
Level 4 procedures). (AO2)
5–6
marks Demonstrates mostly accurate knowledge and understanding.
(AO1)
7–8 Discussion is partially developed, but is imbalanced or
marks superficial occasionally supported through the application of
relevant evidence from the context (scientific ideas,
processes, techniques and procedures). (AO2)
Demonstrates accurate knowledge and understanding. (AO1)
Arguments developed using mostly coherent chains of
reasoning. Candidates will demonstrate a grasp of competing
arguments but discussion may be imbalanced or contain
superficial material supported by applying relevant evidence
from the context (scientific ideas, processes, techniques and
procedures (AO2)
Demonstrates accurate and thorough knowledge and
understanding. (AO1)
Displays a well-developed and logical balanced discussion,
containing logical chains of reasoning. Demonstrates a
thorough awareness of competing arguments supported
throughout by sustained application of relevant evidence from
the context (scientific ideas, processes, techniques or
procedures). (AO2)
49
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