BIL NAME MATRIC NO 1 THIAN SWEE HUAN A20HP0271 2 RACHEAL REBECCA A/P VALIAPPEN A20HP0285 3 YOAGALAKSMI A/P K.SIVASUBRAMANIAM A20HP0287 4 NOR AINA BINTI MADON A20HP0151 5 SUHAIDAH BINTI HAMID A20HP0264 THE PHYSICS BEHIND THE DESIGN OF FLOATING BOATS AND SHIPS THE PHYSICS BEHIND THE DESIGN OF FLOATING BOATS AND SHIPS SHPN4442-02 PENDIDIKAN STEM (2324/SEMESTER 2) SHPN4442-02 PENDIDIKAN STEM (2324/SEMESTER 2)
The key principle governing ship floatation is Archimedes' Principle. This principle, formulated by the ancient Greek scholar Archimedes, states that an object submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object (Gülseren et al., 2016). In simpler terms, the water pushes back on the ship with a force equal to the weight of the water the ship pushes out of its way. where formula of buoyant force is, For a ship to float, the buoyant force must balance the ship's weight. When a ship is placed in water, it displaces a volume of water whose weight is equal to the weight of the ship, allowing it to float. This is why even massive steel ships can stay afloat; the overall density of the ship, including its hollow interior filled with air, is less than that of water (Britannica, n.d.; Let’s Talk Science, 2023). Several reputable research papers explore the applications of Archimedes' Principle in various engineering contexts. A paper by Gülseren et al. (2016) details how Archimedes' principle is used to design underwater vehicles, emphasizing the importance of buoyancy control for maneuverability (Younes et al., 2019). Younes et al. (2018) further explore the concept in their research on wave-induced motions of floating structures, highlighting the role of buoyancy in ship stability (Ince et al., 2017 ). The key principle governing ship floatation is Archimedes' Principle. This principle, formulated by the ancient Greek scholar Archimedes, states that an object submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object (Gülseren et al., 2016). In simpler terms, the water pushes back on the ship with a force equal to the weight of the water the ship pushes out of its way. where formula of buoyant force is, For a ship to float, the buoyant force must balance the ship's weight. When a ship is placed in water, it displaces a volume of water whose weight is equal to the weight of the ship, allowing it to float. This is why even massive steel ships can stay afloat; the overall density of the ship, including its hollow interior filled with air, is less than that of water (Britannica, n.d.; Let’s Talk Science, 2023). Several reputable research papers explore the applications of Archimedes' Principle in various engineering contexts. A paper by Gülseren et al. (2016) details how Archimedes' principle is used to design underwater vehicles, emphasizing the importance of buoyancy control for maneuverability (Younes et al., 2019). Younes et al. (2018) further explore the concept in their research on wave-induced motions of floating structures, highlighting the role of buoyancy in ship stability (Ince et al., 2017 ). Density, defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance, plays a crucial role in buoyancy. Ships, even those constructed from steel, typically have an average density lower than that of water. This is because ship designs incorporate large, air-filled compartments, significantly reducing the overall density. Beside, The density of water can vary with salinity and temperature, affecting buoyancy. Saltwater, being denser than freshwater, provides greater buoyancy (BoatBlissBlog, 2023). A research paper by Ince et al. (2017) explores the relationship between density and buoyancy in their investigation of life raft design. They emphasize that for an object to float, its average density must be less than the density of the surrounding fluid (Hadi et al., 2014). THE PHYSICS BEHIND THE DESIGN OF FLOATING BOATS AND SHIPS The ability of a massive ship to rest comfortably on water seems counterintuitive. However, the principles behind this phenomenon are rooted in fundamental physics concepts. This article explores the interplay of pressure, density, and Archimedes' principle in designing boats and ships that float. ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE AND BUOYANCY DENSITY AND BUOYANCY
Figure 1: Types of hull Flat Hull Vee Hull Round Hull Multi Hull THE PHYSICS BEHIND THE DESIGN OF FLOATING BOATS AND SHIPS SHIP DESIGN AND BUOYANCY Beyond density, the design of a ship's hull (the watertight outer shell) significantly impacts its buoyancy. The shape and surface area of the hull influence the volume of water displaced. The design of the hull significantly impacts a ship’s buoyancy and stability. A well-designed hull with a large surface area distributes the weight more evenly and helps in displacing a sufficient amount of water to create the necessary buoyant force. Different hull shapes are optimized for various purposes, from maximizing cargo capacity to enhancing speed and stability in rough waters (Britannica, n.d.; BoatGeeks, 2023). There are 4 examples of hull design with different shape of bottom are shown in figure 1. This concept is explored in a paper by Hadi et al. (2014) who investigate the relationship between hull form and resistance in ship design. Their research highlights how hull shape affects the amount of water displaced, directly impacting a ship's buoyancy and overall performance. Pressure, defined as force per unit area (P=F/A), also plays a significant role. The pressure exerted by the water increases with depth, leading to an upward force on the hull of the ship, contributing to the buoyant force (DDE, 2023). This pressure difference across different parts of the hull helps maintain the ship’s buoyancy. PRESSURE AND BUOYANCY SURFACE AREA AND BUOYANCY The object with a larger surface area displaces more water, leading to a larger buoyant force. This force pushes the object upwards, counteracting its weight and helping it float (Fletcher, 2016). Consider a flat board with a significant surface area compared to a ball, both submerged in water. The board, due to its larger area in contact with the fluid, displaces a greater volume of water. Conversely, the ball with a smaller surface area displaces a smaller volume of water when submerged.
Flat Hull Multi Hull Vee Hull Round Hull THE PHYSICS BEHIND THE DESIGN OF FLOATING BOATS AND SHIPS Water Displacement: Surface Area: Minimal. Flat-bottomed hulls generally sit higher in the water because they do not displace a large volume of water. This design is common in small boats meant for calm, shallow waters. Flat hulls have a broad, flat bottom, which maximizes the surface area in contact with the water. This large surface area provides stability in calm conditions but increases drag. Water Displacement: Surface Area: Moderate to high. Round hulls displace more water due to their deeper, rounded bottom, which allows them to sit lower in the water. Moderate. While round hulls have less surface area contact compared to flat hulls, their curved shape still provides significant contact. Its streamlined shape offers less resistance, allowing for smoother and faster movement. Water Displacement: Surface Area: High. Multi-hull designs, such as catamarans, have multiple narrow hulls that together displace a significant amount of water. High. Multi-hulls have a large combined surface area contact with the water due to the multiple hulls, contributing to their stability. Water Displacement: Surface Area: Highest. Vee hulls, with their deep, V-shaped bottoms, displace a substantial amount of water as they cut through it. The Vee hull has less surface area in contact with the water compared to flat and multi-hulls, but the deep V shape increases water displacement and provides good handling in rough waters. while a larger surface area generally leads to more water displacement, it's not the only factor at play. In the case of flat and round hulls, the round hull's depth allows it to displace a potentially larger total volume of water despite its smaller contact area.
THE PHYSICS BEHIND THE DESIGN OF FLOATING BOATS AND SHIPS INTERNAL VOLUME The internal volume of a ship, particularly the air-filled compartments, contributes to its buoyancy. Air is much less dense than water, and thus, the presence of large airfilled spaces within the ship reduces its overall density, allowing it to float. This is why ships are designed with considerable internal volume and hollow sections (Let’s Talk Science, 2023). Load Distribution and Weight Management Proper distribution of weight is crucial for maintaining balance and stability. Uneven distribution can lead to one side of the ship being lower in the water, causing instability. Adjusting ballast and ensuring even load distribution help maintain optimal buoyancy and stability (BoatGeeks, 2023). Figure 3: Weight and Displacement Loads Figure 2: Internal Volume of Ship
THE PHYSICS BEHIND THE DESIGN OF FLOATING BOATS AND SHIPS Center of Gravity and Stability The stability of a ship is also influenced by its center of gravity. A low center of gravity enhances stability, while a high center of gravity can make the ship more prone to tipping. Designers aim to keep heavy components as low as possible to ensure a stable and balanced vessel (BoatBlissBlog, 2023). BoatBlissBlog. (2023). How Do Boats Float? Exploring The Principles, Mechanisms, And Innovations. 1. 2.BoatGeeks. (2023). How Do Boats Float on Water: The Science Behind Buoyancy. 3.Britannica. (n.d.). Naval Architecture: Weight, Buoyancy, Stability. 4.Defence Direct Education. (2023). Do You Know The Theory Behind The Floating Of The Ship? Fletcher, N. (2016). Buoyancy. In Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences [Online]. Elsevier. 5. Gülseren, R. M., Sahin, B., & Baltacioglu, I. (2016). A buoyancy control system design for an underwater vehicle using a fuzzy logic controller. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 21(4), 756-764. 6. 7.Let’s Talk Science. (2023). Why do Ships Float? Younes, R., Khorami, F., & Kimiaei, M. (2018). A numerical investigation of wave-induced motions of a floating structure with submerged breakwaters. Ocean Engineering, 162, 372-386. 8. Ince, M. E., Gültekin, A. S., & Açıkyıldız, Ş. (2017). An investigation of the static stability of a life raft using the metacentric height method. Gazi University Journal of Science, 30(2), 535-542. 9. Hadi, S. M., Yaakub, M. N., & Hamzah, N. A. (2014). The relationship between hull form and resistance in ship design using CFD simulation. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 9(18), 1674-1680. 10. Reference Buoyancy is not a singular concept; it's a complex interplay between various factors. Understanding the relationships between Archimedes' Principle, density, surface area, ship design, internal volume, weight management, and the center of gravity allows engineers and scientists to design objects that effectively float, remain stable in different conditions, carry the desired load, and navigate water bodies. Conclusion