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BIOLOGY SB025 ASSIGNMENT 2022/2023
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY

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Published by yeleeyingxuan, 2023-01-27 11:57:26

BIO SCRAPBOOK SEM 2 2022/2023

BIOLOGY SB025 ASSIGNMENT 2022/2023
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY

Keywords: BIODIVERSITY,ECOLOGY,SB025

NAME: MATRIC NUMBER: PRACTICUM: LECTURER: LEE YING EN MS2213104057 DR HIDAYATUL ILLAH H4T03A BIOLOGY 2 SB025 (set B questions) ASSIGNMENT 2022/2023 TOPIC 1 : BIODIVERSITY TOPIC 2 : ECOLOGY


EXAMPLES OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS i. Ecosystem diversity is one of the three types of biodiversity. Briefly explain on the ecosystem diversity and give THREE examples of terrestrial ecosystems ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY Ecosystem diversity refers to the big variety of environments produced by the interplay of living such as animals and plants and non-living world such as earth forms ,soil ,rocks and water. Ecosystem diversity also refers to the differences in habitats found within a given geographic area, as well as their overall effect on human life and the climate.


ii. Construct a food chain which consists of FOUR trophic levels based on your own observation on a grass field ecosystem in KMPP. grass (producers) grasshopper (primary consumers) bird (secondary consumers) hawk (tertiary consumers)


Bird nest Grasshopper


autothrophic : photosynthetic is an aggressive, cool-season, perennial grass. spreads by both seeds and rhizomes, and its long running rootstocks extend through the soil and send up numerous shoots, forming a loose but tough sod. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC: Herbivorous There is considerable sexual dimorphism in this species. The adults are yellowish-brown, yellowish or green with bluishblack markings. The hind wings, which are visible in flight, are rose red. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC: Domain : Kingdom : Phylum : Genus : Eukarya Plantae Magnoliophyta Elymus iii. For the above food chain, classify the organisms at every trophic level into taxonomic groups of domain, kingdom, phylum, and genus/species. Identify at least ONE unique characteristic of each organism. TROPHIC LEVEL 1 : grass (producers) Domain : Kingdom : Phylum : Genus : Eukarya Animalia Athropoda Valanga TROPHIC LEVEl 2 : grasshopper (primary consumers)


Omnivorous It is a small brown-coloured bird. The male is dark brown, with a black bib, grey chest and white cheeks, whereas the female is light brown throughout its body, with no black bib, crown or white cheeks. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC: Accipiter Carnivorous These birds are slender with short, broad, rounded wings and a long tail which helps them maneuver in flight. They have long legs and long, sharp talons used to kill their prey, and a sharp, hooked bill used in feeding. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC: TROPHIC LEVEl 3 : bird (secondary consumers) Domain : Kingdom : Phylum : Genus : Eukarya Animalia Chordata Passer TROPHIC LEVEl 4 : hawk (tertiary consumers) Domain : Kingdom : Phylum : Genus : Eukarya Animalia Chordata


grasshopper bird hawk frog snake The food web is a network of food chains that are interconnected at various trophic levels and forms a numbers of feeding connection amongst members of biotic community Food web is more stable because a certain predator has a choice to feed on different types of prey Food webs improve the stability of an ecosystem as it includes all the interconnected food chains. These webs are important for illustrating the feeding relationships in a community among the species. This discloses interactions of species and the structure of communities to understand the dynamics of the transfer of energy in an ecosystem. Food webs also help in the regular flow of energy and recycling of nutrients in the ecosystem which further adds to stability. Example of food web : grass caterpillar iv. A food web may create a more stable grass field ecosystem. Explain on this statement with a possible example of food web (which consists of 3- 5 food chains) for the grass field ecosystem (provide also a diagram of the food web).


EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON THE GRASS FIELD ECOSYSTEM v. Explain the effects of herbicides on the grass field ecosystem. Suggest ways to prevent this environmental issue. Inadvertent ingestion of concentrated herbicides by animals can result in lifethreatening poisoning Herbicides kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants such as weeds cause insufficient food source for herbivores. Plants require carbon dioxide to convert into organic compounds by photosynthesis and play important role in carbon fixation. Herbicides kill the plants result in no plants or less number of plants to carry out photosynthesis


-THE EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON NON-TARGET PLANTS Herbicides, especially broad-spectrum herbicides, affect plantnbiological diversity and damage environmental balance. In addition to the possibility of killing crops, herbicides can reduce plant yield and increase susceptibility to diseases. *For example, glyphosate significantly increases the severity of various plant diseases, and lead to weakening plant capacity to resist against pathogens, and immobilizes soil and plant nutrients. -Herbicides affect animals directly or indirectly. As a result of the use of pesticides; herbicides, and fungicides there are decrease in the numbers of rare animals and some species of endangered birds. Herbicides can affect arthropod community dynamics separately from their effects on the plant community and also affect the biological control factors in agroecosystems -Herbicides can destroy microorganisms in the soil. On the other hand, microbial disruption can lead to the formation of more toxic and permanent metabolites. WAYS TO PREVENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE


Thank You


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