Final thesis book_jbo

Edge City KEYWORDS
Joel Garreau -architect, architectural theorist, urbanist and Identity
History
Professor in Practice of Architecture and Urban Design at the Context
Graduate School of Design at Harvard University Homogenization
Publisher: First Anchor Books, 1992 Globalization
Similarity
“Our new city centers are tied together not by locomotives and subways, Symbol
but by jetways, freeways and rooftop satellite dishes thirty feet across. Their
characteristic monument is not a horse-mounted hero, but the atria
reaching for the sun and shielding trees perpetually in leaf at the cores of
corporate headquarters, fitness centers and shopping plazas.”[p.19]

“They described the area as plastic, a hodgepodge, Disneyland (used as a pejorative), and
sterile. They said it lacked livability, civilization, community, neighborhood, and even a soul.” [p.24]

“Edge City’s problem is history. It has none.” [p.26]

“Here, then, is established the enduring divide in the way Americans have related to their land
ever since. The hideous wilderness appears at one end of the spectrum, and the Garden at the
other.” [p.30]

“The combination of the present is the automobile, the jet plane, and the computer. The result is
Edge City.” [p.44]
“Humans still put an overwhelming premium on face-to-face contact. Telephones, fax machines,
electronic mail, and video conferencing share a problem: they do not produce intense human
relationships.” [p.49]

“In Edge City, about the closest thing you find to a public space-where just about anybody can
go- is the parking lot.” [p.64] Precedent Note 17

“Just so, civilization has mine canaries in all the best urban places, They are small in themselves.
But they test for something larger.” [p.203]

“Our new Edge Cities are works in progress. It’s just beginning to dawn on us that they are cities.”
[p.206]
Precedent Note 11

46 urban planning, successful cities

Edge City KEYWORDS
Joel Garreau-architect, architectural theorist, urbanist and Identity
History
Professor in Practice of Architecture and Urban Design at the Context
Graduate School of Design at Harvard University Homogenization
Publisher: First Anchor Books, 1992 Globalization
Similarity
“They [developers] saw Edge City as very much the product of society. Symbol
They viewed themselves as utterly egalitarian observers, giving people
what they repeatedly demonstrated they desired, as measured by that
most reliable of gauges: their willingness to pay for it.” [p.210]

“Edge City is built the way cities always have been built. It is shaped by the most powerful
forces unleashed at the time. If the Pope shaped Rome and the doge Venice and Baron
Haussmann the grands boulevards of the Champs-Ealysees, the marketplace rules Edge City.”
[p.210]

“Edge Cities that are devoted to automobility end up traffic-choked. Places that tout their
“amenities” and “quality of life” end up so contrived that the mine canaries of urbanity struggle
to survive.” [p.215]

“The issue, then, that is central to Edge City is whether the market is an efficient way for people
to communicate what they really want, or whether it is a debased and degrading caricature
of humanity that leaves out everything that is valuable about the human condition.” [p.219]

“Indeed, I came to wonder about parking lots. They’re the most ubiquitous built form in Edge
City. Why are they so ugly? Could there conceivably be something inherent in Edge City
parking lots that requires them to be that way? Or is it simply that most designers have not
considered them worthy of study?” [p.232]

“However, parking lots spread buildings apart, The farther apart buildings are, the less willing
people are to walk between them. The fewer people there are within walking distance of any
one place, the less able that place is to support civilization as measured by the existence of
restaurants and bookstores. Therefore, individualism in the form of the automobile, fights the
formation of society and community and civilization.”[p.233]

urban planning, successful cities 47

The Death and Life of Great American Cities KEYWORDS

Jane Jacobs- author, urbanist and activist Public

Publisher: Random House 1961 Street Life

City

Suburb

Social Life

“But look at what we have built...commercial centers that are lackluster Safety

imitations of standardized suburban chain-store shopping. Promenades that Commercial
go from no place to nowhere and have no promenaders. Expressways that Culture

eviscerate great cities.[p.4] Precedent Note 12

“It is very well to castigate the Great Blight of Dullness and to understand why it is destructive to
city life, but in itself this does not get us far…And as might be expected, inconvenience and lack
of public street life are only two of the by-products of residential monotony here…Moreover, the
place lacks commercial choices as well as any cultural interest.” [p.144] Precedent Note 13

“Condition 1: The district, and indeed as many of its internal parts as possible, must serve more

than one primary function; preferably more than two. These must insure the presence of people

who go outdoors on different schedules and are in the place for different purposes, but who are

able to use many facilities in common.” [p.152] Precedent Note 14

“Considering the hazard of monotony…the most serious fault in our zoning laws lies in the fact that
they permit an entire area to be devoted to a single use.” [p.229]

“We are all familiar with the great need for automobiles in suburbs. Duplication of car parking is

also familiar in suburbs: the schools, the supermarkets, the churches, the shopping centers, the

clinics, the movies, all the residences, must have their own parking lots and all this duplicate

parking lies idle for much of the time.” [p.356] urban planning, successful cities
48

“The Problem of Place in America” from The Great KEYWORDS
Good Place (1989) Identity
Ray Oldenburg- urban sociologist History
Context
Publisher: Monacelli Press, 1995 Homogenization

“Like all-residential city blocks, observed one student of the American condition, the suburb
is “merely a base from which the individual reaches out to the scattered components of
social existence.” Though proclaimed as offering the best of both rural and urban life, the
automobile suburb had the effect of fragmenting the individual’s world..”[p.287]

“The typical suburban home is easy to leave behind as its occupants move to another. What
people cherish most in them can be taken along in the move.” [p.287]

“Americans do not make daily visits to sidewalk cafés or banquet halls. We do not have that
third realm of satisfaction and social cohesion beyond the portals of home and work that for
others is an essential element of the good life...

Our comings and goings are more restricted to the home and work settings, and those two

spheres have become preemptive.” [p.290] Precedent Note 16

“To our considerable misfortune, the pleasures of the city have been largely reduced to
consumerism.” [p.290]

urban planning, successful cities 49

“The Problem of Place in America” from The Great KEYWORDS
Good Place (1989) Identity
Ray Oldenburg - urban sociologist History
Context
Publisher: Monacelli Press, 1995 Homogenization

“A facilitating public etiquette consisting of rituals necessary to the meeting, greeting, and
enjoyment of strangers is not much in evidence in the United States. It is replaced by a set of
strategies designed to avoid
contact with people in public, by devices intended to preserve the individual’s circle of privacy
against any stranger who might violate it. Urban sophistication is deteriorating into such matters
as knowing who is safe on whose “turf,” learning to minimize expression and bodily contact when
in public, and other survival skills required in a world devoid of the amenities.” [p.292]

“Towns and cities that afford their populations an engaging public life are easy to identify. What
urban sociologists refer to as their interstitial spaces are filled with people. The streets and sidewalks,
parks and squares, parkways and boulevards are being used by people sitting, standing, and
walking.” [p.292]

“The examples set by societies that have solved the problem of place and those set by the small
towns and vital neighborhoods of our past suggest that daily life, in order to be relaxed and
fulfilling, must find its balance in three realms of experience. One is domestic, a second is gainful
or productive, and the third is inclusively sociable, offering both the basis of community and the
celebration of it.” [p.293]

50 urban planning, successful cities

51

PROGRAM & SITE

“Sorry, I'm a bit of a stickler for paperwork.
Where would we be if we didn't follow
the correct procedures?”

—Jonathan Pryce- Sam Lowry in
the movie Brazil

52

BANDERA ROAD

Bander Road is the area I chose to include in my survey. Bandera Road runs approximately
11 miles starting at NW 24 th st. heading in a northwest direction and ending at Loop 1604. This
can be seen in the Bandera Road: Morphology of Commercial Zones map shown in figure 23.

Bandera Road was first built around the year 1919 and was designated SH 27. Bandera’s route
has not only been extended over the years but has also changed location many times. After
the SH 27 designation it was changed to SH 81 and then finally SH 16 also referred to as Bandera
Road.

The following timeline shows Bandera Road’s development in relation to population and other significant events
in San Antonio’s history:(Sources: Data and images retrieved from Bandera Road Timeline Notes, Population of
the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, US Census Bureau, 1998)

pop. pop. pop. pop. pop.
7,000 est. 8,235 53,321 96,614 161,379

San Antonio Battle of Cholera Railroad San Antonio U.S. Army Bandera
Begins Public Library Kelly AFB Rd
Founded the Alamo Epidemic Operations Established Established SH 27

1718 1836 1849 1877 1903 1917 1919

Exterior of the Alamo, 1868.1 Ad from 1877 for the first rail Kelly Air Force Base Bandera Rd

service in San Antonio, the was established in 1916 at Leon Creek

Galveston, Harrisburg and and opened in 1917.3 looking northwest

San Antonio Railroad.2 (1919)4 53

San Antonio city limits Construction begins on Loop 410 at Loop 410 at Bandera
Bandera Rd looking (1961)
welcome monument (1930) Robert H. H. Hugman’s San northeast (1956)9 Aerial view of the
Bandera/Loop 410
Bandera Rd at Cincinnati Antonio River beautification intersection. The road
highlighted in red was
Ave. looking southeast.5 project (1939)7 the original path of
Bandera Rd.11
pop. pop. pop. pop.
231,542 253,854 408,442 587,718

1930 1931 1939 1950 1956 1960 1961 1968

U.S. Army Randolph Bandera Rd at Loop 410 at Bandera Tower of the
Air Force Base begins Culebra Rd looking Rd looking east (1958)10 Americas erected
operating. (1930-1931)6 southeast (1950)8 (1968)12

54

Bandera Rd at Leon Creek Kelly Air Force Base was officially
inactivated and became Port San
looking northeast (1988). The Antonio(2001-2007)16

area highlighted in red was the

original Bandera Rd route across

pop. the creek. 14 pop. pop. pop.
785,880 1,144,646 1,409,019
935,933

1969 1988 1998 2001 2020

The University of Texas at San Bandera Rd at Loop 410 Elevated lanes of Bandera
Antonio is established and looking west (1998)15 Rd over Loop 410 looking
breaks ground on the campus west (2020)17
(1972)13
55

I expanded on the observations made in the Bandera Road: Morphology of Commercial Zones
map shown in figure 23 to identify the arrangement of commercial areas and make comparisons
between each area. This was done by delving deeper into the more detailed framework of four
nodes along the Bandera Road corridor. I highlighted these key nodes along Bandera Road
and diagrammed the size and composition of the area immediately connected to the main
thoroughfare as shown in figure 24. A progression in size and frequency of commercial zones was
evident moving towards newer built up areas in comparison to the older areas of Bandera. These
older areas were embedded within a larger scaled area of residential housing. In particular,
the areas in and around Woodlawn Lake are a result from some of San Antonio’s first planned
suburban communities.

General observations were made in the size and lengths measured in feet of neighborhoods, retail
stores, parking, and grass buffer areas in terms of how far in distance these spaces permeated
from the point of connection to Bandera Road. The grass buffer space acts as bioswale as part
of required storm water management standards and includes sidewalk space. This analysis was
done to gain a broader understanding of the framework of spaces along the corridor.

A visual count was taken using Google Earth of parking spaces that I could discern either by seeing
a defined indication of parking spaces or by inferring from measurements taken of empty spaces
where it was evident that parking existed within the commercial, light industrial, and multi-family
areas that were directly connected to Bandera Road. The size of the total area of this parking
space is illustrated in figure 25. These graphical relationships put into perspective the implications
of excessive parking space and alternatives in reallocation of land resources. It is evident in these
observations that parking makes up a large part of the suburban landscape. Figure 26 lists the
common shopping center typologies and depicts the automobile-centric design. While parking
is not something that can be arbitrarily eliminated, I am claiming in this thesis that it must be
redesigned to better support and convey the human experience of space and place.
56

BANDERA ROAD
SAN ANTONIO, TX

Figure 23
MORPHOLOGY OF COMMERCIAL ZONES

a visual assessment of the relationship of
commercial—residential—multi-family
housing—light industrial
(Graphic illustration by author)

RESIDENTIAL 1 2 MI.
MULTI-FAMILY
LIGHT INDUSTRIAL
COMMERCIAL

0 .5

57

BANDERA ROAD Figure 24 (Graphic illustration by author)
NODES

58

BANDERA ROAD PARKING .18 MI2 OF PARKING
10% OF THE BANDERA
Figure 25 Graphic illustrating the area of parking spaces along
the Bandera Rd. corridor (Graphic illustration by author) AREA IS DEVOTED
Sources: Data adapted from: Charts, Graphs, & Diagrams Bandera TO PARKING
Road Parking Infographic Notes 1-6

11 MILES LONG

1.7 MI² AREA
LINEAR ARRANGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL, RESIDENTIAL, MULTI-

FAMILY RESIDENTIAL AND LIGHT INDUSTRIAL ZONES

THE AVAILABLE PARKING SPACES WITHIN THIS AREA IS EQUAL TO:

THE TOTAL OR THE AREA OF 88 IF THIS AREA WAS IF HALF OF THIS IF HALF OF THIS
COVERED WITH AREA HAD TREES AREA HAD TREES,
GROSS FOOTBALL FIELDS SOLAR PANELS IT THE AMOUNT OF THE AMOUNT OF
WOULD GENERATE CO2, CAPTURED CO2 CAPTURED
FLOOR AREA THE AMOUNT OF WOULD BE EQUAL WOULD BE
ELECTRICITY USED TO THE AMOUNT EQUAL TO THE
OF 1-1/2 BURJ TO POWER 4300 OF CO2 EMITTED AMOUNT OF
HOMES PER YEAR BY THE ENERGY USE CO2 EMITTED
KHALIFAS OF 24 HOUSES PER BY 28 CARS PER
YEAR YEAR

=100 59

SHOPPING CENTER TYPOLOGIES: THE CONTEXT OF BANDERA ROAD

Figure 26 (Graphic illustration by author)Source:DataadaptedfromInternationalCouncilofShoppingCenters,

“U.S. Shopping-Center Classification and Typical Characteristics.” 2020. https://www.icsc.com/news-and-views/
research/shopping-center-definitions

LARGE NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER TYPICAL GROSS LEASABLE
AREA: 400,000-800,000 ft2
General merchandise or EXAMPLES: Discount store,
supermarket, drug, large-specialty
convenience-oriented offerings. discount

Wider range of apparel and

other soft goods offerings than

neighborhood centers. The center

is usually configured in a straight

line as a strip, or may be laid out in

an L or U shape, depending on the

site and design.

NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER TYPICAL GROSS LEASABLE
Convenience-oriented. AREA: 30,000-125,000 ft2
EXAMPLES: Supermarket

STRIP/CONVENIENCE TYPICAL GROSS LEASABLE
Attached row of stores or service AREA: < 30,000 ft2
outlets managed as a coherent EXAMPLES: Convenience store,
retail entity, with on-site parking such as a mini-mart.
usually located in front of the stores.
Open canopies may connect
the storefronts, but a strip center
does not have enclosed walkways
linking the stores.

60

SHOPPING CENTER TYPOLOGIES: THE CONTEXT OF BANDERA ROAD

Figure 26 (Graphic illustration by author)Source: Data adapted from International Council of Shopping

Centers, “U.S. Shopping-Center Classification and Typical Characteristics.” 2020. https://www.icsc.com/news-and-
views/research/shopping-center-definitions

POWER CENTER
Category-dominant anchors, including discount
department stores, off-price stores, wholesale clubs,
with only a few small tenants.

TYPICAL GROSS LEASABLE
AREA: 250,000-600,000 ft2
EXAMPLES: home
improvement, discount
department, warehouse club
and off-price stores

BIG BOX 61
Large, free-standing, The structure typically sits in the
middle of a large, paved parking lot. It is meant to be
accessed by vehicle, rather than by pedestrians. Can
be part of a power center or large neighborhood
center.

TYPICAL GROSS LEASABLE AREA:
250,000-600,000 ft2

EXAMPLES: home improvement,
discount department,
warehouse club and off-price
stores

Survey Results of Reasons for Traveling on SH 16 (Bandera Road)

Figure 27 (Graphic illustration by author) Source:DataadaptedfromTexasDepartmentofTransportation,San

Antonio District, “Survey #1 Summary Report SH 16 (Bandera Road),” September 2019, https://www.txdot.gov/inside-
txdot/projects/studies/san-antonio/sh16-banderaroad-I-410-loop1604.html Charts, Graphs, & Diagrams: Survey
Results of Reasons for Traveling on SH 16 (Bandera Road) Note 1

8.8% 71.2%

45.6% 53.7%

13.7%

AREAS OF FURTHER STUDY

Bandera Road is experiencing a large amount of traffic in and around the Leon Valley area. The
part of Bandera Road that is directly connected with Loop 410 has already been elevated to
alleviate some of the congestion. Additional analysis will investigate whether more sections of
Bandera Road should be elevated. Further study is warranted to fully understand the effects of the
current elevated road, the condition under which Bandera Road is experiencing the inundation
of traffic, and the effects on surrounding neighborhoods and pedestrian accessibility. The radial
graph shown in figure 27 is taken from a data survey that tallied users of Bandera Road and
reasons for traveling on the road. This reveals the prevalent use of Bandera Road for shopping as
well as the high need for integration of residential connection.

62

NOTES &
BIBLIOGRAPHY

63

Literature Notes
1.Alessandro, Melis and Claire Coulter. “The DaVinci Flow,” Topos: The International
Review of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, no. 107 (2019): 95-98.

2. Metropolis, directed by Fritz Lang, (1927; Germany: Kino International Corporation,
2010), DVD.

3. David Smiley, Pedestrian Modern: Shopping and American Architecture, 1925-1956
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013), 80.

4. Ibid., 15.

5. Hans Karssenberg and Jeroen Laven, The City at Eye Level: Lessons for Street Plinths, ed.
Meredith Glaser et al. (Delft: Eburon Academic Publishers, 2016), 11.

6. Ingrid Böck , Six Canonical Projects by Rem Koolhaas: Essays on the History of Ideas
(Berlin: Jovis, 2014), 242.

7. Karssenberg and Laven, The City at Eye Level, 198.

8. Smiley, Pedestrian Modern, 25.

9. Ibid., 29.

10. Till Boettger, Threshold Spaces Transitions in Architecture. Analysis and Design Tools
(Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, 2014), 47.

64

11. Sensual City Studio, A History of Thresholds: Life, Death & Rebirth: a Visual Narrative
(Berlin: Jovis, 2018) 83.

12.Boettger, Threshold Spaces, 20.

13.Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University
of Minneapolis Press, 1977, Reprint, Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 2001), 6.

14. Ibid., 17.

15. Boettger, Threshold Spaces , 30.

16. Tuan, Space and Place, 34.

17.Sensual City Studio, A History of Thresholds, 70-71.

18.Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour, Learning from Las Vegas:
The Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1977), 9.

19. Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, and Hans Werlemann, “The Generic City,” in Small,
Medium, Large, Extra-Large: S, M, L, XL, ed. Jennifer Siegler (Rotterdam: 010 Publ., 1995), 1239-
1267.

20. Venturi, Brown, and Izenour, Learning from Las Vegas, 35.

21.Ibid., 9.

65

Precedent Notes

1. Frederick J. Kiesler, “Storefront,” in Contemporary Art Applied to the Store and Its
Display (New York: Brentano’s, 1930), 95. 1930, as cited in David Smiley, Pedestrian Modern:
Shopping and American Architecture, 1925-1956 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
2013), 45.

2.Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour, Learning from Las Vegas: The
Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1977), 9.

3.Otto Paans and Ralf Pasel, Situational Urbanism: Directing Postwar Urbanity ; an
Adaptive Methodology for Urban Transformation (Berlin: Jovis, 2014), 39.

4.John Berger, Ways of Seeing: Based on the BBC Television Series with John Berger
(London: British Broadcasting Corp., 2012), 139.

5.James Corner Field Operations (Project Lead), Diller Scofidio + Renfro, and Piet Oudolf,
The Highline, (2009), information and photos found at the following websites: inhabitat.com/
interview-architect-james-corner-on-the-design-of-high-line/
https://www.thehighline.org/photos
https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/the-high-line

6.Scofidio + Renfro, The Blur Building, (2002), information and photos found at: dsrny.com/
project/blur-building

7.Till Boettger, Threshold Spaces Transitions in Architecture. Analysis and Design Tools
(Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, 2014), 30.

8.Sensual City Studio, A History of Thresholds: Life, Death & Rebirth: a Visual Narrative
(Berlin: Jovis, 2018), 125-127.

66

9.Miller Hull Partnership, Bumper Crop, (Flip-A-Strip: From Refuse to Reuse Competition
Entry, 2007), https://kontaktmag.com/architecture/flip-a-strip-from-refuse-to-reuse/

10.Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (Toronto: Doubleday, 1997), 206.
11.Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random
House, 1961),4.
12. Ibid., 144.
13.Ibid., 152.
14. Lake Flato Architects, H-E-B Mueller, (2013),https://www.lakeflato.com/
developmentcommerical/h-e-b-mueller
15. Lake Flato Architects, “Development,” Issuu, accessed May 1, 2020, https://issuu.
com/lakeflato/docs/development_hospitality.
16. Ray Oldenburg, “The Problem of Place in America” from the The Great Good Place
(1989), in The Urban Design Reader, ed. Elizabeth Macdonald and Michael Larice, (London:
Routledge, 2013), 290.
17.Garreau, Edge City,64.
18.Paans and Pasel, Situational Urbanism, 38.

67

Timeline Images Notes

Timeline: The Evolution of the Shopping Center

1. Ancient Greek Marketplace, Digital image, Ancient Greece Facts, 2020, http://www.
ancientgreecefacts.com/

2. Leonardo da Vinci, Ideal City sketches, n.d., in Alessandro Melis and Claire Coulter, “The
DaVinci Flow,” Topos: The International Review of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design,
no. 107 (2019): 95-98.

3. Public Health: industrial workplace, Digital image, n.d., Credit: Welcome Collection.
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), https://wellcomecollection.org/works/m7jarbgt

4. A San Pedro Avenue streetcar going south on South Alamo Street near the intersection
of East Commerce Street, Digital image, early 1900s, Credit: Zintgraff Studio Photograph
Collection, Accessed May 1, 2020, https://sanantonioreport.org/itc-archival-photo-exhibit-
scratches-surface-of-san-antonio-history/?

5. Car factory production line, Car assembly line workers constructing a car in the USA in
the 1920s, Digital image, Credit: Library of Congress/ Science Photo Library, Accessed May 1,
2020, https://www.thoughtco.com/henry-ford-and-the-assembly-line-1779201

6. Corke Wallis. Image of Letchworth, Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City, in “Garden Cities,
a Successful Experiment,” October 21, 2016, https://corkewallis.com/garden-cities-a-successful-
experiment-a9c1bb163bc2

7. A General View of the New Market Square at Lake Forest, Illinois, Taken From the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Station, Photograph, Chicago: The Western Architect, 1917.
Library of Congress, Illus. in NA1 .W4 [General Collections], in Make Big Plans: Daniel Burnham’s
Vision for an American Metropolis, Accessed May 1, 2020, https://publications.newberry.org/
makebigplans/plan_images/general-view-new-market-square-lake-forest-1917

8. Taxpayer Strip, The auto continued to stimulate taxpayer development where trolleys
left off, (The Huntington Library), Photograph and caption from page 14 of first edition of
Main Street to Miracle Mile. Liebs, Chester H. Main Street to Miracle Mile : American Roadside
Architecture 1st ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1985.
68

9. Grandview Bank Block, Digital image, Columbus Bicentennial blog, Accessed May 1,
2020, http://columbusbicentennial.blogspot.com/2012/05/grandview-bank-block.html

10. Silver Spring Shopping Center: its Art Deco design, in line with the nearby
Silver Theater, helped it receive historic preservation status. Digital image, 1940, The
Suburbanization of Montgomery County, 1950-1960. Accessed May 1,2020. https://suburbs.
montgomeryhistory.org/74-2/

11. Aerial view of Levittown, planned community in New York, still under construction.
(Acme Newsphotos), in Brian Moss, “Levittown and the suburban dream of postwar
New York,” New York Daily News, Digital image, August 14, 2017, Accessed May 1, 2020,
https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/levittown-suburban-dream-postwar-new-york-
article-1.820845

12. Northland Shopping Center, Gruen Associates: Arcitecture, Planning, Interiors,
Landscape, Digital image, Accessed May 1, 2020, http://www.gruenassociates.com/project/
northland-shopping-center/

13. Walmart’s first opening, ca. 1962, Digital image, Credit: the Walmart Museum, in
Áine Cain, “Here’s what Walmart looked like when it first opened over 50 years ago,” Business
Insider, May 22, 2019,Accessed May 1, 2020, https://www.businessinsider.com/walmart-first-
store-history-rogers-arkansas-2019-5

14. Highway construction under the 1962 Federal Aid Highway Act, Digital image,
Credit: Orange County Regional History Center,Metroplan Orlando, Accessed May 1, 2020,
https://metroplanorlando.org/about-us/history-legal/

15. Grandmother of inventor Michael Aldrich, Jane Snowball, 72, sitting in an armchair
in her Gateshead home in May 1984, and ordering groceries from her local supermarket
with a television remote control, in Denise Winterman and Jon Kelly, Digital image, “Online
shopping: The pensioner who pioneered a home shopping revolution,” BBC News Magazine,
September 16, 2013, Accessed May 1, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24091393

16. Netscape Navigator 1.0N Browser for Mac (1994),Digital image, Version Museum:
A Visual History of Your Favorite Technology, Accessed May 1, 2020, https://www.
versionmuseum.com/history-of/netscape-browser

69

17. Amazon and Ebay logos. Digital image, Medium. Accessed May 1, 2020, https://
medium.com/nembol-how-to/ebay-and-amazon-sync-652f6e64964e

18. Amazon Fresh logo. Digital image, About Amazon. Accessed May 1, 2020, https://
press.aboutamazon.com/images-videos

Bandera Road Timeline

1. Doerr, Exterior of the Alamo, ca. 1868 (San Antonio, Tex., 1868) photograph, University of
Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.

2. Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway, n.d., Advertisement of the railroad for the
Sunset Route to San Antonio, Texas. The only all-route to San Antonio. The railroad opened for
business Feb. 16, 1877, image, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.

3. Main Entrance to Kelly Airfields 1 and 2, established in 1916 and opened in 1917, (VIRIN:
101201-F-1125L-001.JPG), Accessed May 1, 2020, https://www.safie.hq.af.mil/News/Photos/
igphoto/2000303435/

4. Bandera at Leon Creek looking Northwest, Digital image, San Antonio, Tx, Texas
Department of Transportation, 1919, accessed May 1, 2020, http://www.texashighwayman.
com/historical/bandera-culebra.shtml

5. San Antonio city limits welcome monument, Bandera at Cincinnati looking southeast,
Digital image, San Antonio, Tx, Texas Department of Transportation, 1930, accessed May 1,
2020, http://www.texashighwayman.com/historical/bandera-culebra.shtml

6.Randolph Field under construction in 1930. On Oct. 1, 1931, the Air Corps Training Center
moved its headquarters to Randolph. A month later, on Nov. 2, the first pilot training class of 210
flying cadets and 99 student officers began their primary pilot training, (VIRIN: 170118-F-XX123-
0003.JPG), Accessed May 1, 2020, https://www.aetc.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2001688372/

7. Completing Work on Cedar and Stone Stairway During San Antonio River Beautification
Project, 1939. Published in: San Antonio Light (November 16, 1939), November 1939, University of
Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.
70

8. Bandera at Culebra looking southeast, Digital image, San Antonio, Tx, Texas
Department of Transportation, 1950, accessed May 1, 2020, http://www.texashighwayman.
com/historical/bandera-culebra.shtml

9. Loop 410 at Bandera looking northeast, Digital image, San Antonio, Tx, Texas
Department of Transportation, 1956, accessed May 1, 2020, http://www.texashighwayman.
com/historical/bandera-culebra.shtml

10. Loop 410 at Bandera looking east, Digital image, San Antonio, Tx, Texas Department
of Transportation, 1958, accessed May 1, 2020, http://www.texashighwayman.com/historical/
bandera-culebra.shtml

11. Loop 410 at Bandera, Aerial view of the Bandera/Loop 410 intersection, Digital image,
San Antonio, Tx, Texas Department of Transportation, 1961, accessed May 1, 2020, http://www.
texashighwayman.com/historical/bandera-culebra.shtml

12. Tower of the Americas Construction Site, San Antonio, Tx, 1967, photograph, University
of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.

13.The University of Texas at San Antonio is established and breaks ground on the campus
(1972) Original Version: H-B Building, Sombrilla, Arts Building, and Science-Ed Building, Gil Barrera
Photographs of the University of Texas at San Antonio, MS 27, folder 1.2

14. Bandera at Leon Creek looking northeast, Digital image, San Antonio, Tx, Texas
Department of Transportation, 1988, accessed May 1, 2020, http://www.texashighwayman.
com/historical/bandera-culebra.shtml

15. Bandera at Loop 410 looking west, Digital image, San Antonio, Tx, Texas Department
of Transportation, 1998, accessed May 1, 2020, http://www.texashighwayman.com/historical/
bandera-culebra.shtml

16. Kelly Air Force Base was officially inactivated and became Port San Antonio( 2001-
2007), Digital image, San Antonio Report, Accessed May 1, 2020, https://sanantonioreport.org/
from-kelly-to-port-sa-san-antonios-base-conversion-a-generational-endeavor/?

17. Elevated lanes of Bandera over Loop 410 looking west (2020), Google Earth V 9.125.0.0
(64-bit),(July 2019), Leon Valley, Tx, 29°29’0”N, 98°35’47”W, Eye altitude 850 ft, Google Earth Pro
2020, https://earth.google.com [May 1, 2020]
71

Charts, Graph, and Diagrams Notes

Diagram illustrating the relationship between non-place and anthropological place

1.Otto Paans and Ralf Pasel, Situational Urbanism: Directing Postwar Urbanity ; an
Adaptive Methodology for Urban Transformation (Berlin: Jovis, 2014), 39.

U.S. Parking Infograph

Sources: Data adapted from:

1. Mikhail Chester, Arpad Horvath, and Samer Madanat. “Parking Infrastructure: Energy,
Emissions, and Automobile Life-Cycle Environmental Accounting.” Environmental Research
Letters 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 8.

2. Rob Holland, 2014”Estimating the number of parking spaces per acre,” Cent.
Profitab. Agric. Inst. Agric. Univ. Tennessee (2014), pp. 1-4. https://ag.tennessee.edu/cpa/
InformationSheets/CPA 222.pdf

3. Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education, “What Does One
Ton of CO2 Really Mean?” aashe, last modifed September 18, 2009. https://www.aashe.org/
one-ton-co2-really-mean/

4. Bureau of Reclamation, “Hoover Dam.” usbr, last modified August 1,2018. https://www.
usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html

5. U.S. Census Bureau (2011), “Land and Water Area of States.” Infoplease, last modified
February 11, 2017. https://www.infoplease.com/us/states/land-and-water-area-of-states

6. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “How much carbon dioxide is produced per
kilowatthour of U.S. electricity generation?” eia, last modified February 20, 2020. https://www.
eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=74&t=11

7. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “How much electricity does an American home
use?” last modified October 2, 2019. https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=97&t=3
72

U.S. Parking Infograph continued

8. Trees in Trust, “Environmental Benefits.” last modified 2009. http://www.treesintrust.
com/environmental.shtm

9. Zientara, Ben, “How much electricity does a solar panel produce?” Solar Power
Rock, last modified April 2, 2020. https://www.solarpowerrocks.com/solar-basics/how-much-
electricity-does-a-solar-panel-produce/

Vacancy Rates Among Shopping Center Types in the U.S. 2016-2017

1.Garrick Brown, “Disruption: US Retail in the Age of Amazon-Over-Retailed, But Not All
Retail is Suffering.” Cushman & Wakefield, 2018.

eCommerce Acceleration

1.Garrick Brown, “Disruption: US Retail in the Age of Amazon-Over-eCommerce
Acceleration.” Cushman & Wakefield, 2018.

Percent of Shoppers Who Spend the Most Money by Retailer Format and
Product Category

1.International Council of Shopping Centers, “The Importance of Physical Stores’ “Halo
Effect” Brand Awareness and Sales Boosted Through Store Locations.” May 30, 2017. https://
www.icsc.org/uploads/t07-subpage/Halo-Effect.pdf

Bandera Road Parking Infographic

1.Rob Holland, 2014”Estimating the number of parking spaces per acre,” Cent.
Profitab. Agric. Inst. Agric. Univ. Tennessee (2014), pp. 1-4. https://ag.tennessee.edu/cpa/
InformationSheets/CPA 222.pdf

73

Bandera Road Parking Infographic continued

2. Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education, “What Does
One Ton of CO2 Really Mean?” aashe, last modifed September 18, 2009. https://www.aashe.
org/one-ton-co2-really-mean/

3. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “How much carbon dioxide is produced per
kilowatthour of U.S. electricity generation?” eia, last modified February 20, 2020. https://www.
eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=74&t=11

4. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “How much electricity does an American home
use?” last modified October 2, 2019. https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=97&t=3

5. Trees in Trust, “Environmental Benefits.” last modified 2009. http://www.treesintrust.com/
environmental.shtm

6. Zientara, Ben, “How much electricity does a solar panel produce?” Solar Power
Rock, last modified April 2, 2020. https://www.solarpowerrocks.com/solar-basics/how-much-
electricity-does-a-solar-panel-produce/

Survey Results of Reasons for Traveling on SH 16 (Bandera Road)

1.Texas Department of Transportation, San Antonio District, “Survey #1 Summary Report SH
16 (Bandera Road),” September 2019, https://www.txdot.gov/inside-txdot/projects/studies/san-
antonio/sh16-banderaroad-I-410-loop1604.html

74

Selected Bibliography
Berger, John. Ways of Seeing: Based on the BBC Television Series with John Berger.

London: British Broadcasting Corp., 2012.

Böck Ingrid, and Rem Koolhaas. Six Canonical Projects: Essays on the History of Ideas. Berlin:
Jovis, 2014.

Boettger, Till. Threshold Spaces Transitions in Architecture. Analysis and Design Tools
Basel:Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, 2014.

Diller, Scofidio, + Renfro. “The Blur Building”. Accessed May 1, 2020, https://dsrny.com/
project/blur-building.

Friends of the High Line. “High Line”. Accessed May 1, 2020, https://www.thehighline.org/.

Garreau, Joel. Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. Toronto: Doubleday, 1997.

Inhabitat 2012, Interview: Architect James Corner on NYC’s High Line Park, accessed May 1,
2020, https://inhabitat.com/interview-architect-james-corner-on-the-design-of-high-
line/3/.

Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House, 1961.

Karssenberg, Hans, and Jeroen Laven. The City at Eye Level: Lessons for Street Plinths. Edited
by Meredith Glaser, Mattijs van ‘t Hoff, Jeroen Laven, Hans Karssenberg, and Jan van
Teeffelen. Delft: Eburon Academic Publishers, 2016.

Koolhaas, Rem, Bruce Mau, and Hans Werlemann. Small, Medium, Large, Extra-Large: S, M, L,

XL. Rotterdam: 010 Publ., 1995. 75

Lake Flato Architects. H-E-B Mueller. Accessed on May 1, 2020. https://www.lakeflato.com/
developmentcommerical/h-e-b-mueller

Lake/Flato. “Development.” Issuu. Published on July 20, 2016. https://issuu.com/lakeflato/docs/
development_hospitality.

Macdonald, Elizabeth, and Michael Larice. The Urban Design Reader. London: Routledge, 2013.

Melis, Alessandro, and Claire Coulter. “The DaVinci Flow,” Topos: The International Review of
Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, no. 107, 2019.

Metropolis. Directed by Fritz Lang, 1927; Germany: Kino International Corporation, 2010. DVD.

Paans, Otto, and Ralf Pasel. Situational Urbanism: Directing Postwar Urbanity ; an Adaptive
Methodology for Urban Transformation. Berlin: Jovis, 2014.

Sensual City Studio. A History of Thresholds: Life, Death & Rebirth: a Visual Narrative. Berlin: Jovis,
2018.

Smiley, David. Pedestrian Modern: Shopping and American Architecture, 1925-1956.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.

Tuan, Yi-Fu. Space and Place: the Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of
Minneapolis Press, 2001.

Venturi, Robert, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour. Learning from Las Vegas: the
Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1977.

76

77