THE PRICE OF IGNORANCE AND SICK SOCIETY: ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, FOR NON-HUMAN ANIMALS AND FOR THE ENVIRONMENT.

151 The chronicler of the Spanish colonization named Francisco López de Gómara said: - The nudity of the Indians is a sign of their racial and cultural inferiority. The Spanish colonizer named Vasco Núñez de Balboa said: - The nudity of the natives is a lack of modesty and shame. The Catholic priest Juan de Torquemada said: - The nudity of the natives is a symbol of their perversion and depravity. The Spanish colonizer Francisco de Aguilar said: - The Indians walk naked through the streets, as if they had no sense of decency. The Catholic priest Francisco de Vitoria said: - The nudity of the Indians is a sign of their lack of morality and their inferiority to the Spanish. These colonizers were actually the depraved ones who saw the sexuality and nudity of the indigenous people as something bad, as something immoral, with morbidity and lust. In many indigenous ethnic groups, nudity and sexuality are seen as something normal, natural, without morbidity and without lust. Nudity in the indigenous ethnic groups of the Xingú and other parts of the Americas has different meanings depending on the culture and region. In some cultures, nudity can be seen as natural and non-sexual, and can be a way to connect with nature and show respect for it. In other cultures, nudity may be seen as a way to show unity and equality among members of the community, regardless of their social or economic status. It can also be seen as a way to show courage and strength, as naked bodies can show physical ability and stamina. Furthermore, nudity can also be seen as a form of resistance against colonization and cultural oppression. Indigenous cultures were often forced to abandon their traditions and customs by European colonizers, and nudity can be seen as a way to claim their own identity and traditions. Indigenous nudity must not be considered immoral, it must not be considered vulgar, it must not be considered something bad, it must not be considered something uncivilized and it must not be considered something depraved. The indigenous nudity and the athletic bodies of a part of the indigenous people must be considered as art, beauty and the maximum expression of perfection. Some indigenous ethnic groups, such as those living in the Xingu, understand that their body is art and beauty, which is why they adorn their entire naked body with body painting. Also in the indigenous Xingu ethnic groups, men wear red paint in their hair during certain ceremonies and rituals.

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156 Indigenous nudity is a symbol of art, of its beauty, of its physical perfection and of the connection with nature, but also, it is an act of resistance against colonization that began with the arrival of the Europeans and continues to the present. Unfortunately, many indigenous people today are from Christian religions, but it is important that in indigenous ethnic groups where nudity is practiced, this practice is maintained. Also, unfortunately, the rules of social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, which are the same ones that allow many hateful comments against indigenous people to go unpunished and do not eliminate the accounts that make these comments because they are part of the genocide, prohibit photos and nude videos based on absurd Christian morality, and this affects indigenous ethnic groups that practice nudity as part of their traditions. But, social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram do allow those who hunt for pleasure, bullfighters and those who practice cockfighting to upload photos and videos of massacres of animals of other species, affirming that they are respectable traditions. All this shows that Facebook, Twitter and Instagram are based on Eurocentrism and are part of the colonialism that continues in the present. The colonizer Hernán Cortés said: - The Indians are so miserable and so cowardly that a dozen Spaniards put them to flight. These monsters of the colonizers, in their machismo, believed that fighting against the indigenous people using weapons that the indigenous people did not have, iron armor and hunting dogs, was, according to them, synonymous with power, courage and manliness, but that was actually cowardice and tyranny. If they believed they were such men, powerful and brave: Why didn't they fight against the indigenous people using the same weapons as the indigenous people? Why didn't they fight against the indigenous people without using iron armor and being naked like the indigenous people? Why didn't they fight against the natives without using hunting dogs? At present, the new colonizers made up of creole whites, brown mestizos, white mestizos, on some occasions by Asians like the Fujimori and on some occasions also by some blacks, and by police and military who oppress the indigenous people in the colonizing countries of this continent, they are just as cowardly using weapons and shields that the indigenous people do not have. The priest Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda said: - Of the Indians it can be said that they are animals, that they lack all human understanding and are below the pigs. For these genocidals, the word pig means disgusting, which is why many times these cursed people compared the indigenous people with pigs or claimed that they are below pigs. The English colonizer John Winthrop said: - The Indians are a race that is destined to disappear, since they are incapable of adapting to the civilized world.

157 The President of the United States named Andrew Jackson, who was descended from Irish settlers and Scottish settlers, stated: - The Indians are an obstacle to civilization and progress, and must be removed to allow the development of white society. The Englishman Herbert Spencer expressed: - The Indians are inferior beings who are destined to disappear, and their extinction is an inevitable consequence of human progress. When these criminals talk about human progress, they always refer to contaminating and destroying the environment, to imposing the disastrous Christianity, to imposing the vision of the world and way of being of whites and mestizos, to being selfish who consider that The most important thing is money and technology, and to exterminate the indigenous people. Proof of the pleasure that the colonizers felt in dominating and subduing the natives was this phrase said by Andrew Jackson: - The only way to deal with the Indians is to make them feel our superiority. Other phrases that show that the colonizers of the past did hate the natives and compare them to animals because in their speciesism they consider that the words instincts and animal mean unworthy, immoral or lacking rights (and this hatred continues in the present in many of their white creole descendants, white mestizos and brown mestizos) are: Christopher Columbus: - The Indians are like pigs, who only know how to eat and sleep. Spanish colonizer Francisco Pizarro: - The Indians are filthy animals that lack any kind of order. Spanish colonizer Juan de Oñate: - The Indians are like horses, useless creatures that only have to be controlled. Spanish colonizer Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada: - The Indians are inferior beings, we must treat them with the same harshness that we treat animals. English colonizer John Winthrop: - The Indians are like wild pigs, we must exterminate them to be able to settle here British colonizer William Penn: - The Indians are simply beasts that must be subdued and taught to obey. Andrew Jackson: - The Indians are like game animals, which must be hunted and exterminated. Some sentences that show that, although the indigenous people hunt to survive and fish to survive, they do not consider animals as inferior, they do not consider animals as immoral and they do not consider instincts as something immoral are: Arhuaco, indigenous leader from Colombia: - Life is sacred, and not just human life. Animals have the right to live too. Chief Seattle, leader of the Suquamish ethnic group: - Animals are our brothers and sisters. They are part of our family on Earth.

158 Diné (Navajo), Native American People: - Harmony with nature and animals is essential for our survival as a species. Tewa, indigenous people of New Mexico: - Respect for animal life is essential to our connection to the Earth and to ourselves. Mapuche People: - The wisdom of our ancestors teaches us to listen to our instincts to survive in harmony with nature. Hopi people: - Instincts are the voice of our soul, they tell us about what we really need to be happy and healthy. Aymara People: - Instinct is the universal language that all living beings share, it helps us to survive and to understand the world around us. Mapuche People: - Instincts are like the roots of a tree, they keep us connected with the earth and with our deepest essence. Sioux People: - Our instincts are the compass that guides us on our path of life, we must learn to listen and respect them to find our purpose. Phrases that show that indigenous people have a greater respect for nature are: Rigoberta Menchú, indigenous Maya K'iche' leader: - Nature is not a resource, it is the source of life. Félix Díaz, Qom indigenous leader: - The land is our mother, the one that gives us life, feeds us and protects us. We must love her and care for her. Ailton Krenak, Krenak indigenous leader: - Nature is our guide, our teacher. We must learn from her and respect her. Oren Lyons, Onondaga indigenous leader: - The land is sacred and we must protect it. If we damage it, we harm ourselves. Raoni Metuktire, Kayapó indigenous leader: - Nature is our medicine, our pharmacy. We must take care of it to maintain our health and well-being. Mariano Abarca, Mexican indigenous leader: - Nature has its cycles and we must respect them. If we alter them, we are playing with fire. Tarcila Rivera Zea, Quechua indigenous leader: - The land is our mother and we must be her responsible children. We must take care of it and protect it. Alberto Acosta, Ecuadorian indigenous leader: - Nature is our house, our home. We cannot continue to destroy it without serious consequences. Tato Quirino, Guarani indigenous leader: - Nature gives us everything we need to live. We must learn to care for her and thank her. Non-indigenous people, many times in their conscious or unconscious hatred for indigenous people, say phrases such as that indigenous people are uncivilized, savage, backward in time or primitive. And many times there are those who make videos where they visit indigenous territories and the indigenous people receive them in a kind and hospitable way (something that most non-indigenous people never do if they are visited by indigenous people) where they affirm that the indigenous people are far from civilization because they live in those territories, with what they call uncivilized.

159 But, in reality, the uncivilized, the wild, the backward in time and the primitive is what non-indigenous people do to destroy and pollute the environment. In a video titled Chapter 9: SELKNAM GENOCIDE - The Secret History of Chile 2, a criminal with a Viking style (all these criminals have a Viking style) who calls himself Cheese Ball, referring to the extermination of indigenous people by Spanish colonizers, made these comments: - no they have to. Spain helped this land by liquidating the savages who did not contribute anything to this country. We should thank them for cleaning up this land. Tell me what the savages contributed. Like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, which are at the service of colonialism, YouTube also allows hateful comments against indigenous people, and does not delete those comments and does not delete those accounts. For this reason, YouTube is also complicit in the massacres of indigenous people that are being committed today. Next, I present information on all the contributions provided by the ethnic groups by the indigenous ethnic groups: The indigenous peoples of the Americas have made many valuable contributions to humanity throughout history. Some of them include: Sustainable agriculture: The indigenous people have developed sustainable agricultural techniques that have allowed the cultivation of food without degrading the environment. Traditional medicine: Indigenous peoples have developed a large number of medicinal plants and treatments for a wide variety of diseases.

160 Arts and Crafts: The indigenous people have created a wide variety of arts and crafts, including weaving, ceramics, paintings, and sculptures. Knowledge of nature: The indigenous people have accumulated a deep knowledge of nature and its cycles, which has allowed them to live in harmony with the environment for thousands of years. Architecture: The indigenous people have developed construction and architecture techniques that adapt to the climatic and geographical conditions of their territories. Worldview: Indigenous peoples have a worldview that values the connection between all living beings and the importance of caring for and respecting the balance of nature. Sustainable technologies: The indigenous people have created sustainable technologies, such as the construction of chinampas for agriculture in flood zones. Astronomical knowledge: The indigenous people have developed knowledge and techniques of astronomical observation that allowed them to develop precise calendars and predict natural phenomena. Philosophy: Indigenous peoples have developed a philosophy that values balance and harmony with nature, community, and the interconnectedness of all things. Indigenous peoples have developed sustainable agricultural techniques for centuries that have allowed the production of food without harming the environment and guaranteeing the continuity of natural resources. Some examples of these practices are: Slash-and-burn agriculture: A technique used in the Amazon that involves cutting down and burning small patches of forest to plant crops. After several years of use, the plot is abandoned so that the natural vegetation can regenerate. Terraced Agriculture: The Incas built terraces in the Andean mountains to grow their food. This technique allows water retention and prevents soil erosion. Three Sisters Farming: A technique of growing corn, beans, and squash used by the indigenous peoples of North America. The three crops are grown together and complement each other, as the corn provides support for the beans, while the squash cover the soil and reduce weed proliferation. Farming in chinampas: the Aztecs created artificial islands in the canals of the city of Tenochtitlán to grow their food. These islands are built with layers of mud, soil, and organic matter, making them very fertile. Agroforestry: technique that combines the production of crops and trees on the same plot. Trees provide shade, protect soil from erosion, and add nutrients to the soil, which benefits crops. Traditional indigenous medicine has provided many valuable contributions to human health. Here are some examples:

161 Use of medicinal plants: Indigenous peoples have used medicinal plants for centuries to treat a wide variety of ailments and diseases. Some common plants used in traditional medicine include cinchona, coca leaf, chamomile, and aloe vera. Steam baths: Steam baths are a common practice in many indigenous cultures. Steam baths are used to treat a variety of ailments, from respiratory problems to skin conditions. The practice is also believed to help strengthen the immune system and reduce stress. Massages: Massages are a common practice in many indigenous cultures. Massages are used to treat a variety of ailments, from muscle pain to digestive problems. The practice is also believed to help reduce stress and improve general well-being. Sound therapies: Sound therapies, such as singing and music, are common in many indigenous cultures. These therapies are used to treat a variety of ailments, from emotional problems to physical health problems. The practice is also believed to help improve mood and reduce stress. Healthy Diets: Indigenous peoples have developed healthy diets that are based on natural and organic foods, including a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. These diets are also low in fat and refined sugars, which have been shown to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Indigenous peoples around the world have created a wide variety of arts and crafts, many of which have been valued and appreciated for their beauty and quality. Here are some examples of arts and crafts provided by indigenous people that have helped mankind: Weavings and Textiles: Indigenous peoples around the world have created unique and beautiful weavings and textiles using techniques such as the loom and braiding. These fabrics often have deep symbolic and cultural significance and are used for clothing, decoration, and ceremonies. Jewelry: Indigenous people have created beautiful, detailed jewelry using a wide variety of materials, including gold, silver, turquoise, pearls, wood, and precious stones. These jewels often have great symbolic and cultural value. Pottery: Indigenous people have been creating high-quality pottery for thousands of years. These pieces can be both functional and decorative, often featuring beautiful and symbolic designs. Sculpture: The indigenous people have created sculptures of all kinds, from small carved figures to large monuments. These works of art often have great cultural and religious value. Paintings and drawings: The indigenous people have created beautiful and detailed paintings and drawings that represent the nature, history and culture of their peoples. These works of art are often used in ceremonies and rituals.

162 Basketry: Indigenous people have created baskets and other objects out of wicker and natural materials for thousands of years. These baskets often have great functional value and are used to store food and other items. Wood Carving: Indigenous people have created beautiful wood carvings for thousands of years. These carvings can be both functional and decorative, often featuring detailed and symbolic designs. Indigenous peoples have developed for centuries a vast knowledge about nature and its resources, which have been of great use to humans. Some examples of this knowledge are: Sustainable agriculture: the indigenous people have developed agricultural techniques that allow cultivation in harmony with nature, using techniques such as crop rotation, the use of natural fertilizers and the selection of resistant seeds. Traditional Medicine: The indigenous people have developed a rich variety of medicinal plants that have been used to treat illnesses and diseases in a natural and effective way. Crafts and textiles: the indigenous people have developed a wide variety of craft and textile techniques, using natural materials such as cotton and cane, among others. Sustainable architecture: the indigenous people have developed construction techniques that use local and sustainable materials, adapting to the climatic and geographical conditions of each region. Indigenous peoples have developed different forms of architecture that have been valuable to humans throughout history. Some examples of indigenous architecture that have helped the human being are: Machu Picchu, Peru: The Inca citadel of Machu Picchu is an impressive example of Inca architecture. The citadel was built with massive, precisely carved stones that are joined together without mortar. Inca architecture also includes the impressive stepped terraces that were used for agriculture in mountainous areas. Hut, South America: The huts of the indigenous communities of South America are constructions made with natural materials such as wood, palm leaves and straw. These constructions are strong and durable, offering protection against extreme weather conditions. Kivas, North America: Kivas are underground rooms of the indigenous peoples of North America, such as the Hopi and the Zuni. These rooms are used for religious and social ceremonies, and are built with stone and adobe. Kivas are also used to store food and other goods. Palafitos, Central and South America: Palafitos are houses built on stilts that are used in the coastal regions of Central and South America. These constructions allow indigenous communities to live in flood-prone and swampy areas. Longhouses, North America: Longhouses are long buildings used by the Iroquois tribes of North America. These multi-story houses are made of wooden

163 poles and tree bark, and can house several families. Longhouses are also used for religious and social ceremonies. Adobe houses, South America: Adobe houses are constructions made of clay, straw and water that are used in many indigenous communities in South America. These houses are strong and durable, offering protection against extreme weather conditions. The indigenous ethnic groups that live in isolation use traditional construction techniques and natural materials found in their environment. In general, they use wood, palm leaves or straw to build their houses. To build the roof, they often use tree branches and palm leaves. Once they have the materials, they join them with lianas and other natural materials. As for climbing to the top without falling, the indigenous people use climbing techniques that they have learned since they were little. In general, they use ropes made of natural fibers, which are tied to the trees. They also often use tools made of wood to climb, such as ladders or planks of wood. To create the house, they usually use collective construction techniques, where the entire community collaborates in the construction. Each person has a specific task, and everyone works together to build the house. In this way, they can build large and strong houses, using only natural materials and their own strength and skill. Indigenous peoples have developed various sustainable technologies throughout their history. Here are some examples: Irrigation Systems: The Incas built irrigation canals into the slopes of mountains to irrigate their crop fields in the Andean region of South America. Crafts with local materials: The indigenous people have developed techniques to work with local materials such as wood and clay, creating useful and beautiful objects. Construction of sustainable houses: In South America, indigenous people have built houses with natural materials such as straw, cane and earth, using traditional construction techniques that allow ventilation and thermal insulation. Botanical Knowledge: Indigenous people have identified and classified plants and herbs with medicinal and curative properties, and have developed techniques for their safe and effective use. Crafts with natural fibers: In many parts of the world, indigenous people have developed techniques for working with natural fibers such as cotton, jute, palm and sisal, creating textiles and decorative objects. Indigenous peoples around the world have developed unique and sophisticated astronomical knowledge through millennia of observing the night sky. Some examples include: The Maya people of Mesoamerica developed a complex calendar based on the observation of the movement of celestial bodies and used the alignment of buildings with the sun and stars in their architectural designs.

164 The peoples of the North American plains, such as the Cheyennes, Lakotas, and Pawnees, used the position of the stars to guide their travels. Australian Aboriginal people have used the patterns in the night sky to tell stories and pass down cultural knowledge through generations. The indigenous peoples of the Pacific islands, such as the Polynesians, have used astronomical knowledge to navigate vast distances across the ocean. The ancient pre-Hispanic peoples of South America, such as the Incas, built astronomical observatories and developed precise calendars based on the observation of the sun and stars. The indigenous peoples of the Americas have developed throughout history various philosophies and worldviews that have influenced and enriched the way in which human beings understand the world and our relationship with nature. Some examples of indigenous philosophies that have helped the human being are: The concept of Sumak Kawsay of the indigenous peoples of the Andes, which translates as full life or good living, and which promotes a way of life in harmony with nature and the community. The philosophy of mother earth of the indigenous peoples of South America, which considers nature as a living and sacred being that must be respected and cared for. The concept of in lak'ech of the Mayan peoples, which translates as you are my other self, and which promotes the idea that all human beings are equal and connected. The philosophy of the ancient wisdom of the indigenous peoples of North America, which values and respects the knowledge and experiences of previous generations. The concept of reciprocity of the indigenous peoples of America, which promotes the idea that we must give and receive in a balanced and fair way, both with nature and with the community. Contributions of indigenous cultures in terms of hygiene and aesthetics: Body waxing in the indigenous Xingu ethnic groups and other isolated ethnic groups varies according to their traditions and customs. In some ethnic groups, waxing is part of their ritual or ceremony, while in others it is done for aesthetic or hygienic reasons. As for the instruments used for hair removal, they also vary according to ethnicity and the resources available. Some ethnic groups use natural wax made from the resin of trees and other plants, while others use sharp leaves, shells, or stones to shave or remove body hair. Some indigenous ethnic groups have used resins from trees and other plants for hair removal. For example, the resin of the copaiba tree is used by some indigenous communities in Brazil for hair removal. The resin waxing procedure involves the following:

165 Heat the resin: the resin is placed in a container and heated over low heat until it melts. Apply the resin: Once the resin is liquid, it is applied to the skin with a wooden stick or with the hands, in the direction of hair growth. Allow to dry: the resin is allowed to dry for a few minutes. Remove the resin: a corner of the resin is lifted and pulled in the opposite direction of hair growth, pulling the hair out by the roots. Indigenous hair removal techniques vary by ethnicity and geographic region. Here I present some hair removal techniques and procedures used by different indigenous ethnic groups of America: Hair removal with corn husks: In some communities in Mexico, a hair removal technique with corn husks is used. The leaves are heated in water and applied to the skin to remove hair. Burned with fire: In some indigenous cultures of South America, a waxing technique with fire is used. A palm frond or wooden stick is set on fire and quickly extinguished before touching the skin. The heat produces a small explosion that effectively burns the hair. Hair removal with tree resin: Some Amazonian ethnic groups use a mixture of tree resins for hair removal. The resin is applied to the skin and allowed to dry before being removed with a quick yank. Some indigenous ethnic groups in America use sharp leaves to shave. For example, in the Amazon, the Yanomami use palm fronds to remove unwanted hair. The procedure is often similar to that of hot wax: the sharp blade is slightly heated in a flame, applied to the skin, and yanked off, pulling the hair out by the roots. Most of the indigenous ethnic groups of the Xingu and other parts of the world use leaves, moss, herbs or similar materials to clean themselves after doing their physiological needs. In some cultures, small stones, shells, or pieces of wood are also used for scraping and cleaning. As for where they eliminate, it depends on the culture and the situation. In some cultures, specific areas are designated for waste disposal, while in others it is done anywhere available. In some cases, latrines or holes in the ground may be used. Personal cleanliness after doing the physiological needs varies among the different indigenous ethnic groups and may depend on the resources available in their environment. In some cultures, specific leaves or herbs are used for cleaning. In the case of some Xingu ethnic groups, it has been documented that they use palm leaves or large banana leaves to clean themselves after relieving themselves. These sheets are folded and used for rubbing and cleaning. As for the place where they relieve themselves, each culture has its own practices and rituals. Some ethnic groups may use specific areas of the jungle or

166 forest, while others may use communal bathrooms. Personal cleanliness and hygiene are very important to many indigenous cultures, and are often done with great care and attention to detail. In many indigenous cultures, mothers carry their babies naked and carry them on their bodies using some kind of diaper or cloth to support them. When babies relieve themselves, mothers often clean them with leaves or cloth, water or sand. In some cases, they also use a kind of makeshift container or diaper to collect their children's droppings and then bury them in a designated location. In addition, in many indigenous cultures, young children begin to learn to control their sphincters at an early age and are trained to relieve themselves in specific places, such as latrines or areas away from the home. In many indigenous ethnic groups, the container to collect the baby's excrement is made with natural materials, such as palm leaves, tree fibers or gourds. These materials are molded and sewn by hand to form a container that conforms to the baby's body. In some ethnic groups, cloth diapers are also used, which are washed and reused. To clean babies after they relieve themselves, many indigenous people use water and soft leaves, such as those of banana plants or other trees. Some ethnicities also use special herbs to help prevent baby skin irritations. After cleaning the baby, dry it with a soft cloth or paper towel, if available. In general, the care and cleaning of babies in indigenous ethnic groups is done very carefully and with great attention to detail. Indigenous peoples have developed hygiene knowledge and techniques that are very important for disease prevention and health promotion. Some of the most important contributions in this area are: Handwashing: Many indigenous cultures have adopted the custom of washing hands before meals and after using the bathroom, which helps prevent the spread of disease. Thermal Baths: Some indigenous cultures have used thermal baths and saunas as part of their hygienic practices, helping to cleanse the skin and remove toxins from the body. Steam baths: Steam baths are also common in some indigenous cultures and are used to cleanse the body and improve circulation. Medicinal Herbs – Many indigenous cultures have developed knowledge of the medicinal properties of plants and use them to treat a wide variety of diseases and conditions. House Cleaning Practices: Many indigenous cultures have practices for cleaning and disinfecting their houses, which help prevent the spread of disease and maintain a healthy environment. Using ash and other materials for cleaning: Some indigenous cultures use ash or other natural materials to clean their utensils and tools, helping to keep them free of germs and bacteria.

167 Cleaning practices and conservation of natural resources: Many indigenous cultures have practices of cleaning and conservation of natural resources, such as rivers and lakes, which are essential for human health and well-being. Many indigenous ethnic groups have developed various forms of personal hygiene, including the production of natural soaps. Below are some examples of how some indigenous ethnic groups make soaps: In the Amazon region, indigenous peoples use the bark of some trees such as quina and yarumo to make soaps. The bark is boiled in water until foamy, which is then rinsed and left to dry in the sun. The indigenous peoples of the Sonoran desert in northern Mexico have used the root of the yucca plant to make soap for centuries. The root is ground and mixed with water, then simmered until it forms a thick paste that can be used as soap. The indigenous peoples of the Andean highlands, such as the Aymara and Quechua, have used the ash from quinoa, an Andean crop, to make soaps. The ash is mixed with water and boiled until a thick paste forms, which can be used as soap. Indigenous peoples have developed a variety of practices for oral hygiene care that are very important. Some of the most significant contributions include: The use of herbs and medicinal plants: many indigenous communities use plants such as neem, sage or garlic for oral hygiene. These plants contain antibacterial and antifungal properties that help maintain a clean and healthy mouth. Chewing plants: some indigenous communities chew plants such as mint or anise to freshen breath and promote oral hygiene. Cleaning with natural fibers: Some communities use natural fibers such as dental floss, which can be made from coconut fibers or tree bark. Twig cleaning: Some communities use twigs to clean teeth, which can help remove plaque and keep teeth clean and healthy. The indigenous Xingu ethnic groups, located in the Amazon region of Brazil, have unique traditions and rituals that include the way they cut and style their hair. First of all, it should be noted that not all indigenous Xingu ethnic groups use the mushroom hairstyle, and the techniques and tools for cutting and styling hair vary from one ethnic group to another. However, in general, the indigenous Xingu ethnic groups use traditional tools to cut and style their hair, such as stone knives, wooden scissors, and wooden combs. To make the mushroom hairstyle, men usually grow the hair on top of the head and cut it in a circle around the head, leaving a strand of hair in the center that is tucked up with the help of of combs and other instruments. The hair on the sides and back of the head is cut shorter or shaved.

168 Women also have unique hairstyles and techniques, which can include braids, dreadlocks, and other elaborate designs. The indigenous Xingu ethnic groups use a variety of techniques and materials to make cutting tools, such as wooden scissors. Usually, the wood used to make the scissors is carefully selected from trees that are strong and resistant, such as pau-brasil or cedar. Once the wood is selected, it is carved with traditional tools, such as stone axes, knives or machetes, to shape the scissors. The shape of the scissors can vary according to the need and preference of each ethnic group. To join the two pieces of the scissors, traditional assembly techniques are used, such as the use of vegetable fibers, resins or even the wood itself, which is cut and interlocked to create a strong and lasting union. It is important to highlight that the manufacturing process of wooden scissors is a traditional art that has been transmitted from generation to generation in these communities, and that it is part of their ancestral culture and tradition. The indigenous Aweti, Kalapalo, Kuikuro and Wauja ethnic groups, like many other indigenous cultures, have traditional practices and values that teach their children the importance of caring for the environment and maintaining cleanliness in the community. These practices include environmental education, teaching values such as respect, cooperation and responsibility, and carrying out tasks and responsibilities in the village from an early age. Children are encouraged to participate in the daily life of the community and learn by observing and imitating adults and other older children. Regarding the issue of relieving themselves, indigenous communities usually have areas designated for the use of bathrooms or latrines, and children are taught to use these areas appropriately and respectfully. They are also taught not to leave trash or waste in nature and to use natural resources responsibly and sustainably. Contributions in the production of fire naturally: The indigenous ethnic groups that live isolated use different techniques to produce fire without the help of matches or lighters. Some of the more common techniques include: Friction: The indigenous people use the friction between two objects to create a spark and thus light the fire. For example, in the bow technique, a curved stick is rubbed against a wooden board to generate enough heat to create a spark. Percussion: They also use percussion to create sparks by hitting two hard objects together. An example of this technique is the friction between two flints to produce a spark.

169 Lens: Some indigenous peoples use a lens to focus sunlight and create enough heat to start a fire. You can use a magnifying glass, a piece of glass, or even a plastic bag of water to focus the light. Static electricity: Some ethnic groups use static electricity to produce sparks and start a fire. This is achieved by friction of insulating materials, to generate an electrical charge. As for the instruments they use, it depends on the technique they use. For example, for the bow technique, you need a wooden plank and a curved stick, while for percussion you can use two flints. As for the lens, you will need an object that can focus sunlight, such as a magnifying glass. The procedures for producing fire vary depending on the technique used, but in general, a great deal of patience and skill is required to achieve a successful result. The techniques can be very different from one another, but they all require a thorough knowledge of the materials and tools available, as well as a great deal of practice and experience to consistently produce fire. Inputs for cutting wood: The indigenous people of isolated ethnic groups have developed various techniques and tools to cut wood effectively. Some of these techniques include: Stone axe: Some isolated ethnic groups still use stone axes to cut wood. These axes are made by carving hard, sharp stones to create a sharp blade. Wooden Axe: Another common technique is the making of wooden axes. These are carved from a solid log, with a sharp section at one end for cutting through the wood. Machete: The machete is a very useful tool in the rainforest. It is made from a long, thin blade, usually made of metal, which is sharpened to cut branches and tree trunks. Hand Saws: Hand saws are another common tool used by indigenous people to cut wood. These are made from sharpened sheets of metal, which are mounted on a wooden handle for ease of use. The procedures for making these tools vary by ethnicity and the region in which they are found, but generally involve carving the tool from materials available in the environment, such as stones, wood, and metal. The indigenous people are usually very skilled in the use of these tools, thanks to continuous practice since childhood. Methods for sourcing metal and shaping instruments vary by ethnicity and the region in which they live. Some ethnic groups have had access to metal deposits, such as gold and copper, and have developed techniques to extract and work them. For example, the pre-Hispanic peoples of Mesoamerica knew about the smelting technique, which consisted of melting the mineral and separating the metal from the rock.

170 Other ethnic groups have obtained metals through trade with other cultures. For example, the indigenous people of the Amazon have acquired metal tools through trade with peoples living in the coastal areas of the continent. Once they have the metal, the indigenous people use different techniques to shape the instruments. For example, they may use hot forging techniques, which involve heating metal and striking it into shape with hammers and other tools. They may also use chiselling techniques, in which they carve metal with cutting tools to give it the desired shape. All these contributions show that the indigenous ethnic groups are also civilizations that provided very valuable contributions, but the majority of those who are not indigenous in their evil believe that the indigenous did not provide contributions. It is important to note that physical pain is not an end in itself in indigenous cultures, but is generally associated with a ritual purpose, such as purification, strengthening of the spirit, or demonstration of bravery and courage. For example, in the Shipibo-Conibo culture of the Peruvian Amazon, there is a ritual called mahua, in which the participants inflict pain on themselves by applying stinging plants to the body. This ritual is performed with the purpose of purifying the body and spirit, and is considered a way to strengthen the connection with nature and spirits. During the Yawalapiti Pequi Festival, in the Alukaka games, one of the games is the following: The men lie naked on their backs forming a line, in this game the women try to remove the men from the line. In this game, women are allowed to push, punch, and pinch men. It can be painful for men, but for whoever watches it, it's a lot of fun. The winner is the man who stays in line to the end. To prove courage, the winning man must resist all the women. In a certain way, the game represents a type of sexual subjugation of men by women.

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173 Those who hate indigenous people based on Christian morality and values based on puritanism, racism and classism: they can use this to say that indigenous people are disgusting, immoral, scoundrels or ordinary. But, for those of us who have a morality that is not based on Christianity, and we have values that are not based on puritanism, or racism, or classism: these practices do not make indigenous people disgusting, they do not make them immoral, they don't make them ordinary, they don't make them scoundrels, and they don't make them coarse. We consider these practices as a beautiful art, and we do not consider the practices brought by whites where they cause animals pain for pleasure, such as bullfighting, cockfighting and hunting for pleasure as art, nor as sport. Those who hate indigenous people can also say that these practices where indigenous women subjugate and sexually dominate indigenous men are the same as when the colonizers subdued, dominated and enslaved indigenous people. But, they are not the same, in these indigenous practices, the intention is never slavery, it is never torture, it is never extermination and it is never genocide, and these practices occur with the mutual consent of both (both women and men). On the other hand, in the domination and subjugation of the natives by the colonizers, the intention was slavery, torture, extermination, and genocide, and this domination and subjugation occurred against their will. of the indigenous The hatred of the colonizers for the indigenous peoples was also due to the fact that the indigenous peoples did not consider sexuality taboo, did not consider sexuality as immoral, did not consider sexuality as something bad and saw sexuality as something as natural as eating or sleeping. On the other hand, the colonizers, being Christians, did see sexuality as a taboo, as immoral, as something bad and as a sin. Some phrases said by the colonizers regarding indigenous sexuality are: Hernán Cortés: - The Indians are people who live shamelessly and indulge in sexual licentiousness without any limit. Spanish conquistador named Bernal Díaz del Castillo: - The Indians are very lascivious and their women are easy. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: - The Indians are lustful and depraved. Francisco Pizarro: - The sexuality of the Indians is disgusting and must be eradicated. These monsters hate the indigenous people, they find the sexuality of the indigenous people repugnant, but they do not think the same about the sexuality of the whites and the sexuality of the mestizos. In addition, the desire that these monsters have to repress indigenous sexuality is also a manifestation of their desire that the indigenous people become extinct and disappear completely.

174 Catholic priest Gaspar de Carvajal: - The Indians are an inferior race and their sexuality demonstrates their inferiority. Spanish colonizer Juan de Acosta: - The sexuality of the Indians is a disgusting spectacle that demonstrates their inferiority. Spanish colonizer Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa: - The Indians are vile and degenerate beings who lack any sense of morality and decency. Christopher Columbus: - The sexuality of the Indians is wild and depraved, without any sense of morality or responsibility. Catholic priest Pedro de Gante: - Indigenous sexuality is a source of sin and depravity, it must be controlled and regulated by the Church. Linked to repressing the sexuality of the natives, was the repression of their reproduction as part of the extermination, and the following phrases from the colonizers prove it: Catholic priest Fray Juan de Zumárraga, Bishop of Mexico: - The fecundity of indigenous women is a plague for the Church and for the crown. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, missionary in New Spain: - The greatest obstacle to the conversion of the Indians is their excessive fertility. Francisco de Vitoria, Spanish theologian and jurist: - If we let the indigenous people multiply, we will never be able to subdue them to civilization. Juan de Solórzano y Pereira, Spanish jurist and theologian: - We must do everything possible so that the indigenous people have fewer children and that fewer are raised. Gaspar de Carvajal, Spanish conquistador: - The fecundity of indigenous women is the greatest danger to the purity of the Spanish race. Hernán Cortés, Spanish conquistador: - The indigenous people are like rats that reproduce without control and contaminate our world. In reality, those who reproduce without any control and pollute the world are whites and mestizos because at present they are 75% of the world population, and their vision of the world and lifestyle based on capitalism is what pollutes and destroy the world. This desire to exterminate the indigenous people and make them childless continues today when the colonizing states of these countries allow a large part of the indigenous people to live in extreme poverty, starving and without money to buy medicines, when it should be It is a duty of the states of this continent to compensate the indigenous people in millions for all the injustices and contempt they have suffered from the arrival of the colonizers to the present. And since whites, mestizos and non-indigenous ethnic groups exist on this continent because of the invasion, genocide and extermination of indigenous people, a percentage of the tax money paid by all non-indigenous people should be distributed among all indigenous people of each country of this continent. The following photos prove the unfair and precarious condition in which many indigenous people live because the majority of those who are not

175 indigenous continue to reproduce on this continent and because on this continent there are governments made up of people who are not indigenous. Those who hate indigenous people can say that they live in these precarious and unfair conditions because they do not adapt to the consumerist system of whites and mestizos, and because they do not live in polluted and garbage-filled cities that for those who hate indigenous people are civilization and progress. But, in reality, they suffer in these precarious and unfair conditions because they were expelled from their territories, because they suffered invasions of their territories, because those who are not indigenous polluted their rivers, from where they drank water and where they bathed, because those who are not indigenous peoples destroyed the places where they farmed to benefit the cattle ranch that raises cows, sheep and bulls, and to benefit extensive agriculture and monocultures, and because non-indigenous people forced them to live in a system that generates poverty and makes them suffer needs. And the majority of those who are not indigenous are responsible, they are complicit and guilty for this, for their indifference, for voting for governments that hurt indigenous people and voting for politicians who are not indigenous. In any case, that all these injustices and precarious living conditions suffer is a way of limiting the sexuality of the indigenous people and of making the indigenous people less and less until they disappear completely, and more, in a country with an ignorant state, nefarious, racist and white supremacist like Argentina, but in reality this happens in all the countries of this continent. Also, there were colonizers of Basque origin who committed the same atrocities against the indigenous people and felt the same hatred for the

176 indigenous people such as: Lope de Aguirre, Francisco de Argañaraz, Francisco de Garay, Diego de Ibarra and others. Lope de Aguirre: - We will destroy everything in our path, without pity or mercy. The Indians are mere obstacles on our way to power and wealth. Lope de Aguirre: - These lands are an inexhaustible gold mine, and the indigenous people will be our slaves to extract it and enrich us. Francisco de Argañaraz: - The indigenous are ignorant beasts that must be subdued and used for the benefit of the Crown and the Church. Francisco de Argañaraz: - The conquest is a divine blessing that justifies any action, including violence and the subjugation of the indigenous people. Francisco de Garay: - These lands belong to us by divine right. The indigenous people must be subdued and used as labor for our prosperity and enrichment. Francisco de Garay: - These lands are ours by right of conquest, and the indigenous people must accept our domination and submission. Francisco de Garay: - The Indians are mere instruments of work, without rights or dignity. They are destined to serve the crown and its colonizers. As I understand it, the way of being of many Basques (not all) is very similar to the way of being of many Argentines (not all). It is always necessary to clarify that many do not mean the same as all, since the garbage of the Political, Neoliberal and Liberal Right can use this to attack those of us who defend the indigenous. Also, in Mexico and Guatemala, indigenous people suffer from being made invisible, suffer hatred and discrimination, and mestizos are given greater value as part of the extermination of indigenous people that continues today. On the internet there is a disastrous blog that has never been censored called: I hate the Indians, I love Guatemala. In this Blog you can read disastrous phrases like the following: - Please, if you have stories about the Indians, if you know girls from a good house who have married, joined or given their ass to an Indian, please write to me, I will publish it.

177 That repulsive phrase shows how those who hate indigenous people also seek to repress their sexuality and repress their reproduction in the present to cause an extermination of all indigenous people until they completely disappear. These criminals who hate the indigenous, the indigenous only have the right to exist in memories, being completely dominated, subdued and exterminated. The Yanomami, a tribe living in the Amazon of Brazil and Venezuela, have a more relaxed attitude towards sexuality, considering it a natural and healthy activity. They have practices such as polygamy and partner exchange, which are part of their culture. In general, the indigenous Xingu ethnic groups have a more relaxed and open attitude towards sexuality compared to most Western societies. They do not consider sexuality as a taboo and see it as a natural part of life. Sexuality among the members of the Xingu tribes is not limited to marriage or procreation, but can also be seen as a form of emotional expression, union, and fun. Premarital and extramarital sex may be acceptable in some ethnicities, as long as it is consensual and does not cause harm to anyone. In some tribes, such as the Kayapó, sexuality is seen as a sacred force that connects human beings with spirits and nature, and certain sexual rituals are practiced in religious ceremonies. Europeans used the issue of indigenous sexuality as a justification for the domination and subjugation of indigenous populations. The European colonizers imposed their own sexual morality on indigenous communities, accusing them of being immoral and perverted. Additionally, sexuality was a tool used by colonizers to exploit and abuse indigenous women, often by raping them and forcing them to work as sex slaves. This legacy of violence and sexual oppression continues to affect indigenous communities to this day.

178 Indigenous sexuality is something wonderful and sacred because it allows more indigenous people to exist, because it represents honesty and the art of nature expressing itself. Indigenous sexuality is a symbol of resistance against colonization that continues into the present. The following photographs and illustrations may give a heart attack to conservatives and puritans who hate indigenous people:

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183 The love between indigenous people is an indescribable beauty, a connection that transcends time and space. It is a union that is nourished by ancestral wisdom, the connection with nature and respect for life. It is a love that is expressed in the look, in the smile and in the touch of the hands. The beauty of love between indigenous people is a lesson for all of us, a sign that true love knows no barriers or borders. It is a love that is expressed in the harmony and peace that emanates from their hearts. It is a beauty that invites us to reflect on the value of love, respect and connection with nature. The love between indigenous people is a source of inspiration, a reminder that true beauty lies in love and in the union of human beings. While the Christian and Puritan conservatives, although they also have instincts and do not repress them, the hypocrites hide their instincts to appear that they are holy and according to them good people, and the hypocrites consider the instincts as bad, unworthy or immoral when they also have them. Phrases said by indigenous people regarding sexuality: Gregorio Mendoza, Zapotec indigenous leader: - Sexuality is not something we should be ashamed of, but something we should understand and celebrate as a natural part of our humanity. Juan Manuel Huanca, Quechua indigenous leader: - Sexuality is a natural part of our humanity, and there is nothing to be ashamed of or hide. Gabriela Moreno, Kuna indigenous leader: - Sexuality is a taboo subject in many cultures, but in ours we treat it openly and sincerely.

184 Part of colonization is to make people believe, from the arrival of the European colonizers to the present, that indigenous means ugly, and we find phrases said by the colonizers like you are: Christopher Columbus: - The Indians are ugly and unpleasant to look at. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: - The Indians are black, ugly and graceless. The Catholic priest José de Anchieta, who was canonized as a saint by the Catholic religion, said: - The Indians have deformed, shapeless and ugly bodies. But, the following photographs prove the great beauty of many indigenous women and many indigenous men:

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186 I believe that these monsters also hate the indigenous people because of the envy they have of the beauty of many, but to continue promoting hatred of the indigenous people, these monsters continue promoting the lie that most indigenous people are ugly, which it isn't true. Indigenous beauty is a hymn to nature, a symphony of earthy tones and warm undertones that blend into a brown skin. It is an ancestral heritage that is reflected in the brightness of slanted eyes, whose brilliance is capable of illuminating any shadow.

187 It is a beauty that can be felt in every feature of her face, in the harmony of her features and in the strength that her gaze transmits. The indigenous beauty's black hair is a mystery unto itself, a cascade of silk that slides down her back and sways to the rhythm of the wind. It is an enigma that contains the wisdom of their ancestors and the strength of their spirit. It is a symbol of connection to the earth and respect for nature. Indigenous beauty is a tribute to diversity and a proof that true beauty lies in authenticity and uniqueness. Indigenous beauty is a radiant light that emanates from her soul, an ancestral wisdom that is transmitted from generation to generation. It is a humility that is translated into the simplicity of his life and his boundless hospitality. She is a beauty that is reflected in her smile and the warmth of her heart. The connection with nature is the essence of indigenous beauty, a harmony that is expressed in their respect for the land, water and air. She is a beauty that draws on the wisdom of her ancestors and expresses herself in her deep love for life. It is a beauty that transcends time and space, a beauty that invites us to reflect on the value of what is authentic and true. Indigenous beauty is an invaluable treasure that shows us the way to harmony and peace in the world. Those who hate the indigenous people deny that the colonizers hated them, that the colonizers treated them with hatred and contempt, and affirm that everything is a Black Legend, but there are phrases where the colonizers accept that, if they hated and despised the indigenous people, where they accept that they wanted to dominate them causing terror and where they even accept that they committed massacres against indigenous people. Here is a compilation of these phrases: José de San Martín, Argentine libertarian, politician and soldier: - The indigenous race is destined to disappear and give way to progress and civilization. When these criminals talk about progress and civilization, they always mean pollution and destruction of the environment. Fray Juan de Zumárraga: -The conquest is an act of justice that aims to punish the indigenous people for their sins and vices. Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish colonizer: -The indigenous people are a despicable race that deserves to be enslaved and subjected. Fray Antonio de Montesinos: -It is better for the Indians to die at the hands of the Christians than to fall into the devil's clutches. The biblical god and the devil do not exist. The Biblical God and Devil are just a Judeo-Christian invention. The biblical god and the devil are myths that have been used by Christians to commit the worst atrocities and the worst crimes against innocents. Christopher Columbus: -God has put these Indians in our path so that we can subdue them and take their lands.

188 Christopher Columbus: -Our right of conquest is based on the right of the sword. Hernán Cortés: -We did not come here to leave you their land, but to take it. Pedro de Valdivia, Spanish colonizer: -We are here to take your wealth and enslave your people, in the name of the Spanish crown. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: -The indigenous people are soulless beasts, and they deserve nothing more than death. Gonzalo Pizarro, Spanish colonizer: -Our goal is to extend Spanish rule over these lands and their people, whatever the cost. John Winthrop, English colonizer: -We are here to colonize and exploit these lands, and we will not allow the natives to get in our way. Francisco Pizarro: -It is necessary to control the Indians with force and violence, because otherwise they will not understand our authority. Hernán Cortés: -Our duty is to civilize the Indians, even if this means forcing them to work in our mines and farms. Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Spanish colonizer: -The Indians must submit to us, or they will be punished by God for their resistance. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Spanish colonizer: -The conquest and domination of the Indians is the most noble and glorious work that a man can undertake. Gonzalo Pizarro: -The Indians are an obstacle to our progress and development, and therefore they must be subjugated. Hernán Cortés: -The whip is necessary to maintain order in these wild lands. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, Spanish colonizer: -If the whip is not enough, we can always use the sword. Francisco Pizarro: -You cannot govern without lashes and without blood. Juan Ponce de León, Spanish colonizer: -The lashes are necessary so that they know that we will not tolerate their rebellion. Sebastián de Belalcázar, Spanish colonizer: -The punishment must be severe so that it serves as an example to others. Hernando de Soto, Spanish colonizer: -Flogging is the only way to make them understand who is in charge here. Sebastián de Belalcázar, Spanish colonizer, about the Conquest of Popayán: -We entered the city of Popayán, where we massacred people because they resisted a lot. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada on the Conquest of the Muiscas: -They set their houses on fire and, while they fled from one place to another, they lanced them to pieces. Hernando de Soto on the Conquest of Florida: -We burned them alive and threw them to the dogs.

189 Gonzalo Pizarro: -The nudity of the Indians is a manifestation of their savagery and their lack of humanity. We must subdue them and make them see that our way of life is superior to theirs. Gonzalo Pizarro: -We must set an example for the other indigenous people so that they submit to our rule. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, Spanish colonizer: -We must show them the superiority of our culture and religion. That stupid superiority consists in polluting and destroying the environment; in believing in a god who orders the killing of children and pregnant women, who supports human slavery and who in one part of the bible says that he will make parents become cannibals and devour their own children as punishment; in enjoying hunting for pleasure, bullfighting and cockfighting; in the macho cowardice of dominating and subduing the weakest and most innocent; in causing pain and making the indigenous people suffer, and in seeing nudity and sexuality as something immoral, taboo and morbid. In other words, the superiority that the colonizers talked about is rubbish, and it is because of that stupid concept of superiority that the planet is being destroyed. Gonzalo Pizarro: - The virility of Spanish men is put to the test in situations like this, where we must demonstrate our superiority and control the rebellious indigenous people. Pedro de Alvarado: -The superiority of the Spanish men over the natives is evident on the battlefield, where we are invincible. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado: -The conquest of America is a heroic feat that could only be accomplished by brave and determined men, and we are those men. Pedro de Valdivia, Spanish colonizer: - Brutality and violence are legitimate tools in the conquest of an inferior people like the indigenous people. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Spanish colonizer: -The Indians have no rights because they are not men like us. Simón Bolívar, libertarian: - Colonization is the path to the greatness and glory of our nation. Since its inception, libertarians have shown hatred for indigenous people, which is why, at present, libertarians and neoliberals are allies of right-wing conservatives, and support the oppression of indigenous people equally. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado: -We have demonstrated our strength by conquering these lands and subduing the Indians. Pedro de Valdivia, Spanish colonizer: -The Indians are inferior beings who must be submitted to the will of the white man. Francisco Pizarro: -We cannot allow these pagan barbarians to stand in our way to wealth and power. Diego de Almagro, Spanish colonizer: -Remember that the indigenous people are an inferior race and their submission is essential for our victory.

190 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado: -We cannot allow the natives to challenge our authority. Let's prove our superiority on the battlefield. Hernán Cortés: -We have to cause fear in the indigenous people so that they submit to our authority. Francisco Pizarro: -The best way to control the indigenous people is causing terror in their hearts. Christopher Columbus: -If we want to succeed in colonization, we must cause fear in the indigenous people and show them our superiority. Gonzalo Pizarro: -Fear is our best ally in the conquest of these savage peoples. Pedro de Alvarado: -The only way to ensure our domination over the indigenous people is by causing fear in their hearts. Nicolás de Ovando, Spanish colonizer: -The indigenous people are primitive beings who need to be dominated and to achieve this, they must be terrorized. Juan Ponce de León, Spanish colonizer: -Causing terror among the indigenous people is the only way to impose our will and advance in colonization. Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Spanish colonizer: -The conquest of these lands demands that we be implacable and that we cause fear in the indigenous people. Christopher Newport, English colonizer: -The Europeans are superior and we must dominate the natives. Diogo Cão, Portuguese colonizer: -Fear is our best tool to ensure their submission. Francisco de Almeida, Portuguese colonizer: -The fear of our weapons will keep these natives in their place. Martim Afonso de Sousa, Portuguese colonizer: -These natives must fear us in order for them to accept our supremacy. Walter Raleigh, English colonizer: - Power and domination are the key to success in colonization. Peter Stuyvesant, Dutch colonizer: -The domination of indigenous peoples is essential for the expansion of colonization. Hernán Cortés: -The Indians are lazy, cowardly and lack intelligence. They deserve the yoke they wear. Christopher Columbus: -The Indians are an inferior race that must be dominated and exploited for our own benefit. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Spanish colonizer: -The Indians are an inferior race, who need violence to be controlled and subjugated. Catholic priest Juan de Zumárraga: -The Indians should be whipped until they learn to fear and respect their masters. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: -It is necessary that the Indians feel the whip and the sword, so that they learn to respect their Spanish masters.

191 Catholic priest Francisco de Vitoria: -Violence is necessary to keep the Indians in their place and to prevent them from revolting. Francisco Pizarro: -Fear and submission are necessary to keep the Indians under control and to keep them working for us. Hernán Cortés: -We must teach these savages that they are inferior and that they must submit to the will of God and the King. Francisco Pizarro: -If we want these Indians to respect us, we must show them that they are inferior to us in all aspects. Christopher Columbus: -The best way to dominate the natives is to make them feel that they are inferior in every way. Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish colonizer: -The superiority of the European race is undeniable, and we must teach the indigenous people to recognize it. Juan de Oñate, Spanish colonizer: -The task of colonization is to make the Indians feel inferior and to depend on us for everything. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Spanish colonizer: -We must teach the Indians to feel inferior and to depend on us for everything. Hernán Cortés: -Pain is necessary for progress. We must teach the indigenous people to bear it. Catholic priest Gaspar de Carvajal: -Indigenes must learn to love suffering. Only then can they be redeemed. Catholic priest Domingo de Soto: -Humiliation and suffering are necessary for the education of indigenous people. Francisco de Toledo, Spanish colonizer: -The acceptance of pain is the key to the redemption of the indigenous people. Cristóbal de Acuña, Catholic priest: -Indigenous people must learn to endure pain if they want to be accepted in civilization. Diego de Landa, Catholic priest: -Suffering is the test of the faith of the indigenous people. We must teach them to accept it with gratitude. Illustration of Fray Diego de Landa, burning the last Mayan codices:

192 Juan de Oviedo, Spanish colonizer: -Humiliation and pain are necessary to teach indigenous people submission to God and their masters. Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish conquistador: -It is better to kill all the Indians from the cradle to old age. John Smith, English explorer: -The Indians must be enslaved to serve us. Andrew Jackson, President of the United States: -We must eliminate the Indians so that the settlers can take their land. William Bradford, English colonizer: -The Indians are a plague that must be exterminated. James K. Polk, President of the United States: -The Indians are an obstacle to the expansion and progress of civilization. Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States: -The Indians are an inferior race that must be eliminated if the land is to be used properly. Christopher Columbus: -The indigenous people have no rights because they are inferior to us. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: -Indigenous people have no rights to freedom because they are naturally servile. Unfortunately, this criminal priest's statement above is based on the fact that indigenous people tend to be hospitable and this is seen by who hate the indigenous people as a weakness. Since those who hate indigenous people tend to be selfish people who only think about what benefits themselves. Gaspar de Carvajal, priest: - The indigenous have no rights to equality because they are different from us in race and culture. Diego de Landa, Catholic priest: -Indigenous people have no rights to life because they are human sacrifices of their own cultures.

193 Juan de Solórzano Pereira, Spanish jurist: -Indigenous people have no rights to justice because they don't have laws or courts like ours. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Spanish colonizer: -Indigenous people have no rights to dignity because they are inferior and savage beings. Francisco Pizarro: -Indigenous people do not have the right to food because they eat things that we do not consider food. Hugo Grocio, Dutch jurist: -Indigenous people have no rights to the protection of their territories because they are in a state of nature. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: -Indigenous people have no rights to privacy because they live in communities where everything is shared. Also that indigenous people share everything, which is a value called sharing, is seen by those who hate them as a symbol of inferiority. For this reason, I am sure that the hatred that these monsters feel for the indigenous people, whether conscious or unconscious, has always been something genetic from the beginning of colonization to the present. Juan de Mariana, Jesuit priest: -Indigenes have no rights to legal security because they are subjects of the Spanish crown. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Spanish colonizer: -Indigenous people do not have rights to privacy because they do not have private property. That indigenous people have the courage to share everything and not consider that the land belongs to them should be seen as a strength and a sign that they are superior, but, for those who hate them, it is a symbol of inferiority. The concept of private property of those who are not indigenous encourages selfishness, the accumulation of wealth out of sheer vanity and causes the destruction of the planet, and the sick society is based on this disastrous concept of private property. Now the parasites of the Right, Libertarians and Neoliberals can say that if we are against private property we should not have a house and we should not have material objects such as cell phones, but what private property means is to accumulate selfishly without sharing, private property is not the fact of having a house and it is not the fact of having material objects such as cell phones. Juan de la Cruz, priest: -Indigenous people have no right to empathy because they don't have a soul like us. Hernán Cortés about the town of Cholula in Mexico: -We hanged all the men and slaughtered all the women and children. Cristóbal de Olid in Honduras: -We pounced on them like mad dogs. Francisco de Montejo in Yucatan, Mexico: -The soldiers pounced on them and killed them mercilessly. Diego de Almagro in Chile: -Many Indians were killed, without leaving one alive, and their homes were burned. Pedro de Valdivia in Chile: -We kill everyone, children and adults, and we burn their houses.

194 Hernando de Soto on the massacre of indigenous people in the current state of Arkansas, United States: -There were so many bodies that it looked like a mountain. Juan de Garay in Argentina: -We killed them all without leaving one alive. Juan de Sepúlveda: -No act of cruelty against the Indians can be considered a sin. Pedro de Cieza de León in Peru: -The Indians are an inferior race that must be subdued and enslaved. Francisco de Vitoria, Catholic priest: -It is necessary to punish the Indians with slavery to make them obey. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: -The Indians are inferior human beings and are destined to be slaves. Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo, Spanish colonizer: -The Indians are inferior beings that can only be governed through slavery. Fray Andrés de Olmos: -The indigenous people must learn to sacrifice themselves to achieve salvation. Christopher Columbus: -It is necessary to inflict pain on the natives so that they submit to our authority. Hernán Cortés: -Cruelty and pain are necessary to keep these savages under control. Francisco Pizarro: -It is essential to make them feel the pain of our superiority so that they understand that we are their masters. Gaspar de Carvajala: - Pain is the only way in which the Indians can understand that we are the owners of these lands. Juan Ponce de León: -Pain is a constant reminder of our superiority and inferiority. Juan de Garay: -Pain is a tool to show the natives that our culture is superior to theirs. Diego de Landa: -The Indians are abhorrent beings that must be subdued by force. Vasco de Quiroga: -The Indians are a despicable race that does not deserve any kind of respect. Luis de Velasco: -The Indians are despicable beings who must be submitted to the yoke of the crown. Fray Juan de Zumárraga: -The Indians have no soul, so killing them is not a sin. Hernán Cortés: -We, the Spaniards, are the children of lions, who do not fear ants. The previous sentence said by Hernán Cortés shows that those who hate the indigenous people consider themselves predators, while they see the indigenous people as prey. Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States: -The Indians are an inferior race that must be dominated and subdued.

195 Andrew Jackson: -The Indians are a hindrance to progress and civilization, and must be displaced and marginalized. George Washington: -The Indians are a barbaric and cruel people, who deserve to be subjugated and exterminated. General Philip Sheridan, commander of the United States Army in the Plains War: -The Indians are an inferior race and must be eliminated. Colonel John Chivington, leader of the Sand Creek massacre in Colorado: -We must show the Indians who is boss here, even if it means killing their children. Juan Carlos Arévalo, president of Guatemala in the 1950s: -The objective is to eliminate the Indians, no matter what. James K. Polk, President of the United States in the 1840s: -The only way to solve the Indian problem is to eliminate them all. Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States from 1901 to 1909: - The Indians are primitive beings that must be dominated and used for our benefit. Francisco Pizarro, when he conquered the Inca Empire in Peru, in 1533: - What we have done in the Indies is little compared to what we still have to do. Hernán Cortés (1523): -We have taken everything they have, including their lives. Cristóbal de Olid (1524): -We must kill all the indigenous people we can find to show them who is in charge here. Francisco de Toledo (1570): -The punishment for the Indians who rebel is to kill everyone, men, women and children. Hernán Cortés, 1520: -We will make them feel fear at the point of our swords. Juan de Ovando, 1500: -It is necessary for the Indians to feel the yoke and domination of the Christians. Isabel la Católica, 1492: -The Indians must be under the domination and yoke of the Spanish crown. Diego de Almagro, 1534: -If the Indians do not obey, I will punish them with the whip and, if necessary, with the swords. Francisco Pizarro, 1535: -We need a large number of slaves to work in our mines, and if necessary, we will whip them to death. Juan Ponce de León, 1513: -If the Indians do not work hard enough, they must receive a lesson with our swords. All these phrases said by those who participated in the colonization and by the colonizers, regardless of their nationality, prove that if they felt hatred and contempt for the indigenous people, if they tortured indigenous people, if they dominated and subjugated them, if they considered them inferior and that the atrocities suffered by the indigenous people are not a Black Legend. The history of the colonization and conquest of Latin America is marked by violence and abuse towards indigenous peoples. Colonizers and encomenderos

196 used various forms of torture to assert their power and control over indigenous communities. Below are some of the most common forms of torture used by the colonizers: Whipping: the colonizers and encomenderos whipped the indigenous people with whips and rods to punish and subdue them. The whipping could cause serious injuries and intense pain. Burns: the colonizers and encomenderos burned the indigenous people with fire to force them to do what they wanted. Burns could be severe, causing deep, painful wounds. Mutilation: the colonizers and encomenderos cut off parts of the body of the indigenous people, such as the hands or feet, as punishment or to instill fear in the community. Impalement: the colonizers impaled the indigenous people with wooden or metal stakes to punish them and cause them immense pain. Live burial: the colonizers buried the natives alive as an extremely cruel form of punishment. Raping indigenous women: Colonizers and encomenderos raped indigenous women as a way to humiliate and control the communities. Slavery: the colonizers and encomenderos enslaved the indigenous people, forcing them to work in deplorable conditions and without any rights or protection. The aperramiento was a torture technique used by the colonizers and encomenderos during the conquest and colonization of Latin America to punish and subdue indigenous peoples. It consisted of tying a person to a post or trunk, with hands and feet firmly attached, to prevent any movement. The following are some ways in which the aperamiento was used as a torture technique: Public punishment: the aperramiento was used as a form of public punishment, as a warning to other indigenous people so that they did not dare to challenge the colonizers or encomenderos. The person tied up was exposed for all to see and could be tied up for days or even weeks. Interrogations and confessions: the colonizers and encomenderos also used the aperramiento to obtain information or confessions from the indigenous people. The barracked prisoner was interrogated while tied up, often without food or water for days. Forced labor: sometimes, the colonizers and encomenderos used the aperramiento as a way to force the indigenous people to work in inhumane conditions. The person who was tied up was forced to work in that position for long hours, under the sun and without the possibility of moving. Corporal punishment: in some cases, spanking was combined with other corporal punishment, such as whipping or burning. This increased the pain and suffering of the person caught.

197 It is important to highlight that the aperramiento, like other forms of torture used by the colonizers, caused great physical and emotional damage to the indigenous peoples. These practices were part of a system of oppression and violence that had lasting consequences for indigenous communities and society in general. Impalement is a form of torture that involves sticking a person through the body with a sharp object, such as a spear or stick, and then leaving them in that position to slowly die. European colonizers were not the first to use this technique, which was also practiced in other parts of the world, but they did use it in the conquest and colonization of America. There are several historical descriptions of cases of impalement carried out by the colonizers in America, although there is no detailed record of all the ways in which this torture was carried out. Some of the ways impalement is known to have been used include: Impalement through the mouth: the colonizers stuck a spear or sharp stick into the person's mouth and made it go through the whole body until it came out through the anus or vagina. Rectal or Vaginal Impalement: In this variant, the spear or stick was inserted directly into the rectum or vagina and advanced upwards until it emerged from the mouth or throat. Vertical impalement: in this way, the person was placed on a post or log, and then the spear or stick was inserted through the anus or vagina and advanced upwards until it emerged through the neck or mouth. Horizontal impalement: in this case, the person was tied to a log or pole, and then the spear or stick was stuck in the side, going through the entire body. It is important to note that impalement is an extremely cruel and painful form of torture, and that its use by colonizers and encomenderos in America is yet another example of the brutality and violence that characterized the conquest and colonization of the continent. Denial of the atrocities committed during colonization against indigenous peoples is a form of historical denial that seeks to minimize, justify, or even deny documented historical facts. Often, people who deny these atrocities rely on the so-called Black Legend, which is a conspiracy theory that the history of the colonization of the Americas has been exaggerated and distorted to demonize the colonizers and glorify indigenous peoples. To refute those who deny the atrocities committed during colonization against indigenous peoples, irrefutable data based on documented historical evidence can be presented. Some examples of hard data that can be used include:

198 Historical documents that record the violence and suffering of indigenous peoples during colonization, such as the chronicles of the conquistadors, the letters of the missionaries, and the reports of the encomenderos. The testimony of the indigenous peoples themselves, whose experiences and sufferings have been documented through oral and written tradition. Scientific studies that have documented the consequences of colonization for indigenous peoples, such as population decline, loss of land and resources, loss of languages and cultures, and the persistence of discrimination and inequality. The recognition by the authorities and leaders of various countries of the historical responsibility and the need for reparation and justice for indigenous peoples. The following image represents one of the invasions and massacres committed by the Spanish colonizers against the indigenous people: The Janambres were an indigenous ethnic group that was totally exterminated by the Spanish colonizers.

199 Battle of Cusco (1536) between the Incas against the Spanish:

200 The following are phrases by Bartolomé de las Casas together with engravings by Théodore de Bry: Bartolomé de las Casas: - They made long gallows that almost joined the feet to the ground, and thirteen by thirteen, in honor and reverence of our Redeemer and the twelve apostles, putting wood and fire on them, they burned them alive. Bartolomé de las Casas: - Others, and all those who wanted to take life, cut off both their hands and made them hang, and told them: -Go with letters, it is worth knowing: Bring the news to the people who were fleeing for the hills. Bartolomé de las Casas: - Commonly they killed the lords and nobles in this way: they made grills of sticks on forks and tied them to them and put a gentle fire under them, so that little by little, screaming, in those torments Desperate their souls came out.