The CoESPU Magazine 3-2021

in cerebral activation most likely memory task were found in the left As mentioned, several aspects of
represent compensatory adapta- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Bro- executive function are affected by
tions (CA). In CA, more activation ca’s area, supplementary motor sleep deprivation. Sleep depriva-
in the prefrontal cortex with acute area, right ventrolateral prefrontal tion results in difficulty determining
sleep deprivation indicates a com- cortex, and the bilateral posterior the scope of a problem in cases
pensation process in response to parietal cortexes. After 30 hours of of distracting information and im-
the increased homeostatic drive sleep deprivation, the activations pairs divergent thinking and ori-
for sleep. The prefrontal cortex is in these brain regions significant- ginality as measured on the Tor-
involved in working memory, at- ly decreased, especially in the bi- rance Tests of Creative Thinking.
tention and executive function, lateral posterior parietal cortices. Although much is known about
functions known to be vulnerable Task performance also decreased. the impact of sleep loss on many
to sleep deprivation. On the other A repeated-measures analysis of aspects of psychological perfor-
hand, activation of the parietal variance revealed that subjects mance, the effects on divergent
lobe with sleep deprivation indi- at the screening and rested sta- (“creative”) thinking has received
cates an adaptive process to sup- tes had similar activation pat- little attention. Twelve subjects
port the decreased function of terns, with each having signi- went 32 h without sleep, and 12
other areas of the cortex. These ficantly more activation than others acted as normally sleeping
patterns of CA have task-specific during the sleep-deprivation state. controls. All subjects were asses-
differences and indicate that sleep These results suggest that human sed on the figural and verbal ver-
deprivation can result in a combi- sleep-deprivation deficits are not sions of the Torrance Tests of Cre-
nation of dysfunction and compen- caused solely or even predomi- ative Thinking. As compared with
satory hyperfunction in the brain5. nantly by prefrontal cortex dysfun- the control condition, sleep loss
A study about the involvement not ction and that the parietal cor- impaired performance on all test
only of prefrontal cortex in this de- tex, in particular, and other brain scales (e.g., “flexibility,” the ability
ficit has been done with 33 men regions involved in verbal wor- to change strategy, and “origina-
(mean age, 28.6 ± 6.6 years) sche- king memory exhibit significant lity,” generation of unusual ideas)
duled for 3 functional magnetic re- sleep-deprivation vulnerability6. for both versions, even on an ini-
sonance imaging scanning visits: Level of difficulty modulate the tial 5-min test component. In an
an initial screening day (screening cerebral response, and interindi- attempt at further understanding
state), after a normal night of sleep vidual differences can contribute of whether these findings might be
(rested state), and after 30 hours to the difficulty of using neuroima- explained solely by a loss of mo-
of sleep deprivation (sleep-depri- ging studies as a generalized pa- tivation, two additional short and
vation state). Subjects performed rameter of sleepiness. It has been stimulating tests were also used—a
the Sternberg working memory demonstrated in fMRI studies that word fluency task incorporating
task alternated with a control task activation of the frontoparietal re- high incentive to do well and a
during an approximate 13-minu- gion was more robust in partici- challenging nonverbal planning
te functional magnetic resonance pants found to be less vulnerable test. Performance at these tasks

imaging scan. Neuroimaging data to the effects of sleep deprivation. was still significantly impaired by
revealed that, in the screening and This suggests that more activated sleep loss. Increased perseveration
rested states, the brain regions CA may correlate with less vul- was clearly apparent. Apparent-
activated by the Sternberg working nerability to sleep deprivation. ly, 1 night of sleep loss can affect

51

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

divergent thinking. This contrasts convergent thinking.’ It’s important it does involve holding transient
with the outcome for convergent to consider that divergent thinking information, it’s really more about
thinking tasks, which are more is very useful in many critical situa- rapidly processing and manipula-
resilient to short-term sleep loss7. tions like to think and escape plan. ting it. Working memory is a cogni-
It’s worth underline that Divergent Sleep deprivation also affects tem- tive system with a limited capacity
thinking is a thought process or poral memory, as shown by lower that can hold information tempora-
method used to generate creati- performance on tasks of recency rily, and is important for reasoning
ve ideas by exploring many pos- (inability to recall the timing for re- and the guidance of decision-ma-
sible solutions. It is often used in cent events), even in conditions of king and behavior. Working me-
conjunction with its cognitive col- preserved alertness with use of caf- mory is often used synonymously
league, convergent thinking, whi- feine, and this is a very critical aspect with short-term memory, but some
ch follows a particular set of logi- in a military o police field where, theorists consider the two forms
cal steps to arrive at one solution, always the use of caffeine is wide- of memory distinct, assuming that
which in some cases is a ‘correct’ spread to maintain the alert state. working memory allows for the
solution. Divergent thinking typi- Working memory is very important manipulation of stored informa-

Component of Working Memeory tion, whereas short-term me-
mory only refers to the short-
From: https://www.neurotrackerx.com/post/military-working-memory
term storage of information.
cally occurs in a spontaneous, for the soldiers, In a working memory task
free-flowing ‘non-linear’ manner, and studies report some remar- under sleep deprivation,
such that many ideas are gene- kable effects of cognitive training fMRI studies demonstrated
rated in an emergent cognitive on Working Memory span, but be- decreased activation in the
fashion. Many possible solutions fore looking at that let’s get a han- parietal region, and incre-
are explored in a short amount of dle on what Working Memory re- ased activation in prefron-
time, and unexpected connections ally means. Virtually everyone has tal and thalamic regions
are drawn. After the process of heard of it, but most people mix in more complex tasks.
divergent thinking has been com- it up with short term memory, like In a specific study about
pleted, ideas and information are the ability to remember a phone that, the neurobehavio-
organized and structured using number you just heard. Working ral effects of 24 hr of total
Memory is very different. Although sleep deprivation (SD) on
working memory in young
healthy adults was studied
using functional magne-
tic resonance imaging.
In the study of Chee and
Chieh Choo, two tasks, one
testing maintenance and
the other manipulation and
maintenance, were used. After SD,
response times for both tasks were
significantly slower. Performance
was better preserved in the more
complex task. Both tasks activated
a bilateral, left hemisphere-domi-
nant frontal-parietal network of
brain regions reflecting the en-
gagement of verbal working me-
mory. In both states, manipulation
elicited more extensive and bila-
teral (L>R) frontal, parietal, and

52

thalamic activation. After SD, there tive impairment after SD and that that acute and chronic sleep depri-
was reduced blood oxygenation increased prefrontal and thalamic vation results in more rigid thinking
level-dependent signal response activation may represent compen- and perseverative errors with poor
in the medial parietal region with satory adaptations. The additional appreciation of an updated situa-
both tasks. Reduced deactivation left frontal activation elicited after tion despite intact critical reaso-
of the anterior medial frontal and SD is postulated to be task depen- ning, loss of focus to relevant cues,
posterior cingulate regions was dent and contingent on task com- and increased risk taking, possibly
observed with both tasks. Finally, plexity. These findings provide neu- due to reduced functioning of the
there was disproportionately grea- ral correlates to explain why task ventro-medial PFC. Few sleep de-

Statistical activation maps of BOLD signal change for LTR and PLUS in RW and SD. Activa-
tions are projected onto the unfolded cortical surface of an individual volunteer’s brain. Re-
gions showing greater activation for PLUS than LTR for each state appear in the bottom panels.

From: J Neurosci. 2004 May 12; 24(19): 4560–4567. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0007-04.2004. Functional imaging of working memory after 24
hr of total sleep deprivation

ter activation of the left dorsolate- performance in relatively more privation (SD) studies involve reali-
ral prefrontal cortex and bilateral complex tasks is better preserved sm or high-level decision making,
thalamus when manipulation was relative to simpler ones after SD8. factors relevant to managers, mi-
required. This pattern of changes litary commanders, and so forth,
in activation and deactivation be- This is another example of CA who are undergoing prolonged
ars similarity to that observed when work during crises. Instead, re-
healthy elderly adults perform simi- Another function deteriorated search has favored simple tasks
lar tasks. These data suggest that by sleep deprivation is the deci- sensitive to SD mostly because of
reduced activation and reduced sion-making. Experiments show their dull monotony. In contrast,
deactivation could underlie cogni-

53

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

complex rule-based, convergent, sets and had profound impairment be aware that attention and wor-
and logical tasks are unaffected by adapting to reversal. Skin con- king memory, but it also other
short-term SD, seemingly because ductance responses to outcome cognitive functions such as long-
of heightened participant interest feedback were diminished, indi- term memory and decision-ma-
and compensatory effort. However, cating blunted affective reactions king are compromised and always
recent findings show that despite to feedback accompanying sle- these function are responsible of
this effort, SD still impairs decision ep deprivation. Working memory our behavior and choices, but
making involving the unexpected, scanning performance was not above all are critical require-
innovation, revising plans, compe- significantly affected by sleep de- ment in the high risk employment.
ting distraction, and effective com- privation. And although sleep de-
munication. Decision-making mo- prived subjects showed expected
dels developed outside SD provide attentional lapses, these could not
useful perspectives on these latter account for impairments in re-
effects, as does a neuropsycholo- versal learning decision making.
gical explanation of sleep function. This study shows that sleep depri-
SD presents particular difficulties vation is particularly problematic
for sleep-deprived decision ma- for decision making involving un-
kers who require these latter skil- certainty and unexpected change.
ls during emergency situations9. Blunted reactions to feedback whi-
To better understand the someti- le sleep deprived underlie failures
mes catastrophic effects of sleep to adapt to uncertainty and chan-
loss on naturalistic decision ma- ging contingencies. Thus, an error
king, Whitney, Hinson, Jackson, may register, but with diminished
Van Dongen investigated effects effect because of reduced affective
of sleep deprivation on decision valence of the feedback or becau-
making in a reversal learning pa- se the feedback is not cognitively
radigm requiring acquisition and bound with the choice. This has
updating of information based important implications for under-
on outcome feedback. Thirteen standing and managing sleep
subjects were randomized to a loss-induced cognitive impairment
62-h total sleep deprivation con- in emergency response, disaster
dition. Twenty-six (22-40 y of age; management, military operations,
10 women).were randomized to a and other dynamic real-wor-
sleep deprivation or control con- ld settings with uncertain outco-
dition, with performance testing mes and imperfect information.
at baseline, after 2 nights of total
sleep deprivation (or rested con- Conclusions
trol), and following 2 nights of re- Although we have not considered,
covery sleep. Subjects performed in this article, critical function in
a decision task involving initial le- endocrine, metabolic, and im-
arning of go and no go response mune regulation (that probably
sets followed by unannounced re- they will be object of the another
versal of contingencies, requiring piece), sleep appears to play
use of outcome feedback for de- an active and important role in
cisions. A working memory scan- maintaining neurocognitive per-
ning task and psychomotor vigi- formance during wakefulness.
lance test were also administered. Lifestyle changes many times are
Sleep deprived subjects, and not responsible of sleep deprivation,
controls, had difficulty with initial but also pathological situation
learning of go and no go stimuli (example insomnia). We have to

54

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“The impact of sleep deprivation on de-

55

C ESPUOCOESPU TRAINING TRAINING

56

57

COESPU TRAINING

21ST “ENHANCED COMPREHENSIVE PROTECTION OF
CIVILIANS” COURSE

JULY 8 – JULY 20, 2021
21st Enhanced Comprehensive Protection of Civilians Course, with students coming
from Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand, plus two internees from SIOI, the Italian So-
ciety for International Organization, in the context of student internship projects at
CoESPU. The new CoESPU Enhanced Comprehensive Protection of Civilians Course
(ECPOC) has been designed with the aim of providing experienced Police Officers
with a comprehensive preparation that combines aspects of POC, Child Protection
and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence for police peacekeepers in UN Peace Operations.
ECPOC represents a significant revision and update of the previous CoESPU POC cour-
se offered since 2012 and, based on the recently released UN CPOC for Police Training
Materials (2020), it encompasses all the most relevant UN policies, standards and ma-
nuals in order to promote an effective knowledge and support the development of the
necessary skills to effectively implement POC in UN Peace Operations.
During the sober Graduation ceremony, closing speeches were delivered by the CoE-
SPU Director, BG Giovanni Pietro Barbano, and by the US Consul General in Milan, Mr.
Robert Needham (through a video-message). You can find a more detailed description
of this course in the CoESPU Magazine no. 2-2021, page 73.

58

12TH “GENDER PROTECTION IN PEACE OPERATION COURSE”
COURSE AND
1ST “CHILD PROTECTION FOR UN POLICE”

SEPTEMBER 1 – SEPTEMBER 15, 202112th edition of the Gender Protection in
Peace Operations Course (GP12) and 1st edition of the Child Protection for United
Nations Police Course (CP01). International students from Ghana, Indonesia, Jordan,
Philippines, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa and Ukraine, all of them
experienced Police Officers selected to be deployed in UN Peace Operations’ key posi-
tions, faced two separate 5-day training programs, focusing their attention on Gender
equality, Gender Mainstreaming, respect for diversity, assistance to victims, in the wider
framework of the UNSC Resolution 1325 (also known as “Women, Peace and Security
Agenda”) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, among other topics. More in
detail, the attendees had the opportunity to deepen the knowledge of possible threats
that women and children face in destabilized areas, where they still represent the we-
akest part of the population – thus needing special care and protection by the Law En-
forcement. Both activities were carried out also through the collaboration of a Tutor, Mr.
Abdul Razak Osman, Assistant Commissioner from Ghana Police, and of a Facilitator,
Ms. Sofia Sutera, Human Rights Researcher at Padua University.

59

COESPU TRAINING

3RD COURSE ON “MONITORING, MENTORING, ADVISING
& TRAINING” (MMA&T03)

SEPTEMBER 13 – SEPTEMBER 17, 2021
3rd course on “Monitoring, Mentoring, Advising & Training” (MMA&T), organized by
CoESPU within the European Union Police and Civilian Services Training programme
(EUPCST). The main goal of the 5-day activity was to increase knowledge and skills of
those working as Monitors, Mentors, Advisers or Trainers, employed in civilian crisis
management missions, permitting a deeper and clearer understanding of their role
and functions among police and civil services. The audience was composed of 16 par-
ticipants, coming from Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, The Netherlands, Ro-
mania and Spain, both police officers and civilians. During his welcome speech, BG
Giovanni Pietro Barbano, CoESPU Director, thanked the Royal Netherlands Koninklijke
Marechaussee, which presently holds the EUPCST Presidency, highlighting the CoESPU
leading role in the initiative since the very first edition of the programme (at that time
EUPFT) in 2008.

60

61

AROUND THE WORLD

AROUND THE WORLD

62

ANKARA (TURKEY)

JULY 26 – SEPTEMBER 17, 2021
Organized by the UN Police Division, in collaboration with the CoESPU, the Turkish
National Police, Turkish National Police Academy, the United States, through its Inter-
national Police Peacekeeping Operations Support Program (IPPOS) of the Department
of State Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), and the
Integrated Training Service of the Division of Policy, Evaluation and Training of the UN
Department of Peace Operations, the 6th ToT course for FPU coordinators and trainers
took place in Ankara (Turkey). Its main objective was to further strengthen the overall
performance of United Nations policing. Overseen by the Police Division’s Selection
and Recruitment Section, this 8-week intensive training course was expected to enhan-
ce police-contributing countries’ pre-deployment training capabilities and improve the
performance of deployed FPUs to deliver more effectively by reinforcing their operatio-
nal capacities and establishing Mobile Training Teams (MTTs) for future deployment to
four high-risk peace operations. The training activity was attended by 47 participants,
including five women, from 30 police-contributing countries.
 At the Police Academy, during the opening ceremony, UN PolAd Luis Carrilho empha-
sized the importance of this activity, stating that “the size and scope of FPUs and their
responsibilities have substantially grown and have become increasingly complex.” Fur-
thermore he extended the UN Police’s appreciation to all the Bodies contributing to the
activity, including CoESPU and its four trainers expressly sent to Ankara.

63

onsite visits

COESPU ONSITE VISITS

64

COL. MIROSLAW LABECKI AND LT. COL. ADRIAN BOLZ

SEPTEMBER 1, 2021
Courtesy visit from Col. Miroslaw Labecki and Lt. Col. Adrian Bolz, respectively NATO
Military Police Centre of Excellence Director and Deputy Director, accompanied by Col.
Giuseppe De Magistris, NATO Stability Policing COE Director, to Brig. Gen Giovanni
Pietro Barbano, CoESPU Director.

FRAMEWORK NATIONS CONCEPT

SEPTEMBER 29, 2021
A delegation of the Framework Nations Concept visited both the CoESPU and the
NATO SP CoE, exploring new horizons in terms of future, professional collaboration.
The FNC initiative was launched by NATO in 2014 and it is aimed at promoting coo-
peration between European countries, what will allow them to improve current military
capabilities and develop new ones.

65

AROUND THIENWDOEEPRVTLHDENTS
“FRIEND OF THE U.S. ARMY MILITARY POLICE CORPS
REGIMENT” AWARD

The Commander of the U.S. Army Military Police Corps Regiment, Brigadier Gene-
ral Niave Knell, granted the prestigious “Friend of the Regiment” Award to Brigadier
General Giovanni Pietro Barbano, CoESPU Director. The Military Police Regimental
Association’s (MPRA) Friend of the Regiment Award was officially established in 2018
to recognize individuals who voluntarily make significant contributions to the morale,
welfare, and spirit of Soldiers and Family Members in various facets of the Military
Police Corps Regiment. BG Barbano, in particular, was awarded for his considerable
contributions, of over 10 years, to the professional development of U.S. Army Military
Police Corps Soldiers assigned in Europe and to the strategic partnership between the
Carabinieri and the SETAF-AF. The Award was delivered to BG Barbano by Col. Rebec-
ca D. Hazelett, CoESPU Deputy Director, the most Senior Officer from US Army Military
Police in Italy.

“COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING ALONG
MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTES” LIVEX
SEPTEMBER 27 – OCTOBER 1, 2021

“Combating Human Trafficking along Mediterranean Migration Routes”, 7th edition of
OSCE / CoESPU live exercise in Vicenza, a joint effort to promote respect for human
rights in the world through a better coordination at international level. More info and
photos on the next issue of the CoESPU Magazine.

66

Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units -Sub Iure ad Pacem tuendam Milites paro The 3 - 2019

CMoEASGPAUZINEThe online quarterly Journal of Stability Policing

ININPTEEARCNEATOIPOENRAALTIPORNOSTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
ThLeeUaPNrrnoPitOnegc&ttihoIenntleoarfnnHgaRutaiiongneUaNolfLPahOwumEvaonluritgiohntsthrough Continuity

PeRaTEcHLeAEkTEeEVeDpOiTLnUOgTWPIEOitAhNCinOEtFKhETeEHBPEoIuINNnGdTaMErRiIeNSsASoTIfOIIONnNtS.ALaLwLAW
The Future of Peacekeeping from the EU Prospective

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