The CoESPU Magazine 2-2022

2-2022 The CoESPU
MAGAZINE
Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units -Sub Iure ad Pacem tuendam Milites paro
The online quarterly Journal of Stability Policing
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THE COESPU COMPOUND MEMORIAL

FOREWORD
Dear CoESPU Magazine Readers,

After the restart of our activities in 2022, during the last quar-
ter we continued to deliver several courses, including the 14th
High Risk Operations course, the 13th Gender Protection Course,
the 2nd Child Protection course, the 9th Stability Police Units cour-
se, and the 11th Training Building course - all of the preceded by
the provision of a Core Pre-Deployment Training Material Course
- as well as to develop doctrinal research, as in the occasion of the
8th FPU Coordinators Workshop attended by UNPOL top officials
engaged in the field missions MINUSCA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO
and UNMISS, during which we hosted the UN Police Adviser, Com-
missioner Luis Carrilho, and the UN Chief of Police Selection and
Recruitment Section, Mister Ata Yenigun, in their effort to collect relevant lessons identified
from the field and to provide strategic guidance to the UN FPU Senior Officers.
Meanwhile, we have many traditional activities underway, together with some new ones.
Among the latter it is worth to mention that we are about to launch the first issue of the new
biannual special edition “Advanced Studies” of “The CoESPU Magazine”, our online Journal
of Stability Policing. The aim of such initiative is to disseminate in details and with the due
scientific method, the results of the Research conducted by our Chairs and Academics, as well
as by other scholars, researchers and SME who intend to use this support as a vehicle for the
diffusion of their reflections and studies in the field of Stability Policing, coping with the themes
of our research Plan, or exploring new challenges and developments.
In this quarterly issue of “The CoESPU Magazine”, you find several articles inspired to
the areas chosen for this number, namely: “Stability Policing” and “Capacity Building and
Development”. It is with pride that I present you the article by the UN Police Adviser, Commis-
sioner Luis Carrilho, which brilliantly illustrates the new technologies embraced by UNPOL to
address Transnational Organized Crimes, shining a light on the challenges police will have to
face when dealing with criminals who are about to use drones and new technologies, such as
3D printers, to make handguns and lethal autonomous weapon systems.
Lieutenant Colonel Giorgio Romano, CoESPU chair for Peace Support Operations and
Crisis Management, offers a comprehensive exploration of the “Guidelines on Capacity Buil-
ding and Development” within the UN Strategic Guidance Framework, with a particular focus
on the crucial importance of the human factor.
Captain Marco Codispoti, NATO SP CoE Analysis/Evaluation & Experimentation Section
Staff Officer, brilliantly illustrates NATO’s point of view in supporting fragile countries’ resilien-
ce emphasizing the role of Law Enforcements actors in enhancing awareness on population
needs, reducing community disorder, solving problems and caring for victims.
Captain Quentin Cornet, Gendarmerie Nationale Française, CoESPU chair assistant
for Stability Policing & Stability Police, highlights the role of the gendarmerie-like forces such
as the French Gendarmerie and the Italian Carabinieri, in shaping the concept of Stability
Policing.

BG Giovanni Pietro BARBANO
CoESPU Director

EDITORIAL TEAM

MAGAZINE EDITOR IN CHIEF:

BG. Giovanni Pietro Barbano

MANAGING EDITOR:

Maj. Lucio De Angelis

DRAFTING, COMPOSITION, GRAPHICS AND EDITING:

Maj. Lucio De Angelis
CWO Massimiliano Dimichele
Mr. Denis Rizzotti

IMAGES AND ARTWORK SOURCES:

United Nations,
CoESPU Magazine Team

Cover picture by Mr. Denis Rizzotti
Other authors are indicated in single captions

PUBLISHER:

COESPU, VIA MEDICI, 87
ZIP CODE: 36100, VICENZA (ITALY)
Telephone +39 0444 932190

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr. Maureen BROWN Prof. Salvatore CIMINI
BG (ret.) Giorgio CUZZELLI Col. Paolo DI PIAZZA

Prof. Andrea DE GUTTRY Prof. Paolo FORADORI
Dr. Michael DZIEDZIC (Col. ret) Prof. Gian Luca FORESTI
Dr. Karen J. FINKEBINDER Capt. Laris GAISER
Prof. Oreste FOPPIANI
Dr. Nadia GERSPACHER Col. Rebecca D. HAZELETT
Prof. Edoardo GREPPI Prof. Marco LOMBARDI
Dr. David LIGHTBURN Prof. Sara PENNICINO
Col. Michele LIPPIELLO
Prof. Paolo MAGRI Lt. Col. Pierpaolo SINCONI
Prof. Andrea MARGELLETTI Lt. Col. Federico VECCI
Prof. Emanuele Vittorio PARSI
Prof. Karla PINHEL RIBEIRO
Prof. Bernardo SALA
Amb. Dmitry TITOV
Prof. Gabriella VENTURINI

The CoESPU Magazine is devoted to the publication of professional concepts and issues, research
and doctrinal products developed by the Carabinieri Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units, in
collaboration with other international research Centers. The Magazine addresses topics of professio-
nal, technical, operational and juridical nature in the field of Stability Policing within Peace Opera-
tions. Based on the core values of ethics, integrity, professionalism and respect for diversity, harmo-
nically inflected and informed by the traditions of over two hundred years of Carabinieri history, the
Magazine fosters Human Rights and gender mainstreaming, while seeking to enhance current police
peacekeeping doctrine and promoting international police peacekeeping interoperability, cognizant
of Lessons Learned and best practises. The CoESPU Magazine is constantly committed to upholding
UN standards, norms, procedures and curricula, while endorsing self-sufficiency of the participating
Police Contributing Countries. Consequently, its editorial policy promotes the principles of represen-
tativeness, responsiveness, and accountability, as well as effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, and
accessibility, to provide the highest professional standards to build trust and legitimacy of beneficiary
Law Enforcement Institutions.

DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in this journal belong to single authors and do not ne-

cessarily reflect the official policy or position of the CoESPU, the UN, The Italian Government, the
Carabinieri or other nominated Institutions. Content is copyrighted where expressly indicated,
but Material belongs to authors themselves. The Center of Excellence for Stabilities Police Units
retains full and exclusive ownership over other magazine contents and original images. Repro-
duction of any part of this magazine without express written permission is strictly prohibited.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 8

UNPOL NEW TECH AGAINST TOC 14

UNPOL NEW TECH AGAINST TOC 24
32
CAPACITY BUILDING & DEVELOPMENT
40
ANALYSIS OF THE UN SGF 46
52
STABILITY POLICING 54

SP IN SUPPORTING FRAGILE COUNTRIES’ RESILIENCE
LE MAINTIEN DE LA PAIX

ALUMNI

THE MAURITANIAN NATIONAL GENDARMERIE

COESPU TRAINING

COESPU ONSITE VISITS

NEWS

“The CoESPU Magazine – the on line Quarterly Journal of Stability Policing” is a stand-alone on line publication.

Printed copies are intended for internal use and shall not be distributed.

Published on www.coespu.org

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- CAPACITY BUILDING & DEVELOPMENT
- STABILITY POLICING



UNPOL NEW TECH AGAINST TOC

UNPOL NEW TECH AGAINST TOC

United Nations Police and New Te- including to recruit trafficking vi- le ongoing developments in cy-
chnologies to Address Transnatio- ctims, commit identity theft, traffic ber-crime will further expose our
nal Organized Crime illicit arms, drugs, pharmaceuticals vulnerabilities in cyberspace, parti-
and stolen goods, launder profi- cularly risks to critical infrastructure.
by Luís Carrilho ts, and spread radicalization and
hate. New technologies have also The conflict, post-conflict and fra-
Introduction enabled criminal operations to be- gile contexts that host UN peace
come more diffused and decentra- operations are fertile ground for
Transnational organized crime lized. As more professional, educa- organized crime, which tends to
tional and social activities moved be both a product of and contri-
threatens host-state communities, online due to the COVID-19 pan- butor to further conflict. These set-
the safety and security of United demic, enterprising criminals crea- tings are often characterized by
Nations personnel, the implemen- ted additional opportunities to find, remote expanses and low tech-
tation of our mandates, and glo- target and exploit victims and open nology, connectivity and bandwi-
bal efforts to build and sustain new revenue streams through the dth, where basic equipment may
lasting peace and development. manufacture and sale of fake me- be in short supply, infrastructu-
This is clear from what United dicines, personal protective equi- re may be dysfunctional or da-
Nations Police (UNPOL) observes pment and vaccine certificates. maged, and where the host-state
every day on the ground, and it police services may have limited
also has been noted in multiple Looking ahead, criminal networ- capacity to implement the new te-
United Nations Security Council ks will likely adopt the greater use chnologies required to stay ahead
resolutions and reports of the Uni- of technologies such as drones, of the criminals. Ensuring that we
ted Nations Secretary-General. 3D printers to produce handguns, are able to deliver on our manda-
and lethal autonomous weapons tes in support of our host popula-
Transnational criminal organiza- systems (also known as “killer ro- tions in the face of this complex
tions historically have been highly bots”) as they become cheaper and quickly evolving operational
skilled at seizing technological and more widely available, whi- landscape remains a key challen-
innovations for their advantage,

8

The mission of the United Nations Police is to enhance international peace and security by supporting Member
States in conflict, post-conflict and other crisis situations to realize effective, efficient, representative, respon-
sive and accountable police services that serve and protect the population (S/2016/952 and S/2018/1183).

As of March 2022, the United Nations Police comprise an authorized strength of al-
most 10,000 men and women from more than 90 countries serving in 16 peace opera-
tions around the world. These officers are deployed as  formed police units,  individual poli-
ce officers, which include specialized teams, contracted seconded police and civilian experts.

Depending on the mandate given by the United Nations Security Council, the United Nations Police bu-
ild and support, or, where mandated, act as a substitute or partial substitute for, host-state police capacity
to prevent and detect crime, protect life and property, and maintain public order and safety in adherence
to the rule of law and international human rights law. The United Nations Police pursue community-o-
riented and intelligence-led policing approaches to contribute to the protection of civilians and human
rights; address, among other things, sexual and gender-based violence, conflict-related sexual violence,
and serious and organized crime; and perform investigations, special operations and electoral security.

ge for the United Nations Police. Within the Police Division, the Se- collects and analyzes information

rious and Organized Crime (SOC) on the different explosive threat

United against Organized Crime Team facilitates the exchange of levels in high-risk missions. Con-

expertise and coordinates activi- tributing to the wider UN effort to

As the UN’s focal point on poli- ties across field missions and with mitigate these threats, the UNPOL

cing and law enforcement matters UNODC and INTERPOL, among focus allows for the development

and systemwide service provider, others. The team has established a of a proactive approach in foren-

the United Na- “TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS HI- sics, capacity-bu-
tions Police offer STORICALLY HAVE BEEN HIGHLY SKILLED AT SEIZING ilding, improving
comprehensive the safety and se-
operational, in- TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS FOR THEIR AD- curity of peaceke-
vestigative and epers, and better
analytical support VANTAGE, INCLUDING TO RECRUIT TRAFFICKING addressing the
to host-state po- VICTIMS, COMMIT IDENTITY THEFT, TRAFFIC ILLICIT protection
lice and law en- needs
ARMS, DRUGS, PHARMACEUTICALS AND STOLEN of the population.
forcement, whi-
le building their GOODS, LAUNDER PROFITS, AND SPREAD RADICA- The SOC Team
capacities to re- also organizes in-
LIZATION AND HATE.”

spond more ef- teractive sessions

fectively to diverse threats. Bolste- network of focal points in missions to discuss the impact of new tech-

ring this role, Secretary-General and with strategic partners to serve nologies on criminality and how

António Guterres established in as a hub for SOC resources and to best harness their power to ad-

May 2021 the Inter-Agency Task activities. Additionally, this network vance mandate implementation

Force on Policing—co-chaired by is a platform for the exchange of while mitigating their ill effects on

the UN Department of Peace Ope- expertise, training materials, les- our ability to deliver assistance to

rations and the UN Office on Dru- sons learned and good practices Member States. As Secretary-Ge-

gs and Crime (UNODC)—to stren- for the UN and among the wider neral Guterres has noted: “The

gthen coordination on policing and law enforcement community to rule of law of the future must be

law enforcement matters across the increase situational awareness, built for and with technology to

United Nations system, including including collection and analysis facilitate people’s access to ju-

transnational organized crime. techniques in support of peaceke- stice and to address emerging

eping-intelligence. The team also trends.” The mass proliferation of

9

UNPOL NEW TECH AGAINST TOC

the internet and social media has “lawlessness in cyberspace” as Management Strategy, Policy and
contributed to violence against one of his five priorities for 2022. Compliance (DMSPC) launched
women and girls, extreme polari- the Strategy for the Digital Tran-
zation, the expansion of misinfor- Recognizing the need for a deli- sformation of UN Peacekeeping
mation and disinformation, and berate and systematic approach (“Digital Transformation Strate-
the weaponization of hate spe- to achieving digital transformation gy”, or DTS) in August 2021. This
ech, further destabilizing socie- in peacekeeping missions, the UN vision for deeper internal capaci-
ties where ethnic, social, religious Departments of Peace Operations ties and exposure to new techno-
and cultural divisions run deep. (DPO), Department of Operational logies is consistent with the Action
Support (DOS) and Department of for Peacekeeping (A4P) initia-
In 2018, Secretary-General Gu- tive, including its implementa-
terres launched the Strategy on tion plan for the next two years,
New Technologies with the goal A4P+, which includes a cross-cut-
of defining “how the United Na- ting theme on the need for inno-
tions system will support the use vative, data-driven and techno-
of these technologies to accele- logy-enabled peacekeeping. At
rate the achievement of the 2030 the 2021 Seoul UN Peacekeeping
Sustainable Development Agenda Ministerial, many Member States
and to facilitate their alignment made technology-related pled-
with the values enshrined in the ges, particularly through training
UN Charter, the Universal Decla- initiatives and funding support.
ration of Human Rights, and the
norms and standards of interna- Future-proofing United Nations
tional laws.” The Secretary-Gene- policing
ral further called for “reclaiming
the digital commons” to ensure The DTS presents an approach to
the internet is a global public good deliver a future UN Peacekeeping
in his report on Our Common that is agile, data-driven and te-
Agenda and highlighted Mem- chnology-enabled. It conceives di-
ber State mobilization to confront gital technologies as an enabler

10

to achieve an analysis-driven, ships, especially with technology Examples of other ways in which
forward-looking understanding of companies that play critical roles in UNPOL are using technologies to
the operating environment, stren- responding quickly and effectively. tackle threats such as transnatio-
gthen the safety and security of its nal organized crime include un-
personnel, and shape agile and Enhancing situational awareness manned aerial vehicles (UAVs),
responsive mandate implementa- is a key outcome of the DTS and which support policing activities in
tion. At the same time, it seeks to is integral to a peacekeeping mis- mission settings characterized by
ensure responsible use and adopt sion’s ability to implement its man- wide, vast terrains and underde-
a do-no-harm approach by de- date, protect civilians, and ensure veloped road networks, such as in
veloping clear principles for the the safety and security of its per- our missions in the Central African
ethical use of data and digital te- sonnel. The operating environ- Republic (MINUSCA), Democratic
chnologies within peacekeeping.  ment in our missions requires us to Republic of the Congo (MONU-
continuously ingest, manage and SCO) and Mali (MINUSMA). Along
In an article in this magazine one analyze large volumes of informa- with aerostat images and live hi-
year ago, Under-Secretaries-Ge- tion to inform a timely response. gh-resolution video feeds, drones
neral Jean Pierre Lacroix and Atul Understanding a fragmented and have enabled otherwise impossible
Khare, who lead DPO and DOS, evolving conflict landscape has surveillance capacities, directed at
respectively, explained how efforts become challenging with current armed groups, in areas of rug-
to address misinformation and di- systems and capabilities. Throu- ged terrain and thick forestry, and
sinformation are being prioritized gh the DTS, peacekeeping aims to have enhanced civilian protection
as part of an expanded, integrated have in place a more integrated as a result. They are deployed by
communications approach to ma- approach to situational awareness the MONUSCO Police for day and
ximize UN Peacekeeping’s support to ensure missions have the right night surveillance, planning ope-
to host governments and commu- doctrine, expertise, data manage- rations and crime scene analysis.
nities. A dedicated workstream to ment, processes and underlying
tackle these information threats, technologies to gain an informed Meanwhile, in the Central African
also linked to the DTS, has since understanding of their operating Republic, UNPOL, in collabora-
been launched to bring together environment, thereby ensuring tion with INTERPOL and MINU-
civilian, military and police com- UNPOL are better prepared and SCA, trains host-state police and
ponents within a new community equipped to address the security other law enforcement on the use
of practice, develop new guidance challenges of today and tomorrow. of the INTERPOL database related
and training and expand partner- to fake travel documents to sup-

11

UNPOL NEW TECH AGAINST TOC

port cross-border police coopera- ticipatory peacekeeping can form and outreach to Member States.
tion and investigations. For the first an early warning mechanism to
time, mobile access to the data- identify potential hotspots and Conclusion
base was expanded to the coun- quickly allocate or reallocate the
try’s international airport, stren- necessary resources, advancing Access to technology as well as
gthening border security efforts. our efforts to maintain law and the internet is growing at unpre-
order, prevent crime and protect cedented rates globally. Despi-
We are also looking at ways to in- civilians. Already, social media te this progress, inequality across
crease participatory peacekee- channels such as Twitter, Facebook countries and regions remains,
ping, in which information about and LinkedIn are vital means for and the widening gap in digi-
safety and security can be part- engaging local populations, pro- tal access and technologies will
ly crowd-sourced by giving local moting the positive impact of the further exacerbate economic in-
populations the means to submit United Nations Police in the com- stability, corruption and crime.
their observations, alerts and in- munities where we are deployed,
sights. When used properly, par- enhancing recruitment efforts At the same time, we must keep

12

in mind that even when available, development of potentially more dends by maximizing our collecti-
the widespread adoption or imple- viable low-tech national solutions. ve impact while reducing redun-
mentation of technology may con- dant efforts in the digital domain.
tinue to present unique challenges It is therefore imperative that we
for United Nations policing. The ensure that we are not only ope- Let us not, however, forget that
national authorities we aim to sup- rationally competent but that the while these innovations promise
port are often under-resourced, initiatives we launch, the training many advantages for United Na-
including with respect to technolo- we provide, and the guidance we tions policing, they cannot and will
gy gaps, reliable electrical power develop are adapted and tailo- not substitute for the skills, exper-
and telecommunications, as well red to relevant contexts and meet tise, and eyes and ears of police
as budgets to sustain and main- current and future challenges, in officers on the ground. These de-
tain IT equipment and back up close consultation with Member dicated men and women are in
data. Any high-tech initiatives de- States and UN system partners. daily contact with local communi-
ployed by a mission’s police com- The Inter-Agency Task Force on ties through our patrolling, com-
ponent must not discourage the Policing, for one, will deliver divi- munity-oriented policing and ou-
treach activities and through our
operational and capacity-building
support to our host-state police
and law enforcement counterparts.
Working with the right technologies
and mindset, the United Nations
Police can be better supported as
they continue to make a differen-
ce in the communities they serve.

PICTURES:
1 Image by The CoESPU Magazine CWO
Massimiliano Dimichele
2 Image by Devon & Cornwall Police
3 Image by UNMISS
4 Image by Pixabay
5 Image by UNPOL

Luís Carrilho
United Nations Police Adviser
13

CAPACITY BUILDING & DEVELOPMENT

ANALYSIS OF THE UN SGF

GUIDELINES ON POLICE CBD

The challenges emerging from ber of domains, including that of concept defining capacity deve-
the analysis of the UN SGF Gui- Peace and Security. For example: lopment as “the process through
delines on Police Capacity-Buil- which individuals, organizations
ding and Development: a com- - UNDP defines capacity as and societies obtain, strengthen
plex combination of hard skills “the ability of individuals, in- and maintain the capabilities to
and soft skills. stitutions and societies to per- set and achieve their own develop-
form functions, solve problems ment objectives over time5.” The
by Giorgio Romano and set and achieve objecti- argument is that capacity building
ves in a sustainable manner”1. commonly refers to a process that
Introduction - OECD defines capacity as “the supports only the initial stages of
ability of people, organizations building or creating capacities, ba-
Capacity is an innate distinctive and society as a whole to ma- sed on the assumption that there
nage their affairs successfully”2. are no existing capacities to start
human skill that needs as well to from. Therefore, UNDP refers to
be built and developed. Therefo- - UN defines capacity-building capacity development in case of
re, capacity building and capaci- as “the process of developing and existing capacity to be enhanced.
ty development refer to all areas strengthening the skills, instincts,
of human activities at the indivi- abilities, processes and resources - OECD similarly defines capa-
dual, institutional, organizational that organizations and commu- city development as “the process
and systemic levels that need skill nities need to survive, adapt, and whereby people, organizations
enhancement. There is a rich lite- thrive in a fast-changing world”3. and society as a whole unlea-
rature on the subject, developed An essential ingredient in capaci- sh, strengthen, create, adapt and
all over the world by different or- ty-building here is the fast changing maintain capacity over time”6.
ganizations, scholars, researchers, world that implies transformation, Even though the terminology re-
business management, educatio- generated and sustained over time. veals nuances that may apply to
nal institutions, consultancy agen- Transformation brings the meaning various needs and situations, ca-
cies etc., covering a large num- beyond performing tasks towards pacity building and capacity deve-
changing mindsets and attitudes4. lopment generally coincide when it

- UNDP further elaborates the

14

comes to implementation, where- focus on strengthening rule of of and utilizes (civilian) police in
as it is the result and the effective- law institutions and improving re- peace operations, as well as the
ness of the action that counts. UN spect for human rights in post-con- need for an adequately resour-
now generally uses the term “Ca- flict environments, with emphasis ced team approach to upholding
pacity Building and Development” on the long-term peacebuilding the rule of law and respect for hu-
(CBD or CB+D), settling the issue. phase of a post-conflict setting. man rights, through judicial, pe-
In particular, the Brahimi Report nal, human rights and policing

Doctrinal shift in the paradigm of addresses some relevant issues experts working together in a co-
UN Police in peace operations: worth mentioning to apprecia- ordinated and collegial manner11.
build capacity through reform, te the role of international Police: In this view, the role of Police is not
restructuring, rebuilding, training - United Nations police are not seen in isolation, but framed in the
peacebuilders, if simply by their criminal justice chain under the ru-

The continuous evolution of UN presence they attempt to discoura- le-of-law system and SSR political
peace operations marked a major ge abusive or other unacceptable and operational umbrella. Where
breakthrough in the beginning behavior of local police officers (a peace-building missions require it,
of the new millennium, with the traditional and somewhat narrow international judicial experts, pe-
progressive inclusion of Capacity perspective of international poli- nal experts and human rights spe-
cialists, as well
Building and Deve- “CAPACITY IS AN INNATE DISTINCTIVE HUMAN SKILL as police, must
lopment in their man-
dates. Such tasks have THAT NEEDS AS WELL TO BE BUILT AND DEVELOPED. be available in
become essential, af- sufficient num-
fecting as well the UN THEREFORE, CAPACITY BUILDING AND CAPACITY bers to stren-
Police Component in DEVELOPMENT REFER TO ALL AREAS OF HUMAN gthen rule of
its institutional mis-
ACTIVITIES AT THE INDIVIDUAL, INSTITUTIONAL, OR- law institu-
sion to enhance inter- GANIZATIONAL AND SYSTEMIC LEVELS THAT NEED tions. Courts
national peace and too, into whi-
security by suppor- SKILL ENHANCEMENT.” ch local po-

ting Member States in lice officers

conflict, post-conflict and other cri- ce capabilities). Today, missions bring suspects, and the penal
sis situations to build police capa- may require (civilian) police to be and corrections system to whi-
city and develop effective, efficient, tasked to reform, train and re- ch the law commits prisoners,
representative, responsive and structure local police forces ac- must grant the appropriate level
accountable police services that cording to international standards of reliability and accountability
serve and protect the population. for democratic policing and hu- by being politically impartial and
It is widely acknowledged that the man rights, as well as having the free from intimidation or duress12.
modern role of UN Police, evol- capacity to respond effectively to
ved over time through operations, civil disorder and for self-defense9; The UN Strategic Guidance Fra-
experiences and lessons learned is - the reform and restructu- mework for International Policing
rooted in the Report of the Panel on ring of local police forces co-
United Nations Peace Operations, mes in addition to traditional The 2006 UN “Policy for Reform,
a.k.a. Brahimi Report7 (2000). Wi- training and monitoring tasks. Restructuring and Rebuilding of
thin the general set of recommen- This shift will require Member Police and Law Enforcement agen-
dations on peace operations, with States to provide the United Na- cies” (18 December 2006)13, tran-
regard to Police component the tions with even more well-trained slated for training purposes into
Panel recommended a “doctrinal and specialized police experts10; the corresponding Specialized
shift” in the use of (civilian)8 poli- - The modern role of (civilian) Training Module (STM)14, paved
ce, other rule of law elements and international police needs to the way to the refinement of the re-
human rights experts in complex be better understood. A doctri- form, restructuring and rebuilding
peace operations. The recommen- nal shift is therefore required in domain, recommended by the
dation determined an increasing how the Organization conceives Panel, into a more inclusive and

15

CAPACITY BUILDING & DEVELOPMENT

comprehensive concept of Capa- servers, contemporary police re- and develop suitable standardi-
city Building and Development. lated aspects confer more respon- zation, required also to harmoni-
In 2011, the on United Nations sible mandates for UNPOL which ze the experiences and understan-
Police (15 December 2011) ad- is now called to assist host States ding of policing by Police Officers
ded another milestone in the role and other partners in the whole seconded from different Coun-
of UNPOL. The Report of the SG spectrum of police duties, inclu- tries over the world to serve wi-
states that since the very first mis- ding the rebuilding and reforming thin UN. The substantial acknow-
sion in Congo (ONUC, 1960), of their police and other law enfor- ledgments of the SG Report and
the demand for UN Police has cement entities and Institutions.15 16 the following efforts17 led to the
grown, with a dramatic increase The growth in scale and complexity development of a Strategic Gui-
since 1994 (less than 1700 Po- of the tasks led to that paradigm dance Framework for Interna-
lice Officers deployed in opera- shift for UNPOL mentioned abo- tional Policing (SGF)18, to assem-
tions) to present (nearly 9000 of ve. Terms like policy development, ble the whole range of roles, tasks
about 11000 total authorized). In institutional development, reform, and activities of UN Police, inclu-
parallel with numbers, manda- restructuring and rebuilding, capa- ding Capacity-Building and De-

table 1

ted policing tasks have grown in- city building and development ap- velopment as a prominent role.
creasingly complex (see table 1) peared more frequently in the UN The idea at the basis of the fra-
Police lexical universe. The enrich- mework was to improve perfor-
Whereas in early missions police ment of tasks and responsibilities mance and enhance the effecti-
were deployed primarily as ob- determined the need to promote veness of the UN Police in Peace

16

Operations by promoting a more portance of training to support efforts on training standards are
consistent, harmonized appro- and improve UNPOL performan- reflected in the UNPOL Training
ach to the provision of public ce, capabilities, mindset and ac- Architecture program, recently
safety, police reform and sup- countability, the United Nations updated at the Strategic Police Ad-
port to host State police services. are committed on the need to de- visory Group (SPAG) meeting, whi-
velop training standards and keep ch took place in May this year19.
2015 Guidelines: Capacity Buil- them to date. Training standards Within the UNPOL training ar-
ding and Development as a sen- and materials must be in line with chitecture, Capacity Building and
sitive UNPOL task the aforementioned Strategic Gui- Development (CBD) belong to
dance Framework for Interna- the UNPOL “core business”20 as
Given the utmost recognized im- tional Policing. The development specialized task, and the new re-

17

CAPACITY BUILDING & DEVELOPMENT

lated Specialized Training Mate- The Guidelines primarily assist UN their Capacity-Building and De-
rials are due to be released soon, Police components in furthering velopment mandated tasks;
according to the outcome of the the Rule of Law and the provision - inform Member States on the un-
SPAG meeting. The training stan- of public safety, allowing them to derstanding and approach of UN
dards on CBD identify the scope be more professional in how they Police to Police Capacity-Building
of the training audience, which plan, organize, implement, mo- and Development, so that they
include Police Reform and Capa- nitor and evaluate capacity buil- could contribute appropriately skil-
city-Building Advisers, Police Trai- ding and development programs. led officers to UN peace operations
ners, Mentors and Monitors, Se- According to part C, “ra- and special political missions in ac-
rious and Organized Crime (SOC) tionale”, the Guidelines: cordance with SCR 2185 (2014) on
& Crime Intelligence Officers. the role of Police in peacekeeping;

The reference SGF document re- - provide the operators with - are based on the assumption that:
called in the training architecture technical guidance to ensu- o the host State government is
about the UN Police role on sup- re good practice and consisten-
port to reform, restructuring and cy on how to organize, plan and committed to the objective of good
rebuilding local police is the 2015 conduct their daily work of ca- and democratic governance, in-
“Police Capacity Building and pacity builders in the mission; cluding the establishment of a re-
Development Guidelines” (he- sponsive, representative and ac-
reinafter “the Guidelines”)21 22. - serve to guide assessment countable police service, and that
and planning processes, and in- civil society is open and willing to
An assumption in the Guidelines form other mission componen- contribute to the reform processes;
that needs attention ts as how UN Police are to ap-
proach the implementation of o the UN Police component
has the capacity and capa-

18

bilities to assist the host Sta- consensus23 to operate, as well as nal due diligence of the operators

te in the fulfilment of its goal. buy-in, trust and confidence by the at all levels, from the senior leader-

That assumption concluding part host State. No capacity can be bu- ship down to the field, in a mission

C should be decontextualized be- ilt or developed when there is no with capacity building mandate.

cause of its wide scope, referring commitment from the host State.

to what often determines either the The wide scope of the above assu- Hard skills and soft skills emer-

fair chance of success of a mission, mption based on the political will ging from the Guidelines

or the high likelihood of failure. and commitment of the host State

Differently from the other points can be referred to all componen- Political will, engagement, ca-

of part C, which indicate the aim ts in their capacity building and pacity, fulfillment of goals by

of the guidelines, the assumption development efforts, but can be the host State are decisive poin-

contains a challenge to the whole narrowed down to a specific poli- ts that, when effectively acted

discourse on capacity building. It ce perspective. Recalling a typical upon, allow to contribute mate-

mentions first the political will and post conflict or paused conflict set- rially to achieving success (or fai-

commitment of the host State and ting with a dysfunctional, demoti- lure, if ineffectively acted upon).

its organs involved in the process, vated and ill-equipped law enfor- The lack of political will and po-

and then the capa- sitive enga-

city and capabilities “WHEREAS IN EARLY MISSIONS POLICE WERE DE- gement by
of UN Police to ful- the host Sta-
fil the tasks (= fill to PLOYED PRIMARILY AS OBSERVERS, CONTEMPORARY te frustrates
the utmost capacity) POLICE RELATED ASPECTS CONFER MORE RESPON- the roadmap

and accomplish the SIBLE MANDATES FOR UNPOL WHICH IS NOW CAL- to local ow-
objectives (= imple- nership, as
ment successfully). LED TO ASSIST HOST STATES AND OTHER PARTNERS final objecti-
In other words: IN THE WHOLE SPECTRUM OF POLICE DUTIES, IN- ve of capa-
- if the assumption CLUDING THE REBUILDING AND REFORMING OF city building

is proved right (po- THEIR POLICE AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT EN- and develop-
litical will and ac- ment efforts.
ceptance by the host TITIES AND INSTITUTIONS.” Local owner-

State), this might be a posi- cement system, Police often acts as ship is sacrosanct, but sometimes

tive precondition for a fair chan- a predatory presence. Failure to reduced to a mouth-filling wishful

ce of a mission success, as long deliver law and order to local com- thinking, hard to reach when the

as it is implemented by a mission munities can escalate up to the en- local post-conflict setting is still

setup and structure in place built gagement in extortion, assault and a long way far from stabiliza-

on a sound, credible, robust and human rights abuses, which ero- tion, and marked by contrasting

effective system of human and de their legitimacy and the entire scourges like insecurity, corrup-

material resources. The more the governance system in the eyes of tion, bad governance, inequali-

assumption is right, the more the the local population. The endu- ty, disrespect for human rights,

mission can exercise its potential ring problem of police corruption limited access to resources, wide-

to perform its capacity building and brutality highlights the dan- spread violence, rampant poverty,

and development activities effecti- ger of merely rebuilding police ethnic and religious conflicts, etc.

vely or in the best possible way; forces without first reconstructing Under this perspective, the assu-

- If the assumption is proved wrong a new social contract between mption mentioned above reveals

(lack of political will and accep- the population and the Police. concerns that introduce and enli-

tance by the host State), very little It is understandable that such ghten the importance of the hu-

can be done internationally, unless enormous hurdles of political and man factor in the management of

a substantial change in the local structural nature against develop- sensitive situations characterizing

narrative might occur. The more ment entail the requirement for capacity building and develop-

the assumption is wrong, the more skills and sensitivity that go beyond ment in large measure. The hu-

the mission will struggle to acquire technical expertise and professio- man factor is represented by, and

19

CAPACITY BUILDING & DEVELOPMENT

articulated into, the so-called “soft the counterparts, gain trust throu- der to correctly plan and execu-
skills”24, pertaining to the perso- gh respect and make a change. te the capacity building mandate
nality of the operators at different Against this background, the main at its best, e.g. planning criteria,
levels25, their disposition to perso- body of the Guidelines (part D): directions and focus for support
nal interaction, capacity to com- - is solidly based on a comprehen- to policing services, including
prehend different human dynami- sive package of technical require- enablers like budgetary and finan-
cs, to communicate, to negotiate, ments (”hard skills”), that must be cial aspects, donors’ relationship,
to “win hearts and minds”26 of possessed and managed in or- accountability mechanisms, perfor-

20

mance measurement, internal and to perform capacity-building acti- parts, going beyond the procedu-
external oversight mechanisms; vities, which demand widespre- ral technicalities indicated in the
- contains as well some fundamen- ad acceptance, commitment and remaining parts of the Guideli-
tal principles, scenarios, indications participation across levels, assign- nes. Stakeholders’ engagement
for policy formulation, priority are- ments and ranks ensured by the is a vital decisive point at the ba-
as, behavioral standards, elemen- local counterpart. In particular: sis of the negotiating efforts, that
ts of stakeholders’ engagement may lead to unfortunate situations
where “soft skills” emerge, althou- - Win multi-party, cross societal of stalemate or impasse27 lea-
gh not expressly defined as such. consensus on police reform: com- ding to ineffectiveness or failure if
More in details, technical re- munication efforts of political, reli- not well managed. In particular:
quirements are listed in the fol- gious, ethnic, gender-based nature;
lowing paragraphs, covering - Put the host State government - Reach out to women, minori-
a wide number of activities: and police in the lead: diploma- ties, youth, vulnerable groups,
- Setting the stage for Police Ca- tic action, ownership, respect; marginalized people to engage
pacity-Building and Development in the reform process: this is an
(15 to 17); - Address behavior, build a activity where the need of expres-
- Police census and identification culture of accountability: edu- sing human sensitivity is implicit;
(18 to 21); cational and coaching skills;
- Vetting (21 to 26); - Institutional outreach (govern-
- Support to Police policy formula- - Broaden reform beyond poli- ment, legislature, human right in-
tion (27 to 38); ce: justice and corrections: this is stitutions, public prosecutors and
fundamental and extremely chal- courts, professional police asso-
- Managing donor relationship lenging, because it requires sound ciations, entrepreneurs, media,
(50 to 52); management skills e.g. vision, co- civil society): it derives from the
- Support to policing services (53 ordination, knowledge of systems general stakeholders’ engage-
to 70); in place, team work, promote cohe- ment and goes more into details.
- Certification (71 to 73); sion among different actors, etc; Outreach is a recurrent term wi-
- Support to enabling services (74 thin institution and community en-
to 84); - Insist on standards and ben- gagement for capacity building
- Budgetary and financial aspects chmarks: a highly sensitive issue, and development. All actors have
(85 to 89); as it pertains to international hu- a role in the reform process (po-
- Asset management (90 to 96); man rights and criminal justice licy makers, legislative and judi-
- Support to accountability mecha- standards, on which UN opera- cial oversight organs, business,
nisms (97 to 101); tors must be firm in not indulging, communications, different societal
advancing them irrespective of strata). Concerning Police, Poli-
- Police performance measure- local political or cultural context; ce reform is not a mere technical
ment (102 to 107) exercise, and requires the exten-
- Oversight mechanisms (108 to - Comprehensive integration of sion of the scope of intervention
118). women’s rights and gender equality outside the police structures them-
Parts that rather require soft skil- commitments: another challenging selves, with a credible institution
ls are especially paragraphs 8 to effort especially in historically and and community engagement. This
14 “fundamental principles”. On culturally male-dominant societies; requires a deep knowledge of the
a less technical and more hu- - Praise and encourage but do not local context to manage with the
man-oriented note compared to shy away from critical feedback: appropriate human attitude, tailo-
the rest of the Guidelines, those this is sometimes hard to act, be- ring the optimal approach in ac-
points offer an overview on some cause of the fear to annoy or di- cordance with the different natu-
essential prerequisites pertaining sappoint the counterpart that may re of the numerous counterparts.
to skills related to the human im- emerge. It requires a high capacity
pact of the operator. These pre- of dialogue on the operator’s side. Conclusions
requisites should be diligently ap- The following points on “stakehol-
plied at the outset to prepare the ders’ engagement” (39 to 49) The Guidelines offer a combina-
best possible operational scenario demands as well human quali- tion of hard skills and soft skil-
ties and psychological ability, as
they envisage intense interaction
dynamics with different counter-

21

CAPACITY BUILDING & DEVELOPMENT

ls needed to perform CBD acti- formation package (e.g. host Sta- nel could be exercised during the
te overview, command and control day-to-day progress of the mis-
vities with a specific Police cut. organization of the host State’s po- sion, including, but not limited to:
lice forces, deployment within the
CBD is based on complex and territory et similia), some activities - interacting with the staff with
could be systematically included active presence, interviewing
sensitive dynamics generated or refined, including the following: them, observing and monito-
- an understanding of a host Sta- ring their behavior and perfor-
and operating between parties te’s history and legal traditions; mance and assessing feedback;
- delegating responsibilities, assi-
of different cultures, geographi- - the historical relationship gning specific tasks to strengthen
between police and populace; team work and collaboration efforts;
cal and educational background,
- accurate conflict analysis not - organizing thematic work-
social and political contexts. limited to the current situation, shops and debates for the im-
but examining the root and un- provement of ongoing activities,
On one side, it is undeniable that derlying causes of the conflict; promote exchange of ideas and
- the extent of police corruption; points of view among the staff;
the lack of technical competence - organizing social events with lo-
- frameworks/oversight me- cal actors and stakeholders, to pro-
by the international operators is chanisms within the host na- mote cohesion and collaboration
tion to hold the police ac- with counterparts beyond the man-
deplorable, whereas the fatal mi- countable to the rule of law; datory synergies required by work;

sbehavior of even one single unpro- - elements of psycholo- - anything else that the le-
gy and communication skills; adership may deem ap-
fessional individual can undermine - scenario-based role play/exer- propriate to the purpose.
cises on fictional simulated situa- On top of this, appropriate and
the credibility of the whole mission. tions with staged hostile coun- sound guidance and discipli-
terparts, use of interpreters, ne action should be carefully ta-
On the other side, the absen- reproduction of case studies, etc; ken, either commending or re-
- team works and debates on skill primanding within the leadership
ce or insufficient possession of enhancement, cultural awareness, scope and prerogatives under
gender awareness, understan- the “leading by example” princi-
that “human touch” can be ex- ding and respect for diversity, etc. ples, on a case-by-case basis for
Ideally (although it might further the sake of the mission effective-
tremely counterproductive, if not complicate the issue), soft skil- ness, credibility and legitimacy.
ls could even be assessed at the In a nutshell, capacity building
harmful or destructive, in an ope- very beginning, before the trai- and development is not a job for
ning, during the selection pro- everybody, and the possession of
rator in charge of performing cess of the candidates throu- those essential qualities to interact
gh specific targeted interviews. with counterparts beyond technical
capacity-building activities28. During an ongoing UN operation, capacity must never be taken for
when people are already in the granted. The UN Guidelines, pun-
Together with mandatory profes- field, it ends up being a primary ctually implemented to the aim, of-
management responsibility of the fer a wide range of guidance ele-
sional qualities, some indispen- mission leadership to address any ments and inspiration for further
concern and fill any gap by ap- elaboration, both to those who are
sable personal talents must inte- plying the directions of the Guide- meant to apply them in the field and
lines with careful action of com- to those in charge of verifying and
grate the capacity building and mand. A wide range of actions assessing its correct application.
aimed at verifying, assessing, pro- .
development technical skillset. So- moting, fostering and improving
the soft skills of staff and person-
metimes such talents29 are posses-

sed by the concerned individual,

but when they are not they can

hardly be learned. Training can

hone personal talents, but can-

not create them if they are absent.

Member States have generally not

yet reached an optimal level of

awareness on the need to promote

and concretely introduce soft skil-

ls enhancement in their training

programs finalized to deployment

of their personnel to UN missions.

In this view, before the in-mission

or induction training that has to be

brief and practical for the sake of

quick operational readiness, the

in-Country Police-specific pre-de-

ployment training for selected in-

dividuals assigned to an operation

could be boosted and tailored to

the level of the training audience.

Besides the standard technical in-

22

note 17 The role of UN Police was further recalled mentoring and advising represent a comple-
1 https://gsdrc.org/document-library/capaci- and remarked in the SCR 2185 (2014), where mentary package of activities which allow CBD
ty-development-practice-note/ the Security Council in its first-ever stand-alone actors to support local/national reform proces-
2 https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/public-cd- resolution on the topic, resolved to make poli- ses”.
tc/wiki/about-capacity-development cing essential part of peacekeeping mandates 26 A frequently used term in the history of con-
3 https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/ where appropriate, and adequately funded. flict resolution, firstly attributed to French ge-
capacity-building#:~:text=Capacity%2Dbu- 18 SGF is a group of strategic documents cur- neral Hubert Lyautey.
ilding%20is%20defined%20as,in%20a%20fa- rently articulated in four main guidelines: “Po- 27 According to UNITAR, stalemate is a point
st%2Dchanging%20world. lice Administration”, “Police Capacity Building at which negotiations make no progress and
4 For instance, goal 17 of SDGs as well in- and Development”, “Police Command”, “Po- no solution is in sight. Impasse is a point
cludes targets for capacity-building, such as lice Operations”. They integrate other policy beyond which progress is not possible.
increasing technology and innovation in least documents and manuals on different aspects 28 Although it may be not so detrimental in
developed countries and improving data col- of police duties, firstly on the roles of Police in other typologies of operators professionally
lection and monitoring for the achievement of PSO and Special Political Missions, plus those oriented to conduct other tasks, equally impor-
the SDGs themselves. on community-oriented policing, planning, do- tant but different e.g. the military or FPUs or
5 https://www.undp-capacitydevelopment-he- nor coordination and fund management. any professional figure in charge of security or
alth.org/en/about-us/capacity-development/ 19 Regional and International Organizations internal and supporting tasks within the mis-
6 https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/public-cd- contributing to the program: African Union, sion.
tc/wiki/about-capacity-development European Union, INTERPOL, NATO and OSCE. 29 An interesting reading to this regard is
7 https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_ 20 Together with Protection of Civilians (POC), “Transformative Training in Soft Skills for Pea-
doc.asp?symbol=A/55/305 operational support to local law enforcement cekeepers: Gaming for Peace”,
8 After the Brahimi Report, the former Civilian entities and structres, and Monitoring, Mento- (2019, Anne Holohan, Department of Socio-
Police Unit (UNCIVPOL), created in 1993 insi- ring & Advising (MMA). logy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland). Commu-
de of the Department of Peacekeeping Opera- 21 A review of the Guidelines was due to be nication, gender awareness and cultural awa-
tions (DPKO), became the DPKO (now DPO) released in 2017. reness are considered crucial skills in which
Police Division (UNPOL), establishing a clear 22 Paragraph C.5. operators do not receive appropriate training.
identity of the police component within the 23 I refer here to the “real” consensus, the PICTURES:
multidimensional/multifunctional setup (mili- one of the field, which concretely enables the 1 Image by UNPOL
tary-police-civilian). peacekeepers to operate, besides the political 2 Image by UNPOL
9 Brahimi report, para 39. consensus that sometimes is there only on pa- 3 Image by UNPOL
10 Brahimi report, para 119. This is a crucial per and not positively translated into reality, or 4 Image by UNPOL
point, introducing the importance of training is weak and often challenged by the situation
of the international peace operators, whose in the field. To the extreme extent, and accor- Giorgio Romano
responsibility should be mostly retained by ding to the scenarios, a withdrawal of the con- Lt. Col. - Italian Carabinieri
Member States (which is not always the case). sensus may result in a hardening of the mis- Fellow, CoESPU Peace
The training need emerges for example as a sion into an enforcement action, or even to the Support Operations Chair
cross-cutting issue in all eight priority areas withdrawal or closure of the entire mission.
of mutual commitments in the “Action for Pe- 24 “Soft Skills is used to indicate personal
acekeeping” (A4P) initiative (“renew our col- transversal competencies such as social apti-
lective engagement with UN peacekeeping tudes, language and communication capabi-
and mutually commit to reach for excellence”). lity, friendliness and ability of working in team
11 Brahimi report, para 40. and other personality traits that characterise
12 Brahimi report, para 39. The articulation relationships between people. Soft skills are
that places police within the larger system re- traditionally considered complementary of
presented by the criminal justice chain implies Hard Skills, which are the abilities to perform
the need of strategic vision, institutional awa- a certain type of task or activity”. (Cimatti,
reness and coordination among different ac- Barbara, 2016. “Definition, Development, As-
tors. This gives the idea of the complexity of sessment of Soft Skills and their Role for the
the police reform, with direct impact on the Quality of Organisations and Enterprises”. In-
activities aimed at building and developing in- ternational Journal for Quality Research. Vol.
digenous capacity. 10. (1), p.97. https://www.coursehero.com/
13 https://search.archives.un.org/poli- file/41665680/5pdf/
cy-on-reform-restructuring-and-rebuil- 25 Training, mentoring, advising, and under
ding-of-police-and-law-enforcement-agen- certain circumstances monitoring in its sup-
cies-in-context-of-peacekeeping-operations porting or verification role are activities meant
14 Superseded by the STM on CBD. to build and develop capacities at different le-
15 A/66/615, para 10. vels, in a mission guided by a capacity building
16 According to each mandate, tasks can be mandate. To this aim, it could be interesting
extended to the provision of operational po- to integrate the reading of the SGF Guideli-
licing support, up to the exercise of executive nes with the UN “Manual on Police Monito-
interim policing. Additionally, the Protection of ring, Mentoring and Advising in Peace Opera-
Civilians (POC) has now become as well one tions” (2017). The Manual says “Monitoring,
essential and highly sensitive task of the UN mentoring and advising (MMA) are key tools
Police Component, lying at the core of the in capacity building and the wider police deve-
Police work as an extremely sensitive task im- lopment process, and are fundamental to the
plying the possibility of use of force under the United Nations police’s ability to anchor police
directions provided by the Directive on the Use development truly within national ownership”.
of Force. According to the STM on CBD, “monitoring,

23

STABILITY POLICING

SP IN SUPPORTING FRAGILE

COUNTRIES’ RESILIENCE

Stability Policing1 (SP) in suppor- they are less and less about lethal tasks, SP assets can contribute to
ting fragile countries’ resilience or kinetic force3”. Consequently, the re-establishment of a Safe And
attacks by violent non-state actors, Secure Environment (SASE) and
by Marco Codispoti can durably compromise the deve- freedom of movement, the resto-
lopment of the State resilience. For ration of public order and security
It is not the strongest of the spe- the above reasons, during the last and, most importantly, of the basic
cies that survives, nor the most in- decades, the latter took particu- services and state infrastructure.
telligent, but the one most respon- lar importance within the Alliance While the above tasks are deemed
sive to change. C. Darwin 1809 becoming “the first line of defen- enabling factors for the resilien-
ce” in the light of the new threa- ce of a population, trust and so-
Abstract ts towards countries whose capa- cial cohesion seem neglected.
bilities may be overwhelmed by
During or in the aftermath of a hybrid attack, natural disasters, What is Resilience?
pandemic, grey-zone aggression, Resilience, in common parlance,
modern conflicts and security cri- involving non-conventional means has at least a double meaning. If
ses, just because they target all including cyber4. For the sake of referred to toughness, resilience
aspects of states and societies, it population’s resilience, each insti- is the capacity to recover quickly
has become increasingly impor- tution can play an important role: from difficulties while when refer-
tant to support the country’s resi- Law Enforcement5 (LE), being part red to elasticity it is the ability of a
lience2 through the defence of its of the state institutions, has the substance or object to spring back
population’s rights and freedom, role to avoid the exposure of the into shape. In ecology, resilience
the economy and the effective civilian population to threats while means “the capacity of an ecosy-
functioning of its democratic in- maintaining the Rule of Law 6(RoL), stem to respond to a disturbance
stitutions. Indeed, “Conflicts are if the security environment permi- by resisting damage and recove-
fought in new, innovative, and ts to do it. On the contrary, in fra- ring quickly”. Social sciences have
radically different ways. With the gile or unstable countries, when produced a growing body of lite-
advent of modern hybrid warfare, LE cannot or do not perform their rature on the social dimensions of

24

resilience showing, for example, community or society exposed to of an emergency, both of natural
that a society’s resilience rests on hazards to resist, absorb, accom- and man-made origin, must in ad-
the capability of its citizens: heal- modate to and recover from the vance organize itself to cope with
thy, empowered people are more effects of a hazard in a timely and and resolve, reduce and mitiga-
te the effects of
able to cope with all
manner of crises, “DURING OR IN THE AFTERMATH OF MODERN CON- a crisis, whi-
from crop failures to le ensuring, at
hurricanes7. Althou- FLICTS AND SECURITY CRISES, JUST BECAUSE THEY the same time,
gh resilience’s me- TARGET ALL ASPECTS OF STATES AND SOCIETIES, IT the continuity of
aning may slightly
HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT TO SUP- control by cen-
PORT THE COUNTRY’S RESILIENCE[1] THROUGH THE tral bodies. This
differ depending on characteristic
the context, the ta- DEFENCE OF ITS POPULATION’S RIGHTS AND FRE- also takes the
keaways from the EDOM, THE ECONOMY AND THE EFFECTIVE FUN- name of “resi-
natural world can
teach how to stren- CTIONING OF ITS DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS” lience”; in this
case it is defined
gthen societies’ pre-
paredness and capacity to respond efficient manner, including throu- as the ability of a society, exposed
to crises such as modern conflicts gh the preservation and restora- to dangers, to resist, absorb, meet,
or pandemics; therefore, based on tion of its essential basic structu- adapt, transform and recover in a
the context, different definitions of res and functions3”. If considered fast and efficient way, including the
resilience exist. One of these co- under a sociological perspective, conservation and restoration of its
mes from the UN Office for Disa- resilience has a more complex essential structures and functions.
ster Reduction, that defines resi- meaning. Indeed, a community, In addition, regardless to the secu-
lience as “The ability of a system, in order to survive the occurrence rity environment, the resilience of
the populace can vary according

to its country’s level of fragility be-

cause of its weak institutions, politi-

cal fragmentation, ethnic divisions,

as well as low level of trust betwe-

en population and government.

The NATO perspective and the
seven baseline requirements.
Under NATO perspective, resilien-
ce is a national responsibility and
a core element of collective defen-
ce8, anchored into the art. 3 of the
1949 Washington Treaty9. While
during the Cold War, in case of cri-
sis or wartime, NATO could easily
take control of critical infrastructu-
res10 controlled by a member Sta-
te, today “the delivery of forces
and military capabilities that NATO
needs in order to uphold collective
defence or to project forces beyond
its territory relies on civilian resour-
ces11”, which can be vulnerable in
particular to hybrid attacks. To this
regard, the concept of “civil pre-

25

STABILITY POLICING

paredness”12 refers to the ability to the entire crisis spectrum, from an crucial to enhance the resilience of
withstand the functions vital to so- evolving hybrid threat or a pande- the population also during the CO-
ciety or, in other words, the action mic all the way up to the most de- VID-19 pandemic like, for example:
of governments and agencies to manding scenarios14”. Yet NATO - Crowd and riot control: LE dealt
enable a nation to survive either continuously updated them over with riots in prisons (like in Italy and
enemy attacks or a pandemic and time in light of new challenges, United States, for example) and
to contribute to the common effort, such as the 5G communications there is no reason to believe this
to achieve resilience. It also me- standard and, most recently, the could be different in areas where
ans that the civilian sector in Allied response to the coronavirus pan- SP assets might be deployed (the
Nations would be ready to provide demic. Notably, in 2021, the Nor- same applies also for the support to
support to a NATO military opera- th Atlantic Council endorsed the judicial and correction institutions);
tion. The development of resilien- NATO Warfighting Capstone Con-
ce through civil preparedness no- cept (NWCC), which paved the way - Restoration of public security
tably constitutes a central aspect of on how to develop the Alliance’s and public order: in case of so-
“total defence”, intended as a se- Military Instrument of Power (MIoP) cial unrest as consequence of food
curity approach involving the “all and what it must look like to main- shortages or sickness in theatre of
of society”, under the democratic tain warfighting advantage for the operations or as a consequence
of the application of COVID-19

control of political authorities, and next twenty years. Among the five restrictions, all over the world;
through an institutional collabo- warfare imperatives proposed, - Counter-organized crime17: with
ration between these authorities, the Alliance included the Layered particular attention to shark lo-
the armed forces, civil administra- Resilience, intended as the ability ans/usury and computer crimes;
tions, law enforcement, the private to withstand immediate shocks to - Traffic control: by supporting lo-
sector and the public. To this re- supply lines of communications, cal authorities in enforcing lock-
gard, at the 2016 Warsaw Sum- as well as attacks in the cogniti- downs or other emergency like
mit, NATO adopted seven baseline ve domain over long periods15. natural or manmade disaster;
requirements13 in strategic sectors - Counter Terrorism: by providing
to serve as yardsticks for national Can Stability Policing support re- specialized and dedicated investi-
self-assessments. They constitute silience in a fragile country? gative units and tools with specific
“the backbone of NATO’s appro- During the last years, a series of police skills, expertise and civil-o-
ach towards Resilience through ci- tasks, falling under the heading of riented mind-set to contrast terro-
vil preparedness”, applicable “to the SP remit16, have proved to be rist organizations by judicial means

26

(criminal investigations, arrests…). tect citizens as it is still in place in deployment of MSU21 Regiment,
Among other important SP tasks, NATO operations in the Balkans. which contributed to ensure SASE
fighting corruption, as part of Bu- in the operational area, throu-
ilding Integrity efforts, plays also Lessons from Kosovo gh proximity/community police
a pivotal role in building the civil NATO doctrine recognized the methodology, characterized by in-
preparedness and the resilience of prominent role played by LE actors formation gathering, public order
local police forces, whose accoun- in the context of military contribu- and public security management,
tability is fundamental to achieve tion to peace support18and military and by listening and supporting
efficient and sustainable results in contribution to stabilization and local population needs in the fra-
the recovery period. For the same reconstruction19, praising the con- mework of countering crime. The
reason, the Cultural Property Pro- cept of Multinational Specialized latter example clearly showed that
tection effort plays an extraordinary Units (MSU)20, especially in sup- SP assets, when engaged in a fra-
role in preserving the community’s port of a fragile or unstable coun- gile or unstable context, could play
identity and resilience, keeping so- try, after the collapse of institutions a crucial role in developing the re-
cial, ethnic and religious identity and LE, neither able nor willing to silience of the population by provi-
more cohesive and stronger. The contrast threats and deal with the ding critical sites security, the rap-
same goes for Protection of Civi- security crisis. In this situation lo- port building with population and
lian, since the security of critical ci- cal LE can provide the capability authorities, the protection of peo-
vilian infrastructures and the conti- to establish RoL only if the secu- ple (especially vulnerable groups)
nuity of essential services fall under rity environment permits to do it. and properties, the traffic control
the SP heading tasks. Besides the In Bosnia and Kosovo crises, with and community based policing. In
above tasks, SP assets proved to security conditions compromised, fact, SP lies on the principle of wor-
be able to support population restoring the RoL and grant the king in partnership with the local,
by a large number of additional, protection of Human Rights, which regional, and national commu-
non-strictly police related activities, are enabler factors to the resilien- nities and authorities. Improving
as for example delivering medi- ce of the population and to reach community organization – defined
cines, incomes, assistance, pro- the SASE, was possible only by the as ‘the density of interpersonal

27

STABILITY POLICING

28

ties and the prevalence of shared and local population’s values28, silience of the population and of
expectation for collective action’22 stressing that the core of a suc- institutions to other threats. Increa-
– is an obstacle to organized-crime cessful SP mission depends on the sed sharing of intelligence beyond
groups and the terrorist groups to ability of establishing a deep com- the limits of the law enforcement
control territory and reduce the be- munication with civilians through a may also enable local authorities,
nefits of coercive violence while in- community-based policing appro- aid agencies and health and edu-
creasing protection from any tenta- ach. “SP specialists are pivotal for cation assistance programmes to
tive of citizen’s exploitation. In this achieving the goals of the mission. have a greater potential to impact
vein, Community-based Policing To enhance their effectiveness, they on a wider range of crime causal
becomes a tremendous opportuni- must have very good relationships factors. As correctly argued in the
ty for SP assets to represent the link and communication with local po- Community Policing framework
between local populace and the pulation, creating to the best ex- concept “Community Policing is
NATO mission, by the accompli- tend possible a positive, trustwor- not a mere instrument that the SP
shment of everyday patrolling and thy environment”29. Under NATO assets can actually take advanta-
promoting interaction with civi- SP CoE’s perspective, Community ge of, while a fundamental com-
lians. Population-focused policing Policing refers to “the systematic ponent of the SP strategy to achie-
aims at ensuring the security needs use of partnership and the imple- ve the mission. It is also the most
of all groups in a particular com- mentation of collaborative effort challenging part of an SP mission,
munity through its partnership and between the deployed SP assets, as it requires a comprehensive ap-
interagency approach. In this way, the local Police, when existing, and proach, which means not only in-
the police can facilitate the access the community, to effectively and teracting but also working, relating
to justice, regardless of people’s efficiently identify, prevent and sol- and collaborating with civilians,
social or economic status. Addres- ve problems of crime, the fear of private sector, civil Host Nation In-
sing local needs, while combating crime and social disorder, in order stitutions and communities as well
crimes, improves overall security to contribute to establish a SASE. It as civil International Organizations
and allows the conditions for de- includes proximity policing instru- and non-Governmental Organiza-
velopment to take place. SP efforts ments”.30 While the main purpose tions. Community Policing puts the
must be synchronised at all levels of Community Policing aims to re- military and the civil societies in
of intervention (local, regional, duce low-level crime, the broken close partnership to reach together
and national) and must be coor- windows’ theory31 (an un-repaired the common good of a SASE. This
dinated with all Stability & Recon- broken window is a signal that no requires mutual understanding
struction (S&R) efforts in order to one cares, and so breaking more and respect. The specific role of
avoid jeopardising the efforts of windows costs nothing) proposes SP assets in this regard varies ac-
all the actors involved23. This con- that this can reduce serious crimes cordingly with the stage of the S&R
cept was stressed by Mr. Kazuyoshi as well. It is a philosophy of poli- process and with the mission assi-
Umemoto24, in the context of the cing, which encourages the public gned to the SP assets themselves”33.
adoption of the first UN stand-a- to become partners with the police
lone resolution on the Security Sec- in controlling and preventing crime. Trust in building resilience
tor Reform (SSR) “If the military It does this by demonstrating to the Trust and social cohesion are over-
and the Police were not seen as public that police are prepared to looked factors in building resilien-
inclusive enough in the eyes of lo- respond to their security concerns, ce. In the essay “Collaboration
cal people, that mistrust could ea- value their advice, and will act in a for Resilience” Bruce Evan Gold-
sily lead to a relapse of conflict”25. fair, honest, and impartial manner. stein’s34 analysis showed that resi-
While immediate effect of policing lience depends on the communi-
SP and Community Policing per- on crime may be limited, com- ty’s ability to reconnect the bonds
spective26. munity-oriented policing, comple- and connections. When trust falls
One of the major outcomes of the mented with intelligence-led po- between the elements of a system,
NATO SP concept development licing32, may help the host nation in the middle of a critical event,
workshops27 was the necessity of police forces in long-term crime lack of confidence hampers coo-
being aware of cultural sensitivities reduction, thus enhancing the re- perative strategies and collective

29

STABILITY POLICING

solutions, especially if these requi- the pure use of military force was the population and the institutions
re a high degree of coordination less effective than non-military me- and turns into social confidence by
between many actors. Collabora- ans to achieve political and strate- increasing community resilience.
tion in building resilience might be gic goals. This is due to the unpre- For the same reasons, building re-
as well an important factor whether dictable number of subjects and silience matters also whenever SP
referred to Allied Countries or in disparate asymmetrical actions, supports S&R activities and/or the
case of unstable environments. In characterized by a combination of host nation local Police’s Capaci-
both cases, the civilian population military and non-military as well ty building efforts. By reinforcing
can be the target and/or the main as covert and overt means, inclu- or temporarily replacing LEAs, SP
victim of the majority of risks and ding disinformation, cyber-attacks, brings about a more police-like
vulnerable to armed conflict, hy- economic pressure, deployment of mind-set, aimed at reaching the
brid warfare, large-scale violence irregular armed groups and use end-state also through non-com-
or other instability, including the of regular forces36, through which bat-oriented approaches instead
inability to deal with transnational these threats can arise, while, in of focusing solely on the conventio-
threats or other significant similar principle, facing these menaces re- nal military defeat of the adversary.
challenges. At the same time, the quires the involvement of the who-
civilian population, if properly pre- le LE existing in a fragile country note
pared, can transform in the first to mitigate the effects of an attack,
line of defence against any threats, while ensuring, at the same time, 1 Defined as “Police related activities intended
as revealed during the COVID-19 the continuity of control by cen- to reinforce or temporarily replace Indigenous
pandemic. Indeed, the effective- tral bodies. At the same time, trust Police Forces in order to contribute to the re-
ness of the coronavirus response between the population and LE storation and/or upholding of public order
depended primarily on citizens’ has also demonstrated to be a key and security, Rule of Law (RoL), and Protection
acceptance and respect of the me- factor for a country to be resilient. of Human Rights”. (NATO Allied Joint Publica-
asures set out by authorities. Thus, As matter of fact, like in a synchro- tion AJP 3.22)
both within stable and unstable/ nized natural mechanism, there is 2 “the ability to resist and recover easily and
fragile countries it is crucial for lo- an interdependence among diffe- quickly from shocks and stresses, such as na-
cal LE, and/or SP assets when en- rent factors such as civil prepare- tural disaster or an armed attack, combining
gaged, to place citizens at the he- dness, community policing, physi- civilian, economic, commercial and military
art of resilience-building efforts. To cal proximity and resilience of the factors and resources” https://www.nato.int/
this regard, LE are able to provi- population, which are inter con- docu/review/articles/2019/02/27/resilien-
de a feeling of security through nected and complementary. Ulti- ce-the-first-line-of-defence/
proximity to the local population mately, the integration among the 3 Arsalan Bilal (2021), Hybrid Warfare-New
only if the security environment above elements of such mecha- Threats,Complexity, and “Trust” as the Anti-
permits to do it, in order to con- nism works in synergy to spread dote. https://www.nato.int/docu/review/arti-
stantly reaffirm and strengthen ties social cohesion and mutual trust cles/2021/11/30/hybrid-warfare-new-threa-
between citizens and their demo- between population and institu- ts-complexity-and-trust-as-the-antidote/ pag.1
cratic values and institutions. “Bu- tions. Under these circumstances, 4 To this regard, cyber resilience is defined as
ilding, re-building, and fortifying LE’s main task remains to ensure “the ability to anticipate, withstand, recover
trust remains critical to creating the continuity of control by central from and adapt to adverse conditions, stresses,
durable resilience in the face of bodies not only by enforcing tradi- attacks, or compromises on systems that use
hybrid threats that acutely imperil tional policing but also by enhan- or are enabled by cyber resources regardless
the security at the state and socie- cing awareness on population ne- of the source” National Institute of Standards
tal levels. Trust-building within and eds, reducing community disorder, and Technology Computer Security Resource
across communities ought to be helping to mitigate residents’ fears Centre – U.S. Department of Commerce
the linchpin of efforts to neutrali- about crime, solving problems, 5 For the purpose of this article, we adopt the
se hybrid warfare and threats”35. and caring for victims. Recognition Army Techniques Publication ATP No. 3-39.10
of mutual interdependence beco- Police Operations Headquarters, Department
Conclusions mes a factor of credibility betwe- of the Army 2015 definition of Law enforce-
Recent experiences showed that en the population and between ment: “the activities by personnel authorised
by legal authority to compel compliance with
and investigate violation of, laws, directives,
and punitive regulations”
6 With “rule of law”, we clearly refer to a
principle of governance in which all persons,
institutions, and entities, public and private,
including the State itself, are accountable to
laws that are publicly promulgated, equally
enforced and independently adjudicated, and

30

which are consistent with international human 20 Regimental-sized military units mainly com- ling through both strategic management and
right norms and standards (UN Report 2004) posed of police forces with military status with effective enforcement strategies targeting se-
7 Laurie Mazur. (2014) “To build resilience civilian policing background. The Carabinieri rious crimes and/or prolific offenders. Intel-
through development. Learn from population, from Italy have provided MSU’s organisatio- ligence informs and influences the police by
health, and environment programs”. Laurie nal framework since the inception of this unit; helping them more effectively decide on prio-
Mazur, 2014. To Build Resilience Through De- notwithstanding, Military Police and traditio- rities, the allocation of resources and strategies
velopment, Learn From Population, Health, nal military assets can support in discharging to reduce crime United Nations Police”. Spe-
and Environment Programs (newsecuritybeat. some tasks through their personnel, provided cialised Training Materials 2021. 004 UNPOL
org) they have relevant equipment and training STM Lesson 6 Intelligence-led Policing.pdf
8 As per article 5 of the Washington Treaty, 21 MSU established in February 1998 during 33 https://www.nspcoe.org/documents/%20
Collective Defence is the cornerstone of NATO. NATO countries Foreign Affairs Ministers me- Stability%20Policing%20Framework%20Con-
This means that an attack against one of its eting, where it was decided that NATO Police cept%20for%20Community%20Policing%20
members is considered as an attack against all Forces with Military Status would be used for in%20NATO%20Stabilization%20and%20Re-
Allies such multinational asset and the unit was in- construction%20operations
9 Art. 3 of the Washington Treaty affirms serted as integral part of NATO SFOR mission 34 E. Bruce Goldstein is Associate Professor
that “In order more effectively to achieve the in Bosnia Herzegovina and NATO KFOR in Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Pit-
objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separa- Kosovo. From 2001, MSU became operational tsburgh and currently teaches courses about
tely and jointly, by means of continuous and on 6 August 1998 with the aim of creating, the mind for the Osher Lifelong Learning Insti-
effective self-help and mutual aid, will main- keeping and promoting legality in post-conflict tute at Carnegie-Mellon University, the Univer-
tain and develop their individual and collective transition areas and was also deployed in Al- sity of Pittsburgh, and the University of Arizona
capacity to resist armed attack” bania and Iraq 35 Arsalan Bilal (2021), NATO Review.
10 Railways, ports, airports 22 NATO SP COE contribution to ACT - RFS Hybrid Warfare- New Threats, complexi-
11 Shea J.(2018) Joint Air & Space Power 20#042 / NATO COVID-19 LL Campaign. Mi- ty, and Trust as the Antidote. https://www.
Conference 2018-The Fog of Day Zero – Joint crosoft Word - 2_ Impact of organise crime and nato.int/docu/review/articles/2021/11/30/
Air & Space in the Vanguard Jamie Shea ht- terrorism to the governance.docx (nato.int) hybrid-warfare-new-threats-complexi-
tps://www.japcc.org/resilience-a-core-ele- 23 NATO Allied Joint Publication AJP - 3.22 ty-and-trust-as-the-antidote/
ment-of-collective-defence/ 24 Deputy Permanent Representative of Japan 36 NATO - Topic: NATO’s response to hybrid
12 https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topi- to the United Nations in 2014 threats
cs_49158.htm 25 Available at https://www.un.org/press/ PICTURES:
13 Which are: 1. An assured continuity of go- en/2014/sc11369 1 Image by NATO
vernment and critical government services: 26 There is no NATO agreed term of CP. The 2 Image by NATO
communicate them and enforce them in a cri- Oxford English Dictionary defines CP as “Sy- 3 Image by NATO
sis. 2. Resilient energy supplies: back-up plans stem of assignment of police officers to specific 4 Image by NATO
and power grids, internally and across borders geographical areas, so that they familiarize
3. The ability to deal effectively with the un- themselves with the local population” while Marco Codispoti
controlled movement of people to de-con- the OSCE refers indifferently to Communi-
flict these movements from NATO’s military ty-based policing and Community oriented Capt. - Italian Carabinieri
deployments. 4. Resilient food and water re- policing as “an organizational philosophy and NATO SP CoE Lessons Learned
sources: ensuring these supplies are safe from strategy that allows the police and the com- Analysis, Evaluation &
disruption or sabotage. 5. The ability to deal munity to work together to solve crime, unrest Experimentation Section Staff
with mass casualties: ensuring that civilian he- and insecurity problems, in order to improve Officer
alth systems can cope and those sufficient me- the quality of life for each member of the com-
dical supplies are stocked and secure. 6. Re- munity” (OSCE, 2008)
silient civil communications systems: ensuring 27 NATO SP Concept development workshops
that telecommunications and cyber networks were held on October 2016 and June 2017
function even under crisis conditions. 7. The with the aim to establish a baseline of current
functioning of transport systems: ensuring that knowledge by understanding and/or identi-
NATO forces can move across Alliance terri- fying the complexities and variables involved
tory rapidly and that civilian service can rely on in building a viable SP capability. Stability Poli-
transportation networks, even in a crisis cing: A Tool to Project Stability, NATO Supreme
14 Shea J. (2016). “Resilience: a core element Allied Command Transformation, 2000 Stingo,
of collective defence”. NATO review magazine V., Dziedzic, M. J., & Barbu, B., 2017 pag.27
15 John W. Tammen (20121) NATO’s Warfi- 28 Stability Policing: A Tool to Project Stability,
ghting Capstone Concept: anticipating the NATO Supreme Allied Command Transforma-
changing character of war- https://www. tion, 2000 Stingo, V., Dziedzic, M. J., & Barbu,
nato.int/docu/review/articles/2021/07/09/ B., 2017
natos-warfighting-capstone-concept-antici- 29 Ibid
pating-the-changing-character-of-war/index. 30 “SP Framework Concept for Community Po-
html licing in NATO S&R OPS” edited by NATO SP
16 NATO Allied Joint Publication AJP-3.22, COE (Ed.1 22 March 2016)
Annex A 31 George L. Kelling, James Q. Wilson (1982),
17 Organised criminal operations range from “Broken Windows: The police and neigh-
illegal protection and extortion rackets to the bourhood safety”, pp. 29–38
trafficking and/or smuggling of illicit drugs, 32 “Intelligence-led policing” (ILP) defined as
humans, firearms and wildlife, cybercrime, oil “The use of processed information, i.e., data
theft, money laundering, counterfeiting and analysis and crime intelligence, as the funda-
maritime piracy (Costa, 2010; UNODC, 2010) mental basis for an objective, decision-making
18 NATO Allied Joint Publication - AJP 3.4.1 framework to facilitate crime and problem
19 NATO Allied Joint Publication - AJP 3.4.5 prevention, reduction, disruption and dismant-

31

STABILITY POLICING

LE MAINTIEN DE LA PAIX

Le maintien de la paix devenue une structure adaptée à être les nouvelles règles du jeu in-
l’ensembledesthéâtresd’opération. ternational. Lorsque certains Eta-
by Quentin ts belligérants ont commencé à
1/ Garantir la sécurité internatio- se retirer de cette organisation, le
Résumé nale monde prenait conscience que la
Le début du vingtième siècle s’ou- paix dans le monde était un vœu
Le XXème siècle a été marqué par vrait avec la première guerre mon- pieux. L’ordre international trem-
diale. L’horreur des combats, le bi- blait à nouveau et laissait place
la volonté de créer une organisa- lan humain terrible : vingt millions à la seconde guerre mondiale.
tion capable de résoudre les cri- de morts et l’internationalisation La guerre n’était pas arrivée à son
ses dans le monde entier. La So- du conflit imposaient d’empêcher terme que les dirigeants britanni-
ciété Des Nations (SDN) a été vite tout futur déchainement de vio- que Churchill et américain Roose-
éclipsée par l’Organisation des lence. Les sociétés le juraient, la velt réfléchissaient à une nouvelle
Nations Unies (ONU). Cette créat- première guerre mondiale était la organisation capable cette fois-ci
ion politique a permis de lancer « der des der ». Les quatorze points de pouvoir résoudre les conflits.
les premières opérations de paix et du président américain Wilson, en Ainsi, en 1941, le traité de l’Atlan-
de réfléchir à l’emploi des forces. 1918, intronisaient la Société Des tique formalisait l’objectif de ras-
Les années 1990 ont mis en évid- Nations (SDN)  : une organisation sembler l’ensemble des Nations
ence la difficulté de protéger effi- internationale qui devait se placer pour préserver la paix dans le mon-
cacement les populations civiles et au-dessus des Nations et faire en de. La charte de San Francisco,
ont imposé une réforme complète. sorte que les grands principes des l’acte fondateur de l’Organisa-
L’ONU a réussi à tirer les leçons relations internationales soient re- tion des Nations Unies s’inscrivait
du passé pour mettre en place le spectés. L’égalité entre les Etats, la dans cette continuité et poursui-
concept de la police de stabili- non-ingérence, le règlement pa- vait ce but commun. L’ONU devait
té au cœur de ses opérations de cifique des différends internatio- être plus forte que la Société des
maintien de la paix. Forte de cette naux et l’interdiction du recours à Nations, qui avait disparue à cau-
doctrine, sa division de Police est la menace ou à la force devaient se de son inefficacité, dans la ge-

32

stion des crises des années 1930. manent n’utilise son droit de veto. pour faire face aux menaces qui
planaient sur la population civi-
Cette obligation de résultat pour
le. Tandis que les forces armées,
l’ONU allait être d’autant plus 2/ Le fossé sécuritaire
nécessaire que les bombes atomi- La guerre froide avait provoqué déployées sous le drapeau des
ques lancées sur Hiroshima et Na- un certain immobilisme des Na- Nations Unies, avaient pour mis-
gasaki, le 06 et le 09 août 1945, tions Unies dû à l’affrontement en- sion d’enrayer l’affrontement en-
faisaient entrer le monde dans tre les deux blocs. L’effondrement tre les combattants, les forces de
une époque d’instabilité accrue. soviétique, au début des années police locales étaient dépassées
Bien que prônant une résolution 1990, constituait un tournant et par les évènements et incapables
pacifique des différends (Chapitre entrainait une décennie d’inter- d’assurer la sécurité des citoyens.
VI de la charte), par les actions di- vention intense. A cette période, la Ce « fossé sécuritaire » allait mobi-
plomatiques notamment, les Na- fragmentation des Balkans cristal- liser l’ensemble des Nations dans
la recherche
tions Unies peuvent
intervenir dans les “L’ITALIE S’EST DÉMARQUÉE, SUR LA SCÈNE INTER- d’une nouvelle
pays en cas de me- doctrine pour
nace contre la paix NATIONALE, DANS LA GESTION DES CONFLITS, assurer la pro-
(Chapitre VII). Le PAR LA PROMOTION DES MODES D’ACTION DES tection des po-
consentement des
CARABINIERS. EN EFFET, CETTE FORCE DE POLICE pulations civiles.
À STATUT MILITAIRE, HÉRITIÈRE DE LA GENDARMERIE L’Italie s’est
parties prenantes démarquée, sur
au conflit est lar- NATIONALE, ÉVOLUE SUR L’ENSEMBLE DU SPECTRE la scène interna-
gement recherché, DES CRISES.” tionale, dans la
pour autant l’orga-
gestion des con-
nisation se réserve
le droit d’intervenir sans, dans le lisait l’attention des Nations Unies. flits, par la promotion des modes
cadre de l’imposition de la force. Si la nécessité d’intervenir n’était d’action des carabiniers. En effet,
En tout état de cause, l’envoi de ca- plus discutée, sa mise en œuvre cette force de police à statut mili-
sques bleus (militaires et policiers1) était beaucoup moins évidente. taire, héritière de la gendarmerie
doit être autorisé par une résolut- En effet, l’intensité et la complexi- nationale, évolue sur l’ensemble
ion, votée à la majorité du Conseil té du conflit faisaient apparaitre du spectre des crises. Capable de
de Sécurité, et sans qu’aucun des au grand jour des défaillances. faire face à toutes les situations en
cinq pays disposant d’un siège per- Aucun acteur ne semblait préparé temps de paix, elle l’est également
face à des évènements d’ampleur,

que ce soit lors de maintien et de

rétablissement de l’ordre, mais

aussi en cas d’insurrection civile

voire de guerre. Cette force poly-

valente et adaptable s’est donc ra-

pidement érigée en modèle dans

les théâtres de crise soumis à des

évolutions très rapides. Le con-

cept de police de stabilité voyait

le jour en s’inspirant notamment

de l’organisation spécifique des

forces de gendarmerie. Depuis,

l’ensemble des acteurs internatio-

naux impliqués pour garantir la

paix et la sécurité internationale

comme l’Organisation du Traité

de l’Atlantique Nord (OTAN), l’O-

NU ou la Force de Gendarmerie

33

STABILITY POLICING

rectement de la contribution des

Etats membres qui mettent à sa

disposition des policiers4. Les

pays contributeurs en force de

police sont donc accompagnés

par les Nations Unies durant

toutes les phases de sélection,

de formation et de déploiement

de leur personnel. Il est en effet

primordial que ces forces intèg-

rent et véhiculent les valeurs fon-

damentales des Nations Unies,

comme par exemple le respect

des droits de l’homme. Une des

contraintes majeures est de pou-

voir mobiliser rapidement ces ef-

fectifs pour répondre à une crise.

Or, de nombreuses phases dans

la préparation des unités se trou-

Européenne (FGE) ont repris ce se concentrer sur des zones géog- vent incompressibles  : il s’agit du
concept. Si la déclinaison et les raphiques plus larges et remplis- temps de formation, qui dure de
acronymes évoluent, l’esprit de- sent trois fonctions principales : la huit à dix semaines pour les FPUs,
meure : il s’agit de disposer d’uni- protection des personnels et des éq- mais aussi de la capacité à mobi-
tés robustes pour faire face à l’en-
semble des menaces qui mettent uipements des Nations Unies, celle liser les ressources financières et
en danger les populations civiles. des civils, et la conduite d’opérat- matérielles. C’est ainsi qu’est né
ions qui requièrent des techni- un système de préparation des
3/ La nécessité de créer une
doctrine commune “DES ACCORDS SONT FORMALISÉS AVEC LES NA-
En 2005, à la suite du rapport
Brahimi (2000) qui avait mis en TIONS UNIES QUI DÉLÈGUENT AINSI LA FORMA-
évidence des problèmes structu-
rels, la division de Police a rem- TION À LA CONDITION QUE LES COURS DISPENSÉS
placé CIVPOL (unité de poli-
ce civile). Initialement rattachée RESPECTENT SA DOCTRINE. LE CENTRE D’EXCEL-
au bureau des affaires militai-
res (OMA), la police des Nations LENCE DES UNITÉS DE POLICE DE STABILITÉ (COE-
Unies a intégré, en 2007, le bure-
au de l’état de droit et de la sécur- SPU), À VICENZA, EN ITALIE, S’INSCRIT DANS CET-
ité des institutions (OROLSI). La
nouvelle mission attribuée était de TE DÉMARCHE ET ACCUEILLE CHAQUE ANNÉE DES
taille, il s’agissait de tout réform-
er  : depuis la doctrine d’emploi CENTAINES DE POLICIERS DE PAYS ÉTRANGERS QUI
jusqu’au recrutement du person-
nel, en passant par la formation. VIENNENT SE FORMER.”
Depuis lors, l’ONU déploie princi-
palement les policiers qui lui sont ques ou des matériels particuliers capacités de maintien de la paix
confiés : de manière individuel- (c’est précisément le cas lors des (PCRS), et une réserve permanen-
le (IPO2) ou collective (FPU3). Les opérations de maintien de l’ordre). te composée de deux FPUs, prêtes
FPUs, de par leur format, peuvent Elles peuvent prendre également à intervenir dans un délai relative-
part à des actions de formation ment court. En outre, avant chaque
dans le cadre du renforcement des déploiement, les Nations Unies or-
capacités, même si cette action est ganisent une inspection des unités
plutôt dévolue à des spécialistes. pour s’assurer de leur profession-
Pour que ces déploiements puis- nalisme, condition sine qua non
sent se matérialiser sur le terrain, pour pouvoir assumer des mis-
les Nations Unies dépendent di- sions de longue durée dans des

34

pays en crise. En effet, le temps de
projection des unités est particu-
lièrement long, les rotations entre
les unités s’effectuent tous les dou-
ze mois. L’irruption de la Covid-19
et la fermeture des frontières
ont pu encore allonger la durée
des missions de certaines unités.

4/ La formation et l’évaluation, sés respectent sa doctrine. Le cen- mis de se développer et de devenir
un impératif au cœur de la sécur- tre d’excellence des unités de poli- incontournables dans la gestion
ité internationale ce de stabilité (CoESPU), à Vicenza, des crises. Pour autant, plus de
Dans la mesure où l’ensemble des en Italie, s’inscrit dans cette dém- soixante-dix après la création
pays contributeurs ne partagent arche et accueille chaque année de l’ONU, les conflits fragilisent
pas forcément les mêmes méthod- des centaines de policiers de pays toujours l’ordre international et
es de travail, il a fallu élaborer un étrangers qui viennent se former. mettent en difficulté la capacité
cadre général pour harmoniser la Ces formations permettent ainsi d’action de la communauté inter-
formation et définir ce qu’était la aux stagiaires d’enrichir leurs com- nationale. Pour éviter que l’échec
police à l’échelle internationale. pétences et de rejoindre le vivier de passé de la Société des Nations
Un cadre de formation a été créé candidats potentiels pour pouvoir ne se reproduise, la France, aux
pour permettre à tous les policiers être déployés ultérieurement sous côtés du Mexique, s’est pronon-
des Etats membres d’atteindre le le drapeau des Nations Unies. cée favorable à un élargissement
niveau d’exigence nécessaire pour Enfin, les Nations Unies, dans une du Conseil de Sécurité (en offrant
participer aux opérations de paix, recherche permanente d’amélior- des sièges permanents à d’au-
et affronter les défis inhérents aux ation, ont développé des ca- tres Etats comme l’Allemagne,
environnements complexes dans dres d’évaluation de ses effecti- le Brésil, l’Inde et le Japon) et à
lesquels ils évoluent. D’un point de fs. Initialement mis en place pour un encadrement du droit de veto
vue tactique, cette harmonisation les IPOs, ce système s’est élargi dans des situation de génocides
était fondamentale pour assurer aux FPUs depuis 2019. Ces év- ou de crimes contre l’humanité.
l’interopérabilité entre les unités, aluations cycliques permettent
mais d’un point de vue politique de s’assurer du professionnali- PICTURES:
ceci était encore plus important sme des personnels et constituent 1 Image by MINUSMA Gema Cortes
car chaque policier déployé en des garanties pour autoriser les 2 Image by MINUSMA Gema Cortes
mission est un ambassadeur des prolongations de déploiement. 3 Image by UN Photo Marco Dormino
Nations Unies. Il est par conséq- 4 Image by UNOCI
uent fondamental que ses actions Ainsi, les Nations Unies et
correspondent parfaitement aux la division de Police n’ont cessé de Captaine Quentin
valeurs de l’organisation, pui- s’adapter et de se réformer pour Gendarmerie Nationale
sque tout manquement est une être en phase avec les enjeux du Française
entrave à la pleine réalisation moment. Conscientes des difficul- CoESPU – Chaire de Police de
du mandat des Nations Unies. tés, cette approche leur ont per- Stabilité
Certains Etats membres peuvent
également proposer des actions de
formation pour soutenir d’autres
pays qui n’auraient pas les capaci-
tés organisationnelles, financières
ou matérielles. Des accords sont
formalisés avec les Nations Unies
qui délèguent ainsi la formation à
la condition que les cours dispen-

35

ALUMNI



ALUMNI

38

DEPUTY DIRECTOR’S CORNER

After almost three years in Italy, Colonel (US Army MP) Rebecca Dawn
Hazelett, CoESPU Deputy Director, was posted in Germany leaving the Center
of Excellence. She worked with professionalism and competence in all training,
study and research activities as well as in international relations in which the
CoESPU is engaged.
Since her arrival September 2nd 2019 she has immediately operated
with high capacity, acute foresight and generous self-sacrifice, ensuring re-
newed impetus to the relations of cooperation between the US State Depart-
ment (DOS) and the Carabinieri Corps promoting multiple activities between
the two institutions. She greatly facilitated the acquisition of state-of-the-art
materials and equipment for the CoESPU’s training and research facilities
contributing to align the Center of Excellence to align with the highest quality
standards present nowadays.
After she brilliantly integrated in the dynamics of the CoESPU she has
contributed in a decisive way to the success of some initiatives, among which
to the International Conference of high level on the Strategic Advising mana-
ging the entire event and drafting the preface to the publication of the Proce-
edings of the Conference. She masterfully conducted the Inauguration Cere-
mony of the 2021/2022 Academic Year of the CoESPU attended by numerous
national and international high level authorities and finally she concretely
contributed to the strengthening of both bilateral relations - such as the MPEP
(Military Personnel Exchange Program) between the Department of the USA
Army and the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Italy - and international
relations, in particular in those between the CoESPU and the International Or-
ganizations such as the UN, OSCE, EU and IAPTC/EAPTC.
Her extraordinary dedication and infinite enthusiasm, has provided a si-
gnificant contribution to the joint US-Carabinieri efforts in the shared mission
to increase the effectiveness of the UN Peace Operations, contributing to the
development and progress of the CoESPU, enhancing its prestige at the hi-
ghest levels.
To Col. Hazelett our best wishes for her professional and personal life
and our most heartfelt thanks for her invaluable commitment, kindness and
proficiency we could appreciate in every moment of her tour of duty!
The CoESPU Staff

39

ALUMNI

THE MAURITANIAN
NATIONAL GENDARMERIE

The NATIONAL GENDARMERIE of state sovereignty, the principle its resources and made available
in contact with populations for of territoriality, control of the flow to citizens emergency services such
proximity security of goods, people and capital, in a as the toll-free number “116” whi-
world that sees the interdependen- ch provides a 24-hour telephone
by Hamdi Ahmed Aicha ce of economies and the explosion service out of 24 and is responsi-
of communication and information ble for receiving all calls, urgent or
The National Gendarmerie is an technologies, the concept of secu- not, addressed to the gendarme-
rity has gradually transcended its rie, to hire the personnel and the
armed force established to ensu-
re the execution of laws, to en- “THE NATIONAL GENDARMERIE IS AN ARMED FORCE
sure security and public order. It ESTABLISHED TO ENSURE THE EXECUTION OF LAWS, TO
contributes to the intelligence and ENSURE SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER. IT CONTRIBUTES
information mission of public au- TO THE INTELLIGENCE AND INFORMATION MISSION
thorities, to the fight against ter- OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, TO THE FIGHT AGAINST TER-
rorism, organized crime and to RORISM, ORGANIZED CRIME AND TO THE PROTECTION
the protection of populations. OF POPULATIONS”
This great institution is based on
the network of its units and the ver- traditional dimensions to experien- necessary means of intervention. In
satility of its staff, which contribute ce two major developments. On addition to these services, an extre-
to the vigilant presence of the Sta- the one hand, the diversification of mely important concept has been
te at all points in the territory and risks and threats has led to a mul- introduced into the service, it is an
make it possible to provide a ra- tidimensional declination of secu- apparent neighborhood police.
pid response to daily requests. For rity. In contrast to this set of para-
years, in a world where globaliza- meters that involve public safety, PROXIMITY, A NEW CONCEPT 
tion has diluted both the contours the gendarmerie quickly mobilized It is an area of c​​ompetence re-

40

sponsible for ensuring a continuo- tions, which remain underlying, search with victims, Symonds no-
us link with the population and are not fulfilled. Thus, it causes a tes that they go through certain
partners in civil and political so- feeling of rejection and isolation. phases; As soon as the aggressor
ciety, particularly in areas relating This concept of second victimiza- has disappeared, the victim wan-
to order, security, tranquility, mo- tion was introduced by Martin Sy- ts to reduce his feeling of helples-
rality, health and public health. It monds in 1980, a former police sness. Often, when in contact with
deals with local legal problems re- officer and psychiatrist. In his re- gendarmes, police or other sta-
lated to petty and medium crime. keholders, it often happens that
Community policing is also a re- the victim is still in a state of shock.
cent concept, particularly in We- However, the latter must be suppor-
stern countries such as Belgium, ted on all levels and felt surroun-
Canada, France and the United ded in all respects. The second vi-
Kingdom. The United States is ctimization then takes effect when:
among the first to implement this - There is a lack of interest.
provision. In some countries, this - The victim is treated as if
police is called “community poli- the latter were not important.
ce” or “Citizen Police” which is in -We treat the victim as if
approach in the relations between the latter wasted our time.
the forces of order and the popula- -Thevictimisnotofferedinformation
tion which consists in including the concerning the evolution of his case.
expectations and the needs of the
citizen during the exercise of their
mission, which will make it possible
to establish a bond of mutual trust.

WHAT DOES “SECONDARY VI-
CTIMIZATION” MEAN?
Or second victimization, is the re-
action of the victim whose expecta-

All in all, the command of the Na-
tional Gendarmerie makes securi-
ty services available to all citizens
through units that patrol daily and
carry out nighttime vigilance ser-
vices and has developed a cohe-

41

ALUMNI

rent strategy to maintain and in- sécurité et l’ordre public. Elle con- aux sollicitations quotidiennes. De-
crease contact with the population tribue à la mission de renseigne- puis des années, dans un monde
and its representatives in order to ment et d’information des autori- où la mondialisation dilue à la fois
carry out its main missions, which tés publiques, à la lutte contre le les contours de la souveraineté
are to “reassure” and “protect”. terrorisme , la criminalité orga- étatique, le principe de territoriali-
nisée ansi qu’à la protection des té, la maîtrise des flux de biens , de
LA GENDARMERIE NATIONA- populations.  Cette grande insti- personnes et de capitaux, dans un
LE AU CONTACT DES POPULA- tution, repose sur le maillage de monde qui voit l’interdépendance
TIONS POUR UNE SÉCURITÉ DE ses unités et sur la polyvalence de des économies et l’explosion des
PROXIMITÉ son personnel qui participent à la technologies de communication et
La gendarmerie nationale est une présence vigilante de l’Etat en tout d’information, le concept de sécur-
force armée instituée pour veiller point du territoire et permettent ité a peu à peu transcendé ses di-
à l’exécution des lois , assurer la d’apporter une réponse rapide mensions traditionnelles pour con-
naître deux évolutions majeures.
D’une part, la diversification des
risques et des menaces a conduit
à une déclinaison multidimension-
nelle de la sécurité. En contraste
avec cet ensemble de paramètres
qui mettent en jeu la sécurité publi-
que, la gendarmerie a rapidement
mobilisé ses moyens et a mis à la
disposition des citoyens des servi-
ces  d’urgences tel que le numéro
vert “116” qui assure une perma-
nence téléphonique 24 heures sur
24 et se charge de recevoir tous
appels , urgents ou non, adressés à
la gendarmerie, d’engager le per-
sonnel et les moyens d’intervention
nécessaires. En sus de ces services,
une notion importantissime s’est
introduite au service, il s’agit d’u-
ne apparente police de proximité . 

LA PROXIMITÉ, NOUVEAU CON-
CEPT. 
C’est un domaine de compétence
chargé d’assurer un lien continu
avec la population et les partenai-
res de la société civile et politique,
notamment dans les domaines
de rapportant à l’ordre, la sécur-
ité, la tranquillité, la moralité, la
santé et la salubrité publics. Elle
prend en charge les problèm-
es judiciaires de proximité liés à
la petite et moyenne criminalité. 
La police de proximité désigne
aussi un concept récent, notam-

42

“ALL IN ALL, THE COMMAND OF THE NATIONAL GEN- tous les égards.  La seconde victi-
misation prend alors effet lorsque : 
DARMERIE MAKES SECURITY SERVICES AVAILABLE TO - On manifeste un manque d’intérêt. 
ALL CITIZENS THROUGH UNITS THAT PATROL DAILY - On traite la victime comme si cet-

AND CARRY OUT NIGHTTIME VIGILANCE SERVICES te dernière n’était pas importante. 
AND HAS DEVELOPED A COHERENT STRATEGY TO - On traite la victime comme si cette
dernière nous a fait perdre du temps. 
MAINTAIN AND INCREASE CONTACT WITH THE PO- - On n’offre pas à la victi-
PULATION AND ITS REPRESENTATIVES IN ORDER TO me l’information concer-

CARRY OUT ITS MAIN MISSIONS, WHICH ARE TO RE- nant l’évolution de son cas . 

ASSURE AND PROTECT” attentes, qui restent sous- ja- À tout prendre, le commandement
centes , ne sont pas comblées de la gendarmerie nationale met à
ment dans les pays occidentaux . Ainsi , elle provoque un sen- la disposition de tous les citoyens
tel que le Belgique, le Canada, la timent de rejet et d’isolement.  les services de sécurité par des uni-
France et le Royaume - Unis . Les Ce concept de seconde victimi- tés qui patrouillent au quotidien et
États-Unis fait partie des premiers sation est introduit par Martin Sy- effectuent des services de vigilance
à mettre en vigueur cette dispo- monds en 1980 , ancien policier et nocturnes et a développé une stra-
sition.  Dans certains pays , cette psychiatre. Dans sa recherche au- tégie cohérente pour conserver et
police est appelée « police com- près des victimes, Symonds remar- augmenter le contact avec la popu-
munautaire » ou «Police Citoyenne que que ces derniers passent par lation et ses représentants afin d’as-
» qui est en approche dans les re- certaines phases ; Dès que l’agres- surer ses missions principales qui
lations entre les forces de l’ordre seur a disparu, la victime veut réd- sont de “rassurer” et “protéger “ . 
et la population qui consiste à in-
clure les attentes et les besoins du
citoyen pendant l’exercice de leur uire son sentiment d’impuissance.
mission, ce qui permettra d’établir Souvent , lorsqu’elle est en contact
un lien de confiance mutuelle.  avec des gendarmes , policiers ou PICTURES:
avec d’autres intervenants, il arrive Image by The CoESPU MAGAZINE

QUE VEUT DIRE “VICTIMISATION souvent que la victime soit encore
en état de choc. Cependant, cette
SECONDAIRE “. ? 
Ou seconde victimisation, est la dernière doit être soutenue sur tous
réaction de la victime dont les les plans et de sentir entourée de

Hamdi Ahmed Aicha

Captain, Mauritania National
Gendarmerie
CoESPU HRO14 Trainer
Former Carabinieri Officers
School Alumni

43

C ESPUOCOESPU TRAINING TRAINING

44

45

COESPU TRAINING

CARABINIERI OFFICER SCHOOL MODULE ON IHL AND HHRR

APRIL 26 – APRIL 29, 2022

As per tradition, the CoESPU hosted and supported a Module on International Humanitarian Law and Human
Rights, developed by the Carabinieri Officers School, dedicated to 96 Junior Officers from Italy, Afghanistan
and Somalia.

3RD UN CORE PRE-DEPLOYMENT TRAINING MATERIAL COURSE

MAY 4 – MAY 10, 2022

Three important training activities in a row, in strategic partnership with the U.S. Department of State within the
framework of its GPOI - Global Peace Operations Initiative.
The 3rd United Nations Core Pre-Deployment Training Material Course (CPTM03) provided 31 students from
Bangladesh, Cameroon, Indo-
nesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Moldo-
va, Nepal, Senegal, South Africa,
Togo and Uganda, with a shared
understanding of the basic prin-
ciples, guidelines and policies of
UN peacekeeping in view of a fu-
ture, effective participation in UN
Peacekeeping Operations. The
activity represented the first step in
UN Peacekeeping Training, crea-
ting the necessary knowledge to
fully benefit from further Speciali-
zed/Advanced courses with more
in-depth coverage in specific topi-
cs, starting from the two ones de-
scribed below (GP13 and CP02).

46

13TH GENDER PROTECTION IN PEACE OPERATIONS COURSE

MAY 11 – MAY 17, 2022

The attendees of the 13th edition of the Gender Protection in Peace Operations Course (GP13) faced a 5-day
training program, focusing the attention on gender equality, gender mainstreaming, respect for diversity, as-
sistance to victims, in the wider framework of the UNSC Resolution 1325, also known as “Women, Peace and
Security Agenda”. The 35 participants came from Bangladesh, Cameroon, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Mol-
dova, Nepal, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, European Gendarmerie Force Permanent Headquarters,
Venice Ca’ Foscari University, Pisa Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies and Trento University. The activity was
carried out also through the collaboration of 3 Tutors from Jordan and Senegal.

2ND CHILD PROTECTION FOR UN PEACE OPERATIONS COURSE

MAY 19 – MAY 25, 2022

The Audience of the 2nd Child Protection for United Nations Peace Operations Course (CP02) was composed of
34 International students from Bangladesh, Cameroon, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Moldova, Nepal, Senegal,
South Africa, Togo, Uganda, Venice Ca’ Foscari University, Pisa Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies and Rome
John Cabot University, plus three Tutors from Jordan and Senegal. The training activity was aimed at fostering
some extremely sensitive aspects, such as the development of the ability to explain who a child is and why children
are most at risk during armed conflict and in post-conflict situations; the understanding of how legal obligations
and mandate should guide the work of United Nations Police; the awareness of the gender concerns and vulne-
rabilities of boys and girls during armed conflict; the knowledge of the UN Standards of Conduct applicable to
all UN Personnel and guiding principles that govern interaction with children; the understanding of the role of the
UN Child Protection Advisors and the UN Police Child Protection Focal Points. In last April, in Brühl (Germany),
a CoESPU Subject Matter Expert participated in a workshop to validate the new specialized training materials on
child protection for the UN Police.

47

COESPU TRAINING

9TH COURSE ON SP IN INTL CRISIS MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS

MAY 16 – MAY 27, 2022

9th Course on Stability Policing in International Crisis Management Operations (SPU09) for students from Italy
and European Gendarmerie Force PHQ. The goal of the 2-week training activity, carried out in compliance
with an initiative from the Italian Defense General Staff, was to improve the professional skillset of the attende-
es, relying on the SPU Doctrine (NATO, EU and United Nations) integrated by MSU (Multinational Specialized
Units), IPU (Integrated Police Units) and FPU (Formed Police Units) standards.

14TH HIGH RISK OPERATIONS COURSE

MAY 4 – JUNE 14, 2022

14th edition of the “High Risk Operations” Course (HRO14), delivered in French language, in accordance with
the United Nations standard training modules, aimed at increasing skills and capabilities of specialized teams
composed of eight trainees each, coming from Mauritania and Senegal, in the area of police special weapons
and tactics (SWAT) and high risk manoeuvres, in view of their future employment in multinational Peace Sup-
port Operations.
The HRO Course is the training activity with the longest duration among those offered by the CoESPU and the
U.S. Department of State through its GPOI - Global Peace Operations Initiative.

48

4TH UN CORE PRE-DEPLOYMENT TRAINING MATERIAL COURSE

JUNE 15 – JUNE 21, 2022

4th United Nations Core Pre-Deployment Training Material Course (CPTM04): 21 students from Bangladesh,
Cameroon, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Moldova, Nepal, Thailand, Togo and Vietnam for a shared under-
standing of the basic principles, guidelines and policies of UN Peacekeeping in view of a future, effective par-
ticipation in UN Peacekeeping Operations. The CoESPU trainers were assisted by two Tutors from Ghana and
Nepal in this activity, which was preparatory to the 11th Training Building Course (June 22 – July 5, 2022):
more details on the CoESPU Magazine no. 3-2022)

8TH ANNUAL UN FPU COORDINATORS WORKSHOP

JUNE 20 – JUNE 24, 2022

8th Annual United Nations FPU Coordinators Workshop, born in the framework of the solid, long-lasting coo-
peration between U.S. Department of State (through its GPOI - Global Peace Operations Initiative), UN Police
Division and CoESPU, addressed to high-rank personnel already deployed in the FPU Coordinators’ Offices at
MINUSCA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO and UNMISS. The main purpose of the Workshop was to keep the attendees
updated about the most recent UN doctrinal and operational innovations in training, deployment, management,
command and control of the Formed Police Units. The Opening Session was held in the presence of the UN Police
Adviser, Police Commissioner Luís Carrilho.

49

ONSITE VISITS

COESPU ONSITE VISITS

50