ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT PROF MADYA DR ARMAN SHAH NAKHABISKAN MASTER/PHD E-BOOK
Prof Madya Dr Arman Shah Abdullah merupakan seorang Pensyarah di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Beliau kini memegang jawatan sebagai Timbalan Pengarah, Data dan Perancangan Strategi, Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan dan Inovasi (RMIC) UPSI. Beliau telah berjaya lulus pengajian di peringkat kedoktoran Doktor Falsafah (Kejuruteraan Mekanikal) dengan merit dari Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dan tercalon untuk anugerah 'Best Postgraduate Student Award'. Semasa menjadi pensyarah di UPSI, Beliau telah berjaya mendapatkan Geran penyelidikan sebanyak lebih dari 20 di peringkat kebangsaan dan Universiti. Selain dari berjaya memohon geran penyelidikan, beliau berpengalaman luas dalam penulisan artikel jurnal berindeks dan merupakan antara penyelidik yang banyak menerbitkan artikel jurnal berindeks Scopus dan WOS di UPSI. Pengalaman beliau yang luas ini telah menyebabkan banyak universiti dari dalam dan luar negara menjemput beliau untuk membantu mereka dalam penerbitan artikel jurnal berindeks. Sehingga kini beliau telah melatih lebih dari 3,000 orang peserta dikalangan pensyarah universiti dan pelajar postgraduate. Kebanyakkan peserta telah mula menerbitkan artikel jurnal berindeks Scopus. Dr Siti Nurul Fasehah merupakan Post-Doctoral Researcher di UPY, Indonesia dan juga pengasas Fas Academia dan jenama Dr Arman Shah. Beliau mendapat pendidikan mengengah di MRSM Kuala Lipis, seterusnya MRSM Kota Putra.. Beliau telah menyambung pengajian di peringkat Ijazah Sarjana Muda (Agroteknologi) dan Ijazah Sarjana (Bioteknologi).Seterusnya beliau meneruskan pengajian di peringkat kedoktoran di Fakulti Biosains dan Kejuruteraan Perubatan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Beliau pernah menjalankan sangkutan untuk penyelidikan enzim di Malaysia Genome Institute. Beliau telah berjaya memperolehi Ijazah Kedoktoran Doktor Falsafah dan dicalonkan untuk anugerah 'Best Postgraduate Student Award UTM. Beliau juga telah membantu ramai pelajar dan pensyarah di Malaysia dan Indonesia dalam penerbitan artikel.
RESEARCH REPORT SECTIONS DISCUSSION RESULTS METHOD INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT
-General statement -the setting for the problem to be reported INTRODUCTION GENERAL SPECIFIC 1ST STAGE 2ND STAGE 3RD STAGE 4TH STAGE -More specific statement -problem already studied by others -Statement -investigation needed -Very specific statement -Purpose of study 5tH STAGE -Optional statement -value/justification of the study DISCUSSION RESULTS METHOD INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT
Identify one subarea within the general area ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT Inventing the Setting Begin with accepted statements of fact related to your general area Indicate your topic Specific topic STAGE 1 UNIVERSE galaxy star
ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT Placing OLD information at the beginning of sentence Placing New information at the end. EXAMPLE: oxygen from the air is taken up by blood in our lungs and soon delivered to each of the cells in the body through circulatory system. Human get oxygen by breathing in fresh air, and remove carbon dioxide from the body by breathing out stale air. LINK-OLD & NEW INFORMATION OLD NEW When human breathe,
ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT REVIEWING PREVIOUS RESEARCH Time frame prominent Research topic prominent Researcher as subject sentence Research topic as subject sentence STAGE 2 5 WAYS General references
ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT REVIEWING PREVIOUS RESEARCH 1.Researcher as subject sentence STAGE 2 states that solarization is especially effective, ‘‘in regions with high solar radiation and where daily temperatures reach 321C or higher’’ and that maximum soil tempera- tures in the first 5 cm are commonly between 42 1C and 55 1C. Devay (1991) 2.Research topic as subject sentence The study of solarization leads to effectively controls weeds, increases soil nutrient availability (Elmore, 1991) 3.Time frame prominent In 2019, Awan et al. performed experimental studies at the Rice Research Institute, in Lahore in 2010 and 2011 to evaluate the weed management in dryseeded rice
ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT REVIEWING PREVIOUS RESEARCH STAGE 2 The relationship between A and B has been investigated (John 2001; George, 2005) 4. Research topic prominent 5. General references Previous studies have reported...( John ,2001; Han, 2004) Previous research has indicated that----(Ally, 2007)
ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT REVIEWING PREVIOUS RESEARCH STAGE 2 Literature Review (BE CRITICAL) Supporting Similarly, John (2000) found that... Contrasting In contrast to John (2000), Adam (2003) argues that... Conversely, Jones(2003) reported no significant diffierence in...
ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT REVIEWING PREVIOUS RESEARCH Literature Review (SYNTHESISED) STAGE 2
ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT advancing to present RESEARCH -LR is finished -sums up the review by pointing out a gap -usually 1 or 2 sentences. Research gap = No previous studies New contribution to knowledge method findings case studies equation parameters etc. STAGE 3: STAGE 3,4,5 Missing Information NEW
ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT advancing to present RESEARCH You may indicated that: Previous literature in Stage 2 is inadequate. There's an unresolved conflict among the authors of previous studies An examination of the previous literature suggests an extension of the topic Gap Research Topic However, few studies have reprted on the effects of computer assisted instruction. STAGE 3: STAGE 3,4,5 Missing Information
ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT advancing to present RESEARCH STAGE 3,4,5 STAGE 4:The statement of Purpose To state as concisely as possible the specific objectives of your research report. EXAMPLE This study aims to analyze the current weed management procedures in paddy fields to minimize the negative consequences of weeds. The purpose of this study this investigation this research the research reported here was to determine.... Research Orientation Research Question
ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT advancing to present RESEARCH STAGE 3,4,5 STAGE 5: The statement of value Justify your research on the basis of some possible value or benefit the work may have to other researchers in the field or to people in practical situations. Example 1: This research may provide an alternative to the problem of manually demonstrating instrumentation principles in classroom environments. Example 2: Both of the factors under investigation in this study may be of importance in explaining the irregular occurrence of this disease
Tells readers ‘how’ the research was carried out to answer a research question. Describes the steps in conducting the study and the materials used at each step. Know how the methodology of the study influenced the results METHOD DISCUSSION RESULTS METHOD INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT
Ordering your information Overview of the experiment Population/Sample Location Restrictions Sampling Technique Procedure Materials Variables Statistical Treatment Always included
Writing the Procedural Description -Should be written clearly -To describe a procedure Step by step Chronologically Choosing the Correct Verb Tense in Procedural Descriptions PAST TENSE Surveys were sent to... The study was carried out... The generators supplied about...
Choosing the Appropriate Verb Voice Can use active or passive voice when describing the procedure
Using Short Passive Forms to Describe Procedure
MATERIALS Any equipment used with each step in procedure Materials: -Laboratory equipment -Field equipment -Human/animal subjects -Natural substances
EXAMPLE:
Present the findings of study RESULTS INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION RESULTS METHOD ABSTRACT
location of the results Most important findings comments EXAMPLE:
Ordering your information a statement that locates the figure where the results can be found ELEMENT 2 statements that present the most important findings ELEMENT 3 statements that comment on the results RESULTS INFORMATION ELEMENTS ELEMENT 1
EXAMPLE: DEXTROAMPHETAMINE: COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS IN NORMAL PREPUBERTAL BOYS
Alternate short form for presenting results ELEMENT 1& 2 (combined) a statement that most important results & indicate in parentheses the figure where they can be found ELEMENT 3 a statement that comment on the results EXAMPLE Caffeine was somewhat more potent than theophylline in preventing leaf-eating (Figure 1). In contrast, caffeine has been reported elsewhere to be ten times weaker than theophylline as an adenosine antagonist (8)
Commenting on Results-Two Patterns Functions of comments (Element 3) Comments may: -generalize from the results -explain possible reasons for the results -compare the results with the results from other studies TWO PATTERNS FOR ORDERING COMMENTS (ELEMENT 3) ALTERNATING PATTERN: R1 + C2; R3 + C3 SEQUENTIAL PATTERN: R1 +R2 +R3 +C R= Results (Element 2); C= Comments(Element 3)
Choosing Verb Tenses for Results ELEMENT 1 LOCATING THE FIGURE Present Tense EXAMPLE: Results of the t-test are presented in Table 1. EXAMPLE: Table 2 summarizes the test results on precontaminated insulators ELEMENT 2 PRESENTING THE FINDINGS Past Tense EXAMPLE: As a group, divorced mothers spent over twice as much time in employment as married mothers (Figure 2). EXAMPLE: The coefficient of correlation was found to be significant at the 0.001 level.
ELEMENT 3 COMMENTING ON THE RESULTSS Present Tense & Modal Auxiliaries COMMENTING ON THE RESULTSS Tentative Verbs
Step back and take a broad look at the findings & the study as a whole DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION RESULTS METHOD ABSTRACT
EXAMPLE AGE EXPERIENCE AND PERFORMANCE ON SPEED AND SKILL JOBS IN AN APPLIED SETTING DISCUSSION ORIGINAL HYPHOTHESIS FINDINGS EXPLANATION FOR FINDINGS LIMITATIONS NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
FIRST INFORMATION ELEMNETS IN DISCUSSION: Specific Reference to the Study 1. A reference to the main purpose or hypothesis of the study 2. A review of the most important findings, whether they agree with the findings of other researchers 3. Possible explanations for or speculations about the findings 4. Limitations of the study that restrict the extent to which the findings can be generalized LATER INFORMATION ELEMENTS IN DISCUSSION: General Statements about the Study 5. Implication of the study (geeralization from the results: 6. Recommendations for future research and practical applications
Provides the reader with a brief preview of the study based on information from the other sections of the report ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION RESULTS METHOD ABSTRACT
Background Purpose Method Results Conclusion COMPOSING LETTERS WITH A SIMULATED LISTENING TYPEWRITER
Abstract: Verb Tenses B Background information (present tense) Eg: One of the basic principles of communication is that the message should be understood by the intended audience P Principal activity (past tense/present perfect tense) Eg: In this study the readability of tax booklets from nine states was evaluated M Methodology (past tense) Eg: Children performed a 5-trial task R Results (past tense) Eg: Older workers surpassed younger ones in both speed and skill C Conclusions (present tense/tentative verbs/modal auxillaries Eg: The results suggest that the presence of unique sets of industry factors can be used to explain variation in economic growth.
EXAMPLE: MODEL STUDY OF ANCHORED PAVEMENT
Journey to write Results & Discussion Part 1 [Presenting Results] Part 2 [Interpretation of trends& results] Part 3 [Discussion & argument] Part 4 [Supporting statement]
# Presenting results #Trends & Results Interpretation #Discussion & Argument AVAILABLE THEORY & LITERATURE AGREE DISAGREE #correlate the theory & understanding with results #Cite the works #supporting statement #provide supporting data & evidence #Develop your own theory & philosophy FLOW OF DISCUSSION & ARGUMENT
Sequence 1 Part 1 [Presenting Results] Part 2 [Interpretation of trends& results] Part 3 [Discussion & argument] Part 4 [Supporting statement] Strategies to write Results & Discussion
Strategies to write Results & Discussion Sequence 2 Part 1 [Presenting Results] Part 2 [Interpretation of trends& results] Part 3 [Discussion & argument] Part 2 [Interpretation of trends& results] Part 3 [Discussion & argument] Part 4 [Supporting statement]
ADVANCED WRITING TECHNIQUES AWT