Research Method for STEM Capstone

Module

1
WEEK

1-2

12 CAPSTONE

Quarter 1

Research Method

Science and Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

Ma. Victoria Castillo-Magayon, Ed.D.
Research Teacher

https://orcid.org/ORCID.png

Overview and Design of this Module

This module is part of the whole concept and integration of Research in
Daily Life 1 (Qualitative), Science Investigatory Project (Research in Daily Life 2)
and Capstone/Research Project of Science and Mathematics and Engineering
(STEM) strand. Following the framework below of which Research Daily Life 1,
STEM students were task to do a meta-synthesis research article regarding their
research project as part of “ideation process”; while in their Research in Daily
Life 2, students were task to explore as part of “exploratory process” plausibility
of their idea into a Science Investigatory Project of which they design a experi-
ment or develop a product or a prototype. In CAPSTONE subject they will test
their product/prototype by conducting run test or conduct experiment on the
safe and effectiveness of their product and prototype. Also, under CAPSTONE,
students’ output will be introduce in the acceptability or in the market for ac-
ceptability rating.

Together with this module , a supplementary material, a project called
Template-based and Task-based Activity Plan (TTAP), known as Course Task to
students in Taytay Senior High School. It is designed to guide students in writ-
ing their research article about their research project as part of the require-
ments both in Research Daily Life 1 & 2 and CASPTONE.

Topics were presented based on DepEd Curriculum Guide and Competen-
cies of CAPSTONE. Instruction is structured according to IDEA format.

This module is designed for Taytay Senior High School STEM students.

WEEK
1-2

GRADE 12

CAPSTONE

Quarter 1 Module 1

TOPIC
Statement of the Problem
The Scientific Literature

&
Hypothesis

1

I What I need to know?

After going through this module, you are expected to :
1.1. identify a scientific problem or question
1.2. differentiate applied and basic research problems
3. set selection criteria for studies relevant to a chosen
scientific problem
4. review, digest, and concisely state the relevance of the
studies cited
5. formulate possible outcomes of the investigation, or in
the case of mathematics research, conjectures about
the mathematical problem or topic

2

The Scientific Problem

The learners demonstrate an understanding of...
1. a scientific problem or question

2. applied and basic research problems

3

I What is new?

Pre-test
Instruction :
Copy and Answer. Write SM for statement of the problem that are for scientific
inquiry and NS for statement of the problem that are not for scientific
inquiry.
______1. How does the elasticity of rubber changes with temperature?
______2. Which brand of trash bags will hold 30 pounds of rocks for the longest

amount of time?
______3. What ratio of baking soda and vinegar will blow a balloon up the big

gest?
______4. Which brand of lotion has sun protection?
______5. Which brand of soda has more sugar?

4

I What is new?

Activity 1. Learn from This!
Instruction: Read carefully the story below and answer the questions in
the next page.
From Ideation to Realization…

https://www.thoughtco.com/gregorio-zara-filipino-scientist-1991703

Gregorio Zara (March 8, 1902–October 15, 1978) was a Filipino scientist
best known as the inventor of the videophone, the first two-way electronic video
communicator, in 1955.

In 1930, he discovered the physical law of electrical kinetic resistance,
known as the Zara Effect, which involves the resistance to the passage of an
electric current when contacts are in motion. Later
he invented the earth induction compass, which is
still used by pilots, and in 1954 his airplane en-
gine powered by alcohol had a successful test flight
at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
Then came the videophone. Before video calling be-
came as commonplace as it is in the 21st century, https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/984/today-in-philippine-history-
the technology had been developed but started slow-
ly, possibly because it was so far ahead of its time. In the middle of the 1950s,
long before the start of the digital age, Zara developed the first videophone or two
-way television-telephone. The device left the realm of science fiction and comic
books when Zara patented it in 1955 as a “photo phone signal separator net-
work.” Then came the videophone. Before video calling became as commonplace
as it is in the 21st century, the technology had been developed but started slow-
ly, possibly because it was so far ahead of its time. In the middle of the 1950s,
long before the start of the digital age, Zara developed the first videophone or two
-way television-telephone. The device left the realm of science fiction and comic
books when Zara patented it in 1955 as a “photo phone signal separator net-
work.”
Videophone Catches On
That first iteration didn't catch on, largely because it wasn’t intended as a com-
mercial product. But in the 1960s, AT&T began working on a model of a video-
phone, called a “picturephone,” aimed at the public. The company released the
videophone at the 1964 New York World’s Fair, but it was seen as impractical
and didn't fare well.
Videophone Catches On
That first iteration didn't catch on, largely because it wasn’t intended as a com-
mercial product. But in the 1960s, AT&T began working on a model of a video-
phone, called a “picturephone,” aimed at the public. The company released the
videophone at the 1964 New York World’s Fair, but it was seen as impractical
and didn't fare well.
It caught fire as the digital age was beginning in the late 1990s. The video-
phone first caught on as a device that easily enabled distance learning
and video conferencing and also proved helpful for the hearing impaired.
Then came such derivations as Skype and smartphones, and the videophone be-
came ubiquitous worldwide.

5

D What I know?

Process Question for the story of Gregorio Zara.
1. Who is the feature Filipino Scientist in the story? ________________________
2. What is his invention? __________________________________________________
3. What is the contribution of his invention in todays educational settings? ______

The story of Gregorio Zara is a product a thorough research inquiry. It
start with simply idea or need but as you can see it develop into something that
are very useful nowadays.
Activity 2. Simple Idea Matters: Turning research ideas into research pro-
jects
A. Group Discussion
Instruction: Recall your journey in conducting a science investigatory project. Fill-
in the blank of each stages on how simple concern or idea into a research project.
Write your answer in your research journal/notebook.

1. What specific concern or idea
that your group consider when
you come up with your idea in
your Science investigatory pro-
ject?

_____________________________________
__________________________________

2. What specific problem do you
intend to solve in your Science
Investigatory Project? Kindly ex-
plain your answer?

_____________________________________
_________________________________

6

D What I know?

Cont. Activity 2. Simple Idea Matters: Turning research ideas into research projects

3. In what way did you verify that your idea
or inquiry is plausible for a research project?
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________________

4. In what way did you find out
that the limitation or the bounda-
ry of your Science Investigatory
Project?

_____________________________________
___________________________________

According to Maylor and Blackmon (2016) the use of S.M.A.R.T test can
be best way to test if research project is feasible or not.
S is for Specific. It tells what precisely do you hope to achieve from un-
dertaking the research.
M is for Measurable. It is about the what measure will you use to deter-
mine whether you have achieved your objective or not.
A is for Achievable. It is about the target you have set for ypourself achiev-
able given all the possible .
R for Realistic. This is all about given all the other demands upon your
time, will you have the time and energy to complete the research on time.
T is for Timely. This is about the question on the nobility of your research
whether it will address current phenomenon or not.

7

D What I know?

Activity 3. Turning Research Ideas into a Scientific
Question

Instruction: Read carefully the given samples of statement of the problem and
sort it according to the table given below:

Sample Statement of the Problem
1. How will the number of worms affect the growth of 3 plants in a week

with the same amount of sunlight and water?
2. Which sunscreen brand provides more UV protection, according to

SPF content?
3. How salty does water have to be an egg to float on it?

4. Which type of wood burns the fastest?
5. Which comes first, egg or chicken?

Table of Sorted Statement of the Problem No Need of Scientific Inquiry

Require a Scientific Inquiry

Process Questions:
1. What is your observation on the statements that are in required a scien-
tific inquiry? ___________________________________________________________
2. What is your observation on the statements that are in no need of scien-
tific inquiries? ___________________________________________________________
3. Can you describe the characteristics of the statement of the problem that
are for scientific inquiry? _________________________________________________

8

D What I know?

Activity 3.a. Learn from This. VS APPLIED RESEARCH
 New knowledge acquired
Basic and Applied Research has specific commercial
objectives; products, pro-
BASIC RESEARCH cedures or services
 Answer specific questions
 Desire to expand knowledge. aimed at solving practical
 Curiosity driven. problems.
 Intended to answer why,
Create new products, technologies
what or how questions. and process.
 Increase understanding of
Leads to fundamen-
fundamental principles. tal questions.
 Does not have immediate

commercial objectives.
 It may not necessary result

in an invention or a solution
to a practical problem

Answer fundamental questions:
how do things work.

Leads to new prod-
ucts, technologies and

process

Process questions for Activity 3a.
1. Write the similarities of the basic and applied research.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Write the difference between the basic and applied research.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

9

E What is more?

Activity 4. Defining the Research Question

Instruction: Read carefully the sample statement of the problem below and cat-
egorize it according the following:
A. too broad B. too limited C. Common D. Just Right

Sample Statement of the Problem
___ 1. How will the number of worms effect the growth of different types of
tomato plants and the amount of fruits produce in a given time?
___2. Which sunscreen brand provide more UV protection according to

SPF content?
___3. How salty does water have to be for an egg to float on it?
___4. Which type of woods burns the fastest?
___5. Which come first egg or chicken?

Process Questions:
1. What item/s did you mark as to broad? ____ Cite the keyword that makes the

statement of the problem broad. ___________________________.
2. What item/s did you mark as too limited? ___ Cite the keywords that makes

the statement too limited. _______________________________________.
3. What item/s did you mark as statement as common and has no worth of in-
quiry? ___Cite the key words that makes it common. ______________________
4. What item/s did you mark as “just right”? ___ Cite keywords that makes it
“just right statement of the problem. ____________________________________

Learn from This.
Scientific research question.

According to Science Buddies (2020), it is difficult to work on a research
project that has no define research question. Furthermore, they related that it is
important to select a question that is going to be interesting to work on for at
least a few weeks and that is specific enough to allow you to find the answer
with a simple experiment. A scientific question usually starts with: How, What,
When, Who, Which, Why, or Where.

They suggested some characteristics of a good scientific research question:

 The question should be interesting enough to read about, then work on for
the next few weeks.

 There should be at least three sources of written information on the subject.
You want to be able to build on the experience of others!

 The question should contain one factor (variable) that you can change in
your experiment and at least one factor (variable) that you can measure.

10

E What else can I do?

Course Task #1. Research Questions

Title of the Research Project : _____________________________________
Name of the Group Leader: _________________________________
Members: _________________________________________________________
Introduction: Capstone projects tend to encourage students to connect their pro-
jects to community issues or problems, and to integrate outside-of-school learning
experiences, including activities such as interviews, scientific observations, or in-
ternships.

Instruction: Using your Science Investigatory project draft your scientific re-
search question/s. Write at least five scientific research questions.
Proposed research questions:
1._______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4._______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5._______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

11

A What I have learned?

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

For numbers 1 and 5, Answer

a. Specific c. Achievable
b. Measurable d. Realistic

e. Timely

1. When research project is precisely outline the objective or purpose.
2. When the research project is measurable.

3. When the research project is achievable in-spite of possible constraints.

4. When the research project is doable within the given period of time.

5. When the research question is relevant to the current situation and context.

For 6-10.

Introduction. Science Buddies suggested characteristics of a good research
question, answer:

A. If the three characteristics of a good research question is in the research
question.

B. If the two characteristics of a good research question is in the research ques-
tion.

C. If the one characteristic of a good research question is in the research ques-
tion.

D. If none of the three characteristics of a good research question is in the re-
search question.

___1. What is the effect of salinity of water to the growth of the cultured green
weed?

___2. What is the effect of sunlight to the skin tone of a person?

___3. What factors that causes flood in Marikina during typhoon?

___4. How the types of soil affect the occurrence of landslide in a certain area?

___5. What is the effect of the COVID 19 vaccine to the anxiety level of students
in the Philippines?

VALUING

The scientist is not a person who gives the right answers, he's the one who asks the right
questions. -― Claude Levi-Strauss

12

Answer

Pre-test

1. SM 2. NS 3. SM 4. NS 5. NS

ACTIVITY 1

1. Gregorio Zara 2. Video Phone

3. Remote Learning

ACTIVITY 2

Personal answers

Require a Scientific Inquiry No Need of Scientific Inquiry AC-
TIVITY
1. How will the number of worms effect 2. Which sunscreen brand provide more 3
the growth of 3 plants in a week with the UV protection according to SPF content?

same amount of sunlight and water?

3.How salty does water have to be for an 5. Which come first egg or chicken?

4. Which type of woods burns the fast-

ACTIVITY 3.a
Personal answer
ACTIVITY 4
1. D 2. B. 3. D 4. B 5. A
ACTIVITY 5
1. a
2. b
3. c
4. d
5. e
ACTIVITY 6
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C

13

Generating and Refining Research Ideas through

Scientific Literature

The learners demonstrate an understanding of...
4. Review, digest, and concisely state the relevance of the

studies cited

14

I What is new?

Pre-test
Instruction :
Read carefully the following set of information and answer accordingly,

A. If the two journal articles are related to the title.
B. If one of the journal article is related to the title.
C. If non of the journal article is related to the title.
1. Mung Bean as Source of Bioplastic
I. Roy, K., Thory, R., Sinhmar, A., Pathera, A. K., & Nain, V. (2020). Development
and characterization of nano starch-based composite films from mung bean
(Vigna radiata). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 144, 242-251.
II. Wahid, F., Sharif, M., Fahad, S., Adnan, M., Khan, I. A., Aksoy, E., ... & Ullah,
H. (2019). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and phosphorus up-
take of mung bean plants fertilized with composted rock phosphate fed dung in
alkaline soil environment. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(15), 1760-1769.

2. Chemical Reaction of Glow Stick and other Materials as a Source of Emergency
Light

I. Smellie, I. A., Aldred, J. K. D., Bower, B., Cochrane, A., Macfarlane, L., McCar-
ron, H. B., ... & Walker, J. M. (2017). Alternative hydrogen peroxide sources for
peroxyoxalate “glowstick” chemiluminescence demonstrations. Journal of Chemi-
cal Education, 94(1), 112-114.
II. Baldwin, B. W., Bunker, K. R., & Kuntzleman, T. S. (2019). Extraction of dyes
contained in glow sticks using liquid CO2. Green Chemistry Letters and Re-
views, 12(2), 102-106.

3. Gumela as Minor Healing Wound Cream
I. Abellera, C. A. V., Fiscal, R. R., & Mesina, S. P. (2019). Ethnopharmacological
Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Treating Skin Diseases in the Province of La-
guna, Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7(3).
II. Fajardo, W. T., Cancino, L. T., Dudang, E. B., De Vera, I. A., Pambid, R. M.,
Junio, A. D., & Fajardo, W. T. Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal
Plants Used By Indigenous Sambal-Bolinao of Pangasinan, Philippines.

4. Mushroom as a Source of Anti-aging Facial Cream
I. Wu, Y., Choi, M. H., Li, J., Yang, H., & Shin, H. J. (2016). Mushroom cosmetics:
the present and future. Cosmetics, 3(3), 22.
II. Sewak, D., & Sewak, K. (2016). Mycelial Mayhem: Growing Mushrooms for Fun,
Profit and Companion Planting. New Society Publishers.

5. Sedative Effects of Lantana Camara through Aromatic Scented Gel
I. Dougnon, G., & Ito, M. (2020). Sedative effects of the essential oil from the
leaves of Lantana camara occurring in the Republic of Benin via inhalation in
mice. Journal of natural medicines, 74(1), 159-169.
II. Kurkute, N. V., & Goswami-Giri, A. S. (2017). Characteristic Change in Activity
of Lantana camara Tripene.

15

I What is new?

Activity 1. Learn from This.

Stand on the shoulders of giants . This is the tag line used by Google Schol-
ars after their logo. True enough that they standing in the shoulder of the gi-
ants because other research indexes are not user friendly and some of their
journal articles are not free. While Google Scholar is a freely accessible web
search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across
an array of publishing formats and disciplines.

Google Scholar published only Open Access (OA) journal. Open access
(OA) refers to free, unrestricted online access to research outputs such as jour-
nal articles and books. OA content is open to all, with no access fees. Naming
some giants indexes such as Springer have an open access version of their pub-
lish journal articles, and this comes in two version (1) Gold version, of which up-
on published of the article it is automatically available to the public; while the
green version will be only available after embargo period of the journal article.
Elsevier is also one of the giant indexes, of which their term for open access is
when fee is payable by the author, or their institution or funder to cover the
publication costs. Fees range between c$150 and c$6,000 US Dollars excluding
tax. This details can be viewed in the their homepages. Taylor and Francis also
offers Open Access. Their term of OA is makes published academic research
freely and permanently available so anyone, anywhere can read and build upon
this research. At Taylor & Francis we champion researcher choice with a variety
of open access publishing options to meet the unique needs of each author.

Though there a lot of indexes in Capstone subject only scientific journal
are recommended to be used. One of the indexes is the Science Direct of which
it also published open access that are peer-reviewed and made freely available
for everyone to read, download and reuse in line with the user license displayed
on the article.

Open Access journal articles are now available from the giants indexes to
the humble one, what make the difference among this indexes is the accessibil-
ity of which almost of the indexes required signing up and logging in before you
can access their journal articles; while Google Scholar is no signing up nor log-
ging in requirements. It also provide both social science and scientific journal
articles from different publishers.

16

D What I know?

Process Question for the Activity 1.

1. What is the tagline of the Google Scholar? ___________________________________

2. What is an open access? _________________________________________________

3. Differentiate open access to non-open access journal articles.
_______________________________________________________________________

4. Give sample of considered giant indexes.

_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

5. What makes google scholar different from other indexes?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2. Choosing the Right Journal Articles

Truly the saying is true that “knowledge is within your finger tips”. Using
gadgets such as laptops and cellphones students can easily access learning mate-
rials related to their topics being studied. To make it safe since this subject is
about scientific research all related literature that you’ll be cited should be valid
and from reputable journal, hence, this section will give you guide on how to
choose the right and valid journal articles.

1. Avoid journal articles that from predatory journal. Usually, predatory journal
publication is with charge or amount to be paid and the acceptance of the jour-
nal articles being submitted did not underwent peer review and no plagiarism
and grammar checking, this is reason journal article is already published
within few days after submission. Predatory journal articles usually not index
in some refutable indexes such Google Scholar and other giants indexes as per
sample in the previous section of this module. You can view the list of predato-
ry journal in Bell’s List of Predatory Journals.

2. Get research journal articles from refutable publishers and indexes. Refutable
publishers and indexes underwent process before the journal articles can be
published or available to the audience. One of the processes is the peer re-
viewed of which expert and scholar are ask to review the submitted journal ar-
ticle will be critique using the quality criteria of a certain publisher. Also, all
journal published in these indexes underwent plagiarism and grammar check-
ing before it will be available to the public.

17

D What I know?

Process question for Activity 2. Choosing the Right Journal Articles

1. Give some reasons why researchers should not get journal articles from the
predatory journals.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.

2. Give some reasons why researchers should get journal articles from the repu-
table publishes and indexes.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.

Activity 3. What is Scientific Journal Articles?

Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as
students, researchers and professors. According to Nguyen, Ho-Le, and Le
(2017), scientific research and technological innovation can play a major role in
allowing developing country to achieve economies comparable to those observed
in developed countries. Scientific research produces new information and
knowledge that can promote technological innovation which, in turn, produce
quality goods and services (Antonelli & Fassio, 2015, cited by Nguyen, Ho-Le, &
Le, 2017 ). Scientific research can be considered a driving force for positive evolu-
tion in developing countries. One indicator of scientific research is the number of
publications in peer-reviewed journals.

Science literatures have evolved from time to time and reports of new re-
search findings are important to fuel novel assumptions and discoveries that can
only be in existence through the publication of Science journals. Some Science
Journals are multidisciplinary, most journals are highly specialized and they pub-
lish articles related to specific scientific fields. To maintain quality and ensure va-
lidity of the research being published, Science Journals subject the articles
through a rigorous peer-review process, honoring copyrights. Science Journals
may include various types of articles such as, letters, short communications, re-
view articles, research articles, case reports, editorials, and other supplementary
articles. List of Scientific Journals are listed in this link https://
www.omicsonline.org/scientific-journals.php.

Process question for Activity 3

1. What is scientific research article? _______________________________________________-

2. What is the importance of scientific research articles? ____________________________________

18

D What I know?

Activity 3a. Refining Research Ideas through Theories?

Theory is a set of statements, including (a) general laws and principles that serve
as axioms, (b) other laws, or theorems, that are deducible from the axioms, and (c) defini-
tions of concepts. It can be also a "model" is structurally separate from a theory, but is
functionally part of its axioms. A good theory is needed to arrive at proper concepts. Any
theory presupposes a more general model according to which the theoretical concepts are
formulated. Through scientific theories, we can analyze, interpret, and make inferences
from empirical evidence (Halvorson, 2012).

The purpose of a theory is to make forecasts that can be checked against observa-
tion and experiment. A scientific theory is one that it is in principle possible to disprove by
empirical means. It is this supremacy of empirical disproof that distinguishes science from
other human activities. We can never regard a theory as proved, because all we can say is
that, so far, there have been no experiments contradicting it. A scientific theory, to be use-
ful, must be testable and vulnerable. A theory can thus be recognized as erroneous
[unrichtig] if there is a logical error in its deductions, or as incorrect [unzutreffend] if a
fact is not in agreement with its consequences. But the truth of a theory can never be
proven. For one never knows that even in the future no experience will be encountered
which contradicts its consequences (Kragh, 2013).

Sample of theories

(1) Contextual design (CD) is described by Beyer and Holtzblatt (1999, p. 32)
describe contextual design (CD) as ‘‘a state-of-the-art approach to designing
products directly from a designer’s understanding of how the customer
works.’’ The aims of CD are to reveal the details and motivations of people’s
work, to make the customers and their work needs real to the designers, to
use customer data as the basis of decision making, and to create a shared un-
derstanding of the data by researchers and users (Nesset & Large, 2004).

(2) In 2005, Tsubouchu et al. showed that sericin enhances the attachment of
primary cultured human skin fibroblasts. Silk fibroin, as a component of
spongy sheets, can also accelerate wound healing in rats by facilitating colla-
genization, as demonstrated by Yeo et al. Moreover, fibroin membrane used as
a wound dressing shows no toxicity or irritation. However, since sericin has
more hydrophilic properties due to the presence of several hydroxyl groups, as
compared to fibroin. as well as good compatibility and biodegradation) it may
be a better candidate for wound-healing agent. Besides, smaller molecular
weight peptides in sericin might enhance absorption through the wound and,
more strongly facilitate than does fibroin (Aramwit & Sangcakul, 2007).

Process question for Activity 3a.

1. If you are going to paraphrase the meaning of a theory how will you rewrite it one to two sentences.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the purpose of a theory in a research project?

_________________________________________________________________________________________

19

E What is more?

Activity 4. Classifying Research Findings

Instruction: Read carefully the sample research findings and write SF if
the findings is based on scientific research; NSF if the research findings
based on non scientific research.

___1. The essential oil of Lantana camara, tested against seven bacteria and
eight fungi, showed a wide spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal activities.

___ 2. Recent reports on the bilirubin clearance effect of Chinese herbal tea Yin
Zhi Huang (decoction of the plant Yin Chin, Artemisia capillaries, and three oth-
er herbs) or its active ingredient 6,7-dimethylesculetin, in jaundice are very ex-
citing and warrant investigations on its, possible, ameliorative effects in lantana
intoxicated animals.

___ 3. This paper presents a study on the wound healing processes in sweet po-
tatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) when exposed to tropical conditions typical for
marketing (RH 50–73%, T 25–30 °C). The physiological processes during healing
were revisited.

___ 4. The potential of tuber flour of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Brazlândia
Branca (white sweet potato) as wound healing and antiulcerogenic agent was in-
vestigated in vivo in animal model.

___ 5. Data showed compression stockings with 4% gumamela leaf extract oint-
ment application could close VLUs in 12 weeks. Applied with compression stock-
ings, the ointment shows potential use in VLU management.

Process Questions
1. Based on the answer key, what is the difference between scientific research

findings to non scientific research findings?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe scientific research findings based on the given sample research find-
ings.

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

20

E What else can I do?

STEM Course Task #2. Research Background

Title of the Research Project : _____________________________________
Name of the Group Leader: _________________________________
Members: _________________________________________________________

Instruction: Using your Course Task # 4 and 4.1 in your science investigato-
ry construct the background of your study.

(Hook statement -prevailing Issues/concerns )
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
Description of the topic )
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
(Findings from previous studies )
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

(Research Gap/Specific product or service you want to innovate to address or
solve a certain problem )
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

Theory/ies related to your research project.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

21

A What I have learned?

Instruction: For question numbers 1-5, read carefully the given related literature
and write Fact if it is related to the topic, write Bluff if it is not related to the giv-
en topic.
Topic: Chemical Reaction as a Source of Light

_____1. Kandasamy, R., Hayat, T., & Obaidat, S. (2011). Group theory transfor-
mation for Soret and Dufour effects on free convective heat and mass transfer
with thermophoresis and chemical reaction over a porous stretching surface in
the presence of heat source/sink. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 241(6), 2155
-2161.

_____ 2. Raksi, F., Wilson, K. R., Jiang, Z., Ikhlef, A., Côté, C. Y., & Kieffer, J. C.
(1996). Ultrafast x‐ray absorption probing of a chemical reaction. The Journal of
chemical physics, 104(15), 6066-6069.

____ 3. Kandasamy, R., Muhaimin, I., & Saim, H. B. (2010). Lie group analysis
for the effect of temperature-dependent fluid viscosity with thermophoresis and
chemical reaction on MHD free convective heat and mass transfer over a porous
stretching surface in the presence of heat source/sink. Communications in Non-
linear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15(8), 2109-2123.

____ 4. Grajcar, Zdenko. "Devices and method of causing chemical reaction to
supplement vitamin d production." U.S. Patent Application 14/670,653, filed
October 1, 2015.

_____ 5. Kato, Hisatoyo, and Nakao Oi. "Method of continuously determining the
absorbance light of a chemical reaction mixture." U.S. Patent 3,838,926, issued
October 1, 1974.

For question number 6-10, read carefully and choose the correct answer.
Google Scholar Scientific Articles Peer Reviewed

Plagiarism Indexes

6. Stand on the shoulder of the giants is their tagline.

7. Process of the research article wherein expert will assess the merit of the jour-
nal article.

8. Articles that mostly written by active scientist such students and professors.

9. Google Scholar, Springer, Taylor and Frances, and Science Direct is a sample
of _____________.

10. Reputable journals or publishers are very concerns with the copyright of the
journal article.

VALUING

“Science is built up of facts, as a house is built of stones; but an accumulation
of facts is no more a science than a heap of stones is a house.” -Henri Poincaré,
Science and Hypothesis, 1905

22

Answer

Pre-test
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A
ACTIVITY 1
1. Stand on the shoulder of the giants
2. Journal articles free of access to the public
3. Open access journal articles are for free, while non-open access has monetary

charger if you want to access their journal articles.
4. Springer, Science Direct, and Taylor and Francis
5. In Google Scholars all their journal articles are open access and no sign up or

log in required.
ACTIVITY 2
Personal answers
ACTIVITY 3
Personal answers
ACTIVITY 4
1. SF
2. NSF
3. SF
4. SF
5. SF
What I have Learned.
1. Fact
2. Fact
3. Fact
4. Bluff
5. Fact
6. Google Scholar
7. Peer Reviewed
8. Scientific Articles
9. Indexes
10. Plagiarism

23

Refining Research Ideas through

Hypothesis

The learners demonstrate an understanding of...

5. formulate possible outcomes of the investigation, or in
the case of mathematics research, conjectures about

the mathematical problem or topic

24

I What is new?

Pre-test
Instruction :
Read carefully the following set of information and answer accordingly,
A. If the two statement are hypothesis.
B. If one statement is a hypothesis and the other is a research question.
C. If two statements are research questions.

1. How will the number of worms affect the growth of three plants in one week
with the same amount of sunlight and water?
How salty does water have for an egg to float on it? (C)

2. How salty water does have for an egg to float on it?
I think that water has something to do with the egg to float in it. (B)

3. I think that water has something to do with an egg to float in it.
I believe that the number of worms affect the growth of the plants. (A)

4. I think the there is a certain type of wood that burn the fastest.
I think that there is a certain type of soda that cool the fastest. (A)

5. Which cola brand will make the egg float? (B)
I think the diet cola will make the egg float.

Activity 1. Learn from This.
A hypothesis is a suggested solution for an unexplained occurrence that

does not fit into current accepted scientific theory. The basic idea of a hypothe-
sis is that there is no pre-determined outcome. For a hypothesis to be termed a
scientific hypothesis, it has to be something that can be supported or refuted
through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. This is called falsifia-
bility and testability, an idea that was advanced in the mid-20th century a Brit-
ish philosopher named Karl Popper (Kragh, 2013).

A key function in this step in the scientific method is deriving predictions
from the hypotheses about the results of future experiments, and then perform-
ing those experiments to see whether they support the predictions. A hypothesis
is usually written in the form of an if/then statement. This statement gives a
possibility (if) and explains what may happen because of the possibility (then).
The statement could also include "may."

Process question for Activity 1
1. List down the characteristic and function of the hypothesis.

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

25

D What I know?

Activity 2. Make your intellectual guess
Instruction. Read carefully the given statement, choose which hypothesis it the
best fit for the given topic. Write the letter of your answer and write the
keyword/s that’s make you choose that answer.
1. Mung bean as a source of bioplastic. (A)

A. Mung bean starch can be use as raw material for bioplastic.
B. Mung bean is best source of bioplastic.
2. Prototype of Portable Landslide Alarm. (B)
A. Portable landslide alarm may help families that are in the landslide

prone area.
B. Prototype of portable landslide alarm if it is accurate it can help families

that are in the landslide prone area.
3. Malunggay Seeds as Source of an Anti-acne Cream.(B)

A. Malunggay has been proven to cure acne.
B. Malunggay seeds may use as an anti acne cream.
4. Gumamela as Source of Minor Wound Healing Cream. (A)
A. Gumamela leaves may use as minor wound healing cream.
B. Historically gumamela is use in healing minro wound.
5. Chemical Reaction of Glow Stick with Other Materials as Source of Light. (A)
A. Chemical reaction of glow stick and other materials may use as source of

light during emergency.
B. Chemical reaction of glow stick with other materials is already proven as

a source of light.

26

D What I know?

Activity 3. Learn from This. Types of Hypotheses

A hypothesis is a stepping stone to a soon-to-be proven theory. For a hypothesis
to be considered a scientific hypothesis, it must be proven through the scientific
method. Like anything else in life, there are many paths to take to get to the same
ending. Let's take a look at the different types of hypotheses that can be employed
when seeking to prove a new theory.

1. A simple hypothesis predicts the relationship between two variables:
the independent variable and the dependent variable. Examples. Getting 8 hours
of sleep can lead to more alert students.

2. A complex hypothesis has a relationship between variables. However, it’s
a relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more de-
pendent variables. You can follow these examples to get a better understanding of
a complex hypothesis. Example: Individuals that 1) smoke cigarettes and 2) live
in cities are more likely than others to have 1) respiratory problems and 2) in-
creased cancer.

3. A null hypothesis (H0) exists when a researcher believes there is no rela-
tionship between the two variables or a lack of information to state a scientific hy-
pothesis. This is something to attempt to disprove or discredit. A null hypothesis
example looks like the sample sentences below.

There is no significant change in my health during the times when I drink green
tea only or root beer only.

4. This is where the alternative hypothesis (H1) enters the scene. In an at-
tempt to disprove a null hypothesis, researchers will seek to discover an alterna-
tive hypothesis. You can see an alternative hypothesis through these examples.

• My health improves during the times when I drink green tea only, as opposed
to root beer only.

My work habits improve during the times when I get 8 hours of sleep only, as op-
posed to 9 hours of sleep only.

5. A logical hypothesis is a proposed explanation possessing limited evi-
dence. Generally, you want to turn a logical hypothesis into an empirical hypothe-
sis, putting your theories or postulations to the test.

Cacti experience more successful growth rates than tulips on Mars. (Until we're
able to test plant growth in Mars' ground for an extended period of time, the evi-
dence for this claim will be limited and the hypothesis will only remain logical.)

6. An empirical hypothesis, or working hypothesis, comes to life when a
theory is being put to the test, using observation and experiment. It's no longer
just an idea or notion. It's going through some trial and error and perhaps chang-
ing around those independent variables.

Roses watered with liquid Vitamin B grow faster than roses watered with liquid
Vitamin E. (Here, trial and error is leadin2g7 to a series of findings.)

D What I know?

Cont. Activity 3. Learn from This. Types of Hypotheses

6. An empirical hypothesis, or working hypothesis, comes to life when a
theory is being put to the test, using observation and experiment. It's no longer
just an idea or notion. It's going through some trial and error and perhaps chang-
ing around those independent variables.

Roses watered with liquid Vitamin B grow faster than roses watered with liquid
Vitamin E. (Here, trial and error is leading to a series of findings.)

7. A statistical hypothesis is an examination of a portion of a population or
statistical model. In this type of analysis, you use statistical information from an ar-
ea. For example, if you wanted to conduct a study on the life expectancy of Sa-
vannians, you would want to examine every single resident of Savannah. This is not
practical. Therefore, you would conduct your research using a statistical hypothesis
or a sample of the Savannian population.

50% of the Savannah population lives beyond the age of 70.

Process Questions for Activity 3.
Compare and contrast the different types of hypothesis in the given table below.

Types of Hypothesis Similarities Difference
1. Simple
2. Complex
3. Null
4. Alternative
5. Logical
6. Empirical
7. Statistical

28

E What is more?

Activity 4. Classifying Hypothesis

Instruction: Read carefully the sample research findings and write the correct
type of hypothesis of a given hypotheses.

Simple Complex Null Alternative Logical Empirical Statistical

__________1. There is no significance difference between the experimental and
controlled sample on the effect of essential oil of Lantana camara against fungi
after a certain period of time. (Null)

_________ 2. There is significance difference between the experimental and con-
trolled sample on the effect of essential oil of Lantana camara against fungi after
a certain period of time. (Alternative)

_________ 3. More than eighty percent is expected to the effectiveness of Essen-
tial oil of Lantana camara against fungi after a certain period of time. (Statistical)

_________ 4. The effect of essential oil of Lantana camara against fungi and bac-
teria differs on time and amount applied. (Complex)

_________ 5. The essential oil of Lantana camara can eliminate fungi. (Simple)

Process Questions
1. What is the difference between simple and complex hypotheses?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between null and alternative hypotheses?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.

3. What is the difference between empirical and statistical hypotheses?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
4. What is the unique characteristic of logical hypotheses?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.

29

E What else can I do?

STEM Course Task #3. Research Hypothesis

Title of the Research Project : _____________________________________
Name of the Group Leader: _________________________________
Members: _________________________________________________________

Instruction: Using your Course Task # 9 in your science investigatory construct the
hypothesis of your research project .

Theory/ies Apriori Research Ques- Hypothesis
tions

30

A What I have learned?

Instruction: For question numbers 1-5, read carefully the given hypotheses and
choose the correct answer.

Simple Complex Null Alternative

Empirical Logical Statistical

___________1. We postulated that topical application of sericin cream would en-
hance wound healing and wound size reduction in rats. (Simple)

____________ 2. Realizing the potential use of Aloe vera in wound healing, we ex-
amined the effects of Aloe vera cream versus placebo in reducing postoperative
pain and pain on defection after open hemorrhoidectomy. (Complex)

___________ 3. We also studied the possible implication of sulfhydryl groups and
some intracellular mediators in such protection. (complex)

__________ 4. 80% of the U.S. population get a divorce because of irreconcilable
differences. (Statistical)

__________ 5. Roses watered with liquid Vitamin B grow faster than roses wa-
tered with liquid Vitamin E. (Here, trial and error is leading to a series of find-
ings. (empirical)

__________ 6. Cacti experience more successful growth rates than tulips on Mars.
(Until we're able to test plant growth in Mars' ground for an extended period of
time, the evidence for this claim will be limited and the hypothesis will only re-
main (logical)

__________ 7. There is no significant change in my work habits when I get 8 and
when I get 9 hours of sleep. (null)

__________ 8. The growth of the plant improved during the times when I use vita-
min-rich water only, as opposed to distilled water only. (alternative)

__________9. Beings from Mars would not be able to breathe the air in the atmos-
phere of the Earth. (logical)

__________10. Smoking cigarettes daily leads to lung cancer (simple)

VALUING
“The dictionary is based on the hypothesis -- obviously an unproven one -- that
languages are made up of equivalent synonyms.”― Jorge Luis Borges

31

Answer

Pre-test
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B
ACTIVITY 1
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. A

ACTIVITY 2
Personal answers
ACTIVITY 3
Personal answers
ACTIVITY 4
1. Null
2. Alternative
3. Statistical
4. Complex
5. Simple
What I have Learned.
1. Simple
2. Complex
3. Complex
4. Statistical
5. Empirical
6. Logical
7. Null
8. Alternative
9. Logical
10. Simple

32

Reference

Aramwit, P., & Sangcakul, A. (2007). The effects of sericin cream on wound healing in rats. Bioscience,
biotechnology, and biochemistry, 71(10), 2473-2477.
Halvorson, H. (2012). What scientific theories could not be. Philosophy of science, 79(2), 183-206.
Harding, S. (2015). Objectivity and diversity: Another logic of scientific research. University of Chicago
Press.
Hernán, M. A. (2018). The C-word: scientific euphemisms do not improve causal inference from obser-
vational data. American journal of public health, 108(5), 616-619.
Kragh, H. (2013). “The most philosophically important of all the sciences”: Karl Popper and physical
cosmology. Perspectives on Science, 21(3), 325-357.
Nguyen, T. V., Ho-Le, T. P., & Le, U. V. (2017). International collaboration in scientific research in Vi-
etnam: an analysis of patterns and impact. Scientometrics, 110(2), 1035-1051.
Nesset, V., & Large, A. (2004). Children in the information technology design process: A review of theo-
ries and their applications. Library & Information Science Research, 26(2), 140-161.

https://www.thoughtco.com/gregorio-zara-filipino-scientist-1991703
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/science-

fair-project-question
https://www.utep.edu/couri/about-ug-research/basic-vs-applied-

research.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/

https://link.springer.com/
https://www.tandfonline.com/openaccess
https://www.omicsonline.org/scientific-journals.php
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-hypothesis.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/hypothesis
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-hypothesis.html
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/984/today-in-philippine-
history-march-8-1902-gregorio-y-zara-was-born-in-lipa-city-batangas

33

For your queries please message:
Ma. Victoria Castillo- Magayon (FB Messenger)

[email protected] (email)
Taytay Senior High School

34