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AMAZING EARTH FACTS | 149

❸ In 1902, the town of St. Pierre, on ❾ Galunggung is an active stratovolcano
the Caribbean island of Martinique, was in west Java, Indonesia. In 1822, an
destroyed by burning clouds of dust from eruption killed more than 4,000 people.
Mount Pelée. This eruption killed more
than 29,000 people. ❿ Mount Vesuvius is a stratovolcano in
the Gulf of Naples, Italy. Since the famous
❹ In 1985, the eruption of the Ruiz eruption of 79 ce, which destroyed the city
volcano, in Colombia, caused a massive of Pompeii and the town of Herculaneum,
mudflow, which engulfed the town of it has erupted many times.
Armero, 37 miles (60 km) away. More than
25,000 people were buried in the mud. DeePeSt oceANic
tReNcheS
❺ Mount Unzen is an active group
of several overlapping stratovolcanoes ❶ At a depth of 35,794 ft (10,910 m),
in Japan. In 1792, the collapse of one the Mariana trench in the Pacific Ocean
of its lava domes triggered a tsunami is the deepest spot in the world’s oceans.
that killed about 15,000 people.
❷ Located in the southern Pacific
❻ In 1783, Laki Mountain, in Ocean, the tonga trench is up to
Iceland, poured out lava and gases, 35,700 ft (10,880 m) deep.
which spread as far as Europe and
North America. Around 9,500 people ❸ The Kuril–Kamchatka trench or
were killed in Iceland alone. Kuril Trench is located in the northwestern
part of the Pacific Ocean. It is 34,587 ft
❼ The eruption of Santa Maria (10,542 m) deep.
in Guatemala, in 1902, was one of
the largest volcanic eruptions of the ❹ The Philippines trench is a
20th century. Around 6,000 people submarine trench that lies to the east of the
were killed. Philippines. It is 34,580 ft (10,540 m) deep.

❽ Kelud, a volcano in Indonesia, is known ❺ The Kermadec trench, which is
for large, explosive eruptions. More than 32,972 ft (10,050 m) deep, was formed
30 eruptions have occurred since 1000 ce. by the subduction of the Pacific Plate
In 1919, an eruption at Kelud killed an under the Indo-Australian Plate.
estimated 5,000 people.

150 | EARTH

Glossary Environment The Geyser A spring that
physical features of an releases boiling water and
Algae A diverse Blizzard A storm in area, including air, water, steam from the ground. It
group of simple plantlike which thick snow falls and soil. is formed when ground
organisms, the largest fast and hard. Equator An imaginary line water is heated up by
of which are seaweeds. Boreal An ecosystem around the middle of the magma inside the Earth.
Arid A weather or habitat of or related Earth. It is at an equal Gorge A narrow, deep
condition that is very to sub-Arctic areas, distance from both poles. valley, usually with vertical
dry and supports little usually used to describe Erosion The wearing cliffs on each side.
plant and animal life. forests of that region. away and transportation Ground water
Aurora Bands of Caldera A crater, of soil and rock by wind, Underground water, held
colored light in the or depression, at the gravity, water, or ice. in gaps in soil or rocks.
sky over the North top of a volcano. It forms Estuary A type Habitat The
and South poles. when the peak collapses of wetland where environment in which
Basaltic lava The into the volcano’s fresh water mixes with an organism lives.
hottest type of lava, magma chamber. seawater at the mouth Hemisphere The term
with the lowest silica Condensation The of a river. used to describe the
content. It is runnier change of water vapor Evaporation The northern and southern
than other lavas and into liquid water. change of liquid water halves of the Earth as
cools to form basalt. Coniferous forest A into water vapor. divided by the equator.
Basin A depression biome that is made up Fjord A valley that has Hurricane A powerful
on the Earth’s surface of coniferous trees. It has been deepened by a storm that blows over
filled with water, from cold, snowy winters and glacier and then filled tropical oceans. In many
where a river and all warm, humid summers. with seawater. parts of the world, a
its branches and Cyclone A storm Fog A thick cloud that hurricane is known as
tributaries drain. in which warm, moist forms at or near the a typhoon or cyclone.
Batholith A huge mass winds rise in a spiral. Earth’s surface. Icecap A mass of
of igneous rock that A tropical cyclone is Fossil The remains or permanent ice covering
often forms the core also called a hurricane. impression of an organism a large area, especially
of mountains. Delta The sediment preserved in rock. in polar regions.
Beach An area of land deposited at the mouth Fossil fuel A carbon Ice sheet A layer of
marking the margin of of a river. It usually forms compound, such as coal permanent ice covering
a coastline. It usually a triangular shape. or natural gas, formed a vast area of land.
consists of loose rock Drizzle Small over millions of years, Ice shelf An ice sheet
particles, such as sand, droplets of liquid from the compressed, extending into the ocean.
gravel, or pebbles. precipitation, formed decayed remains of dead Karst A landscape
Biome A region in a low-layer cloud. organisms. It is burned to formed by the dissolving
of the Earth that has Dyke A thin, sheetlike release energy. of rock, usually limestone,
a particular type of body of igneous rock that Fumarole A volcanic by water. Karsts often
climate, soil, and cuts into older rocks. vent or opening that feature large networks
plant and animal life. emits gases. of caves.

GLOSSARY | 151

Lagoon An area of Organic Anything Stalactite An icicle- Tropical Of or
shallow sea that is that is living or has shaped mineral deposit relating to biomes
separated from the main been formed by a that hangs from that have a hot,
sea by sand or a reef. living organism. the roof of a cave. humid climate with
Lava Molten rock that Peninsula A body of land Stalagmite An plenty of rainfall.
has erupted onto the that is surrounded by icicle-shaped mineral Tsunami A massive,
surface of the Earth from water on three sides. deposit that builds up often destructive wave,
deep within the crust. Permafrost Soil that from the floor of a cave. caused by earthquakes
Lightning A discharge of remains frozen for at Storm A violent or volcanic eruptions.
electricity in the sky. least two years. It occurs disturbance in the Earth’s Ultraviolet (UV) rays
Magma Molten rock mainly in polar regions. atmosphere. It is usually Certain rays of the Sun
formed deep within Plankton Tiny living accompanied by strong that can be harmful.
the Earth. organisms that float or winds and heavy Volcanic plug A core
Magma chamber An drift near the surface of precipitation. of solidified molten rock
area beneath a volcano the sea. Subduction The that blocks the neck of
where magma builds up Plateau A large area term used to describe a volcano.
before an eruption. of flat land that stands the movement of one Volcano A vent in the
Marsh A type of low- above its surroundings. tectonic plate beneath Earth’s crust through
lying wetland that is Rift A widening, valleylike another. Subduction often which magma erupts,
typically covered with crack in the Earth’s crust. occurs at convergent as well as the structure
grass and reeds. Salinity The saltiness boundaries. created by this eruption.
Midocean ridge of a substance—for Supercontinent Water vapor The
An underwater volcanic example, water. An enormous landmass gaseous form of water.
mountain range formed Savanna An area of consisting of several
where tectonic plates part grassland with very continental plates.
and lava erupts through few trees that occurs Temperate Of or relating
the gap to form a new at the edge of the tropics. to biomes with cool,
ocean floor. Sediments Particles varied climate throughout
Migration A regular of rock, mineral, or the year.
journey, usually seasonal, organic matter that Temperature The
made by an animal in are carried by wind, degree or intensity of
search of food, water, water, and ice. The heat present in an object
or good breeding deposition of these or organism.
conditions. particles is called Thunder The sound
Mineral A natural sedimentation. produced by the instant,
chemical substance that Sill An igneous rock intense heating and
makes up rocks. formation that occurs expansion of air by
Orbit The path on as a flat layer. It is lightning.
which a planet travels formed when magma Tornado A violent and
around the Sun, or a moon is squeezed between destructive storm with a
travels around a planet. layers of existing rocks. funnel cloud and strong,
spinning winds.

152 | EARTH basaltic lava 27, 33, 34 cloud types 124–31
batholiths 34 coal 39
Index beaches 114 coastal features 110–7
Big Bang 4 conglomerate 38
A biomes 142 Congo 42–3
Black Saturday Bushfires 135 coniferous forests 19, 69
agricultural areas 17, 80–1 Black Sea 90 convergent boundaries 11
Aïr Mountains 35 blizzards 132 Coorong 55
Aldabra Atoll 105 Bora Bora 100–1 coral reefs 102–9
Alps 22–3 boreal forest 68, 70–1 Coral Sea 97
altitude 143 boulders 60, 115 core, Earth’s 8, 9
altocumulus clouds 125 bushfires 135 Crater Lake 26
altostratus clouds 126 craters, collapsed 26, 32
Amazon River 41 C Cretaceous Period 7
Amazon rainforest 69 crust, Earth’s 8, 9, 10,
Andaman Sea 95 California coniferous forest 69
Andes 21 Camargue 54 12, 36
Antarctic Ice Sheet 57–9 Cambrian Period 6 crystals 15
Arabian Peninsula 64 Caribbean Sea 93 cumulonimbus clouds 125,
Arabian Sea 94 Carlsbad Cavern 46–7
Arctic Ocean 88 Caspian Sea 50–1 128–31
arid climates 145 cattle farming 80 cumulus clouds 127
ash clouds 30–1, 119 caves 46–7 currents, ocean 86–7
Atacama Desert 62 Central African rainforest 70–1 cyclones 132, 133, 134
Atlantic Ocean 90 Central Asian steppes 75
Atlas Mountains 22–3 cereal cultivation 80 D
atmosphere 118–37 Chinese Dust Storm 134
Chukchi Sea 89 Danube River 41
layers of 120 cirques 61 Dead Sea 50–1
atolls 103, 105 cirrocumulus clouds 124 Death Valley 66–7
Australian savanna 75 cirrostratus clouds 125 deciduous trees 68
axis, Earth’s 8, 146, 147 cirrus clouds 124 deltas 46, 47
cities 17, 82–3 deserts 17, 18, 19,
B Clew Bay 61
climate 18, 85, 138–45 62–7, 145
Bahama Banks 104 climate regions 139, 142–5 Devil’s Tower 33
Baikal, Lake 50 Devonian Period 6
Baltic Sea 91 dew 122
Barents Sea 89 dinosaurs 7, 147
barrier reefs 103, 107 divergent boundaries 11
basalt 36 Dolma La Pass lake 61
Drakensberg Plateau 23

INDEX | 153

drumlins 61 fossil fuels 141 HI
Dungeness Spit 111 fringing reefs 103, 104–7
Durdle Door 112 Fuji, Mount 29 Ha Long Bay 113
dust storms 134 fumaroles 33 haar 123
habitats 18
E G hail 123, 130
Half Dome 34–5
Earth Ganges 43 hanging valleys 60
atmosphere 120–1 geology 6–15 Himalayas 24
facts and statistics 146–9 geysers 32 hotspots 11
formation of 4–5 Giant’s Causeway 34 Hubbard Glacier 56–7
inside 8–9 glacial features 60–1, 110 Hudson Bay 91
moving 10–11 glaciers 17, 56–9, 141 human activity 17
Global Conveyor Belt 87 humans 7
earthquakes 10, 11, 12, 146 global warming 103, 139, hurricanes 119, 132, 133
El Capitan 34–5 ice sheets 56–9
environmental problems 140–1 140–1 ice storms 133
equator 8, 143 Gobi Desert 65 icebergs 56, 59
Erebus, Mount 29 granite 36 icecaps 56, 57
erosion 17 grasslands 17, 18, 74–5 igneous rocks 9, 32, 36
gravity 8 Indian Ocean 94
coastal 110, 111, 112, 115 Great Alpine Fault 13 Indus River 42–3
erratic boulders 60 Great Barrier Reef 97, 107 inselbergs 63
eruptions, volcanic 17, 26–7, Great Basin Desert 62
Great Bear Lake 48 JKL
30–1, 119, 148–9 Great Dismal Swamp 52
estuaries 113 Great Dividing Range 24 jet streams 121
Etna, Mount 28 Great Ice Storm 133 Jurassic Period 7
Eurasian boreal forest 70–1 Great Plains 74 Kalahari Desert 64
Eurasian tundra 77 Great Rift Valley 13 karst landscapes 46, 47
European mixed forest 70 Great Salt Lake 49 Katrina, Hurricane 133
evaporites 39 Great Sandy Desert 65 Kerala backwaters 112
Everglades 53 Great Slave Lake 48 kettle lakes 61
evergreen trees 68 greenhouse effect/gases Kilauea 26
Eyjafjallajökull 119 Kilimanjaro, Mount 28–9
140–1, 147 Kinabatangan mangroves 113
F Greenland Ice Sheet 56–7 Ladoga, Lake 49
Gryllefjord cirque 61 lagoons 52, 54, 55, 103,
farming 17, 80–1 Gulf of Bothnia 111
fault systems 12–13 Gulf of Mexico 92–3 112, 114
floods 44–5, 141 gyres 86
forests 17, 19, 68–73

154 | EARTH

lakes 26, 48–51, 61 N plantation agriculture 81
land 16–83 plants
land forms 62–3 Namib Desert 63
landscape 17 Nargis, Cyclone 134 development of 6
lava 32–3 Neogene Period 7 mountain 20
lenticular clouds 129 New Delhi 83 tundra 78–9
life 5, 6–7 New York City 82 plate boundaries 11
Lighthouse Reef 105 Niagara Falls 46 plate tectonics 10–11
lightning 124–5, 130 Nile 42 plugs, volcanic 33
limestone 38 nimbostratus clouds 128–9 polar climates 144
Llanos wetlands 53 Ninety Mile Beach 114 polar ice 141
London 83 North American boreal forest 68 polar regions 19
North American tundra 76 pollution 103
M Northeast Asian mixed forest 72 polyps 102, 104
Northeast Australian rainforest precipitation 122–3
Madagascan rainforest 71 Pyrenees 22
magma 4, 8, 10, 32, 36 73
Malaspina Glacier 56 Nusa Tenggara 107 R
Maldives 105
mangroves 113 OP rain 122
mantle, Earth’s 8, 9, 10 rainforest 18, 19, 69, 70–1, 73
marble 37 oceanic trenches 10, 149 recycling 141
marshes 52 oceans 19, 84–117, 143 Red Dust Storm 134
mass extinction 7 Okavango Delta 47 Red Sea reefs 106
Mediterranean climate 144 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak renewable energy 141
Mediterranean Sea 90–1 rice cultivation 81
mesosphere 120 132 ring dykes 35
Mesozoic Era 7 orbits 5 Ring of Fire 11
metamorphic rocks 9, 36, 37 Ordovician Period 6 rivers 17, 40–5
Mississippi River 40 Oregon National Dunes 110
mixed farming 81 Pacific northwest forest 69 features 46–7
Moerake Beach 114 Pacific Ocean 96, 100–1 rock art 63
Mojave Desert 66–7 pahoehoe lava 33 rocks 9, 36–9
Moon 4 Pampas 74 Rocky Mountains 20
mountains 17, 18, 20–5, Pantanal 54 Ross Sea 99
penguins 58–9
143, 148 permafrost 76 S
climate 143 Persian Gulf 95
Muldalen hanging valley 60 pillow lava 33 Sahara Desert 63
Murray 43 Pinatubo, Mount 30–1 sailing stones 66–7
planets 4–5 San Andreas Fault 12

INDEX | 155

sand dunes 63, 110, 112, 114 T WY
sandstone 38–9
São Paulo 82 tectonic plates 10–11, 12, water cycle 121
Sargasso Sea 92 13, 20, 146 waterfalls 46
savanna 74, 75 weather 119, 139
schist 37 temperate climates 142 Weddell Sea 99
Scotia Sea 98–9 temperate forests 19, 69, 70, wetlands 19, 52–5
sea levels, rising 141 Whin Sill 35
Sea of Okhotsk 96 72–3 White Cliffs of Dover 111
sea stacks 115 temperatures 139, 140–1, White Sea 89
seas 88–99 wildfires 135
sedimentary rocks 9, 36, 143 wildlife
Thames River 41
38–9 thermosphere 120 coral reefs 102–4, 108–9
Serengeti Plains 75 thunderstorms 130 mountain 20
shield volcanoes 27 Tokyo 83 ocean 85
shipwrecks 116–17 tornadoes 130, 132, polar 58–9, 141
sills 35 tundra 77
Skeleton Coast 112, 116–17 136–7 Wollemi pine forest 73
slate 37 Transantarctic Mountains 25 Yangtze estuary 113
snow 123, 132 transform boundaries 11 Yangtze River 44–5
solar system 4–5 trees 68–73 Yellowstone Caldera 32
South China Sea 97 Triassic Period 7 Yorkshire boulder 60
Southern Alps 13, 25 tropical climates 142–3
Southern Ocean 98 troposphere 120
spits, sand 111 tsunamis 13
Storm of the Century 132 tundra 18, 76–9
storms 132–7 Twelve Apostles 115
stratocumulus clouds 126 twisters see tornadoes
stratosphere 120
stratovolcanoes 27 UV
stratus clouds 127
stromatolites 6 universe 4
submarine volcanoes 27 Urals 21
Sudd 54 urban areas 82–3
Sun 4, 146 Valley of Ten Thousand
Sunda Megathrust 13 Smokes 33
Sundarbans 55 Vatnajökull Icecap 57
Surtsey 27 Vercors 47
swamps 52 volcanic features 32–5
volcanoes 10, 17, 26–31, 100,

146, 148–9
Vostok, Lake 51

156 | EARTH

Acknowledgments

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