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[Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation__Developme_324

[Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation__Developme_324

2998. OPEN GOVERNMENT IN INDONESIA AND THE LINK WITH THE UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS –

Figure 8.1. Percentage of countries involved in various types of public engagement
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Citizens’ Citizen Citizen Citizen
consultation Participation in Participation in participation in
Policymaking Service Design Service Delivery

Note: 1. n=OECD 35

Source: OECD (forthcoming), Open Government: The Global Context and the Way Forward, OECD
Public Governance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris.

Examples of open government policies, both from Indonesia and more
broadly, that can support efforts to meet Target 16.7 include:

• Creating a supportive legal and policy framework for inclusive and
participatory decision making. For example, through public information
or priority-setting fora, such as the Musrenbang, governments can
develop partnerships with civil society and provide regular opportunities
for dialogue, for instance under a jointly defined framework for
government-civil society interactions. As noted by Bappenas, the
finalisation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development occurred
concurrently with development of Indonesia’s National Medium-Term
Development Plan (RPJMN) 2015-19, which allowed the government to
align the SDGs and the priorities reflected in the RPJMN.

• Implementing participatory budgeting activities, which grant citizens the
right to participate in the decision-making and budgeting processes. This
form of involvement can help promote the representation of citizen
needs and desires in the institutional budgeting and implementation
process. This is a promising avenue for Indonesia to explore.

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• Pursuing co-production of policies and services. By involving citizens in
their production, policies and services become by their nature more
inclusive and participatory, which can help guarantee their
responsiveness to public needs and desires.

Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect
fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and
international agreements

Public access to information is a fundamental pillar of open government,
and ensuring access to information is a condition for strengthening
government-citizen relations. Much of the supporting legal and policy
framework for open government concerns freedom of information, although
countries vary greatly in terms of laws on citizens’ access to information
(often called freedom of information laws – or FOI laws). Importantly,
OECD countries have broadly recognized the important role that open
government plays in supporting transparency, and by extension Target
16.10, as 86% of OECD countries claimed that one of the key objectives
they hope to achieve by implementing open government initiatives is to
improve the transparency of the public sector (OECD, forthcoming).

As countries move to implement Target 16.10, they will have to take
into account the specific considerations implicit in providing increased
access to information. For instance, effective access to information laws
outline the exemptions to accessing information, determining which levels
of government or offices are in charge of managing requests, in what form
the information will be presented, and the process for requesting
information. It is also important to consider digital government tools when
designing access to information activities, as these can allow for cheaper,
easier and faster public access. Ultimately, meeting this target will require
that countries focus on a number of parallel approaches: ensuring that the
legal framework supports access to information, providing the structure and
resources to ensure wide access to information, and ensuring that the public
understands their rights and that civil society organisations can utilise the
information. The primary tools and good practices for countries to focus on
in providing access to information include:

• Interfaces to allow citizens to access official documents. This is
achieved by establishing both physical and electronic access points
within relevant offices, such as the Pejabat Pengelola Informasi &
Dokumentasi (PPID), to provide the information directly and designing
systems to ensure that the broadest segment of the population can
benefit from the provision of information.

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• Internal information management to facilitate governments’ ability to
identify and locate the documents citizens are looking for, such as the
Information Committee in Indonesia that supports the PPID by deciding
on implementing procedures, settling disputes brought by requesters of
information and reporting on the application of the law. It is important
to use a single set of rules for this and to apply them throughout the
administration. Governments must also catalogue and index the relevant
documents and data sets in order to ensure accessibility (OECD, 2001).

• A focus on ensuring that governments have the necessary human and
financial resources to implement access to information initiatives and
monitor the use of the opportunities provided.

• Partnerships with CSOs to promote the dissemination of information
about the access to information opportunities and to ensure their support
of the opportunities to build broader public buy-in.

Beyond Goal 16: How open government principles can support a
wide range of SDG targets

Ultimately, good governance is an intrinsic component to ensuring that
countries can meet the SDGs; to the extent that open government policies
support this, they will play a role across the full range of targets (see a list of
the most relevant targets for open government in Annex 8A.1). This section
will review how the open government principles of public engagement,
transparency and accountability can support the entire range of SDGs, given
that implementing many of the SDGs will require applying these open
government principles.

Engagement

Many OECD countries have developed approaches to engage with
citizens and users of public services, ranging from interaction (e.g. provision
of information and feedback on service quality) to active consultation in
decision making, to co-production. The principle of engagement appears
across a number of SDG targets, and Commitment 3 of the OGP’s Joint
Declaration on Open Government recognises the relevance of engagement
for the implementation of the SDGs by noting the signatories’ commitment
to “support citizen participation in the implementation of all the goals and
targets in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” The importance
of this principle can also be seen in a number of specific targets, including:

• Target 5.5: Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal
opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision making in political,
economic and public life.

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• Target 6.b: Support and strengthen the participation of local
communities in improving water and sanitation management.

• Target 10.2: Empower and promote the social, economic, and political
inclusion of all.

• Target 11.3: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanisation
and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human
settlement planning and management in all countries.

• Target 15.c: Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and
trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of
local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities.

• Target 17.17: Encourage and promote effective public, public-
private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and
resourcing strategies of partnerships.

Transparency

Ensuring transparency and access to public-sector information, and that
the public is able to use it effectively, is a cornerstone of open government,
as noted earlier in this chapter. This principle has implications for both the
public and the private sector, as well as for citizens, as transparency relates
to the availability of information (what governments make accessible, how
easy it is to access, etc.), to its usability (whether the information helps
citizens make the government accountable, whether the formats allow for
data reuse, etc.), and to the public’s knowledge of their rights.

Commitment 2 of the OGP’s Joint Declaration on Open Government
also recognises the role of transparency in the SDG process, by confirming
signatories’ commitment to “promote public access to timely and
disaggregated information and open data on government activities related to
the implementation and financing of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development.” Beyond the explicit support of transparency and access to
information in Target 16.6 and 16.10, the following targets also overtly
reference this principle:

• Target 9.c: Significantly increase access to information and
communications technology.

• Target 12.8: Ensure that people everywhere have the relevant
information and awareness for sustainable development.

• Target 17.18: By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to
developing countries, including for least developed countries and small
island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of

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high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income,
gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic
location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts.

The inclusion of access to information as a priority across these diverse
goals highlights the important role that information and data play in current
public administration reforms. Additionally, Target 17.18 shows the
important role that access to data and information plays for governments and
policy makers more generally to improve the quality of policies, the
relevance of policies for citizens and the chances of policies to achieve their
intended goals. In order for citizens and civil society organisations to benefit
fully from transparency, however, data availability needs to be paired with
data quality, processing capacity, effective whistleblower protection and
freedom of the press. By stressing the importance of the ability of the public
to understand their rights and to use the data provided, the open government
principles related to transparency are even more comprehensive than the
targets laid out by the SDGs.

Accountability

Open and inclusive policy making supports accountability by
broadening citizens’ influence on decisions and helping to prevent countries
from concealing their activities and decision-making processes. This helps
ensure that policies reflect public needs and helps guarantee that
governments use resources appropriately. For example, involving citizens in
aligning financial incentives and monitoring financial flows can improve
efficiency and accountability, especially in the case of services designed and
delivered by users themselves (OECD, 2011).

This role is particularly relevant, for example, in infrastructure and
procurement activities, such as those reflected in Goal 9, which seek to
“build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialisation and foster innovation.” Applying open government
principles to prioritise infrastructure projects and help to oversee
procurement is an effective approach to delivering well-planned
infrastructure that responds to public needs, as well as helping to prevent
corruption by increasing transparency and accountability.

In addition to procurement, open and inclusive government policies help
ensure that the public sector responds to the needs of potentially
marginalised or ignored communities. By bringing these populations into the
policy-making cycle and ensuring that their needs are responded to, the
following targets highlight how open government policies can lead to more
inclusive public governance for all segments of society:

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• Target 1.4: By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the
poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as
well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and
other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new
technology and financial services, including microfinance.

• Target 1.b: Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional
and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive
development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty
eradication actions.

• Target 4.5: By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and
ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for
the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples
and children in vulnerable situations.

Together, these examples illustrate the extent to which the open
government principles of engagement, transparency and accountability are
embedded in the 2030 Agenda. These examples likewise highlight how
implementing successful open government reforms can support successful
implementation of the SDGs.

Open government support for the process of implementing the SDGs

In addition to supporting the communication, design and
implementation of the policy response to the specific SDGs and targets,
open government principles and initiatives support the broader process of
SDG implementation. This section identifies how open government policies
can support the implementation, reporting and evaluation of the SDGs, as
well as discusses efforts by the Government of Indonesia (GOI) to support
SDG implementation and the potential links with the country’s open
government reform efforts.

The role of national government co-ordination in supporting the
SDGs

The breadth of Agenda 2030 and the interconnected nature of the issues
it addresses demand a high degree of policy co-ordination and coherence
horizontally (across ministries and agencies), as well as vertically (across
levels of government). The complexity and integrated nature of the SDGs
also complicates the decision of where to assign responsibility for action,
both across ministries at the national government level and between national
and subnational levels. Horizontal coherence in target-setting, policy and
action between sectors and ministries will be needed to ensure that trade-
offs are dealt with and synergies are exploited (Nilsson et al., 2012).

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It is important to note that countries will be expected to set their own
paths for realising the SDGs in response to national conditions and
capabilities. Therefore, no meaningful national implementation plan can be
developed without an inclusive, government-led process to interpret the
SDGs. Interpreting the SDGs at the national level will therefore require the
full engagement of politicians, ministers and the public (Weitz et al, 2015).
In these conditions, the centre of government is best placed to play this role,
as it is often responsible for setting standards, providing guidance to
departments and agencies, and monitoring and evaluating outcomes and
levels of compliance (OECD, 2016b). The centre of government is therefore
also well placed to apply the capabilities built by its implementation of other
multi-dimensional initiatives in the service of SDG implementation.

Notably, many of the policies and activities that national governments
pursue to promote open government will also support the implementation of
the SDGs both directly and indirectly. For example, 77% of OECD
countries have established an office responsible for horizontal coordination
of open government initiatives (OECD, forthcoming), suggesting that the
methods countries pursue to implement their open government programs are
also relevant for the SDGs. Furthermore, ensuring broad public buy-in for
the design, monitoring and implementation of the SDGs; supporting national
co-ordinating bodies; helping to design clear strategies; and appropriately
aligning incentives across ministries and subnational governments are all
important components of a country’s efforts to promote open government,
and all have a role to play in implementing the SDGs. In particular, the
UNDP highlighted the role that countries played in monitoring the MDGs as
a key component to integrating the goals into their own national priorities
and development strategies. By improving co-ordination within the national
statistical system and linking with community-based monitoring systems,
countries were able to build on national efforts to support vertical
integration of best practices across the range of MDG priorities (UNDP,
2015). A similar process could play out with the SDGs. Box 8.3 uses the
example of digital government and open government data to show how
ongoing activities can also support the SDGs.

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Box 8.3. The cross-cutting nature of open government:
The case of digital government

Looking at the example of digital government and open government data, it becomes clear
how open government programmes and principles can provide support across the SDGs.
Digital technologies provide useful tools to link the two agendas, maximising synergies and
impact. Furthermore, open government data can improve transparency and accountability and
support citizen participation, which may lead to improved public-sector performance. Applying
the use of technologies in the public sector can support efforts to implement the 2030 Agenda
by:

• Enhancing productivity and economic growth: By helping to increase public-sector

productivity and effectiveness, digital government can improve the productivity and
economic growth of a country more widely. For example, portals that provide
information and services, such as filling out and submitting administrative forms
electronically (e.g. tax declarations), have considerably altered the way individuals and
businesses interact with their government (OECD, 2015). Such benefits help empower
and promote social, economic and political inclusion (Target 10.2). Government support
for ICTs also directly supports the growth of resilient infrastructure to promote inclusive
growth and foster innovation (Goal 9). ICTs can also help enhance public-sector
intelligence, thus allowing for improved decision making and better policies and
services, thereby leading to reduced poverty (Goal 1), inclusive and sustainable
economic growth (Goal 8), and reduced inequalities (Goal 10).

• Taking advantage of opportunities provided by open government data: The public

sector produces and collects a wealth of data in its day-to-day activities. By making
these data available, easily accessible and reusable by citizens and businesses,
governments can improve accountability and transparency, create new business
opportunities and better inform both citizen engagement and their own decision making
(OECD, 2015). As discussed in Box 8.5, citizens can further increase the value of open
data through their collaboration in providing and co-creating data sets. The use of open
data and analytics in the public sector can help identify trends and future challenges and
encourage strategic, inclusive and evidence-based decision making. As such, open
government d7ata is a powerful tool enabling societies to find innovative solutions to
persistent social problems, as is recognised by Target 17.18, which seeks to “increase
significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data.” Another pertinent
example of the value of open government data relates to cities, whose governments will
have to rely increasingly on data analytics and digital technologies to improve their
understanding of human behaviour for urban planning and organisation, as well as for
the creation of competitive and innovative economies with more accountable and
participatory local governments (Goal 11). Taking advantage of the opportunities
presented by open government data also corresponds to Principle 3 of the OECD
Recommendation on Digital Government Strategies (as discussed in Chapter 5).

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Box 8.3. The cross-cutting nature of open government: The case of digital
government (continued)

• Building digital welfare services: Digital technologies provide the opportunity to

redesign public services in the welfare area to improve their efficiency and delivery
channels and make them better targeted and tailored to user needs. This is particularly
relevant for public-facing services, such as healthcare (Goal 3) and education (Goal 4),
which ultimately play a large role in ending poverty (Goal 1).

• Strengthening international co-operation: New technologies offer global leaders the

opportunity to collect, use and share data to better understand global problems and
challenges such as global warming, clandestine financial flows, tax base erosion,
migration, international value chains, income distribution across countries, armed
conflicts and transnational crime, among others, which respond to the SDGs’ objectives
to strengthen the means of implementation and promote international co-operation
(Goal 17). This also supports Principle 8 of the OECD Recommendation on Digital
Government Strategies.

As countries implement the SDGs, it will be important for them to think
strategically about how other public-sector reform priorities in which open
government can play an important role, such as service provision, human
resources management, integrity and anti-corruption, budgeting, etc., can
simultaneously support the SDGs.
Open government support of the SDGs throughout the policy cycle

More broadly, open government principles and practices can inform the
entire policy cycle of design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation,
and reporting and feedback of each of the 169 targets (Figure 8.2).

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Figure 8.2. Stages of the policy cycle

Design

Reporting and Implementation
feedback

Monitoring and
evalutation

As has been noted elsewhere in this review, engaging citizens, civil
society organisations and the private sector as partners in the policy cycle
leads to higher user satisfaction and, potentially, cost reductions, and
collaborating with citizens at every stage of service planning and delivery is
key to ensuring sustainable service quality improvements. Given the
problems arising from poorly designed and implemented policies and the
relatively short timeframe to achieve the broad and ambitious goals laid out
by the SDGs, governments should keep in mind that not engaging with
citizens can create higher costs through policy failure in the short term, as
well as loss of trust, legitimacy and policy effectiveness in the long term
(OECD, 2001).

The OGP’s Joint Declaration on Open Government also notes the value
of linking open government principles to the policy cycle of SDG
implementation in Commitment 3, which supports citizen participation in
the “decision-making, policy formulation, follow up and evaluation
processes.” To be successful, these elements must be applied at all stages of
the policy cycle. This section will look at how governments can make the
process of implementing the SDGs inclusive and better tailored to the needs
of the citizens by analysing each stage of the cycle.

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Engaging citizens and civil society organisations as partners in the
design, implementation and monitoring of services allows for a shift in
power between service providers and users. This can challenge existing
organisational values and practices in the public sector. Preparing public-
sector staff for new professional roles – as advisers rather than producers –
requires the full involvement of the human resources offices to develop new
knowledge and skills and deliver ad hoc capacity-building and
dissemination initiatives (OECD, 2011). This will be the case in any
situation in which the government is bringing new communities into the
policy-making cycle, for example via gender-sensitive budgeting and policy
making. As with open government initiatives, therefore, governments will
need to think through the implications of expanding the involvement and
inclusion of broader segments of society as envisioned in the SDGs.

By designing policy measures on the basis of better knowledge of
citizens’ evolving needs, making policy in a more open and inclusive way
can contribute to raising the quality of policy outcomes and can ensure the
better use of public funds (OECD, 2009). As noted in previous OECD
publications, public services work better when designed in partnership with
citizens to harness their interest, energies, expertise and ambitions (OECD,
2011). Involving people who will be affected by policies in the design phase
can also help identify cross-sectoral issues, as well as build
complementarities across levels of government to ensure that policies are
widely relevant across a range of income levels, educational levels, cultural
backgrounds, etc., as conditions can vary considerably even within the same
country. Following open government good practices will be particularly
important for countries as they implement the SDGs, as governments will
not be able to design effective and inclusive policies without the input, ideas
and insights of a wide variety of citizens’ voices. From a practical
perspective, involving citizens and CSOs in the design of the SDGs will
include participation not just in the design of the policies to be implemented
but also in the decision of which targets to prioritise and how to ensure that
a wide range of participants are involved in a consistent and sustainable
manner.

Beyond the design and adoption of policies, citizens are also an essential
component in the implementation of public policies, which cannot be done
effectively without public understanding and support. The implementation
of the SDGs will require the involvement of all relevant stakeholders. In
large part, this is because the universality of the SDGs will necessitate
approaches and tools tailored to the different needs of countries at different
levels of development (SG Note, 2015), which citizens are uniquely
prepared to provide. This is where processes such as co-production, in
which citizens engage in partnerships with service professionals in the

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design and delivery of a public service, can be particularly useful. One
example of this is through infrastructure projects, in which increased
transparency and openness allow citizens to track data and budgets at each
stage of an infrastructure project and mobilised citizens can use their
engagement to ensure programme relevance and to drive the process from
the bottom up (Hawkins and Samuels, 2015).

Finally, the monitoring, evaluation and reporting phases allow
governments to understand the extent to which their policies were
successful, thereby helping to create new policies or redesign existing
activities. A key element is deciding on how best to involve citizens, such as
directly (for example through participation in review boards) or indirectly
(through surveys) (OECD, 2001). The SDGs will require significant
investment in statistical capacity, new types of data measurement and
reporting instruments and closer co-ordination between governments and
citizens to ensure data relevance. Collected data and monitoring instruments
should also be available for public access and to all stakeholders (SG Note,
2015). Along those lines, Mexico provides useful examples of how
countries’ monitoring and evaluation activities, application of open
government data and the SDG initiatives can be linked in a useful and
inventive way (See Box 8.4).

Box 8.4. How Mexico is using monitoring and evaluation and open
data tools to track the SDGs

In September 2015, Mexico announced the launch of its Sustainable
Development Data Tool (http://agenda2030.datos.gob.mx/), which serves as a
resource for the public to monitor and measure the country’s progress on
implementing the SDGs. This tool, developed jointly with the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) and the Mexican Agency for International
Development Cooperation (AMEXCID), encourages open data as a resource for
supporting the transparent implementation of the SDGs and allows the public to
view, explore and compare relevant indicators. The data is separated by goal and
indicator and is disaggregated by states. The portal also includes visual
representations of over 100 of the indicators (via maps, graphs, etc.).

This portal is linked to the national OGD portal managed by the Office of the
President (http://datos.gob.mx), which was created to ensure that open data can be
used as a collaborative mechanism to achieve priority development goals. While
this national OGD portal is not disaggregated by SDG goal or indicator, it
contains information from a wide range of national and local government sources.
This allows the public and civil society organisations to access, visualise,
download and reuse data on many of the topics covered under the UN Agenda
2030.

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Box 8.4. How Mexico is using monitoring and evaluation and open
data tools to track the SDGs (continued)

Additionally, as part of its effort to monitor its OGP commitments, Mexico
created an Open Government Dashboard to visualise the advances and
remaining challenges of each of the OGP National Action Plan commitments,
allow citizens to track the progress made on the open government commitments
and link to the government bodies in charge of the implementation. Mexico is
further refining the dashboard to align it with the SDGs, following the efforts of
the upcoming 2016-18 OGP National Action Plan to connect the country’s open
data initiatives with the SDGs. Together, these efforts are consistent with and
reinforce Mexico’s role as a founding member of the Global Partnership for
Sustainable Development Data, which aims to spur the use of open data as a
mechanism contributing to the achievement of the SDGs.

Sources: OECD (2016), Open Government Data Review of Mexico: Data Reuse for Public
Sector Impact and Innovation, OECD Digital Government Studies, OECD Publishing,
Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264259270-en ; Presidencia de la Republica (2015),
Data tool launched for sustainable development objectives, 2 December, www.gob.mx/

presidencia/articulos/data-tool-launched-for-sustainable-development-objectives?idiom=es.

In addition to monitoring and assessing specific policies or programmes,
evaluation can also support a country’s citizen engagement and social
accountability activities more widely. These activities seek to build
accountability through civic engagement, in which citizens and civil society
organisations participate directly or indirectly in promoting accountability.
The aim of such civic engagement activities is to stimulate demand from
citizens and put pressure on the state to meet their obligations to provide
quality services (Malena et al, 2004).

Examples from Indonesia

As evidenced by the public-sector reforms described throughout this
review, Indonesia has already made important progress in pursuing the kind
of initiatives necessary to realise the governance targets laid out in Goal 16
as well as support the process for inclusive design, implementation and
monitoring of all SDGs. Given that meeting these targets will also support
the country’s efforts to implement the universe of goals laid out in the 2030
Agenda by promoting transparent, accountable and inclusive government, it
is important to take stock of the ongoing initiatives that can help Indonesia
reach its targets. The following projects, initiatives and offices are already in
place in Indonesia and are well placed to exploit the synergies between open
government policies and SDGs:

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• The National SDG Secretariat: In 2016, and with support from UNDP,
the GOI established a national secretariat to co-ordinate the country’s
SDG implementation. The Secretariat is tasked with laying the
groundwork for the implementation and mainstreaming of the SDGs
into development planning at the national and subnational level. Similar
to the National Open Government Secretariat, Bappenas provides
general oversight of the SDG Secretariat, thereby facilitating the
linkages between the two secretariats. The SDG Secretariat is
professionally staffed and will collect best practices, facilitate
communications and provide government-wide support to help oversee,
facilitate, and monitor the implementation of the SDGs.

• The National Open Government Secretariat: The secretariat’s role in
formalising the government’s relationship with CSOs and in
co-ordinating open government horizontally across agencies and
vertically across levels of government provides a good example and
useful template for how the centre of government can reinforce
inclusivity and accountability. This office was established at the end of
2015, so it is too early to determine its effectiveness. Nevertheless, by
co-ordinating public policy, supporting open data and ICT platforms,
co-ordinating monitoring, evaluation and knowledge management, and
conducting public outreach and communication, the National Open
Government Secretariat is well placed to help Indonesia respond to the
SDG goals of developing effective institutions (Target 16.6) and
ensuring responsive, inclusive and participatory decision making (Target
16.7). Furthermore, taking advantage of the shared leadership structure
of the two secretariats under Bappenas will have additional positive
impacts across the 2030 Agenda goals.

• Integrity and anti-corruption framework: The legal framework on
anti-corruption and whistleblower protection, in combination with the
work of Indonesia’s oversight bodies (the Ombudsman, the Corruption
Eradication Commission, the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia,
and the Financial and Development Supervisory Agency, discussed in
Chapter 4) supports Targets 16.6, 16.7 and 16.10. While this review has
made recommendations for improving the country’s anti-corruption and
integrity framework, particularly regarding protecting whistleblowers
from retribution, the current framework will nevertheless help the
country meet the targets that seek to promote the rule of law
(Target 16.3) and to reduce corruption and bribery (Target 16.5). Open
government reforms and the SDGs will jointly help inform the country’s
efforts to build and support these offices.

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• Legal framework for citizen participation: The main law that
supports citizen participation is Law No. 25/2004 on National
Development Planning, which seeks to “optimise public participation
(Article 2),” and lays out the process by which the public can participate
in the creation of the country’s development plan. Law No. 25/2004 also
institutionalises the creation of multi-stakeholder consultation forums
called Musrenbang (see Chapter 3 for further discussion on the legal
foundation of citizen participation). As noted previously in the review,
the government and civil society organisations alike are focused on
expanding involvement in these fora and ensuring that issues advocated
for by the public are reflected in the country’s development plans more
consistently. The Musrenbang nonetheless provide an important formal
opportunity to involve the public in determining development priorities
and mainstreaming the SDGs into the development planning process,
which the government strove to accomplish during the creation of the
2015-19 National Medium-Term Development Plan. This is a critical
element to ensuring that the open government principles of engagement,
transparency and accountability – and the attendant role these principles
play in supporting the SDGs – are followed.

• Legal framework for transparency and access to information: As
noted in Chapter 3, the 1945 Constitution (Article 28F) broadly
acknowledges the right to information, as does Law No. 14/2008 on
Freedom of Information. This law also established the PPID, which is
responsible for storing, documenting and providing government
information to the public. Indonesia, via its legal framework and the
steady growth and expansion of the PPID offices, has already made
important progress in meeting Target 16.10, as well as the other targets
in which transparency is an overt consideration.

• Accountability mechanisms: One of the GOI’s primary means of
increasing citizen participation in overseeing public service provision is
the LAPOR tool, which serves as an online platform that provides a
complaint-handling service for the public (discussed in Chapter 3).
Furthermore, the country’s whistleblower protection legislation
(discussed in Chapter 4) broadly protects citizens who reveal
wrongdoing, although it is not without opportunities for improvement,
as noted above. As Indonesia continues to expand the reach and
effectiveness of these examples, the country will increasingly be able to
promote accountable, inclusive and transparent government, which
responds clearly to the implementation of the SDGs.

• Digital government and open data: As discussed in Chapter 5, in
addition to national online complaint-management systems, Indonesia

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has launched a number of digital government tools that will support a
wide range of SDGs. For example, through a technically advanced and
user-friendly central data portal, the central government is striving to
provide easy access to key datasets that will improve the transparency of
key public-sector activities. This tool is expected to improve the
understanding of the data in a context of limited data skills (Target 5.b,
Target 16.10). The government of the City of Jakarta has launched a
Smart City Portal that allows citizens to make public complaints, as well
as access public services and open data (Goal 11). In addition, the Pulse
Lab Jakarta Initiative provided real-time data to local governments and
has already shown its potential for public health benefits (Goal 3) and
for tracking commodity and food price trends (Target 2.c). The value of
open data portals can be enhanced through expanded public
collaboration and co-creation of data; Finland and France are examples
of OECD countries that have designed their national open data portals as
platforms for collaboration and data co-creation (see Box 8.5). Similarly
developing these tools in Indonesia will facilitate their public utility and
thus their ability to support a wide range of SDG priorities.

Box 8.5. Enabling central open data portals as collaboration and data
co-creation platforms: The cases of France and Finland

France

The French national open data portal (www.data.gouv.fr/fr) enables data
prosumers to contribute new datasets to the portal, publish and showcase
examples of open data reuse and to monitor the use of datasets. The French
government used the portal to launch the Base Adresse Nationale project, which
is a collaboration initiative aiming to crowdsource a national address database fed
by the data contributions from private, public and non-profit organisations.

Finland

In Finland, the national open data portal (www.avoindata.fi) has been enabled
as a platform where citizens can publish open data and interoperability tools (i.e.
guidelines to ease the interaction between datasets or platforms). As in France,
uploading data on the Finnish portal requires filling in an online form where users
provide a description concerning information on the data’s licensing model, data
validity timeframe, etc. Users can also browse the profiles of other users and
provides users with the possibility of subscribing to specific organisations in
order to receive updates on new datasets, comments, etc.

Source: OECD (2016), Open Government Data Review of Mexico: Data Reuse for Public
Sector Impact and Innovation, OECD Digital Government Studies, OECD Publishing,
Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264259270-en.

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Recommendations

Given the recent adoption of the SDGs, governments are still
determining how their current initiatives and priorities will fit with the
implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Nevertheless, the OECD sees a number
of steps the GOI can pursue to ensure that it takes full advantage of the link
between its open government agenda and the SDGs so that both priorities
are implemented as coherently, systematically and completely as possible.

• Continue to develop the links between open government reform
efforts and the design and implementation of the SDGs to help
ensure that the government’s open government agenda supports the
SDGs. This will include supporting institutional collaboration
between the National SDG Secretariat and National Open
Government Secretariat, as well as:

− Explicitly linking the OGP National Action Plan development
process with the design and implementation process for the
SDGs. This could include discussing the SDGs in the context of the
development of the OGP National Action Plans and linking each
objective with relevant SDG goals or targets. This will help ensure
coherence between the two initiatives and will facilitate joint
monitoring of the progress and results of the two processes.

− Promoting the use of open data for reporting on SDG
achievements (see, for example, Mexico’s open data portal
designed to track the SDGs). This would not only support the role of
CSOs as watchdogs, but it would foster the reuse of public-sector
information in a way that is specifically relevant for the
implementation of the SDGs.

− Developing a formal mechanism for capacity building and
sharing lessons to increase the staff that is knowledgeable of both
the SDGs and the country’s open government priorities.

− Increasing the involvement of citizens in the policy cycle of the
SDGs to ensure that the initiatives are inclusive and that they fully
reflect public needs. This could be achieved by ensuring that CSO
actors and government representatives familiar with the country’s
open government activities and OGP reporting cycles play a role in
the design of the national SDG strategy, as well as in the
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the activities.

• Leverage existing regional and international platforms and
networks for policy dialogue, such as the OECD Network on Open and
Innovative Government in Southeast Asia, to identify good practices
identify lessons from OECD and non-OECD members alike regarding

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how to link their open government agendas with their SDG
implementation activities.

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Annex 8A.1

SDG targets clearly informed and supported by open
government policies and principles

Goal Target
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms
everywhere. Target 1.4: By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in
particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security economic resources, as well as access to basic services,
and improved nutrition and promote ownership and control over land and other forms of property,
sustainable agriculture. inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and
financial services, including microfinance.
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable Target 1.b: Create sound policy frameworks at the national,
quality education and promote lifelong regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-
learning opportunities for all. sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and investment in poverty eradication actions.
empower all women and girls. Target 2.3: By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women,
management of water and sanitation for all. indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers,
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, including through secure and equal access to land, other
promote inclusive and sustainable productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services,
industrialisation and foster innovation. markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm
employment.
Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among Target 4.5: By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education
countries. and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational
training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities,
indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations.
Target 5.5: Ensure women’s full and effective participation and
equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making
in political, economic and public life.
Target 6.b: Support and strengthen the participation of local
communities in improving water and sanitation management.
Target 9.2: Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation.
Target 9.b: Support domestic technology development, research
and innovation in developing countries.
Target 9.c: Significantly increase access to information and
communications technology.
Target 10.2: Empower and promote the social, economic, and
political inclusion of all.
Target 10.4: Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social
protection policies, to progressively achieve greater equality.

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Goal Target
Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Target 11.3: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable
urbanisation and capacity for participatory, integrated and
Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption sustainable human settlement planning and management in all
and production patterns. countries.
Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat Target: 12.8: Ensure that people everywhere have the relevant
climate change and its impacts. information and awareness for sustainable development.
Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to
sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.
sustainably manage forests, combat Target 15.9: By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity
desertification, and halt and reverse land values into national and local planning, development processes,
degradation and halt biodiversity loss. poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Target 15.c: Enhance global support for efforts to combat
Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by
societies for sustainable development, increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue
provide access to justice for all and build sustainable livelihood opportunities
effective, accountable and inclusive Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent
institutions at all levels. institutions at all levels.
Target 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and
Goal 17: Strengthen the means of representative decision-making at all levels.
implementation and revitalise the global Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect
partnership for sustainable development. fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation
and international agreements.
Target 17.16: Enhance the global partnership for sustainable
development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships
that mobilise and share knowledge, expertise, technology and
financial resources, to support the achievement of the
sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular
developing countries
Target 17.17: Encourage and promote effective public, public-
private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience
and resourcing strategies of partnerships
Target 17.18: By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to
developing countries, including for least developed countries and
small island developing States, to increase significantly the
availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated
by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status,
disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant
in national contexts.

OPEN GOVERNMENT IN INDONESIA © OECD 2016

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OECD PUBLISHING, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16
(42 2016 40 1 P) ISBN 978-92-64-26589-9 – 2016

OECD Public Governance Reviews

Open Government in Indonesia

Contents
Assessment and recommendations
Chapter 1. Context and drivers of open government in Indonesia
Chapter 2. Steering and co-ordination of open government policies and practices
in Indonesia
Chapter 3. Citizen engagement in Indonesia
Chapter 4. From transparency and participation to integrity in Indonesia
Chapter 5. Digital government as an enabler for open government in Indonesia
Chapter 6. Open, transparent and inclusive budgeting in Indonesia
Chapter 7. Public-sector innovation in Indonesia
Chapter 8. Open government in Indonesia and the link with the UN Sustainable
Development Goals

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