200_Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Ed-690

Glossary G-8

endolymph (en′ dō-limf) [endo + G. lympha, epinephrine (ep′ i-nef′ rin) [epi + G. nephros, erythropoietin (ĕ-rith′ rō-poy′ ĕ-tin)
clear fluid or springwater]  Fluid inside the kidney]  Hormone similar in structure [erythrocyte + G. poiesis, a making] 
membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine; Protein hormone that stimulates red
major hormone released from the adrenal blood cell formation in red bone marrow.
endometrium (en′ dō-mē′ trē-ŭm) [endo + medulla; increases cardiac output and blood
G. me¯tra, uterus]  Mucous membrane that glucose levels. esophagus (ē-sof′ ă-gŭs) [G. oisophagos,
constitutes the inner layer of the uterine gullet] Part of the digestive tract between
wall; consists of a simple columnar epiphyseal line (ep-i-fiz′ ē-ăl)   Dense plate the pharynx and stomach.
epithelium and a lamina propria that of bone in a bone that is no longer
contains simple tubular uterine glands. growing, indicating the former site of estrogen (es′ trō-jen)  Steroid hormone secreted
the epiphyseal plate. primarily by the ovaries; involved in the
endomysium (en′ dō-mis′ ē-ŭm, en′ dō-miz′ ē- maintenance and development of female
ŭm,) [endo + G. mys, muscle]  epiphyseal plate  Site at which bone growth in reproductive organs, secondary sexual
Fine connective tissue sheath surrounding length occurs; located between the epiphysis characteristics, and the menstrual cycle.
a muscle fiber. and diaphysis of a long bone; area of
cartilage where cartilage growth is followed eustachian tube (ū-stā′ shŭn) See auditory tube.
endoplasmic reticulum (en′ dō-plas′ mik by ossification; also called the growth plate. exchange reaction  Combination of a
re-tik′ ū-lŭm) [endo + G. plastos, formed a
network]  Membranous network inside the epiphysis (e-pif′ -i-sis) [epi, upon + G. physis, decomposition reaction, in which
cytoplasm; rough endoplasmic reticulum growth]  End of a bone; separated from the molecules are broken down, and a synthesis
has ribosomes attached to the surface; remainder of the bone by the epiphyseal reaction, in which the products of the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not plate or epiphyseal line. decomposition reaction are combined to
have ribosomes attached. form new molecules.
epiploic appendage (ep′ i-plō′ ik)  One of exocrine (ek′ sō-krin) [G. exo-, outside +
endosteum (en-dos′ tē-ŭm) [endo + G. osteon, a number of little, fat-filled processes of krino, to separate]  Gland that secretes to
bone]  Membranous lining of the medullary peritoneum projecting from the serous coat a surface or outward through a duct.
cavity and the cavities of spongy bone. of the large intestine. exocytosis (ek′ sō-sı̄-to′ sis)  Elimination of
material from a cell through the formation
endothelium, pl. endothelia (en-dō-thē′ lē- episiotomy (e-piz-ē-ot′ ō-mē, e-pis-e-ot′ ō-mē) of vesicles.
ŭm) [G. endo + the¯le¯, nipple]  [pubic region + G. to¯me, incision]  Incision exophthalmia (ek-sof-thal′ mē-ă) [G. ex, cut
Layer of flat cells lining especially blood in the clinical perineum, sometimes + ophthalmos, eye]  Bulging of the eyes
and lymphatic vessels and the heart. performed during childbirth. that frequently accompanies Graves disease,
due to accumulation of a type of connective
enzyme (en′ zı̄m) [G. en, in + zyme, leaven] epithalamus (ep′ i-thal′ ă-mŭs) [G. epi, upon tissue behind the eye.
Protein molecule that increases the rate + thalamus]  Small dorsomedial area of the expiration (eks-pi-rā′ shŭn)  To breathe out; to
of a chemical reaction without being thalamus corresponding to the habenula and move air out of the lungs.
permanently altered; an organic catalyst. its associated structures, the stria medullaris extension [L. extensio] To stretch out, usually
of the thalamus, pineal gland, and habenular to straighten out a joint.
eosinophil (ē-ō-sin′ ō-fil) [eosin, an acidic dye commissure. extracellular (eks-tră-sel′ ū-lăr)  Outside of a
+ G. phileo, to love]  White blood cell with cell.
granules that stain red with acidic dyes; epithelial tissue (ep-i-thē′ lē-ăl)  One of the extracellular matrix (mā′ triks) Nonliving
inhibits inflammation. four major tissue types consisting of cells chemical substances located between cells;
with a basement membrane (exceptions often consists of protein fibers, ground
ependymal (ep-en′ di-măl)  Neuroglial cell are lymphatic vessels and liver sinusoids), substance, and fluid.
layer lining the ventricles of the brain. little extracellular material, and no blood extrinsic muscle (eks-trin′ sik)  Muscle located
vessels; covers the surfaces of the body and outside of the structure on which it acts.
epicardium (ep-i-kar′ dē-ŭm) [G. epi, upon + forms glands. extrinsic regulation  Regulation of the heart
kardia, heart]  Serous membrane covering that involves mechanisms outside the heart,
the surface of the heart; also called the epithelium (ep-i-thē′ lē-ŭm) [G. epi, upon including nervous and hormonal regulation.
visceral pericardium. + thele, covering or lining] pl. epithelia
(ep-i-thē′ lē-ă) See epithelial tissue. facet (fas′ et) [Fr., little face]  Small, smooth
epicondyle (ep′ i-kon′ dı̄l) [epi + G. kondyle, articular surface.
knuckle]  Projection on (usually to the side eponychium (ep-ō-nik′ ē-ŭm) [G. epi + onyx,
of) a condyle. nail]  Thin skin that attaches to the proximal facilitated diffusion (fă-sil′ i-tā-t ı̆d di-fū′ zhŭn)
part of the nail. Carrier-mediated process that does not
epidermis (ep-i-derm′ is) [epi + G. derma, require ATP and moves substances into
skin] Outer portion of the skin formed equilibrium (ē-kwi-lib′ rē-ŭm) [G. aequus, or out of cells from a higher to a lower
of epithelial tissue that rests on the equal + libra, a balance]  State created by concentration.
dermis; resists abrasion and forms a a chemical reaction proceeding in opposite
permeability barrier. directions (e.g., from reactants to products and fascia (fash′ ē-ă) [L., band or fillet]  Loose
from products to reactants) at equal speed. areolar connective tissue beneath the skin
epididymis (ep-i-did′ i-mis) [epi + G. didymos, (hypodermis), or dense connective tissue
twin]  Elongated structure connected to the erection (ē-rek′ shŭn)  Engorgement of erectile that encloses and separates muscles.
posterior surface of the testis; site of storage tissue with blood, such as in the erectile
and maturation of the sperm cells. tissues of the penis, causing the penis to fasciculus (fă-sik′ ū-lus) [L. fascis, bundle]
enlarge and become firm. Band or bundle of nerve or muscle fibers
epiglottis (ep-i-glot′ is) [epi + G. glottis, the bound together by connective tissue.
mouth of the windpipe] Plate of elastic erector spinae (ē-rek′ tōr spı̄′ nē) Common
cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, name of the muscle group of the back; holds fat  Greasy, soft-solid lipid found in animal
that serves as a valve over the opening of the back erect. tissues and many plants; composed of
the larynx during swallowing to prevent glycerol and fatty acids.
materials from entering the larynx. erythroblastosis fetalis (ĕ-rith′ rō-blas-tō′ sis
fē-tă′ lis) [erythroblast + G. -osis, condition]
epimysium (ep-i-mis′ ē-ŭm, ep-i-miz′ ē- See hemolytic disease of the newborn.
ŭm) [epi + G. mys, muscle]  Fibrous
connective tissue layer surrounding a erythrocyte (ĕ-rith′ rō-sı̄t) [G. erythro, red
skeletal muscle. + kytos, cell] See red blood cell.

G-9 Glossary

fatty acid  Straight chain of carbon atoms with fontanel (fon′ tă-nel′ ) [Fr., fountain]  One of gene  Sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is
a carboxyl group (−COOH) attached at one several membranous gaps between bones a chemical set of instructions for making a
end; a building block of fats. of the skull. specific protein.

feces (fē′ sēz)  Matter discharged from the foramen (fō-rā′ men)  Hole; referring to a hole genetics (jĕ-net′ iks)  Branch of science that
digestive tract during defecation, consisting or opening in a bone. deals with heredity.
of the undigested residue of food, epithelial
cells, intestinal mucus, bacteria, and waste foramen ovale (ō-val′ ē)  In the fetal heart, genotype (jen′ ō-tı̄p)  Genetic makeup of
material. the oval opening in the interatrial septum an individual.
with a valve that allows blood to flow from
fertilization (fer′ til-i-zā′ shŭn)  Union of the the right to the left atrium, but not in the GH See growth hormone.
sperm cell and oocyte to form a zygote. opposite direction; becomes the fossa ovalis
after birth. giantism (jı̄′ an-tizm)  Abnormal growth in
fetus (fē′ tŭs)  In prenatal development, the young people because of hypersecretion of
developing human between approximately formed element  Cell, such as a red blood cell growth hormone by the pituitary gland.
56 days and birth. or white blood cell, or cell fragments, such
as a platelet, in blood. gingiva (jin′ ji-vă)  Dense fibrous tissue,
fibrillation (fı̄-bri-lā′ shŭn, fib-r ı̆-lā′ shŭn)  covered by mucous membrane, that covers
Very rapid contraction of cardiac muscle fossa (fos′ ă)  Depression below the level of the alveolar processes of the upper and lower
fibers, but not of the muscle as a whole; the surface of a bone; usually longitudinal jaws and surrounds the necks of the teeth.
results in dramatically reduced pumping in shape.
action of the heart. girdle (ger′ dl)  Bony ring or belt that attaches
fovea centralis (fō′ vē-ă)  Depression in the a limb to the body, such as the pectoral
fibrin (fı̄′ brin) [L. fibra, fiber]  Threadlike center of the macula of the eye; has the (shoulder) and pelvic girdles.
protein fiber derived from fibrinogen by greatest visual acuity and only cones.
the action of thrombin; forms a clot— gland  Single cell or multicellular structure that
that is, a network of fibers that traps free energy  Total amount of energy that can secretes substances into the blood, into a
blood cells, platelets, and fluid—which be liberated by the complete catabolism cavity, or onto a surface.
stops bleeding. of food.
glia (glı̄′ ă) See neuroglia.
fibrinogen (fı̄-brin′ ō-jen) [L. fibra, fiber + frenulum (fren′ ū-lŭm) [L. frenum, bridle]  Fold glomerulus (glō-mār′ ū-lŭs) [L. glomus,
gen, produce]  Protein in plasma that gives extending from the floor of the mouth to the
rise to fibrin when acted on by thrombin to middle of the undersurface of the tongue. ball of yarn] Mass of capillary loops at
form a clot. the beginning of each nephron, nearly
frontal plane  Plane separating the body into surrounded by Bowman’s capsule.
fibrinolysis (fı̄-bri-nol′ i-sis) [L. fibra, fiber + anterior and posterior portions; also called glucagon (gloo′ kă-gon) [glucose + ago¯,
G. lysis, dissolution]  Breakdown of a clot a coronal plane. to lead]  Hormone secreted from the
by plasmin. pancreatic islets of the pancreas that acts
FSH See follicle-stimulating hormone. primarily on the liver to release glucose
fibroblast (fı̄′ brō-blast)  Cell in connective tissue full-thickness burn  Burn that destroys the into the circulatory system.
responsible for the production of collagen.
epidermis and the dermis and sometimes the glucocorticoid (gloo-kō-kōr′ ti-koyd)
filtration (fil-trā′ shŭn)  Movement, resulting underlying tissue; sometimes called a third- Hormone from the adrenal cortex capable
from a pressure difference, of a liquid degree burn. of increasing the rate at which lipids are
through a filter, which prevents some or all fundus (fŭn′ dŭs) [L., bottom]  Bottom, or broken down to fatty acids and proteins
of the substances in the liquid from passing. area farthest from the opening, of a hollow are broken down to amino acids; elevates
organ, such as the stomach or the uterus. blood glucose levels and acts as an anti-
filtration membrane  Membrane formed by inflammatory substance.
the glomerular capillary endothelium, the gamete (gam′ ēt) [G. gamete¯s, husband;
basement membrane, and the podocytes of gamete¯, wife]  Germ cell, such as an oocyte glycerol (glis′ er-ol)  Three-carbon molecule
Bowman’s capsule. or a sperm cell. with a hydroxyl group attached to each
carbon; a building block of fats.
fimbria (fim′ brē-ă), pl. fimbriae (fim′ brē-ē) gamma globulin (gam′ ă glob′ ū-lin) Family
Long, thin process that surrounds the of proteins found in plasma. glycogen (glı̄′ kō-jen)  Animal starch;
opening of the uterine tube. composed of many glucose molecules bound
ganglion (gang′ glē-on), pl. ganglia (gang′ glē-ă) together in chains that are highly branched;
first heart sound  Heart sound that results from [G., knot]  Group of neuron cell bodies in functions as a carbohydrate reserve; stores
the simultaneous closure of the tricuspid the peripheral nervous system. glucose molecules; in animal cells.
and bicuspid valves.
gap junction  Small channel that allows glycolysis (glı̄-kol′ i-sis) [G. glykys, sweet +
flagellum (flă-jel′ ŭm), pl. flagella (flă-jel′ ă) materials to pass from one cell to an lysis, a loosening]  Anaerobic process during
[L., whip]  Whiplike locomotor organelle adjacent cell; provides a means of which one glucose molecule is converted to
similar to cilia except longer, and there is intercellular communication. two pyruvic acid molecules; a net of two ATP
usually one per sperm cell. molecules is produced during glycolysis.
gastric gland (gas′ trik)  Gland within the
flexion (flek′ shŭn) [L. flectus]  To bend. stomach. glycoprotein (glı̄-kō-prō′ tēn) Organic
focal point  Point at which light rays cross molecule composed of a protein and a
gastric inhibitory polypeptide Hormone carbohydrate.
after passing through a concave lens. released from the duodenum; inhibits
gastric acid secretion. GnRH See gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
follicle-stimulating hormone (fol′ i-kl) (FSH)
Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland gastrin (gas′ trin)  Hormone secreted in the goblet cell  Epithelial cell that has the end of the
that, in the female, stimulates the follicles mucosa of the stomach and duodenum that cell at the free surface distended with mucin.
of the ovary, assists in maturation of the stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid by
follicle, and causes secretion of estrogen the gastric glands. goiter (goy′ ter) [L. guttur, throat] Enlargement
from the follicle; in the male, it stimulates of the thyroid gland, not due to a neoplasm,
the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules gastrointestinal tract (gas′ trō-in-tes′ tin-ăl) usually caused by a lack of iodine in the diet.
and is partially responsible for inducing Technically, only the stomach and intestines.
spermatogenesis. Often used as a synonym for digestive tract, Golgi apparatus (gol′ jē)  Named for
which extends from the mouth to the anus. Camillo Golgi, Italian histologist and
Nobel laureate, 1843–1926. Stacks of

Glossary G-10

flattened sacks, formed by membranes, heart transplant  Process of taking a healthy homeostasis (hō′ mē-ō-stā′ sis) [G. homoio,
that collect, modify, package, and heart from a recently deceased donor and like + stasis, a standing]  Existence and
distribute proteins and lipids. transplanting it into a recipient who has a maintenance of a relatively constant
gonad (gō′ nad)[L. gonē, seed] Organ that diseased heart. environment within the body with respect
produces gametes; a testis or an ovary. to functions and the composition of fluids
gonadotropin (gō′ nad-ō-trō′ pin) [gone,̄ seed hematocrit (hē′ mă-tō-krit, hem′ a-tō-krit) and tissues.
+ trope, a turning]  Hormone capable of [G. hemato, blood + krino, to separate]
promoting gonadal growth and function; two Percentage of total blood volume composed homeotherm (hō′ mē-ō-therm) [G. homoiois,
major gonadotropins are luteinizing hormone of red blood cells. like + thermos, warm]  Any animal,
(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). including mammals and birds, that tends
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)  hematopoiesis (hē′ mă-tō-poy-ē′ sis) to maintain a constant body temperature;
Hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the [G. hemato, blood + poiesis, a making] also referred to as warm-blooded.
secretion of LH and FSH from the anterior Production of blood cells.
pituitary gland. homozygous (hō-mō-zı̄′ gŭs)  Having two
granulation tissue (gran′ ū-lā′ shŭn) Vascular hemidesmosome (hem-ē-des′ mō-sōm) identical genes for a given trait.
connective tissue formed in wounds. [G. hemi, one half]  Half desmosome that
granulocyte (gran′ ū-lō-sı̄t) [granular + occurs on the basal surface epithelial cells hormone (hōr′ mōn) [G. hormon, to set into
G. kytos, cell]  White blood cell named that rest on the basement membrane. motion]  Substance secreted by endocrine
according to the appearance, in stained tissues into the blood that acts on a target
preparations, of large cytoplasmic granules; hemoglobin (hē-mō-glō′ bin) [G. hemato, tissue to produce a specific response.
neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. blood + glob, a ball]  Red protein of red
Graves disease  Type of hyperthyroidism blood cells consisting of four globin proteins human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 
resulting from abnormal proteins produced by with an iron-containing red pigment, heme, (kō-rē-on′ ik gō′ nad-ō-trō′ pin) Hormone,
the immune system that are similar in structure bound to each globin protein; transports similar to LH, secreted from the placenta
and function to thyroid-stimulating hormone; oxygen and carbon dioxide. and essential for the maintenance of
often accompanied by exophthalmia. pregnancy for the first 3 months; prevents
growth hormone (GH)  Protein hormone hemolysis (hē-mol′ i-sis) [G. hemo, blood + the corpus luteum from degenerating.
of the anterior pituitary gland; it promotes lysis, destruction]  Rupture of red blood cells.
body growth, increases fat mobilization, humerus (hū′ mer-ŭs) [L., shoulder]  Bone of
and increases blood glucose levels because hemolytic (hē-mō-lit′ ik) disease of the the arm.
it inhibits glucose utilization. newborn (HDN)  Destruction of red blood
gynecomastia (gı̄′ nĕ-kō-mas′ tē-ă) Enlarged cells in the fetus or newborn, caused by humoral immunity (hū′ -mōr-ăl i-mū′ ni-tē) See
breasts in males. antibodies produced in the Rh-negative antibody-mediated immunity.
gyrus (jı̄′ rŭs) [L. gyros, circle]  Rounded mother acting on the Rh-positive blood of
elevation or fold on the surface of the brain. the fetus or newborn. hydrogen bond (hı̄′ drō-jen)  Weak attraction
between the oppositely charged ends of
hair  Threadlike outgrowth of the skin, hemorrhage (hem′ ŏ-rij) [G. haima, blood + two polar covalent molecules; the weak
consisting of columns of dead, keratinized rhegnymi, to burst forth]  Rupture or leaking attraction between the end of a polar
epithelial cells. of blood from vessels. covalent molecule and an ion.

hair cell  Cell of the inner ear containing hepatic (he-pat′ ik) [G. hepar, liver]  hydrophilic (hı̄-drō-fil′ ik) [G. hydro, water
hairlike processes (microvilli) that respond Associated with the liver. + philos, fond or loving]  Attracting or
to bending of the hairs by depolarization. associating with water molecules; tending to
hepatic portal system [L. porta, gate]  dissolve or associate with water molecules;
hamstring muscle  One of the three major Blood flow through the veins that begin tending to dissolve in water; polar.
muscles of the posterior thigh. as capillary beds in the small intestine,
spleen, pancreas, and stomach and carry hydrophobic (hı̄-drō-fōb′ ik) [G. hydro,
haploid (hap′ loyd)  Condition in which a cell blood to the liver, where they end as a water + phobos, fear]  Lacking affinity
has 1 copy of each autosome and 1 sex capillary bed. for water molecules; tending not to dissolve
chromosome (23 total chromosomes in in water; nonpolar.
humans); characteristic of gametes. hepatic portal vein  Vein that carries blood
from the intestines, stomach, spleen, and hydroxyapatite (hı̄-drok′ sē-ap-ă-tı̄t) Complex
haustra (haw′ stră)  Sacs of the colon, formed pancreas to the liver. crystal structure that makes up the mineral
by the teniae coli, which are slightly shorter portion of bones and teeth.
than the gut, so that the gut forms pouches. Hering-Breuer reflex  Named for German
physiologist Heinrich E. Hering (1866–1948) hymen (hı̄′ men) [G. hymen, membrane] 
haversian canal (ha-ver′ shan)  Named for and Austrian internist Josef Breuer (1842– Thin, membranous fold highly variable
seventeenth-century English anatomist 1925). Process in which action potentials in appearance; partly occludes the opening
Clopton Havers (1650–1702). See from stretch receptors in the lungs arrest of the vagina prior to its rupture; may
central canal. inspiration; expiration then occurs. occur for a variety of reasons and is
frequently absent.
haversian system See osteon. heterozygous (het′ er-ō-zı̄′ gŭs)  Having two
hCG See human chorionic gonadotropin. different genes for a given trait. hyoid (hı̄′ oyd)  [G., shaped like the letter
heart-lung machine  Machine that pumps epsilon, ɛ] U-shaped bone in the throat.
hilum (hı̄′ lŭm) [L., a small amount or trifle]
blood and carries out the process of gas Part of an organ where the nerves and hypercapnia (hı̄-per-kap′ nē-ă) [hyper + G.
exchange; it substitutes for the heart and vessels enter and leave. kapnos, smoke, vapor]  Abnormally increased
lungs during heart surgery. arterial carbon dioxide tension or levels.
heart rate  Number of complete cardiac cycles histology (his-tol′ ō-jē) [G. histo, web (tissue)
(heartbeats) per minute. + logos, study]  Science that deals with hyperpolarize (hı̄′ per-pō′ lăr-ı̄z) [G. hyper, above
the structure of cells, tissues, and organs in + polaris, polar]  To increase polarization
relation to their function. of membranes of nerve or muscle cells.

holocrine (hol′ ō-krin) [G. holo, whale + hypertension (hı̄′ per-ten′ shŭn) [G. hyper,
krino, to separate]  Gland whose secretion above + tensio, tension]  High blood
consists of disintegrated cells of the gland; pressure; generally, blood pressure greater
an example is a sebaceous gland. than 140/90 is considered too high.

G-11 Glossary

hyperthyroidism (hı̄-per-thı̄′ royd-izm) incompetent valve  Leaky valve; usually refers intercostal muscle (in-ter-kos′ tăl) Muscle
Abnormality of the thyroid gland in which to a heart valve that allows blood to flow located between ribs.
thyroid hormone secretion is increased. through it when it is closed.
interferon (in-ter-fēr′ on)  Protein released by
hypertonic (hı̄-per-ton′ ik) [G. hyper, above incus (ing′ kus) [L., anvil]  Middle bone of the virally infected cells that binds to other cells
+ tonos, tension]  Solution that causes cells middle ear; the anvil. and stimulates them to produce antiviral
to shrink. proteins that inhibit viral replication.
infarct (in′ farkt)  Area of necrosis resulting from
hypodermis (hı̄-pō-der′ mis) [G. hypo, under + a sudden insufficiency of arterial blood supply. interkinesis (in′ ter-ki-nē′ sis)  Short time period
dermis, skin]  Loose connective tissue under between the formation of the daughter cells
the dermis that attaches the skin to muscle inferior (in-fē′ rē-ōr) [L., lower]  Down, or lower, of the first meiotic division and the second
and bone. with reference to the anatomical position. meiotic division.

hypophysis (hı̄-pof′ i-sis) [hypo + G., an inferior vena cava (vē′ nă kā′ vă) Receives interstitial cell (in-ter-stish′ ăl)  Cell between
undergrowth or growth]  Endocrine blood from the lower limbs, pelvis, and the seminiferous tubules of the testes;
gland attached to the hypothalamus by abdominal organs and empties into the secretes testosterone; also called Leydig cell.
the infundibulum; the pituitary gland. right atrium of the heart.
interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (ICSH) 
hypothalamic-pituitary portal system  inflammatory (in-flam′ ă-tōr-ē)  response Luteinizing hormone in males. Hormone of
(hı̄′ pō-thal′ ă-m ı̆k-pi-too′ i-tār-ē) Series Complex sequence of events, involving the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates
of blood vessels that carry blood from chemicals and immune system cells, that the secretion of testosterone in the testes.
the area of the hypothalamus to the results in the isolation and destruction See luteinizing hormone.
anterior pituitary gland; originates from of foreign substances, such as bacteria;
capillary beds in the hypothalamus and symptoms include redness, heat, swelling, interventricular septum (in-ter-ven-trik′ ū-
terminates as a capillary bed in the anterior pain, and disturbance of function. lăr)  Cardiac muscle partition separating
pituitary gland. the right and left ventricles.
infundibulum (in-fŭn-dib′ ū-lŭm) [L., a
hypothalamus (hı̄′ pō-thal′ ă-mŭs) [hypo + funnel]  Funnel-shaped structure or intestinal glands (in-tes′ ti-năl) Tubular
G. thalamos, bedroom]  Important passage—for example, the infundibulum glands in the mucous membrane of the
autonomical and endocrine control center in that attaches the pituitary gland to the small intestine.
the brain located beneath the thalamus. hypothalamus; funnel-like expansion of
the uterine tube near the ovary. intracellular  (in-tră-sel′ ū-lăr)  Inside a cell.
hypothyroidism (hı̄′ pō-thı̄′ royd-izm)  intramembranous ossification (in′ tră-
Reduced secretion of thyroid hormones inguinal canal (ing′ gwi-năl)    Passageway
from the thyroid gland, leading to cretinism through which a testis passes as it descends mem′ brā-nŭs os′ i-fi-kā′ shŭn) Bone
in infants and symptoms of inadequate from the abdominopelvic cavity to the scrotum. formation within connective tissue
thyroid hormone secretion in adults. membranes.
inguinal hernia (her′ nē-ă)  Rupture that
hypotonic (hı̄-pō-ton′ ik) [hypo, under + allows the potential protrusion of abdominal intramural plexus (in′ tră-mū′ răl plek′ sŭs)
G. tonos, tension or tone]  Solution that organs, such as the small intestine, through [L., within the wall]  Nerve plexus within
causes cells to swell. the inguinal canal. the walls of the digestive tract; involved in
local and autonomic control of digestion.
hypoxia (hı̄-pok′ sē-ă) [hypo + oxygen] Below- innate immunity (i′ nāt, i-nāt′ )  Immune system
normal levels of oxygen in arterial blood. response that is the same on each exposure to intrinsic factor (in-trin′ sik)  Factor secreted by
an antigen; there is no ability to remember a the gastric glands and required for adequate
ICSH See interstitial cell–stimulating hormone. previous exposure to a specific antigen. absorption of vitamin B12.
Ig See immunoglobulin.
ileocecal junction (il′ ē-ō-se′ kăl) Junction inner cell mass  Group of cells at one end of the intrinsic muscle  Muscle located within the
blastocyst from which the embryo develops. structure on which it acts.
of the ileum of the small intestine and the
cecum of the large intestine. inorganic (in-ōr-gan′ ik)  Molecules that do not ion (ı̄′ on)  Atom or group of atoms carrying an
ileum (il′ ē-ŭm) [L. eileo, to roll up, twist] contain carbon atoms; originally defined electrical charge because of a loss or gain of
Third portion of the small intestine, about as molecules that came from nonliving one or more electrons.
3.5 meters in length; extends from the sources; the original definition is no
jejunum to the ileocecal opening. longer valid because carbon dioxide ionic bond (ı̄-on′ ik)  Chemical bond resulting
ilium (il′ ē-ŭm)  Broad, flaring portion of the produced by living organisms is considered from the attraction between ions of opposite
hipbone; becomes fused with the ischium an inorganic molecule. charge.
and pubis.
immunity (i-mū′ ni-tē)  Ability to resist insertion (in-ser′ shŭn)  The more movable iris (ı̄′ ris)  Specialized part of the vascular
damage from foreign substances, such as attachment point of a muscle. tunic of the eye; the “colored” part of the
microorganisms, and harmful chemicals, eye that can be seen through the cornea;
such as toxins released by microorganisms. inspiration (in-spi-rā′ shŭn)  To breathe in; consists of smooth muscles that regulate
immunoglobulin (im′ ū-nō-glob-ū-lin)  (Ig) to move air into the lungs, or inhale. the amount of light entering the eye.
Antibodies.
implantation (im-plan-tā′ shŭn) Attachment insulin (in′ sŭ-lin)  Protein hormone, secreted isometric contraction (ı̄-sō-met′ rik) Muscle
of the blastocyst to the endometrium of from the pancreas, that increases the uptake contraction in which the length of the
the uterus; occurring 6 or 7 days after of glucose and amino acids by most tissues. muscle does not change but the amount of
fertilization of the oocyte. tension increases.
impotence (im′ pŏ-tens)  Inability of the male interatrial septum (in-ter-ā′ trē-ăl) Cardiac
to achieve or maintain an erection and thus muscle partition separating the right and isotonic (ı̄′ sō-ton′ ik) [G. iso, equal + tonos,
engage in sexual intercourse. left atria. tension]  Solution that causes cells to
neither shrink nor swell.
intercalated disk (in-ter′ kă-lā-ted) [inserted
between] Connection between cardiac isotonic contraction  Muscle contraction in
muscle cells; important in coordinating which the amount of tension is constant and
the contractions of cardiac muscle cells; the muscle shortens.
contains gap junctions that allow action
potentials to pass from one cardiac muscle isotope (ı̄′ sō-tōp) [G. isos, equal + topos,
cell to adjacent cardiac muscle cells. part]  One of two or more elements that have
the same number of protons and electrons
but a different number of neutrons.

Glossary G-12

jaundice (jawn′ dis) [Fr. jaune, yellow] Yellowish lamina propria (prō′ prē-ă)  Layer of local inflammation  Inflammation confined
staining of the skin, sclerae, and deeper tissues connective tissue underlying the epithelium to a specific area of the body; symptoms
and excretions with bile pigments. of a mucous membrane. include redness, heat, swelling, pain, and
loss of function.
jejunum (jĕ-joo′ nŭm) [L. jejunus, empty] lanugo (lă-noo′ gō) [L. lana, wool]  Fine, soft
Portion of the small intestine, about fetal or embryonic hair. longitudinal section  Cut made through the
2.5 meters in length, between the duodenum long axis of an organ.
and the ileum. laryngitis (lar-in-jı̄′ tis)  Inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the larynx. loop of Henle  U-shaped part of the nephron
juxtaglomerular apparatus (jŭks′ tă-glŏ- extending from the proximal to the distal
mer′ ū-lăr) [L. juxta, close to + glomerulus] laryngopharynx (lă-ring′ gō-far-ingks) Part convoluted tubule and consisting of
Specialized wall of the distal convoluted tubule of the pharynx lying below the tip of the descending and ascending limbs; many
and afferent arteriole that secretes renin. epiglottis extending to the level of the of the loops of Henle extend into the
cricoid cartilage of the larynx. renal pyramids.
keratin (ker′ ă-tin)  Protein that accumulates in
cells of nails, hair, and the superficial layers larynx (lar′ ingks)  Organ of voice production lordosis (lōr-dō′ sis) [G., a bending backward;
of the epidermis of the skin. located between the pharynx and the swayback]  Abnormal anterior curvature
trachea; it consists of a framework of of the spine, usually in the lumbar region;
keratinization (ker′ ă-tin-i-zā′ shŭn) Production cartilages and elastic membranes housing saddle back or swayback.
of keratin and changes in the structure and the vocal folds (true vocal cords) and
shape of epithelial cells as they move to the the muscles that control the position and lower motor neuron  Motor neuron located in
skin surface. tension of these elements. the brainstem or spinal cord, as opposed to
the cerebral cortex.
kinetic (ki-net′ ik) [G. kinetikos, of motion] lateral [L. latus, side] Away from the middle
Relating to motion or movement. or midline of the body. lumbosacral plexus (lŭm′ bō-sā′ krăl)
[L. lumbus, loin + sacrum, sacred]  Nerve
Korotkoff sound (kō-rot′ kof)  Named for lateral horn  Small, lateral extension of spinal plexus that innervates the lower limbs;
Russian physician Nikolai Korotkoff cord gray matter; located only in spinal cord originates from spinal nerves L1–S4.
(1874–1920). Sound heard over an artery regions T1–L2; containing preganglionic
when blood pressure is determined by the sympathetic neuron cell bodies. lunula (loo′ noo-lă) [L. luna, moon]  White,
auscultatory method. crescent-shaped portion of the nail matrix
lens  Biconvex structure in the anterior part visible through the proximal end of the nail.
kyphosis (kı̄-fō′ sis) [G., humpback]  Abnormal of the eye capable of being flattened or
posterior curvature, or flexion, of the spine. thickened to adjust the focus of light luteinizing hormone (LH) (loo′ tē- ı̆-nı̄z-ing)
entering the eye. Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland
labia majora (lā′ bē-a)  Two rounded folds of skin that, in the female, initiates final maturation
surrounding the labia minora and vestibule. leukemia (loo-kē′ mē-ă) [G. leukos, white of the follicles, their rupture to release the
+ haima, blood]  Tumor of the red bone oocyte, the conversion of the ruptured follicle
labia minora  Two narrow, longitudinal folds marrow that results in the production of into the corpus luteum, and the secretion of
of mucous membrane enclosed by the large numbers of abnormal white blood progesterone; in the male, it stimulates the
labia majora; they unite anteriorly to form cells; often accompanied by decreased secretion of testosterone in the testes and
the prepuce. production of red blood cells and platelets. is sometimes referred to as interstitial cell–
stimulating hormone (ICSH).
labyrinth (lab′ i-rinth)  Series of membranous leukocyte (loo′ kō-sı̄t) [G. leukos, white +
and bony tunnels in the temporal bone; kytos, cell]  See white blood cell. lymph  (limf) [L. lympha, clear spring water]
the part of the inner ear involved in hearing Clear or yellowish fluid derived from
and balance. leukocytosis (loo′ kō-sı̄-tō′ sis) [leukocyte + interstitial fluid and found in lymphatic
G. -osis, a condition]  Higher than normal vessels.
lacrimal (lak′ ri-măl) [L., a tear]  Relating to number of white blood cells.
tears or tear production. lymph node  Encapsulated mass of lymphatic
leukopenia (loo-kō-pē′ nē-ă) [leukocyte + tissue found along lymphatic vessels; filters
lactation (lak′ tā′ shŭn) [L. lactatio, suckle] G. penia, poverty]  Lower than normal lymph and produces lymphocytes.
Period following childbirth during which number of white blood cells.
milk is formed in the breasts. lymphocyte (lim′ fō-sı̄t) [L. lympho, lymph
Leydig cell (lı̄′ dig)  Named for German + G. kytos, cell]  Nongranulocytic white
lacteal (lak′ tē-ăl) [relating to milk]  anatomist Franz von Leydig (1821–1908). blood cell involved in the immune system;
Lymphatic vessel in the wall of the small See interstitial cell. there are several types of lymphocytes
intestine that carries chyle from the intestine with diverse functions, including antibody
and absorbs fat. LH See luteinizing hormone. production, allergic reactions, graft
rejections, tumor control, and regulation
lactic acid (lak′ tik)  Three-carbon molecule ligament (lig′ ă-ment)  Tough connective tissue of the immune system.
derived from pyruvic acid as a product of band usually connecting bone to bone.
anaerobic respiration. lymphokine (lim′ fō-kı̄n)  Class of chemicals,
ligand (lig′ and, lı̄′ gand) [L. ligo, to bind] produced by T cells, that activate
lacuna (lă-koo′ nă), pl. lacunae (lă-koo′ nē) Molecule that binds to a macromolecule— macrophages and other immune cells;
[L., a pit]  Small space, cavity, or depression; for example, a ligand binding to a receptor. promote phagocytosis and inflammation.
a space in cartilage in which a chondrocyte
is located; a space in bone matrix in which limbic system (lim′ bik) [L. limbus, a border lymphoma (lim-fō′ mă)  Neoplasm (tumor)
an osteocyte is located; a cavity containing or boundary]  Primitive part of the brain of lymphatic tissue that is almost always
maternal blood in the placenta. involved in visceral and emotional response malignant.
and in the response to odor.
lamella (lă-mel′ ă), pl. lamellae (lă-mel′ ē) lysis (lı̄′ sis)  [G., dissolution or loosening]
[L. lamina, plate, leaf]  Thin sheet or layer linea alba (lin′ ē-ă al′ bă)  White line in the Rupturing or breaking of a cell membrane.
of bone. center of the abdomen where muscles of
the abdominal wall insert. lysosome (lı̄′ sō-sōm) [G. lysis, a loosening
lamina (lam′ i-nă), pl. laminae (lam′ i-nē) + soma, body]  Membrane-bound vesicle
[L. lamina, plate, leaf]  Layer; a portion of lipase (lip′ ās)  Enzyme that breaks down lipids. containing intracellular digestive enzymes.
the vertebra that extends from the transverse lipid (lip′ ı̆d) [G. lipos, fat]  Substance
process to the spinous process.
composed principally of carbon, oxygen,
and hydrogen; generally soluble in nonpolar
solvents; fats and cholesterol.

G-13 Glossary

macrophage (mak′ rō-fāj) [G. makros, large megakaryocyte (meg-ă-kar′ ē-ō-sı̄t)  Large cell an example is water-producing sweat
+ phago, to eat]  Large mononuclear, in red bone marrow that gives rise to platelets. glands; see apocrine and holocrine.
phagocytic cell.
meiosis (mı̄-ō′ sis) [G., a lessening]  Process mesentery (mes′ en-ter-ē) [G. mesos, middle
macula (mak′ ū-lă) [L., a spot]  One of the of cell division that results in gametes. + enteron, intestine]  Double layer of
sensory structures in the vestibule, consisting Consists of two cell divisions that result in peritoneum extending from the abdominal
of hair cells and a gelatinous mass embedded four cells, each of which contains half the wall to the abdominopelvic organs;
with otoliths; responds to gravity. Also a small number of chromosomes as the parent cell; conveys blood vessels and nerves to
yellow spot in the posterior retina of the eye occur in the testes and ovaries. abdominopelvic organs; holds and
where the cones are concentrated; has no red supports abdominopelvic organs.
tint because it is devoid of blood vessels. melanin (mel′ ă-nin) [G. melas, black]  Brown
to black pigment responsible for skin and mesoderm (mez′ ō-derm)  Middle of the
malignant (mă-lig′ nănt) [L. maligno, to do hair color. three germ layers of the embryo.
anything malicious, with malice or intent
to do harm] In reference to a neoplasm, the melanocyte (mel′ ă-nō-sı̄t) [G. melas, black mesovarium (mez′ ō-vā′ rē-ŭm)  Mesentery of
property of spreading locally and to distant + kytos, cell]  Cells, found mainly in the the ovary; mesentery that attaches the ovary
sites. stratum basale of skin, that produce the to the posterior surface of the broad ligament.
brown or black pigment melanin.
malleus (mal′ ē-ŭs) [L., hammer]  Most lateral metabolic rate  Total amount of energy produced
of the middle ear bones, attached to the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)  and used by the body per unit of time.
tympanic membrane; the hammer. (mel′ ă-nō-sı̄t) [G. melas, black + kytos,
cell]  Peptide hormone secreted by the metabolism (mĕ-tab′ ō-lizm) [G. metabole,
mamma (mam′ ă) pl. mammae (mam′ ē)  anterior pituitary gland; increases melanin change]  Sum of the chemical changes that
See mammary gland. production by melanocytes, making the occur in tissues, consisting of the breakdown
skin darker in color. of molecules (catabolism) to produce energy
mammary gland  (mam′ ă-rē)  Organ of milk and the buildup of molecules (anabolism),
secretion, located in the breast, or mamma. melanoma (mel′ ă-nō′ mă) [G. melas, black + which requires energy.
oma, tumor]  Malignant tumor derived from
mastication (mas-ti-kā′ shŭn) [L. mastico, to melanocytes. metaphase (met′ ă-fāz) [G. meta, after
chew] Chewing. + phasis, an appearance]  Stage of mitosis or
melanosome (mel′ ă-nō′ sōm) [G. melano, meiosis in which the chromosomes become
mastoid (mas′ toyd) [mastos, breast + eidos, black + soma, body]  Pigment granule aligned near the center of the cell, at the
resemblance]  Resembling a breast—for produced by melanocytes. equatorial plane, separating the centromeres,
example, the mastoid process of the or chromosome pairs (see also meiosis). The
temporal bone. melatonin (mel-ă-tōn′ in) Hormone centromeres of each chromosome divide,
secreted by the pineal gland; may inhibit and the two daughter chromosomes are
matrix (mā′ triks)  Substance between the cells gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion directed toward opposite poles of the cell.
of a tissue. from the hypothalamus.
metastasis (mĕ-tas′ tă-sis)  Shifting of a disease
matter  Anything that occupies space. membranous labyrinth (mem′ bră-nŭs or a neoplasm from one part of the body to
lab′ i-rinth)  Membrane-bound set of tunnels another remote from the original location.
mean arterial blood pressure  Average of the and chambers of the inner ear.
arterial blood pressure; it is slightly less micelle (mi-sel′ , mı̄-sel′ ) [L. micella, small
than the average of the systolic and diastolic memory cell  Lymphocyte derived from a morsel]  Droplet of digested lipid surrounded
blood pressure because diastole lasts longer B cell or T cell that has been exposed to an by bile salts in the small intestine.
than systole. antigen; when exposed to the same antigen
a second time, the memory cell rapidly microglia (mı̄-krog′ lē-ă) [G. micro, small
meatus (mē-ā′ tŭs) [L., to go, pass]  responds to provide immunity. + glia, glue]  Small neuroglial cells
Passageway or tunnel. that become phagocytic and mobile in
menarche (me-nar′ kē) [G. me¯n, month + arche¯, response to inflammation; considered to be
meconium (mē-kō′ nē-ŭm) [L. mek̄ o¯n, poppy] beginning]  First menstrual period or flow. macrophages of the central nervous system.
Greenish anal discharge from the fetus;
consists of fluid swallowed, epithelial cells meninges (mĕ-nin′ jēz) [G. meninx, membrane]  microtubule (mı̄-krō-too′ būl)  Hollow tube
from the mucosa of the gut, mucus from the Series of three connective tissue membranes: composed of tubulin; microtubules help
intestinal glands, and bile from the liver. the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia support the cytoplasm of the cell and are
mater; they surround and protect the brain components of certain cell organelles, such
medial (mē′ dē-ăl) [L. medialis, middle] and spinal cord. as cilia and flagella.
Toward the middle or midline of the body.
menopause (men′ ō-pawz) [L. me¯n, month + microvillus (mı̄′ krō-vil′ ŭs), pl. microvilli
mediastinum (me′ dē-as-tı̄′ nŭm) [L., middle pausis, cessation]  Permanent cessation of (mı̄′ krō-vil′ ı̄)  One of the minute projections
septum or wall]  Middle wall of the thorax, the menstrual cycle. of the cell membrane that greatly increase
consisting of the trachea, esophagus, the surface area of the cell membrane.
thymus, heart, and other structures. menses (men′ sēz) [L. mensis, month]  Loss
of blood and tissue as the endometrium micturition reflex (mik-choo-rish′ ŭn)
medulla (me-dool′ ă) [L. medius, middle, of the uterus sloughs away at the end of Contraction of the urinary bladder stimulated
marrow]  Center, or core, of an organ, such the menstrual cycle; occurring at about by stretching of the urinary bladder wall; it
as the adrenal gland, kidney, or hair. 28-day intervals in the nonpregnant female results in emptying of the urinary bladder.
of reproductive age.
medulla oblongata (ob-long-gah′ tă) Inferior midbrain  Superior end of the brainstem;
portion of the brainstem that connects the menstrual cycle (men′ stroo-ăl)  Series of located between the pons and diencephalon;
spinal cord with the brain; contains nuclei of changes that occur in sexually mature, contains fibers crossing from the brain to
cranial nerves plus autonomic control centers nonpregnant females and result in menses; the spinal cord and vice versa, as well as
for heart rate, respiration, and so forth. specifically includes the cyclical changes that nuclei and visual reflex centers.
occur in the uterus and ovary.
medullary cavity (med′ ŭl-er-ē)  Large, marrow- midsagittal (mid′ saj′ i-tăl)  Plane running
filled cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone. merocrine (mer′ ō-krin) [G. meros, part + vertically through the body and dividing it
krino, to separate]  Gland that secretes into equal right and left parts.
medullary respiratory center (res′ pi-ră-tōr-ē, products with no loss of cellular material;
rĕ-spı̄r′ ă-tōr-ē)  Nerve cells in the medulla
oblongata and pons of the brain that control
inspiration and expiration.

Glossary G-14

mineral (min′ er-ăl)  Inorganic nutrient mucous membrane (mū′ kŭs)  Thin sheet nasolacrimal duct (nā-zō-lak′ ri-măl) [L. nasus,
necessary for normal metabolic functions. consisting of epithelium and connective nose + lacrima, tear]  Duct that leads from
tissue that lines cavities opening to the the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity.
mineralocorticoid (min′ er-al-ō-kōr′ ti-koyd)  outside of the body; many contain mucous
Steroid hormone released from the adrenal glands, which secrete mucus. nasopharynx (nā′ zō-far′ ingks)  Part of the
cortex; acts on the kidney to increase the pharynx that lies above the soft palate;
rate of sodium ion reabsorption from the mucus (mū′ kŭs)  Viscous secretion produced anteriorly, it opens into the nasal cavity.
nephron and potassium and hydrogen ion by and covering mucous membranes;
secretion into the nephron of the kidney; an lubricates and protects the mucous negative feedback  Mechanism by which
example is aldosterone. membrane and traps foreign substances. any deviation from an ideal normal value
or set point is resisted or negated; returns a
mitochondrion (mı̄-tō-kon′ drē-on), pl. murmur (mer′ mer)  Abnormal sound produced parameter to its normal range and thereby
mitochondria (mı̄-tō-kon′ drē-ă) [G. mitos, within the heart. maintains homeostasis.
thread + chandros, granule]  Small,
spherical, rod-shaped or thin filamentous muscle fiber (mŭs′ ĕl)  Muscle cell. neonate (nē′ ō-nāt) [G. neos, new + L. natalis,
structure in the cytoplasm that is a major muscle tissue  One of the four major tissue types; relating to birth]  Newborn, from birth to
site of ATP production. 1 month.
consists of cells with the ability to contract;
mitosis (mı̄-tō′ sis) [G., thread]  Division of the includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. neoplasm (nē′ ō-plazm) [neo + G. plasma,
nucleus. Process of cell division that results muscle twitch  Contraction of an entire muscle thing formed]  New growth; an abnormal
in two daughter cells with exactly the same in response to a stimulus that causes an tissue that grows by cellular proliferation;
number and type of chromosomes as the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. may be benign or malignant.
parent cell. muscularis (mŭs-kū-lā′ ris) Outermost,
smooth muscle coat of a hollow organ. nephron (nef′ ron) [G. nephros, kidney]
mitral valve (mı̄′ trăl) [resembling a bishop’s muscularis mucosa  Inner, thin layer of Functional unit of the kidney, consisting of
miter, a two-pointed hat]  See bicuspid valve. smooth muscle found in most parts of the the renal corpuscle, the proximal convoluted
digestive tract outside the lamina propria. tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal
molecule (mol′ ĕ-kūl)  Two or more atoms myelinated (mı̄′ ĕ-li-nāt-ed) [G. myelos, marrow]  convoluted tubule.
chemically combined to form a structure Nerve fibers having a myelin sheath.
that behaves as an independent unit. myelin sheath (mı̄′ ĕ-lin)  Lipoprotein envelope nerve  (nerv)  Collection of axons in the
made by wrapping the cell membrane of a peripheral nervous system; conducts
monocyte (mon′ ō-sı̄t) [G. mono, one or single Schwann cell or an oligodendrocyte around action potentials to and from the central
+ kytos, a cell]  Type of white blood cell an axon. nervous system.
that transforms to become a macrophage. myocardium (mı̄-ō-kar′ dē-ŭm) [myo- +
G. kordin, heart]  Middle layer of the heart, nerve cell  Cell capable of receiving a stimulus
mononuclear phagocytic system (mon- consisting of cardiac muscle. and propagating an action potential; a neuron.
ō-noo′ klē-ăr fag-ō-sit′ ik) Phagocytic myofibril (mı̄-ō-fı̄′ bril)  Fine, longitudinal fibril
cells with a single nucleus, derived from within a skeletal muscle fiber; consisting of nerve tract  Bundle of axons, their sheaths, and
monocytes; the cells either enter a tissue sarcomeres composed of thick (myosin) and accompanying connective tissues located in
by chemotaxis in response to infection or thin (actin) myofilaments, placed end to end. the central nervous system.
tissue damage or are positioned to intercept myofilament (mı̄-ō-fil′ ă-ment) 
microorganisms entering tissues. Ultramicroscopic protein thread helping nervous tissue (ner′ vŭs)  One of the four major
form myofibrils in skeletal muscle; thin tissue types; consists of neurons, which have
monosaccharide (mon-ō-sak′ ă-rı̄d) Basic myofilaments are composed of actin, and the ability to conduct action potentials, and
building block from which more complex thick myofilaments are composed of myosin. neuroglia, which are support cells.
carbohydrates are constructed—for myometrium (mı̄′ ō-mē′ trē-ŭm)  Muscular wall
example, glucose and fructose. of the uterus, composed of smooth muscle. neural crest cell (noor′ ăl)  Cell derived during
myosin myofilament (mı̄′ ō-sin)  One of the embryonic development from the crests of
mons pubis  (monz pū′ bis) [L., mountain] two major kinds of protein fibers of a the neural folds; gives rise to facial structures,
Prominence formed by a pad of fatty tissue sarcomere; thick filament resembling a pigment cells, and peripheral nerve ganglia.
over the pubic symphysis in the female. bundle of golf clubs.
myxedema (mik-se-dē′ mă) Hypothyroidism neural tube  Tube formed from the
morula (mōr′ oo-lă) [L. morus, mulberry] characterized by edema beneath the skin neuroectoderm in the embryo by closure of
Solid mass of cells resulting from the early due to a change in the structure of the the neural groove; develops into the brain
cleavage divisions of the zygote. subcutaneous connective tissue. and spinal cord.

motor neuron  Neuron in the brain or spinal NADH See nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. neuroectoderm (noor-ō-ek′ tō-derm)  Part of
cord that innervates skeletal, smooth, or nail (nāl)  Thin, horny plate at the ends of the ectoderm that forms the neural tube and
cardiac muscle cells or glands. Somatic motor neural crest.
neurons directly innervate skeletal muscle the fingers and toes, consisting of several
cells. Two autonomic motor neurons in series layers of dead epithelial cells containing a neuroglia (noo-rog′ lē-ă) [G. neuro, nerve + glia,
extend from the central nervous system to hard keratin. glue]  Cells of the nervous system other than
smooth or cardiac muscle cells or glands. naris (nā′ ris), pl. nares (nā′ res)  Nostril, the neurons; play a support role in the nervous
opening into the nasal cavity. system; include astrocytes, ependymal cells,
motor unit  Single motor neuron and all the nasal cavity (nā′ zăl)  Cavity divided by the nasal microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann
skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. septum and extending from the external nares cells; also called glia.
anteriorly to the nasopharynx posteriorly;
MSH See melanocyte-stimulating hormone. bounded inferiorly by the hard palate. neurolemmocyte (noor-ō-lem′ ō′ sı̄t)
mucin (mū′ sin)  Secretion containing [G. neuro, nerve + lemma, husk + kytos,
cell] See Schwann cell.
mucopolysaccharides (proteoglycans),
produced by mucous gland cells. neuromuscular junction (noor-rō-mŭs′ kū-
mucosa (mū-kō′ să) [mucus-producing lăr)  Synaptic junction between a nerve
membrane]  Mucous membrane consisting axon and a muscle fiber.
of the epithelium and connective tissue; in
the digestive tract, there is also a layer of neuron (noor′ on) [G., nerve]  Nerve cell.
smooth muscle. neurotransmitter (noor′ ō-trans-mit′ er) [G.

neuro, nerve + L. transmitto, to send
across]  Chemical that is released by a
presynaptic cell into the synaptic cleft and

G-15 Glossary

that acts on the postsynaptic cell to cause molecule (either ribose or deoxyribose), optic nerve  Nerve that leaves the eye and exits
a response. one of several types of organic bases, and the orbit through the optic foramen to enter
neutral solution (noo′ trăl)  Solution with a phosphate group. the cranial vault.
equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxide nucleus (noo′ klē-ŭs), pl. nuclei (noo′ klē-ı̄)
ions; has a pH of 7.0. [L., a little nut, stone of a fruit]  Cell organelle oral cavity (ōr′ ăl)  Mouth; the first portion of
neutron (noo′ tron) [L. neuter, neither] containing most of the genetic material of the the digestive tract.
Electrically neutral particle in the nucleus cell; center of an atom consisting of protons
of atoms. and neutrons; collection of neuron cell bodies orbit (ōr′ bit)  Seven skull bones that surround
neutrophil (noo′ trō-fil) [L. neuter, neither + in the central nervous system. and protect the eye; eye socket.
G. phileo, to love]  White blood cell with nutrient (noo′ trē-ent) [L. nutriens, to nourish] 
granules that stains equally with either basic Chemical taken into the body and used to organ (ōr′ găn) [G. organon, tool]  Part of the
or acidic dyes; phagocytic white blood cell. produce energy, provide building blocks body composed of two or more tissue types and
nevus (nē′ vŭs), pl. nevi (nē′ vı̄) Benign, for new molecules, or function in other performing one or more specific functions.
localized overgrowth of the melanin- chemical reactions.
forming cells of the skin present at birth nutrition (noo-trish′ ŭn)  Process by which organ of Corti  Named for Italian anatomist
or appearing early in life; a mole. nutrients are obtained and used in the body. Alfonso Corti (1822–1888). Specialized
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)  region of the cochlear duct consisting of
(nik-ō-tin′ ă-mı̄d ad′ ĕ-nēn dı̄-noo′ klē-ō-tı̄d)  oblique section (ob-lēk′ )  Cut made at other hair cells; produces action potentials in
Base-containing organic molecule capable of than a right angle to the long axis of an organ. response to sound waves.
accepting hydrogen atoms and transferring
energy from glycolysis and the citric acid obturator (ob′ toor-ā-tōr) [L., to occlude or organ system  Group of organs classified as a
cycle to the electron-transport chain. stop up]  Any occluding structure or a unit because of a common function or set
nitroglycerin (nı̄-trō-glis′ er-in) Glyceryl foramen so occluded, as with the obturator of functions.
trinitrate used as a vasodilator, especially foramen of the hip.
in angina pectoris. organelle (or′ gă-nel) [G. organon, a tool +
nociceptor (nō′ si-sep′ tŏr) [L. oceo, hurt, pain, occipital (ok-sip′ i-tăl)  Back of the head. L. -elle, small, a little organ]  Specialized
injury + capio, to take]  Peripheral sensory odorant (ō′ -dōr-ănt)  Substance with an odor. part of a cell performing one or more
receptor or mechanism for the reception and olecranon (ō-lek′ ră-non)  Point of the elbow. specific functions.
transmission of painful or injurious stimuli. olfaction (ol-fak′ shŭn) [L., to smell]  Sense
node of Ranvier (ron′ vē-ā) Unmyelinated organic (ōr-gan′ ik)  Molecules that contain a
area of an axon, every 0.1–1.0 mm, between of smell. carbon atom (carbon dioxide is an exception);
adjacent oligodendrocytes of an axon in olfactory (ol-fak′ tŏ-rē)  Relating to the sense originally defined as molecules extracted
the central nervous system and between from living organisms; the original definition
individual Schwann cells of the peripheral of smell. became obsolete when it became possible to
nervous system. oligodendrocyte (ol′ i-gō-den′ drō-sı̄t) manufacture these molecules in the laboratory.
norepinephrine (nōr′ ep-i-nef′ rin)
Neurotransmitter substance released from Neuroglial cell with multiple cell processes organism (ōr′ gă-nizm)  Any living thing
most of the postganglionic neurons of the that form myelin sheaths around axons in considered as a whole, whether composed
sympathetic division; hormone released the central nervous system. of one cell or many.
from the adrenal cortex that increases omental bursa (ō-men′ tăl ber′ să) Pocketlike
cardiac output and blood glucose levels. sac inside the fold of the greater omentum. organogenesis (ōr′ gă-nō-jen′ ĕ-sis) Formation
notochord (nō′ tō-kōrd) [G. notor, back omentum (ō-men′ tŭm) [L., membrane of the of organs during embryonic development.
+ chorde, cord or string]  Small rod of bowels]  Fold of peritoneum extending from
tissue lying ventral to the neural tube; the stomach to another organ. orgasm (ōr′ gazm) [G. orgao, to swell, be
characteristic of all vertebrates; in humans, oncology (ong-kol′ ō-jē) [G. onco, a tumor excited]  Climax of the sexual act, often
it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the + logos, to study]  Study of cancer and its associated with a pleasurable sensation.
intervertebral disks. associated problems.
nuclear pore (noo′ klē-er)  Point where the oocyte (ō′ ō-sı̄t) [G. oon, egg + kytos, cell] origin (ōr′ i-jin)  Less movable attachment
inner and outer membranes of the nuclear Female gamete, or sex cell; a secondary point of a muscle.
envelope come together to form a hole. oocyte and a polar body result from the
nuclease (noo′ klē-ās)  Enzyme that breaks first meiotic division, which occurs prior to oropharynx (ōr′ ō-far′ ingks)  Portion of the
down nucleic acids. ovulation; a zygote and a polar body result pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth; it is
nucleic acid (noo-klē′ ik, -klā′ ik) Molecule from the second meiotic division, which continuous above with the nasopharynx and
consisting of many nucleotides chemically occurs following union of the sperm cell below with the laryngopharynx.
bound together; deoxyribonucleic acid and with the secondary oocyte.
ribonucleic acid. oogonium (ō-ō-gō′ nē-ŭm), pl. oogonia osmosis (os-mō′ sis) [G. osmos, thrusting or
nucleolus (noo-klē′ ō-lŭs), pl. nucleoli (ō-ō-gō′ nē-ă) [G. oon, egg + gone, an impulsion] Diffusion of solvent (water)
(noo-klē′ ō-lı̄)  Rounded, dense, well- generation] Cell that gives rise to oocytes; through a selectively permeable membrane
defined nuclear body with no surrounding has a diploid number of chromosomes. from a region of higher water concentration
membrane; subunits of ribosomes are opsin  Protein portion of the rhodopsin to one of lower water concentration.
manufactured within the nucleolus. molecule; at least three different opsins are
nucleotide (noo′ klē-ō-tı̄d)  Basic building located in cone cells. osmotic pressure (os-mot′ ik)  Force required
block of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar optic (op′ tik)  Relating to vision. to prevent the movement of water across a
optic disc  Region in the posterior wall of selectively permeable membrane.
the eye where the optic nerve exits the eye;
the blind spot. ossification (os′ i-fi-kā′ shŭn) [L. os, bone +
facio, to make] Bone formation.

osteoblast (os′ tē-ō-blast) [G. osteo, bone] 
Cell that makes bone.

osteoclast (os′ tē-ō-klast) [bone eating] 
Cell that digests and removes bone.

osteocyte (os′ tē-ō-sı̄t) [G. osteon, bone +
kytos, cell]  Mature bone cell surrounded
by bone matrix.

osteon (os′ tē-on)  Single central canal, with
its contents, and the associated lamellae
and osteocytes surrounding it. Also called
a haversian system.

Glossary G-16

otolith (ō′ tō-lith) [G. ous, ear + lithos, stone] parasympathetic (par-ă-sim-pa-thet′ ik) pericardium (per-i-kar′ dē-ŭm) [G. pericardion,
Small protein and calcium carbonate weight [G. para, alongside + sympathetic]  the membrane around the heart]  Membrane
in the maculae of the vestibule. Subdivision of the autonomic nervous consisting of the epicardium and parietal
system with preganglionic neurons in the pericardium (of the serous layers) and
ovary (ō′ vă-rē)  One of two female reproductive brainstem and sacral part of the spinal cord; the outer fibrous pericardium; also called
glands located in the pelvic cavity; produces involved in involuntary functions, such as the pericardial sac.
the oocyte, estrogen, and progesterone. digestion, defecation, and urination.
perilymph (per′ i-limf) [peri + G. lympha,
ovulation (ov′ ū-lā′ shŭn)  Release of an oocyte parathyroid gland (par-ă-thı̄′ royd)  One of clear fluid]  Fluid between the bony
from the mature follicle. four glandular masses embedded in the labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth
posterior surface of the thyroid gland; of the inner ear.
oxidative metabolism (ok-si-dā′ tiv mĕ-tab′ ō- secretes parathyroid hormone.
lizm)  Metabolism in which oxygen is perimetrium (per-i-mē′ trē-ŭm)  Outer layer of
required to produce ATP. parathyroid hormone (PTH) (hōr′ mōn) the uterus; also called the serous layer.
Hormone produced by the parathyroid
oxygen deficit (ok′ sē-jen)  Amount of oxygen gland; increases bone breakdown and perimysium (per′ -i-mis′ ē-ŭm, per′ -i-miz′ ē-ŭm)
required to convert the lactic acid produced blood calcium levels. [peri- + G. mys, muscle]  Fibrous sheath
during anaerobic respiration to glucose and enveloping each of the skeletal muscle
to replenish creatine phosphate stores. parietal (pă-rı̄′ ĕ-tăl) [L. paries, wall]  Relating fascicles.
to the wall of any cavity; parietal serous
oxytocin (ok′ s ı̆-tō′ sin) [G., swift birth] membranes are in contact with the walls perineum (per′ -i-nē′ ŭm)  Area inferior
Peptide hormone, secreted by the posterior of cavities. The parietal bones form part to the pelvic diaphragm between the
pituitary gland, that increases uterine of the skull. thighs; extends from the coccyx to
contraction and stimulates milk ejection the pubis.
from the mammary glands. parietal peritoneum (pĕ′ r ı̆-tō-nē′ ŭm)
[L., wall]  Portion of the serous membranes periodontal (per′ ē-ō-don′ tăl) [peri- +
palate (pal′ ăt)  Roof of the oral cavity; of the abdominal cavity lining the inner G. odous, tooth]  Referring to structures
consists of the anterior bony part, the hard surface of the body wall. surrounding the tooth, primarily in the
palate, and the posterior soft palate that is alveolus.
composed mainly of skeletal muscle and parotid gland (pă-rot′ id)  Largest of the salivary
connective tissue. glands; one of a pair of salivary glands periosteum (per-ē-os′ tē-ŭm) [peri- +
located anterior and inferior to each ear. G. osteon, bone]  Thick, double-layered
pancreas (pan′ krē-as)  Elongated gland connective tissue sheath covering the entire
extending from the duodenum to the spleen; partial pressure  Pressure exerted by a single surface of a bone, except the articular
consists of a head, a body, and a gas in a mixture of gases. surface, which is covered with cartilage.
tail. There is an exocrine portion, which
secretes digestive enzymes, which are partial-thickness burn  Burn that damages peripheral nervous system (PNS)  Part of
carried by the pancreatic duct to the only the epidermis (first-degree burn) or the nervous system not surrounded by the
duodenum, and pancreatic islets, which the epidermis and part of the dermis (also skull or vertebral column; consists of nerves
secrete insulin and glucagon. called a second-degree burn). and ganglia.

pancreatic duct (pan-krē′ at′ ik)  Duct of the parturition (par-toor-ish′ ŭn) [L. parturio, to peristaltic waves (per-i-stal′ tik) [peri- +
pancreas; it joins the common bile duct to be in labor]  Childbirth; the delivery of a G. stalsis, constriction]  Waves of relaxation
empty into the duodenum. baby at the end of pregnancy. followed by waves of contraction moving
along a tube; propel food along the
pancreatic islet (i′ let)  Cellular mass in patella (pa-tel′ ă) [L. patina, shallow disk] digestive tract.
the tissue of the pancreas; composed of Kneecap.
different cell types that constitute the peritoneal cavity (per′ i-tō-nē′ ăl) [to stretch
endocrine portion of the pancreas and are pectoral (pek′ tŏ-răl) [L. pectoralis, over]  Space between the visceral and
the source of insulin and glucagon. breastbone]  Relating to the chest. parietal peritoneum filled with peritoneal
fluid; cavity that surrounds many
papilla (pă-pil′ ă), pl. papillae (pă-pil′ ē) pedicle (ped′ ı̆-kl) [L. pedicellus, foot]  Portion abdominopelvic organs.
[L., nipple]  Small, nipplelike process; of a vertebra that extends from the body to
projection of the dermis, containing blood the transverse process. peritoneal membrane  Serous membrane
vessels and nerves, into the epidermis; associated with the peritoneal cavity.
projection on the surface of the tongue. pelvic cavity (pel′ vik)  Space completely
surrounded by the pelvic bones. peritubular capillary (per′ ı̆-too′ bū-lăr)
papillary muscle (pap′ i-l-ār-ē)  Raised area of Capillary network in the cortex of the
cardiac muscle in the ventricle to which the pepsin (pep′ sin) [G. pepsis, digestion] Principal kidney; associated with the distal and
chordae tendineae attach. digestive enzyme produced by the stomach; proximal convoluted tubules.
digests proteins into smaller peptide chains.
paracrine (par′ ă-krin) [G. para, alongside peroxisome (per-ok′ si-sōm) Membrane-
+ krino, to separate]  Kind of hormone peptidase (pep′ ti-dās)  Enzyme capable of bound body similar to a lysosome in
function in which the effects of the hormone breaking peptide chains into smaller chains appearance but often smaller and irregular
are restricted to the local environment. and amino acids. in shape; contains enzymes that either
decompose or synthesize hydrogen peroxide.
parafollicular cell (par-ă-fo-lik′ ū-lăr)  Cell type peptide bond (pep′ tı̄d)  Covalent chemical
scattered in a network of loose connective bond between adjacent amino acids in a Peyer patch  Named for Swiss anatomist
tissue between the thyroid follicles of the polypeptide chain. Johann Peyer (1653–1712). Collection of
thyroid gland; secretes calcitonin. lymphatic nodules in the distal half of the
pericardial cavity (per-i-kar′ dē-ăl) [G. peri-, small intestine and in the appendix.
paranasal sinus (par-ă-nā′ săl) Air-filled around + kardia, the heart]  Space between
cavity within certain skull bones that the visceral and parietal pericardia, filled pH scale  Measure of the hydrogen ion
connects to the nasal cavity; the four sets with pericardial fluid; a cavity that concentration of a solution; the scale
of paranasal sinuses are the frontal, surrounds the heart. extends from 0 to 14.0—a pH of 7.0 is
maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal. neutral, a pH of less than 7 acidic, and
pericardial fluid  Serous fluid within the a pH of greater than 7 basic.
pericardial cavity.

pericardial membrane  Serous membranes
associated with the heart.

G-17 Glossary

phagocytosis (fag′ ō-sı̄-tō′ sis) [G. phagein, platelet (plāt′ let)  Minute fragment of cells postganglionic (pōst′ gang-glē-on′ ik)
to eat + L. kytos, cell + osis, condition] derived from megakaryocytes; plays an Autonomic neurons whose cell bodies are
Ingestion and digestion by cells of important role in preventing blood loss. located outside the central nervous system
substances, such as other cells, bacteria, and that receive synaptic stimulation from
cell debris, and foreign particles. platelet plug  Accumulation of platelets preganglionic autonomic neurons.
that stick to connective tissue and to
pharynx (far′ ingks) [G. pharynx, throat]  one another and prevent blood loss from preganglionic (prē′ gang-glē-on′ ik) Autonomic
Joint openings of the digestive tract and damaged blood vessels. neurons whose cell bodies are located in
the windpipe. The part of the digestive and the central nervous system and that synapse
respiratory tracts superior to the larynx and pleural (ploor′ ăl) [G., a rib or cavity] cavity with postganglionic neurons.
esophagus and inferior and posterior to the Space between the visceral and parietal
oral and nasal cavities. pleura, filled with pleural fluid; a cavity preload (prē′ lōd)  Degree to which the
that surrounds each lung. ventricular wall is stretched at the end
phenotype (fē′ nō-tı̄p) [G. phaino, to display of diastole; increases as the venous
+ typos, model]  Characteristic observed in pleural membrane  Serous membrane return increases.
the individual resulting from expression of associated with the lungs.
the genotype. premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (prē-
plexus (plek′ sŭs) [L., a braid]  Intertwining men′ stroo-al sin′ drōm)  In some women
pheromones (fer′ ō-mōnz) [G. pherē, to of nerves or blood vessels. of reproductive age, the regular monthly
carry + horma¯o, to excite]  Chemical experience of physiological and emotional
signals secreted by an individual into the PMS See premenstrual syndrome. distress, usually during the few days
environment and perceived by a second pneumothorax (noo-mō-thōr′ aks) Presence preceding menses, typically involving
individual of the same, or similar, species, fatigue, edema, irritability, tension, anxiety,
producing a change in sexual or social of air in the pleural cavity. and depression.
behavior of that individual. podocyte (pod′ ō-sı̄t) [Fr. pous, podos, foot
prenatal period (prē-nā′ tăl) [L. prae,
phlebitis (fle-bı̄′ tis)  Inflammation of a vein. + G. kytos, a hollow (cell)]  Epithelial before + natalis, relating to birth] 
phospholipid (fos-fō-lip′ id)  Lipid with cell of Bowman’s capsule attached to the Period before birth.
outer surface of the glomerular capillary
phosphorus resulting in a molecule with a basement membrane; forms part of the prepuce (prē′ poos)  In the male, a free fold of
polar and a nonpolar end; main component filtration membrane. skin that almost completely covers the glans
of cell membranes. polar body  Oocyte receiving little cytoplasm; penis; the foreskin; in the female, a fold of
physiology (fiz-ē-ol′ ō-jē) [G. physis, nature results from the first and the second mucous membrane that covers the clitoris.
+ logos, study]  Scientific discipline that meiotic division.
deals with the processes or functions of polar covalent bond  Chemical bond in primary response  Immune response that
living things. which electrons are shared unequally occurs as a result of the first exposure to
pia mater (pı̄′ ă mā′ ter, pē′ ă ma′ ter) between two atoms. an antigen; results in the production of
[L., affectionate mother]  Innermost polarize  To create a difference in potential antibodies and memory cells.
meningeal layer; tightly attached to the (charge) between two points, as between
brain and spinal cord. the inside and outside of a cell membrane. prime mover  Muscle that plays the principal
pineal gland (pin′ ē-ăl) [L. pineus, pinecone- polycythemia (pol′ ē-sı̄-thē′ mē-ă) [G. polys, role in accomplishing a movement.
shaped]  Small endocrine gland attached to many + kytos, cell]  Increase in red blood
the dorsal surface of the diencephalon; may cell numbers above the normal value. primitive streak  Shallow groove in the
influence the onset of puberty and may play polysaccharide (pol-ē-sak′ ă-rı̄d)  [many sugars] ectodermal surface of the embryonic disk;
a role in some long-term cycles. Many monosaccharides chemically bound cells migrating through the streak become
pinocytosis (pı̄′ nō-sı̄-tō′ sis) [G. pineo, to drink together, such as glycogen and starch. mesoderm.
+ kytos, cell; osis, condition]  Cell drinking; pons  (ponz) [L., bridge]  Part of the brainstem
uptake of liquid by a cell. between the medulla oblongata and process (pros′ es, prō′ ses)  Projection on a bone.
pituitary dwarf (dwōrf)  Individual of short midbrain; contains nerve tracts between product (prod′ ŭkt)  Substance produced in a
stature, of relatively normal proportion, the cerebrum and cerebellum, as well as
as a result of insufficient growth hormone ascending and descending tracts. chemical reaction.
secreted from the anterior pituitary gland. portal system (pōr′ tăl)  System of vessels progesterone (prō-jes′ ter-ōn) Hormone
pituitary gland (pi-too′ i-tār-rē) [L. pituita, in which blood, after passing through one
phlegm or a thick mucous secretion] capillary bed, is conveyed through a second secreted primarily by the corpus luteum
Endocrine gland attached to the capillary network. and the placenta; aids in growth and
hypothalamus by the infundibulum; positive feedback  Mechanism by which any development of female reproductive organs
secretes hormones that influence the deviation from an ideal normal value or set and secondary sexual characteristics; causes
function of several other glands and tissues. point is made greater. growth and maturation of the endometrium
placenta (plă-sen′ tă)  Structure derived from posterior (pos-tēr′ ē-ŏr) [L. posterus, of the uterus during the menstrual cycle.
embryonic and maternal tissues by which the following]  That which follows; in humans, prolactin (prō-lak′ tin) [L. pro, precursor +
embryo and fetus are attached to the uterus. toward the back. lact, milk]  Hormone of the anterior pituitary
plasma (plaz′ mă)  Fluid portion of blood; posterior horn  Posterior extension of spinal gland that stimulates the secretion of milk.
blood minus the formed elements. cord gray matter; contains neuron cell pronation (prō-nā′ shŭn) [L. pronare, to bend
plasma membrane  Cell membrane; outermost bodies that receive input from primary forward]  Rotation, as of the forearm,
component of the cell, surrounding and sensory neurons and relay that input to starting in the anatomical position, so
binding the rest of the cell contents. the brain; also called the dorsal horn. that the anterior surface faces posteriorly.
plasmin (plaz′ min)  Enzyme that breaks posterior pituitary gland  Posterior portion prophase (prō′ fāzs) [G. prophasis, to
down the fibrin in blood clots; derived of the pituitary gland, which consists of foreshadow]  First stage of mitosis or
from plasminogen. processes of nerve cells that have their cell meiosis, consisting of contraction and
bodies located in the hypothalamus; secretes increase in thickness of the chromosomes.
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. proprioceptive neurons (prō′ prē-ō-sep′ tiv)
[L. proprius, one’s own + capio, to take]
Nerves that innervate the joints and tendons
and provide information about the position
of the body and its various parts.

Glossary G-18

prostaglandin (pros-tă-glan′ din) Class value can be used to diagnose certain rectus (rek′ tŭs) Straight.
of physiologically active substances lung diseases; the pulmonary volumes red blood cell (RBC)  Biconcave disk that
present in many tissues; effects include are the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve
vasodilation, stimulation and contraction of volume, expiratory reserve volume, and contains hemoglobin, which transports
uterine smooth muscle, and promotion of residual volume. oxygen and carbon dioxide; red blood cells
inflammation and pain. pulp (pŭlp) [L. pulpa, flesh]  Soft tissue do not have a nucleus.
inside a tooth, consisting of connective reflex (rē′ fleks)  Automatic response to a
prostate gland (pros′ tāt) [G. prostates, one tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic stimulius; does not require conscious thought.
standing before]  Gland that surrounds vessels. reflex arc  Consists of a sensory receptor, an
the beginning of the urethra in the male. pulse (pŭls)  Pressure wave that travels rapidly afferent (sensory) neuron, an association
The secretion of the gland is a milky fluid along the arteries when blood is ejected neuron, an efferent (motor) neuron, and an
that is discharged into the urethra as part from the left ventricle into the aorta. effector organ.
of the semen. pulse pressure  Difference between systolic regeneration (rē′ jen-er-ā′ shŭn)  Tissue repair
and diastolic pressures. in which the damaged cells are replaced by
protein (prō′ tēn) [G. proteios, primary]  Large pupil (pū′ p ı̆l) [L. pupa, a doll, so called cells of the same type as those damaged.
molecule consisting of long sequences because you can see a little reflection, or releasing hormone  Hormone that is released
of amino acids (polypeptides) linked by doll, in the pupil of another person’s eye] from neurons in the hypothalamus and
peptide bonds. Opening in the iris of the eye through flows through the hypothalamic-pituitary
which light enters. portal system to the anterior pituitary gland;
proteoglycan (prō′ tē-ō-glı̄′ kan) [G. proteo, Purkinje fiber (pŭr-k ı̆n′ jē)  Named for regulates the secretion of hormones from
protein + glycan, polysaccharide] Bohemian anatomist/physiologist Johannes the cells of the anterior pituitary gland.
Macromolecule consisting of numerous Purkinje (1787–1869). A specialized cardiac renal capsule (rē′ năl)  Connective tissue
polysaccharides attached to a common muscle fiber that conducts action potentials capsule that surrounds each kidney.
protein core; attracts and retains large through cardiac muscle; forms part of the renal corpuscle (kōr′ pŭs-l) Structure
amounts of water. conduction system of the heart. composed of a Bowman’s capsule and
pus (pŭs)  Product of inflammation, consisting its glomerulus.
proteolytic (prō′ tē-ō-lit′ ik)  Enzyme capable of a liquid containing white blood cells, renal pyramid (pir′ ă-mid) Cone-shaped
of digesting proteins or polypeptides. dead cells, and cell fragments. structure that extends from the renal sinus,
pyloric sphincter (pı̄-lōr′ ik) [G., gatekeeper] where the apex is located, into the cortex
proton (prō′ ton) [G. protos, first]  Positively Thickened ring of smooth muscle at the of the kidney, where the base is located.
charged particle in the nuclei of atoms. distal end of the stomach. renal sinus (sı̄′ nŭs)  Cavity central to the
pyrogen (pı̄′ rō-jen)  Chemical released by medulla of the kidney that is filled with
provitamin (prō-vı̄t′ ă-min)  Substance that can microorganisms, neutrophils, monocytes, adipose tissue and contains the renal pelvis.
be converted into a vitamin. and other cells that stimulates fever renin (rē′ nin, ren′ in)  Enzyme secreted by the
production by acting on the hypothalamus. kidney that converts the plasma protein
proximal (prok′ si-măl) [L. proximus, nearest] pyruvic acid (pı̄-roo′ vik) Three-carbon angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
Closer to the point of attachment to the end product of glycolysis; two pyruvic replacement  Tissue repair in which the
body than another structure. acid molecules are produced from each damaged cells are replaced by cells of a
glucose molecule. type different from those damaged.
proximal convoluted tubule Convoluted respiration (res-pi-rā′ shŭn) [L. respiratio,
portion of the nephron that extends from quadrant (kwăh′ drant) [L. quadrans, a to breathe]  Process in which oxygen is
Bowman’s capsule to the descending limb quarter]  One-quarter of a circle; the used to oxidize organic fuel molecules,
of the loop of Henle. abdomen is divided into right upper, providing a source of energy as well
right lower, left upper, and left lower as carbon dioxide and water; includes
pterygoid (ter′ ı̆-goyd) [G. pteryx, wing] quadrants by a horizontal and a vertical ventilation, gas exchange, transport of
Wing-shaped structure; two of the muscles line intersecting at the umbilicus. oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood,
of mastication, attached to wing-shaped, gas exchange between the blood and the
bony projections. RBC See red blood cell. tissues, and cell metabolism.
reactant (rē-ak′ tant)  Substance taking part in respiratory membrane (res′ pi-ra-̆ tōr-ē, rĕ-
PTH See parathyroid hormone. spı̄r′ ă-tōr-ē)  Membrane in the lungs across
puberty (pū′ ber-tē) [L. pubertas, grown up] a chemical reaction. which gas exchange occurs with blood;
receptor (rē-sĕp′ tōr) [L., receiver]  Protein consists of a thin layer of fluid, the alveolar
Series of events that transform a child into a epithelium, a basement membrane of the
sexually mature adult; involves an increase in molecule on the cell surface or within the alveolar epithelium, interstitial space,
the secretion of all reproductive hormones. cytoplasm that binds to a specific factor, the basement membrane of the capillary
pudendal cleft (pū-den′ dal) [L. pudeo, to feel such as a drug, a hormone, an antigen, or a endothelium, and the capillary endothelium.
ashamed]  Cleft between the labia majora. neurotransmitter; one of the sensory nerve respiratory system  Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx,
pudendum (pū-den′ dŭm), pl. pudenda endings in the skin, deep tissues, viscera, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
(pū-den′ da)  External genitals, especially and special sense organs. resting membrane potential Charge
the female genitals. See vulva. recessive (rē-ses′ iv)  In genetics, a gene difference across the membrane of a resting
pulmonary capacity (pŭl′ mō-nār-ē)  Sum of that may not be expressed phenotypically cell (i.e., a cell that has not been stimulated
two or more pulmonary volumes. because of the expression of a contrasting to produce an action potential).
pulmonary circulation  Blood flow through the dominant gene. rete testis (rē′ tē)  Network of canals at the
system of blood vessels that carry blood from rectum (rek′ tŭm) [L. rectus, straight]  Last, termination of the straight portion of
the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs straight part of the large intestine; between the seminiferous tubules.
and back from the lungs to the left atrium. the colon and the anal canal.
pulmonary semilunar valve  Semilunar valve
at the base of the pulmonary trunk where it
exits from the right ventricle.
pulmonary trunk  Large, elastic artery that
carries blood from the right ventricle
of the heart to the right and left pulmonary
arteries.
pulmonary volume  Lung volume, measured
by spirometry; deviations from a normal

G-19 Glossary

reticular formation (rē-tik′ ū-lăr) [L. rete, salivary gland (sal′ i-vār-rē)  Gland opening seminiferous tubule (sem′ i-nif′ er-ŭs) Tubule
net] Loose network of neuron cell bodies into the mouth and producing saliva. in the testis in which sperm cells develop.
scattered throughout the brainstem; involved
in the regulation of cycles such salt  Molecule consisting of a positively charged sensory neuron  Neuron that extends from
as the sleep-wake cycle. ion other than hydrogen and a negatively sensory receptors in the periphery to the
charged ion other than hydroxide. central nervous system.
retina (ret′ i-nă) [L. rete, a net]  Inner, light-
sensitive tunic of the eye; nervous tunic. sarcolemma (sar′ kō-lem′ ă) [G. sarx, flesh, septum (sep′ tŭm) [L. saeptum, a partition or
muscle; lemma, husk]  Cell membrane of wall]  Thin wall dividing two cavities or
retinaculum (ret-i-nak′ ū-lŭm) [L., band, a muscle fiber. masses of softer tissue.
bracelet, halter, to hold back]  Dense regular
connective tissue sheath holding down the sarcomere (sar′ kō-mēr) [sarco- + G. meros, serosa (se-rō′ să)  Smooth, outermost covering
tendons at the wrist, ankle, or other sites. part]  Part of a myofibril formed of actin of an organ where it faces a cavity and is
and myosin myofilaments, extending from not surrounded by connective tissue.
retinal (rĕt′ i-năl)  Relating to the retina; Z disk to Z disk; the structural and
retinaldehyde most commonly referring to functional unit of a muscle. serous membrane (sēr′ ŭs)  Thin sheet
the all-trans form (all-trans-retinal). consisting of epithelium and connective
sarcoplasm (sar′ kō-plazm) [sarco- + plasma, a tissue that lines cavities not opening to the
retroperitoneal (re′ trō-per′ i-tō-nē′ ăl)  thing formed]  Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber. outside of the body; does not contain glands
Located behind the parietal peritoneum; but does secrete serous fluid.
includes the kidneys, the adrenal glands, sarcoplasmic reticulum (sar′ kō-plaz′ mik
the pancreas, portions of the intestines, re-tik′ ū-lŭm)  Endoplasmic reticulum of a serum (sēr′ ŭm)  Fluid portion of blood after
and the urinary bladder. muscle fiber. the removal of fibrin and formed elements.

reversible reaction (rē-ver′ si-bl) Chemical scapula (skap′ ū-lă)  Shoulder blade. sex chromosome  Chromosome other than an
reaction in which the reaction can proceed Schwann cell  Named for German histologist/ autosome; responsible for sex determination.
from reactants to products or from products
to reactants; the amount of reactants relative physiologist Theodor Schwann (1810–1882). sinoatrial (SA) node (sı̄′ nō-ā′ trē-ăl) Mass
to products is constant at equilibrium. Neuroglial cell forming myelin sheaths around of specialized cardiac muscle fibers in the
axons in the peripheral nervous system. right atrium near the opening of the superior
rhodopsin (rō-dop′ sin) [G. rhodon, rose sciatic (sı̄-at′ ik) [Fr. ischion, the hip joint] vena cava that acts as the “pacemaker” of
or red color + opsin, protein portion of Ischiadic or sciatic nerve. the cardiac conduction system.
rhodopsin]  Purplish red protein in the sclera (sklēr′ ă) [L. skleros, hard]  Dense,
external segment of the rods of the retina. white, opaque posterior four-fifths of the sliding filament model  Mechanism by which
Action of light converts it to opsin and fibrous tunic of the eye; white of the eye. actin and myosin myofilaments slide over
all-trans-retinal. scoliosis (skō-lē-ō′ sis) [G., a crookedness] one another during muscle contraction.
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
ribonucleic acid (rı̄′ bō-noo-klē′ ik)  (RNA) scrotum (skrō′ tum)  Musculocutaneous sac solute (sol′ ūt, sō′ loot) [L. solutus, dissolved]
Type of nucleic acid containing the sugar containing the testes. Dissolved substance in a solution.
ribose; involved in protein synthesis. sebaceous gland (sē-bā′ shŭs) [L. sebum,
tallow]  Gland of the skin that produces solution (sō-loo′ shŭn) Homogeneous
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (ri′ bō-sōm-ăl) RNA sebum; usually associated with a hair follicle. mixture formed when a solute dissolves
that is associated with certain proteins to sebum (sē′ bŭm) [L., tallow]  Oily, white, fatty in a solvent (liquid).
form ribosomes. substance produced by the sebaceous glands;
lubricates hair and the surface of the skin. solvent (sol′ vent) [L. solvens, dissolve]  Liquid
ribosome (ri′ bō-sōm) [ribose, a specific secondary response See memory response. that holds another substance in solution.
sugar]  Small, spherical, cytoplasmic secretin (se-krē′ tin)  Hormone released from
organelle where protein synthesis occurs. the epithelium of the duodenum; inhibits somatic motor (sō-mat′ ik) [G. soma, body
gastric secretion. or bodily]  Type of motor (efferent) neuron
right lymphatic duct  Lymphatic duct that sella turcica (sel′ ă tŭr′ s ı̆-kă) [L., saddle, of the peripheral nervous system that
empties into the right subclavian vein; Turkish]  Saddle-shaped depression in the innervates skeletal muscle.
drains the right side of the head and inner surface of the skull where the pituitary
neck, the right upper thorax, and the right gland is located. somesthetic (sō′ mes-thet′ ik) [G. soma, body +
upper limb. semen (sē′ men) [L., seed]  Penile ejaculate; aisthesis, sensation]  Consciously perceived.
thick, yellowish-white, viscous fluid
RNA See ribonucleic acid. containing sperm cells and secretions of the somesthetic cortex  Part of the cerebral
rod  Photoreceptor cell in the retina of the eye testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and cortex involved with the conscious
bulbourethral glands. perception and localization of general
with a rod-shaped photoreceptive process; semicircular canal (sem′ ē-sir′ kū-lăr) One body sensations.
very light-sensitive cell that is important in of three canals in each temporal bone;
dim light. involved in the detection of motion. spermatid (sper′ mă-tid)  Cell in the late stage
rotator cuff (rō-tā′ tōr, rō-tā′ tōr) Four semilunar valve (sem-ē-loo′ năr)  One of of the development of the sperm cell (male
deep muscles that attach the humerus to two valves in the heart composed of three gamete). It is haploid and is derived from
the scapula. crescent-shaped cusps that prevent blood the secondary spermatocyte.
rRNA See ribosomal RNA. flow into the ventricles following ejection;
ruga (roo′ gă)  Ridge or fold in the mucous located at the beginning of the aorta and spermatocyte (sper′ mă-tō′ sı̄t)  Cell arising
membrane of the stomach. pulmonary trunk. from a spermatogonium and destined to
seminal vesicle (sem′ i-năl ves′ i-kl)  One of give rise to spermatozoa.
SA See sinoatrial. two glandular structures that empty into
sagittal plane (saj′ i-tăl) [L. sagitta, the flight the ejaculatory ducts; its secretion is one spermatogenesis (sper′ mă-tō-jen′ ĕ-sis)
of the components of semen. Formation and development of sperm cells.
of an arrow]  Plane running vertically
through the body and dividing it into right spermatogonium (sper′ mă-tō-gō′ nē-ŭm),
and left parts. pl. spermatogonia (sper′ mă-tō-gō′ nē-ă) 
saliva (să-lı̄′ vă)  Fluid containing enzymes and Most peripheral germ cell in the
mucus; produced by the salivary glands and seminiferous tubules scattered between the
released into the oral cavity. sustentacular cells; divide by mitosis and
some form primary spermatocytes.

spermatozoon (sper′ mă-tō-zō′ on), pl.
spermatazoa (sper′ mă-tō-zō′ ă) [G. sperma,
seed + zoon, animal]  Male gamete, or
sex cell, composed of a head, midpiece,

Glossary G-20

and tail; contains the genetic information steroid (stēr′ oyd, ster′ oyd)  Large family of surfactant (ser-fak′ tănt)  Mixture of
transmitted by the male; sperm cell. lipids, including some hormones, vitamins, lipoprotein molecules produced by the
sperm cell [G. sperma, seed] Male and cholesterol. secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium
reproductive cell; see also spermatozoon. of the lung; reduces water surface tension.
sphenoid (sfē′ noyd) [G. sphenoeides, wedge stethoscope (steth′ ō-skōp) [G. stetho-, chest
+ eidos, resemblance]  Sphenoid bone or + skopeo, to view]  Instrument originally sustentacular cell (sŭs-ten-tak′ ū-lăr) Cell
relating to the sphenoid bone. devised for aid in hearing the respiratory in the wall of the seminiferous tubules to
sphygmomanometer (sfig′ mō-mă-nom′ ĕ-ter) and cardiac sounds in the chest and now which spermatogonia and spermatids are
[G. sphygmos, pulse; manos + metron, used in hearing other sounds in the body attached; also called a Sertoli cell.
measure]  Instrument for measuring blood as well.
pressure consisting of an arm sleeve and suture (soo′ choor) [L. surtura, a seam] Fibrous
an inflating bulb with a device attached for strabismus (stra-biz′ mŭs) [G. strabismos, a joint between flat bones of the skull.
measuring pressure in the arm sleeve. squinting]  Lack of parallelism of the visual
spina bifida (spı̄′ nă bif′  ı̆-dă, bı̄′ f ı̆-dă) Defect axes of the eyes. sweat gland  (swet)  Usually, a secretory organ
in the spinal column, consisting in absence that produces a watery secretion, called
of the vertebral arches, through which the stratum (strat′ ŭm), pl. strata (strat′ tă) [L., bed sweat, that is released onto the surface
spinal membranes, with or without spinal cover, layer]  Layer of tissue. of the skin; some sweat glands, however,
cord tissue, may protrude. produce an organic secretion.
spinal cord  Portion of the central nervous stratum basale (bā-săl′ ē)  Deepest layer of
system extending from the foramen the epidermis; consists of columnar cells sympathetic (sim-pă-thet′ ik) [G. sympatheo, to
magnum at the base of the skull to the that undergo mitotic divisions. feel with + pathos, suffering]  Subdivision
second lumbar vertebra; consists of a of the autonomic nervous system with
central gray portion and a peripheral stratum corneum (kōr′ nē-ŭm) Most preganglionic nerve cell bodies located in
white portion. superficial layer of the epidermis; consists the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal
spinal nerve  Peripheral nerve exiting from the of dead squamous cornified cells that have cord; generally involved in preparing the
spinal cord. undergone keratinization. body for immediate physical activity.
spirometer (spı̄-rom′ ĕ-ter) [L. spiro, to
breathe + G. metron, measure]  Meter stria, pl., striae (stri′ e) [L., channel, furrow] synapse (sin′ aps) [G. syn, together + haptein,
used for measuring the volume of Bands of thin, wrinkled skin, becoming to clasp]  Junction between a nerve cell and
respiratory gases; usually consists of a red and white, that occur commonly on the another nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell;
counterbalanced, cylindrical bell sealed abdomen, buttocks, and thighs at puberty in a chemical synapse, chemicals are released
by dipping into a circular trough of water. and/or during and following pregnancy and from the nerve cell as a result of an action
spirometry (sp ı̆-rom′ ĕ-trē)  Process of making result from overextension of the skin. potential in the nerve cell, the chemicals
pulmonary measurements with a spirometer. cross the cleft between the cells, and they
spleen (splēn)  Large lymphatic organ in the stroke volume  Volume of blood ejected from cause a response in the postsynaptic cell.
left upper part of the abdominal cavity, either the right or the left ventricle during
between the stomach and the diaphragm; each heartbeat. synapsis (si-nap′ sis)  Pairing of homologous
composed of white and red pulp; responds chromosomes during prophase of the first
to foreign substances in the blood, destroys styloid (stı̄′ loyd) [G. stylos, a stake or pen] meiotic division.
worn-out red blood cells, and is a reservoir Slender, pencil-shaped process.
for blood. synergist (sin′ er-jist)  Muscle that works with
spongy bone  [L., grating or lattice] Bone with subarachnoid space (sŭb-ă-rak′ noyd)  another muscle to cause a movement.
a latticelike appearance. Fluid-filled space below the arachnoid layer
squamous (skwā′ mŭs) [L. squama, a scale] covering the brain and spinal cord; contains synovial cavity (si-nō′ vē-ăl) [G. syn, coming
Scalelike, flat. cerebrospinal fluid. together + ovia, resembling egg albumin]
stapes (stā′ pēz) [L., stirrup]  The third of the Cavity surrounding articulating bones of a
three middle ear bones; attached to the oval subcutaneous (sŭb-koo-tā′ nē-ŭs) [L. sub, freely movable or synovial joint; contains
window; the stirrup. under + cutis, skin]  Under the skin; same synovial fluid.
Starling’s law of the heart  Named for tissue as the hypodermis.
English physiologist Ernest Starling synovial fluid  Somewhat viscous substance
(1866–1927). Force of contraction of sublingual gland (sŭb-ling′ gwăl)  One of a pair serving as a lubricant in movable joints,
cardiac muscle is a function of the length of salivary glands located below the tongue. tendon sheaths, and bursae.
of its muscle fibers at the end of diastole;
the greater the degree of filling of the submandibular gland (sŭb-man-dib′ ū-lăr)  synovial joint  Freely movable joint.
heart (the greater the venous return), the One of a pair of salivary glands located synovial membrane  Membrane that lines
greater the force of contraction of the below the mandible.
cardiac muscle. the inside of a joint cavity; produces
stem cell  Single population of cells that submucosa (sŭb-moo-kō′ să)  Layer of synovial fluid.
differentiate to give rise to the formed connective tissue deep to the mucous synthesis reaction (sin′ thĕ-sis) Combination
elements of blood. membrane. of atoms, ions, or molecules to form a new,
stenosed valve (sten′ ōzd)  Valve that has its larger molecule.
opening narrowed or partially closed. sulcus (sool′ kŭs), pl. sulci (sŭl′ sı̄) [L., ditch] systemic circulation (sis-tem′ ik)  Blood flow
sternum (ster′ nŭm) [L. sternon, chest] Groove on the surface of the brain through the system of blood vessels that
Breastbone. between gyri. carry blood from the left ventricle of the
heart to the tissues of the body and back
superficial  (soo-per-fish′ ăl) [L. superficialis, from the body to the right atrium.
surface]  Toward or on the surface. systemic inflammation  Inflammation that
occurs in many areas of the body; in addition
superior (soo-pēr′ ē-ōr) [L., higher]  Up, to the symptoms of local inflammation, can
or higher, with reference to the anatomical include increased neutrophil numbers in the
position. blood, fever, and shock.
systole (sis′ tō-lē) [G., a contracting]
superior vena cava (vē′ nă kā′ vă) Blood Contraction of the heart chambers, during
vessel that receives blood from the head, which blood leaves the chambers; usually
neck, and upper limbs and empties into the refers to ventricular contraction.
right atrium of the heart.

supination (soo′ pi-nā′ shŭn) [L. supino, to
place something on its back] Rotation of
the forearm so that the anterior surface
is anterior; that is, the forearm is in the
anatomical position.

G-21 Glossary

systolic pressure (sis-tol′ ik) Maximum thoracic duct  Largest lymphatic vessel in the bronchi; has 16–20 C-shaped pieces of
arterial blood pressure reached during body; drains the left side of the head and cartilage in its walls.
ventricular systole. neck, the left upper thorax, the left upper tracheostomy (trā′ kē-os′ tō-mē)  Incision into
limb, and the inferior half of the body into the trachea.
target tissue  Tissue on which a hormone acts. the left subclavian vein. tract  (trakt)  Nerve tract; a bundle of neuron
tarsal bone (tar′ săl) [G. tarsos, sole of foot] cell processes (axons) in the central nervous
thorax (thō′ raks) [G., breastplate]  Chest; the system, usually having a common function.
Bone of the instep of the foot. upper part of the trunk between the neck transfer RNA (tRNA)  RNA that attaches to
taste bud  Sensory structure mostly on the and the abdomen. individual amino acids and transports them
to the ribosomes, where they are connected
tongue; functions as a taste receptor. thrombocyte (throm′ bō-sı̄t) [thrombos-, clot to form a protein polypeptide chain.
tectorial membrane (tek-tōr′ ē-ăl) [L., a + G. kytos, cell]  Cell fragment involved in transverse plane (trans-vers′ )  Plane separating
platelet plug and clot formation; also called the body into superior and inferior parts.
covering]  Membrane attached to the a platelet. transverse section  Cut made at right angles to
spiral lamina and extending over the hair the long axis of an organ.
cells; hairs of the hair cells have their tips thrombosis (throm′ bō′ sis) [G. thrombos, clot] trapezius (tra-pē′ zē-ŭs)  Back muscle, shaped
embedded in the membrane. Formation or presence of a clot (thrombus) like a trapezium (a four-sided geometric
telophase (tel′ ō-fāz) [G. telos, end + phasis, an inside a blood vessel. figure in which no two sides are parallel),
appearance] Final stage of mitosis or meiosis that rotates the scapula.
that begins when migration of chromosomes thrombus (throm′ bŭs) [G. thrombos, clot] triacylglycerol (trı̄-as′ il-glis′ er-ol) See
to the poles of the cells has been completed. Clot within the cardiovascular system. triglyceride.
temporal (tem′ pŏ-răl) [L. tempus, time] triceps brachii (trı̄′ seps brā′ kē-ı̄) Three-
Indicating the temple; the temple of the thymosin (thı̄′ mō-sin)  Hormone secreted headed muscle in the posterior arm that
head is so named because it is there that the from the thymus that helps activate the extends the forearm.
hair first begins turning white, indicating immune system. tricuspid valve (trı̄-kŭs′ pid)  Valve closing the
the passage of time. opening between the right atrium and right
tendinous intersection (ten′ di-nŭs)  One of thymus (thı̄′ mŭs) [G. thymos, sweetbread] ventricle of the heart.
the bands of connective tissue crossing the Bilobed lymphatic organ located in the triglyceride (trı̄-glis′ er-ı̄d)  Common type of
rectus abdominis muscle, subdividing it and inferior neck and superior mediastinum; lipid, or fat, with three fatty acids bound to a
attaching it to adjacent connective tissue. involved with the maturation of T cells. glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol.
tendon (ten′ dŏn)  Tough connective tissue trigone (trı̄′ gōn) [L. trigonium, triangle]
band connecting a muscle to bone. thyroid cartilage (thı̄′ royd) [G. thyreoeides, Triangular, smooth area at the base of the
teniae coli (tē′ nē-ē kō′ lı̄) [G. tainia, band, shield]  Largest laryngeal cartilage; forms urinary bladder between the openings of the
tapeworm + coli, colon]  Segmented, the laryngeal prominence, or Adam’s apple. two ureters and that of the urethra.
longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the colon. triiodothyronine (trı̄-ı̄′ ō-dō-thı̄′ rō-nēn) (T3)
testis (tes′ tis), pl. testes (test′ tēz)  One of two thyroid follicle  One of many small spheres One of the thyroid hormones; contains three
male reproductive glands in the scrotum; with walls consisting of cuboidal epithelial iodine atoms.
produces testosterone and sperm cells. cells in the thyroid gland; filled with tRNA See transfer RNA.
testosterone (tes′ tos′ tĕ-rōn)  Steroid hormone proteins to which thyroid hormones are trochanter (trō′ kanter) [G., a runner]  One of
secreted primarily by the testes; aids in attached until they are secreted. the large tubercles of the proximal femur.
spermatogenesis, controls maintenance and trophoblast (trō′ fō-blast) [G. trophe,
development of male reproductive organs thyroid gland  Endocrine gland located inferior nourishment + blastos, germ]  Outer part of
and secondary sexual characteristics, and to the larynx and consisting of two lobes the blastocyst; enters the uterus and becomes
influences sexual behavior. connected by a narrow band; secretes the the embryonic portion of the placenta.
tetanus (tet′ ă-nŭs) [L. tetanus, convulsive thyroid hormones. trypsin (trip′ sin)  Enzyme released from the
tension]  Sustained muscular contraction pancreas that digests proteins.
caused by a series of nerve stimuli repeated thyroid hormone  Any hormone secreted TSH See thyroid-stimulating hormone.
so rapidly that the individual contractions by the thyroid gland, especially those, tubercle (too′ ber-kl)  Lump or knob on a bone.
are fused, producing a sustained tetanic such as thyroxine, that contain iodine and tuberosity (too′ ber-os′ i-tē)  Lump on a bone,
contraction; also a disease marked by regulate metabolism and the maturation usually larger than a tubercle.
painful tonic muscular contractions, caused of tissues. tubular reabsorption  Movement of materials, by
by the neurotoxin of Clostridium tetani means of diffusion or active transport, from
action on the central nervous system. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Hormone the filtrate within a nephron into the blood.
tetany (tet′ ă-nē)  Condition in muscle released from the hypothalamus that tubular secretion  Movement of materials, by
contraction in which there is no relaxation stimulates thyroid hormone secretion means of active transport, from the blood
between muscle twitches. from the thyroid gland. into the filtrate of a nephron.
tetraiodothyronine (tet′ ră-ı̄-ō-dō-thı̄′ rō-nēn)  tumor (too′ mŏr)  Swelling, one of the cardinal
(T4) One of the thyroid hormones; contains thyroxine (thı̄-rok′ sēn, thı̄-rok′ sin) See signs of inflammation, or a new growth
four iodine atoms; also called thyroxine. tetraiodothyronine. of tissue in which the multiplication of
thalamus (thal′ ă-mŭs) [G., a bedroom]  Large cells is uncontrolled and progressive;
mass of gray matter making up the bulk of tissue (tish′ ū) [L. texo, to weave]  Collection see also neoplasm.
the diencephalon; involved in the relay of of cells with similar structure and function tunic (too′ nik) [L., coat]  Layer or coat; one
sensory input to the cerebrum. and the substances between the cells. of the three enveloping layers of the wall
thoracic cavity (thō-ras′ ik)  Space bounded
by the neck, the thoracic wall, and the tissue repair  Substitution of viable cells for
diaphragm. damaged or dead cells by regeneration
or replacement.

tonsil (ton′ sil)  Collection of lymphoid
tissue; usually refers to large collections
of lymphoid tissue beneath mucous
membranes of the oral cavity and pharynx;
lingual, pharyngeal, and palatine tonsils.

trabecula (tră-bek′ ū-lă) [L. trabs, beam]  Beam
or plate of spongy bone or other tissue.

trachea (trā′ kē-ă) [G. tracheia arteria, rough
artery]  Air tube extending from the larynx
into the thorax, where it divides to form

Glossary G-22

of the eye; the three tunics are the fibrous, vagina (vă-jı̄′ nă) [L., sheath]  Genital canal visceral peritoneum (per′ i-tō-nē′ ŭm)
vascular, and nervous tunics; one of the in the female, extending from the uterus to [L., organ]  Part of the serous membrane
three layers of blood vessels: tunica intima, the vulva. in the abdominal cavity covering the
tunica media, and tunica adventitia. surface of some abdominal organs.
tunica adventitia (too′ ni-kă ad-ven-tish′ ă) variable region  Part of an antibody that
Outermost fibrous coat of a vessel or an combines with an antigen; responsible for vitamin (vı̄t′ ă-min) [L. vita, life + amine,
organ that is derived from the surrounding the specificity of the antibody. from ammonia]  One of a group of
connective tissue. organic substances, present in minute
tunica intima (in′ ti-mă)  Innermost layer varicose (văr′ ı̆-kōs) vein  Vein that is so amounts in natural foods, that are
of a blood or lymphatic vessel; consists dilated that the cusps of the valves are no essential to normal metabolism;
of endothelium and a small amount of longer capable of preventing backflow of insufficient amounts in the diet may
connective tissue. blood; usually the veins in the lower legs or cause deficiency diseases.
tunica media  Middle, usually muscular, coat the hemorrhoidal veins.
of an artery or another tubular structure. vitamin D  Fat-soluble vitamin produced from
tympanic membrane (tim-pan′ ik) [drumlike] vasoconstriction (vā′ sō-kon-strik′ shŭn) a precursor molecule in skin exposed to
Cellular membrane that covers the inner Decreased diameter of blood vessels. ultraviolet light; increases calcium and
opening of the external auditory canal phosphate uptake in the intestine.
and separates the middle and external vasodilation (vā′ sō-dı̄-lā′ shŭn) Increased
ears; vibrates in response to sound waves; diameter of blood vessels. vitreous humor (vit′ rē-ŭs) Transparent,
the eardrum. jellylike substance that fills the posterior
vasomotor center (vā-sō-mō′ ter) Area compartment of the eye; helps maintain
ulcer (ŭl′ ser) [L. ulcus, a sore]  Lesion on the of the lower pons and upper medulla pressure within the eye and holds the lens
surface of the skin or a mucous membrane, oblongata that continually transmits a low and retina in place.
such as in the stomach or intestine, caused frequency of action potentials through
by a superficial loss of tissue, usually with sympathetic neurons to smooth muscle in vocal fold (vō′ kăl)  One of the ligaments that
inflammation. blood vessels; can cause vasoconstriction extends from the posterior surface of the
and vasodilation. thyroid cartilage to the paired cartilages of
umbilical cord (ŭm-bil′ i-kăl) [L., navel]  the larynx; the superior pair are the false
Cord connecting the fetus to the placenta; vasomotor tone  Partial constriction of blood vocal folds, and the inferior pair are the
contains two umbilical arteries, which vessels in the periphery, which results from true vocal folds.
originate from the embryo’s internal iliac relatively constant sympathetic stimulation.
arteries, that carry blood from the embryo vulva (vŭl′ vă) [L., a wrapper or covering, seed
to the placenta, and one umbilical vein, that vasopressin (vā-sō-pres′ in) [L. vaso, blood covering, womb]  External genitalia of the
carries blood back to the fetus. vessel + pressum, to press down] Peptide female; the mons pubis, labia majora and
hormone, related to oxytocin, secreted from minora, the clitoris, the vestibule and its
umbilical vein  Vein in the umbilical cord the posterior pituitary gland. In large doses, glands, the opening of the urethra, and the
of the fetus by which the fetus receives it causes contraction of blood vessel smooth opening of the vagina.
nourishment from the placenta; becomes muscle; see also antidiuretic hormone.
the round ligament of the liver in the adult. white blood cell (WBC)  Round, nucleated
vein (vān)  Blood vessel that carries blood blood cell involved in immunity; includes
upper motor neuron  Motor neuron located toward the heart. neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils,
in the cerebral cortex and synapsing with lymphocytes, and monocytes; also called
a lower motor neuron in the brainstem or venous return (vē′ nŭs)  Volume of blood a leukocyte.
spinal cord. returning to the heart.
X-linked  Trait caused by a gene on the
ureter (ū-rē′ ter, ū′ re-ter) [G. oureter, urinary ventilation (ven-ti-lā′ shŭn)  Movement of air X chromosome.
canal]  Tube conducting urine from the in and out of the lungs.
kidney to the urinary bladder. yolk sac (yōk, yōlk)  Highly vascular
ventral (ven′ trăl) [L. venter, belly]  In humans, endodermal layer surrounding the yolk
urethra (ū-rē′ thră)  Duct leading from synonymous with anterior. of an embryo.
the urinary bladder, discharging the
urine externally. ventral root  Motor (efferent)  root of a zona pellucida (zō′ nă pe-loo′ sid-ă)
spinal nerve. [L. zone, girdle + pellucidus, passage of
uterus (ū′ ter-ŭs)  Hollow muscular organ in light] Extracellular coat surrounding the
which the fertilized oocyte develops into ventricle (ven′ tri-kl) [L. venter, belly]  Cavity; oocyte; appears translucent.
a fetus. in the brain, one of four cavities filled with
cerebrospinal fluid; one of two chambers zygomatic (zı̄′ gō-mat′ ik) [G. zygon, yoke]
utricle (ū′ tr ı̆-kl)  Larger of the two membranous of the heart that pump blood into arteries; Referring to the zygomatic, or cheek, bone;
sacs in the vestibule of the labyrinth. The there are a left and a right ventricle. the zygomatic arch is a bony arch created
semicircular canals arise from it. by the junction of the zygomatic and
vernix caseosa (ver′ niks kā′ sē-ō′ să) Epithelial temporal bones.
uvula (ū′ vū-lă) [L. uva, grape]  Small, grapelike cells and sebaceous matter that cover the
appendage at the posterior margin of the skin of the fetus. zygomaticus muscle (zı̄′ gō-mat′ i-kŭs) 
soft palate. Muscle originating on the zygomatic bone
vesicle (ves′ i-kl) [L. vesicula, blister or and inserting onto the corner of the mouth;
vaccine (vak′ sēn, vak-sēn′ ) Preparation bladder]  Small, membrane-bound sac involved in smiling.
of killed microorganisms, altered containing material to be transported
microorganisms, or derivatives of across the cell membrane. zygote (zı̄′ gōt) [G. zygotos, yoked]  Single-
microorganisms intended to produce celled, diploid product of fertilization,
immunity; usually administered by injection, vestibular fold (ves-tib′ ū-lăr) [L., entrance resulting from the union of a sperm cell
but sometimes ingestion is preferred. hall]  False vocal fold. and an oocyte.

vestibule (ves′ ti-bool)  Small cavity or space
at the entrance of a canal; see also vulva.

villus (vil′ ŭs), pl. villi (vil′ ı̄) [L., shaggy hair]
Projection of the mucous membrane in the
small intestine that increases surface area.

visceral (vis′ er-ăl) [L. viscus, the soft parts,
internal organs]  Relating to the internal
organs.



Credits

Photographs Science Source; 3.12b, 3.13b: Chapter 6 Strete; 8.24a: ©R. T. Hutchings;
©Don Fawcett/Science Source; Opener: ©Creatas/PunchStock 8.24: ©McGraw-Hill Education/
Front Matter 3.13c: ©Bernard Gilula/Science RF; 6.3a: ©Trent Stephens; 6.5b: Rebecca Gray, photographer/
Page iv: ©Leanna Rolla; p. iv: Source; 3.16b: ©J. David ©Biophoto Associates/Science Don Kincaid, dissections; 8.32a:
Courtesy of Jennifer Regan; Robertson, from Charles Source; 6.7a: ©Ed Reschke/ ©PHANIE/Science Source;
p. iv: Courtesy Andrew F. Russo; Photolibrary/Getty Images; 6.7c: p. 232: ©Seth Joel/Getty Images
p. vi: ©Digital Vision RF; p. vi: Flickinger, Medical Cell Biology, ©Biophoto Associates/Science RF; 8Aa: ©Medical Body Scans/
©Brand X Pictures/PunchStock Philadelphia; 3.17b: ©Biophoto Source; 6.8a: ©Andrew F. Russo; Science Source; 8Ab: ©CNRI/
RF; p. vi: ©Roger Webber/Getty Associates/Science Source; 6.12b: ©McGraw-Hill Education/ Science Source.
Images RF; p. vi: ©BananaStock/ 3.19b: ©EM Research Services, Eric Wise; 6.14a: ©McGraw-Hill
PictureQuest RF; p. vi: Newcastle University RF; 3.20b: Education; 6.14b: ©McGraw-Hill Chapter 9
©BananaStock/PunchStock RF; ©Don Fawcett/Science Source; Education/Christine Eckel; 6.15a: Opener: ©Corbis RF; 9.5a:
p. vi: ©Creatas/PunchStock 3.21b: ©Biology Media/Science ©McGraw-Hill Education; 6.15b, ©McGraw-Hill Education/
RF; p. vi: ©Corbis RF; p. vi: Source; 3.26 (all): ©Ed Reschke/ 6.19b, 6.20c: ©McGraw-Hill Eric Wise; 9.12b: ©Steve
©Brooke Fasani/Corbis RF; Photolibrary/Getty Images. Education/Christine Eckel; 6.23d: Gschmeissner/Science Source;
p. vi: ©Corbis RF; p. vi: ©Trent Stephens; 6.24 (all): 9.14a, 9Aa: ©Steve Allen/Getty
©Image Source/Alamy RF; p. vi: Chapter 4 ©McGraw-Hill Education/Andy Images RF; 9Ab: ©Prisma
©DigitalVision/SuperStock RF; Opener: ©BananaStock/ Resek; 6.25d, 6.26b: ©McGraw- Bildagentur AG/Alamy; 9.16b:
p. vii: ©Digital Vision/ PictureQuest RF; 4.1 (top): Hill Education/Christine Eckel; ©McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca
PunchStock RF; p. vii: ©Silvia ©Victor Eroschenko; 4.1 6.28: ©McGraw-Hill Education/ Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid,
Otte/Taxi/Getty Images; p. vii: (bottom): ©Ed Reschke/ Eric Wise; 6.31c, 6.33b, 6.34b: dissections; 9.18e: Courtesy of
©McGraw-Hill Education/Jill Photolibrary/Getty Images; ©McGraw-Hill Education/ A. J. Hudspeth; 9.21: ©Susumu
Braaten; p. vii: ©BSIP/UIG Table 4.2a: ©McGraw-Hill Christine Eckel; 6.36, 6.41 (all): Nishinag/Science Source; 9.22
via Getty Images; p. vii: ©SW Education/Al Telser; Table 4.2b- ©McGraw-Hill Education/Eric (all): ©Trent Stephens; 9.24a:
Productions/Photodisc/Getty d: ©Victor Eroschenko; Wise; Page 144 iPad: ©Bruce ©Julie Jacobson/AP Images.
Images RF; p. vii: USDA; p. vii: Table 4.3a: ©McGraw-Hill Laurance/Stone/Getty Images; 6B:
©Adam Crowley/Getty Images Education/Al Telser; Table 4.3b ©Dr. Michael Klein/Photolibrary/ Chapter 10
RF; p. vii: ©Thierry Berrod, (all): ©Victor Eroschenko; Getty Images; 6C: ©Princess Opener: ©Image Source/Alamy
Mona Lisa Production/Science Table 4.5a-b: ©Ed Reschke; Margaret Rose Orthopaedic RF; 10.15d, 10.18c: ©Victor
Source; p. vii: ©Getty Images Table 4.5c: ©McGraw-Hill Hospital/SPL/Science Source; Eroschenko; 10.22: ©Biophoto
RF; p. xiii: ©Hero/Corbis/Glow Education/Al Telser; Table 4.6a 6D: ©Bengt-Goran Carlsson/ Associates/Science Source;
Images RF; p. xix: ©Digital (left): ©Victor Eroschenko; age fotostock. p. 292: ©Jon Feingersch
Vision RF. Table 4.6a (right): ©Ed Photography Inc./Image
Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Chapter 7 Source/Veer RF; 10Aa: ©Mike
Chapter 1 Images; Table 4.6b (all), Opener: ©Corbis RF; 7.3b: Goldwater/Alamy; 10Ab: ©Ralph
Opener: ©Digital Vision RF; Table 4.7 (all): ©Victor ©SPL/Getty Images RF; 7.5b: C. Eagle, Jr./Science Source.
1.1b: ©Bart Harris/Corbis; Eroschenko; Table 4.8: ©Trent ©Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/
1.8 (all), 1.9 (all), 1.11a: Stephens; Table 4.9: ©Ed Getty Images; 7.7 (all): Chapter 11
©McGraw-Hill Education/Eric Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty ©Don W. Fawcett/Science Opener: ©DigitalVision/
Wise; 1.11 (all): ©R. T. Hutchings. Images; Table 4.10a-b: ©Ed Source; 7.15: ©Paul J. Sutton/ SuperStock RF; 11.1:
Reschke; Table 4.10c: ©McGraw- DUOMO/PCN Photography; ©liquidlibrary/PictureQuest
Chapter 2 Hill Education/Dennis Strete; 7.16b, 7.23a: ©McGraw-Hill RF; 11.3a: ©National Cancer
Opener: ©Brand X Pictures/ Table 4.11: ©Trent Stephens. Education/Photo and dissection Institute/Science Source;
PunchStock RF; 2.3c: ©Trent by Christine Eckel; 7.25 (all), 11.6: ©Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/
Stephens; 2A: ©Scott Camazine/ Chapter 5 7.27 (all), 7.28d: ©McGraw- Getty Images; 11.7 (all): ©Victor
Alamy; 2B: ©Simon Fraser/Royal Opener: ©BananaStock/ Hill Education/Eric Wise; p. 188: Eroschenko.
Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle PunchStock RF; 5.2b: ©Victor P. ©Sandra Steh/Getty Images RF;
upon Tyne/Science Source; Eroschenko RF; Page 104 iPad: 7A: ©Andrew J. Kornberg. Chapter 12
2.11: ©Biophoto Associates/ ©Image Source/Getty Images Opener: ©Digital Vision/
Science Source. RF; 5A: ©James Stevenson/SPL/ Chapter 8 PunchStock RF; 12.5b: ©R. T.
Science Source; 5B: ©Stan Levy/ Opener: ©Brooke Fasani/ Hutchings; 12.7a: ©VideoSurgery/
Chapter 3 Science Source; 5.10a: ©Dr. P. Corbis RF; 8.2 (left): ©Brand Science Source; 12.7b: ©Oktay
Opener: ©Roger Webber/ Marazzi/SPL/Getty Images RF; X Pictures/PunchStock RF; Ortakcioglu/iStock/360/Getty
Getty Images RF; 3.2: ©Don W. 5.10b: ©Dr. P. Marazzi/Science 8.2 (right): ©Corbis RF; 8.21: Images RF; 12.13b: ©Ed Reschke;
Fawcett/Science Source; Source; 5.10c: National Cancer ©McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis 12.19: ©Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend
3.7a-c: ©David M. Phillips/ Institute. Images LLC RF; p. 344:
©Digital Vision/Getty Images

C-1

C-2 Credits

RF; 12A (left): ©Hank Morgan/ 15.4b: ©CNRI/Science Source; Chapter 17 Source; 19Aa-b: ©McGraw-Hill
Science Source; 12A (right): p. 436: ©Thinkstock/ Opener, 17.1: USDA; 17.2a: Education/Jill Braaten; 19Ac:
©SPL/Science Source. Jupiterimages RF; 15A: ©Chris ©David A. Tietz/Editorial Image, ©Aaron Haupt/Science Source;
Cole/Riser/Getty Images; LLC RF; 17.2b: USDA; 17.11: 19Ad: ©McGraw-Hill Education/
Chapter 13 15B (left): ©Carolina Biological ©M.M. Sweet/Flickr/Getty Jill Braaten; 19Ae: ©Martin
Opener: ©Silvia Otte/Taxi/Getty Supply Company/Phototake; Images RF. Shields/Alamy; p. 552: ©Brand
Images; 13.2: ©Ed Reschke/ 15B (right): ©Image Source/ X Pictures/PunchStock RF.
Photolibrary/Getty Images. Getty Images RF. Chapter 18
Opener: ©Adam Crowley/Getty Chapter 20
Chapter 14 Chapter 16 Images RF; 18.3b: ©McGraw- Opener: ©Getty Images RF;
Opener: ©McGraw-Hill Opener: ©SW Productions/ Hill Education/Rebecca Gray, 20.2 (all): ©Dr. Yorgus Nikas/
Education/Jill Braaten; 14.6b: Photodisc/Getty Images RF; photographer/Don Kincaid, Jason Burns/Phototake;
©Trent Stephens; p. 406: 16.10c: ©Victor Eroschenko; dissections; Page 520 iPad: 20.8: ©John GiannicchiScience
©Chris Ryan/age fotostock RF; 16.14d: ©SPL/Getty Images RF; ©DreamPictures/Blend Images Source; 20.13a-b: ©Petit Format/
14A: ©BSIP/Science Source. 16.21b: ©CNRI/SPL/Science LLC RF. NestleScience Source; 20.13c:
Source; p. 470: ©Comstock ©TissuepixScience Source; 20.18:
Chapter 15 Images RF; 16A: ©PictureNet/ Chapter 19 ©CNRI/SPL/Science Source.
Opener: ©BSIP/UIG via Getty Corbis RF. Opener: ©Thierry Berrod,
Images; 15.2b: ©R. T. Hutchings; Mona Lisa Production/Science

Index

Note: A Page number with f indi- active artificial immunity, 403 Adrenocorticotropic hormone Amenorrhea, 550
cates a figure; t indicates a table. active natural immunity, 403 (ACTH), 279 Amine group, 36
passive artificial immunity, 404 Amino acid, 36, 468
A passive natural immunity, Adult, 577
Adventitia, 443 essential and nonessential, 480
A band, 153 403–404 Aerobic respiration, 162, transport, 469f
Abdomen, 13 Acromegaly, 278 Amnion, 563
Acromion process, 129 487–489, 488f Amnionic fluid, 563
arteries, 359–360, 361f Acrosome, 534 Afferent arteriole, 505 Amniotic cavity, 563
veins, 362–367, 365f ACTH (adrenocorticotropic Afterload, 339 Amphiarthrosis, 138
Abdominal aorta, 354, 359–360 Age spot, 106 Amplification, hormonal signal,
Abdominal cavity, 17 hormone), 279 Agglutination, 308, 309f
Abdominal oblique muscle, 173 Actin myofilament, 153 Aging 272–274
Abdominal quadrant, 13, 14f Action potential, 86, 156, 200f, Ampulla
Abdominal wall, 173, 176f, 176t blood vessels and circulation,
Abdominopelvic cavity, 17 201–203, 201f 379 ductus deferens, 536
Abduction, 143 cardiac muscle, 329, 331f uterine tube, 545
ABO blood group, 308–310, 309f skeletal muscle, 331f cellular aspects, 66 Anabolic steroid, 540
Absorption, 458, 465, 491f Activation energy, 36, 38f digestive system, 470–472 Anabolism, 27, 485
Absorptive cell, 456 Active artificial immunity, 403 endocrine system, 291 Anaerobic respiration, 162,
Acceptable macronutrient Active natural immunity, 403 heart, 346
Active transport, 50f integumentary system, 106 486–487, 487f, 488–489
distribution range secondary, 51, 51f lymphatic system and immunity, Anaerobic threshold, 435
(AMDR), 479 Acute renal failure, 524–525 Anal canal, 463–464
Accessory hemiazygos vein, 362 Adam’s apple, 414 409 Anaphase, 63
Accessory skin structures, 99–101 Adaptation, 243 nervous system, 231–235 Anaphylactic shock, 376
glands, 100, 100f Adaptive immunity, 390, process, 578–579 Anatomical dead space, 427
hair, 99 reproductive system, 555–556 Anatomical imaging, 2
nails, 100–101, 100f 394–402, 395t, 404f respiratory system, 438 Anatomical position, 11
Accommodation, 250 antibody-mediated immunity, senses, 260–261 Anatomy, human, 1–2
ACE (angiotensin-converting skeletal muscle, 185–187 Androgen, 287, 540
enzyme), 285, 374–376, 396–402 skeletal system, 143–146 Androgen insensitivity syndrome,
512 cell-mediated immunity, 402 tissue, 91
Acetabulum, 133 lymphocyte activation and Agonist muscle, 166 264, 294
Acetylcholine, 157, 203, 230 Agranulocyte, 304 Anemia, 312, 313, 315
Acetylcholine antagonist, 159 multiplication, 395–396 Airflow, establishing, 417 Anencephaly, 566
Acetylcholinesterase, 157, 203 lymphocyte origin and Albinism, 97, 581f Anesthesia, 241
Acetyl-CoA, 487 Albumin, 298–299 Angina pectoris, 328
Achilles tendon, 185 development, 395 Alcohol, 513 Angiogram, 344, 344f
Acid, 30–31 Addison disease, 51 Aldosterone, 285, 286f, 376, 513f Angioplasty, 328
Acid-base balance, 521–522, 523f Adduction, 143 Alkaline solution, 30 Angiotensin, 374–376, 512
Acid-base balance regulation Adductor muscle, 185 Alkalosis, 30, 522 Angiotensin I, 285, 374–376, 512
acidosis and alkalosis, 522 Adenoid, 387 Allele, 580 Angiotensin II, 285, 376, 512
buffer, 30–31, 31f, 521–522, Adenoidectomy, 388 Allergic reaction, 394 Angiotensin-converting enzyme
523f Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Alpha cell, 287
respiratory system, 522 Alpha wave, 221 (ACE), 285, 374–376, 512
Acidic solution, 30 36, 485 Alphalinolenic acid, 479 Angiotensinogen, 285, 512
Acidosis, 30, 163–164, 287, 522 breakdown, 160f Altitude, 432 ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone),
Acids and bases depletion, 163–164 Alveolar bone, 447f
buffers, 30–31, 31f, 521–522, exercising muscle, 163f Alveolar duct, 418 376, 513–514, 514f
523f metabolism, role in, 485f Alveolar pressure, 422, 424f Ankle muscles, 185
pH scale, 30, 30f structure, 39f Alveolar sac, 418 ANS; see autonomic
salts, 30 synthesis reaction, 27 Alveolar volume, 425
Acinus, 77, 462 Adenylate cyclase, 272 Alveolus, 72, 77, 418, 419f, nervous system
Acne vulgaris, 100, 102 ADH; see antidiuretic hormone Antagonist muscle, 166
Acquired immunity, 403–404 Adipose tissue, 79 420f, 547 Anterior chamber, 249
Adolescent, 577 tooth, 445 Anterior horn, 206
Adrenal cortex, 284, 285–287, AMDR (acceptable macronutrient Anterior intercostal artery, 359
Anterior intercostal vein, 362
286f, 287f distribution range), 479 Anterior interventricular artery,
Adrenal gland, 284–287, 284f Ameboid movement, 303
Adrenal medulla, 284–285, 285f, 327

374, 377f I-1

I-2 Index chemoreceptor reflexes, Auscultation, 367 Basilar artery, 358
374, 377f Autocrine chemical messenger, Basilar membrane, 254
Anterior intraventricular sulcus, Basilic vein, 362
321 hormonal mechanisms, 374–376 264 Basophil, 304, 392
Arteriole, 351 Autoimmune disease, 395 Behavioral contraception, 552
Anterior pituitary, 274–276, 277f, Arteriosclerosis, 370, 578 Autonomic dysfunction, 231 Belly of muscle, 166
278–280 Artery, 351, 353f; see also Autonomic ganglion, 228 Benign tumor, 65
Autonomic nervous system Beta cell, 287
Anterior position, 11 specific artery name Beta wave, 221
Anterior superior iliac spine, 133 abdomen, 361f (ANS), 194, 225–231, Beta-adrenergic blocking
Anterior tibial artery, 361 abdominal aorta and its 228f, 229f
Antibody, 308, 395 dysfunction, 231 agents, 342
branches, 359–360 function, 230–231, 230t Biceps brachii, 177
classification, 399t aorta, 354 parasympathetic division, Bicuspid valve, 323, 337
effects, 398–399, 400f head and neck, 354–358, 358f, 228, 228t Bile, 460
function, 399t sympathetic division, 228, 228t Bile canaliculus, 460
production, 399, 401f 359f Autonomic neurotransmitter, 230 Bile salt, 460
structure, 397, 399f head and neck arteries, 354–358, Autorhythmicity, 165 Bilirubin, 302, 460
Antibody-mediated immunity, Autosomal chromosome, 579 Biochemical pathway, 485, 486f
358f, 359f Autosome, 63 Biofeedback, 230
395, 396–402 kidney, 505 Axial skeleton, 120–129 Bipolar neuron, 195
Anticoagulant, 306, 342 lower limb, 360–362, 362f rib cage, 128–129 Bladder, urinary, 514, 516f
Anticodon, 61; see also codon pelvic arteries, 360, 361f skull, 120–124 Blastocele, 562
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), pelvis, 360, 361f vertebral column, 125–128 Blastocyst, 548, 562, 562f
structure of, 351, 353f Axillary artery, 358 Blind spot, 249
280, 376, 379f, 499 systemic circulation, 354–362, Axillary nerve, 210 Blood, 297–317
urinary system and fluid Axillary vein, 362
356f Axon, 194, 199f blood grouping, 308–310
balance, 513, 514f, 526 thoracic aorta and its branches, myelinated, 196 ABO blood group, 308–310,
Antigen, 308, 394 Axon hillock, 194 309f
359 Azygos vein, 362 Rh blood group, 310
recognition, 395–396 upper limb, 358, 360f
Antigen receptor, 395 Articular cartilage, 113, 139 B blood loss prevention, 304–308
Antihypertensive agent, 342 Articular facet, 126 blood clotting, 306–308, 314,
Antioxidant, 481 Articular process, 126 B cell, 395, 396f, 398f 480
Antiserum, 404 Articulation; see joint B cell receptor, 395 platelet plug formation,
Antithrombin, 306 Artificial heart, 342–343 Back muscles, 173, 174t 304–305
Antrum, 545 Artificial insemination, 541 Bacteria vascular spasm, 304
Anus, 463 Artificial pacemaker, 342
Aorta, 321–323, 354, 357f Arytenoid cartilage, 414 fecal transplants, 468 composition, 298, 298f
Aortic arch, 354 Ascending aorta, 354 to fight bacteria, 100 diagnostic blood tests, 310–314
Aortic body, 374 Ascending colon, 463 generally, in human body, 4
Aortic semilunar valve, 324 Ascending limb, 511f, 512f gut, 279, 394 blood chemistry, 314
Apex, 319 Ascending lumbar vein, 362 immune response, 394 clotting, 314
Aphasia, 221 Ascending tract, 206, 215–216, obesity, 279 complete blood count,
Aplastic anemia, 313 skin, 100
Apocrine secretion, 77 216f, 216t Balance, 256–258, 258f 311–313
Apocrine sweat gland, 100 Association area, 216–217 disease and disorder, 260 differential white blood count,
Aponeurosis, 166 Asthma, 418, 436–437, 436f neuronal pathway, 258–259
Apoptosis, 66 Astrocyte, 195 Baldness, male pattern, 541 313–314
Appendectomy, 463 Atherosclerosis, 369, 379, 578 Ball-and-socket joint, 139 type and crossmatch, 310–311
Appendicitis, 17, 463 Atherosclerotic plaque, 328, 381f Baroreceptor, 339 disease and disorder, 314
Appendicular skeleton, 129–137 Atlas, 127 Baroreceptor reflex, 339, 340f, formed elements, 299–304
Atmospheric pressure, 422 platelets, 304
lower limb, 134–137 Atom, 22, 22f 373–374, 374f, 375f red blood cells, 299–303,
pectoral girdle, 129 Atomic number, 23 Barrier contraception, 552
pelvic girdle, 133–134 Atomic particle, 28 Basal cell carcinoma, 106 302f, 303f
upper limb, 130–133 Atomic structure, 22–23 Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 491 white blood cells, 302f,
Appendix, 463 ATP; see adenosine triphosphate Basal nucleus, 218–219, 220f
Aqueous humor, 249 Atria, 320 Basal surface, 71 303–304, 305f
Arachnoid granulation, 223 Atrial diastole, 333 Base, 30–31, 319 function, 82–83, 84t, 297–298
Arachnoid mater, 223 Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), Basement membrane, 71 plasma, 298–299
Arch, foot, 137 Bases; see also acid-base balance reference laboratory values,
Arcuate artery, 505 376, 513–514, 514f
Areola, 546 Atrial systole, 333, 334 buffers, 30–31, 31f A–2 to A–3
Arm; see upper limb Atrioventricular bundle, 330 pH scale, 30, 30f structure, 82–83, 84t
Arrector pili, 99 Atrioventricular node, 330 salts, 30 summary and review, 315–317
Arrhythmia, cardiac, 334t Atrioventricular valve, 323 Basic solution, 30 volume, 515f
Arterial aneurysm, 354 Atrium, 323 Blood chemistry test, 314
Arterial pressure regulation, Auditory ossicle, 253 Blood clotting, 306–308, 314, 480
Auditory tube, 254 Blood count values, A–4
373–379 Auricle, 253 Blood donor, 308
baroreceptor reflexes, 373–374, Blood doping, 312

374f, 375f

Index I-3

Blood flow abdominal aorta and its Bone marrow, 113 Calcitonin, 119, 281, 521
cardiac, 326f branches, 359–360 Bony labyrinth, 254 Calcium channel blocker, 342
control, 371–373 Booster vaccine, 386, 409 Calcium homeostasis, 118f,
aorta, 354 Botulism, 204
Blood grouping, 308–310 head and neck arteries, Bowman capsule, 500 119–120
ABO blood group, 308–310, Brachial artery, 358 Calcium ion, 283f, 521
309f 354–358, 358f, 359f Brachial plexus, 210 Calendar method, 552
Rh blood group, 310 lower limb, 360–362, 362f Brachial vein, 362 Callus, 96, 117
pelvic arteries, 360, 361f Brachialis, 177 Calorie, 477
Blood loss prevention thoracic aorta and its branches, Brachiocephalic artery, 354 CAMP (cyclic adenosine
blood clotting, 306–308 Brachiocephalic vein, 362
platelet plug formation, 304–305 359 Brachioradialis, 177 monophosphate), 272
vascular spasm, 304 upper limb, 358 Brain, 210–214, 215f Canal, 120
systemic circulation: veins, Canaliculus, 113
Blood pH, 434f 362–367, 363f brainstem, 212, 213f, 431–432 Cancellous bone, 113
Blood pressure, 367–369, 369f abdomen and pelvis, 362–367, cerebellum, 213, 219, 220f Cancer, 65
cerebrum, 214
control, 374–376, 380f 365f diencephalon, 213–214, 213f, breast, 547
mean arterial, 373 head and neck, 362, 364f cervical, 545
measuring, 368f lower limb, 367, 367f 214f cervix, 545
Blood recipient, 308 thorax, 362, 364f function of, 219–222 detecting, 75
Blood smear, 304f upper limb, 362, 364f prostate, 536
Blood sugar level, 1, 19 Blood-brain barrier, 195 brain hemispheres, 219–221 skin, 106, 106f
regulation, 289f Bloodletting, 9 brain waves and treatment, 393
Blood supply, cardiac, BMI (body mass index), 493 Canine, 445
BMR (basal metabolic rate), 491 consciousness, 221 Capacitation, 534, 561
326–327, 327f Body, sternal, 128 limbic system and emotions, Capacity, measures of,
Blood transfusion, 308 Body, stomach, 451
Blood type and crossmatch test, Body, uterine, 545 222 Appendix A at A–1
Body cavity, 16–17, 16f memory, 222 Capillary, 351, 353f
310–311 Body fluid; see also fluid balance; speech, 221
Blood typing, 310–311 regions, 212f lymphatic, 386–387
Blood vessels and circulation, urinary system Brain wave, 221 Capillary exchange, 370–371,
compartments, 518–519, 518t Braincase, 120
350–384 composition, 518 Brainstem, 212, 213f, 431–432 371f
aging effects, 379 Body mass index (BMI), 493 respiratory structures, 431f Capsular pressure, 507
arterial pressure regulation, Body plan and terminology Breast, 546, 547f Capsule, 388, 389
body cavities, 16–17 Breast cancer, 547 Carbohydrate, 32, 33f, 465
373–379 body parts and regions, 13, 13f Breastfeeding, 552, 560, 584
baroreceptor reflexes, body positions, 11 Breathing, rhythmic, 429–438 dietary, 477–479
directional terminology, 11, chemical control, 432, 433f digestion, 465, 466f
373–374, 374f, 375f exercise effects, 432–438 disorder, 56
chemoreceptor reflexes, 12f, 12t generation of, 431 metabolism, 485–489
planes, 16 nervous control, 431–432, 433f transport, 465, 466f
374, 377f serous membranes, 17–18 respiratory areas in the Carbon atom, 23f
hormonal mechanisms, Body plane, 15f, 16, 16f brainstem, 429–431 Carbon dioxide
Body position, 11 Brittle bone disease, 111 molecular structure, 31
374–376 Body region, 13, 13f, 14f Broad ligament, 541 transport, 429
blood vessel structure, 351–353, Body temperature regulation, Broca area, 221 Carbonic anhydrase, 302, 429
Bronchiole, 417–418, 419f Carboxyl group, 33
352f 494–496, 495f Bronchopulmonary segment, 417 Carboxypeptidase, 462, 468
arteries, 351, 353f integumentary system, 101, 102f Bronchus, 417, 419f Cardiac arrhythmia, 334t
capillaries, 351, 353f negative feedback, 10f Buccinator, 170 Cardiac cycle, 335f, 336f
veins, 351–353, 353f water, 31 Buccinator muscle, 444 Cardiac muscle, 84, 165–166
blood vessels of the pulmonary Bone, 82, 111f; see also skeletal Buffer, 30–31, 31f, 521–522, 523f electrical activity, 329
circulation, 353–354 Buffy coat, 303 histology, 328–329
circulatory system function, system; specific bone name Bulb, hair, 99 Cardiac output, 338, 373
350–351 anatomy, 119–120 Bulbourethral gland, 537 Cardiac region, 451
control of blood flow in tissues, calcium homeostasis, 117–119 Burn injury, 103–106, 103f Cardiac skeleton, 325f
371–373, 372t compact, 82, 113–114 Bursa, 139 Cardiac sphincter, 449
local control of blood flow, fracture, 118, 118f, 128 Bursitis, 139 Cardiac tamponade, 321
growth, 116, 116f Cardiac vein, 327
371, 372f histology, 113–114 C Cardiogenic shock, 376
nervous and hormonal control, long bone structure, 112–113, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cadaver, 5
371–373, 373f 112f Caffeine, 513 (CPR), 320, 333
physiology of circulation, ossification, 114–116, 114f Calcaneal tendon, 185 Cardioregulatory center, 339
remodeling, 116–117 Calcaneus bone, 136 Cardiovascular shock, 508
367–371 repair, 117, 117f Cardiovascular system, 318, 319f;
blood pressure, 367–369 spongy, 82, 113, 114, 114f
capillary exchange, 370–371, structure and function, 84t, 113f see also Systems Pathology
types, 82, 119t Carotene, 98
371f
pressure and resistance,

369–370
pulse pressure, 370, 370f
summary and review, 381–384
systemic circulation: arteries,
354–362, 355f, 356f

I-4 Index Caudate lobe, 458 Cell layer, 75 dissociation, 26
Cavity, body, 16–17, 16f Cell life cycle, 61–63, 64f elements and atoms, 22, 22t
Carotid body, 374 Cecum, 463 Cell membrane, 42, 45f hydrogen bonds, 24–25, 25f, 25t
Carotid sinus, 354 Celiac disease, 70, 91 inorganic molecules, 31
Carpal bone, 130 Celiac trunk, 359 movement through, 44–52, 46t matter, mass, and weight, 21–22
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 131 Cell, 2 carrier-mediated, 48–51 molecules and compounds,
Carrier, 581 diffusion, 45–46, 46f, 47f
Carrier molecule, 48, 486 generalized, 43f endocytosis and exocytosis, 25–26
Carrier-mediated transport goblet, 75 52, 52f, 53f organic molecules, 31–39, 32t
movement through the cell osmosis, 47–48, 48f
mechanism, 48–51 adenosine triphosphate, 36
Cartilage, 82, 82t–83t, 111 membrane, 44–52, 46t polarized, 153, 197 carbohydrates, 32, 33f
carrier-mediated, 48–51 structure and function, 44, 45f lipids, 32–35
articular, 113, 139 diffusion, 45–46, 46f, 47f Cell-mediated immunity, 395, 402 nucleic acids: DNA and
costal, 128 endocytosis and exocytosis, Cellular clock, 66
Cartilaginous joint, 138 Cellular metabolism, 485 RNA, 36
Cascade effect, 274f 52, 52f, 53f Cellular physiology, 2 proteins, 36, 37f
Case in Point osmosis, 47–48, 48f Cellular respiration, 412 summary and review, 39–41
addison disease, 51 nervous system Cellulose, 448 Chemical bonding, 23
adenoidectomy, 388 glial cells, 195–196, 198f Cementum, 445 Chemical communication,
appendicitis, 463 myelin sheath, 196, 199f Central canal, 113, 206, 223
atherosclerosis, 369 nervous tissue organization, Central nervous system, 194, 206 264–265
botulism, 204 Central sulcus, 214 Chemical contraception, 552
brittle bone disease, 111 196 Central vein, 458 Chemical digestion, 465
cancer detection, 75 neurons, 194–195 Centriole, 58, 59f Chemical energy, 29
cardiopulmonary resuscitation organelle, 2, 42, 43t, 52–58 Centromere, 63 Chemical mediator, 89
centrioles, 58, 59f Centrosome, 58 Chemical messenger, 265t
(CPR), 333 cilia, flagella, and microvilli, 58 Cephalic phase, 451 Chemical reactions, 26–30
cyanide poisoning, 39 cytoskeleton, 57, 58f Cephalic vein, 362
cystitis, 516 endoplasmic reticulum, 54, 55f Cerebellar peduncle, 213 classification, 27
dislocated shoulder, 143 Golgi apparatus, 54, 56f Cerebellum, 213, 219, 220f energy and chemical reactions,
double vision, 251 lysosomes and peroxisomes, Cerebral aqueduct, 223
endometriosis, 551 Cerebral arterial circle, 358, 360f 27–29, 29f
epigastric pain, 13 54, 57f Cerebral cortex rate of reactions, 29–30
gastric bypass surgery, 492 mitochondria, 56 motor areas, 217–218 reversible, 27
groin pull, 182 mitochondrion, 57f sensory areas, 216–217, 217f Chemically gated channel, 200
heartburn, 453 nucleus, 52–54, 53f Cerebrospinal fluid, 223, 226f Chemoreceptor, 240, 432
hemolytic disease of the ribosomes, 54, 55f Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), Chemoreceptor reflex, 339–346,
secretory vesicles, 54
newborn, 310 organelles, 43t, 52–58 232 341f, 374, 377f
idiopathic thrombocytopenic centrioles, 58, 59f Cerebrum, 214 Chemotaxis, 392
cilia, flagella, and microvilli, 58 Cerumen, 253 Chewing; see mastication
purpura, 305 cytoskeleton, 57, 58f Ceruminous gland, 253 Chief cell, 451
infant respiratory distress endoplasmic reticulum, 54, 55f Cervical canal, 545 Child, 577
Golgi apparatus, 54, 56f Cervical cancer, 545 Choana, 413
syndrome (IRDS), 423 lysosomes and peroxisomes, Cervical cap, 552 Cholecystokinin, 453
injections, 96 Cervical plexus, 210 Cholesterol, 466, 479
kidney stones, 517–518 54, 57f Cervical vertebra, 125, 127
loss of taste, 244 mitochondria, 56 Cervix, 545 reference laboratory values,
lymph nodes and a toothache, mitochondrion, 57f Chemical basis of life, 21–41 Appendix B at A–3
nucleus, 52–54, 53f
447 ribosomes, 54, 55f acids and bases, 30–31 Chondrocyte, 82, 115
Marfan syndrome, 79 secretory vesicles, 54 buffers, 30–31, 31f, 521–522, ChooseMyPlate.gov, 477
myasthenia gravis, 157 shape of, 75 523f Chordae tendineae, 324
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, structure and function, 42–69 pH scale, 30, 30f Chorion, 562
cell function, 44, 60 salts, 30 Chorionic villus, 563
338 cell membrane, 44, 45f Choroid, 246
peritonitis, 17 cell structure, 42–44, 60 atomic structure, 22–23 Choroid plexus, 223
prostate cancer, 536 cellular aspects of aging, 66 bonding Chromatid, 63
rib fracture, 128 summary and review, 67–69 Chromatin, 52
seasickness, 259 whole-cell activity, 58–66 covalent, 23–24, 24f Chromosome, 52, 579–580
sinusitis, 414 apoptosis, 66 hydrogen bonds, 24–25
Sjogren syndrome, 403 cell life cycle, 61–63 chemical reactions, 26–30 autosome, 63
spinal cord injury recovery, 218 differentiation, 63–66 classification, 27 diploid number, 62
subdural hematoma, 223 gene expression, 59–61, 60f energy and chemical reactions, sex, 62–63
tonsillectomy, 388 Cell connection, 76, 77f structure, 54f
twins, 561 Cell death, programmed, 66 27–29, 29f Chronic inflammation, 89
type 2 diabetes mellitus, 290 Cell differentiation, 4, 63–66, 65f rate of reactions, 29–30 Chyle, 468
vegetarian diet, 484 Cell division, 62, 561 reversible, 27 Chylomicron, 468
Case studies; see Case in Point chemistry overview, 21–26 Chyme, 451
Catabolism, 27, 485 Chymotrypsin, 462, 468
Catalyst, 30 Ciliary body, 246–247
Cauda equina, 206 Ciliary muscle, 247

Index I-5

Cilium, 58, 75 embryo transfer, 566 Cochlear duct, 254 Contraction of muscle, 157–165,
Circular fold, 455 emphysema effects, 432 Cochlear ganglion, 254 159f, 160f
Circular smooth muscle, 443 enzymes and disease, 486 Cochlear nucleus, 256
Circulation, 318, 319f; see erythrocytosis and blood doping, Codominance, 582 energy requirements for, 162–163
Codon, 61; see also anticodon fatigue, 163–164, 190
also blood vessels and 312 Coenzyme, 481 types of, 158, 164–165, 458
circulation establishing airflow, 417 Coitus interruptus, 552 Contraction phase, 158
fetus, 575f fatty acids and blood clotting, Cold receptor, 240 Control center, 8; see also
maternal-fetal interface, 563f Collagen, 111
newborn, 573–574, 575f, 576f 480 Collagen fiber, 78 regulation
physiology of fibrillation, cardiac, 332 Collarbone, 129, 131f Convection, 494
blood pressure, 367–369 free radicals and antioxidants, Collateral axon, 194 Converging circuit, 204, 208f
capillary exchange, 370–371, Collateral ganglion, 228 Coracoid process, 129
371f 480 Collecting duct, 500, 512f Corn, 96
pressure and resistance, heart attack, 328 Colliculus, 212 Cornea, 246
369–370 heart disease treatment and Colloid osmotic pressure, 507 Corneal transplant, 246
pulse pressure, 370, 370f Colon, 463 Corniculate cartilage, 414
Circulatory shock, 376 prevention, 342–343 Color blindness, 251, 251f Coronal suture, 120
Circulatory system, 350–351 heart failure, 339 Colostrum, 575 Coronary artery, 326–327, 354
Circumcision, 537 high altitude effects, 432 Columnar epithelium, 72 Coronary bypass surgery, 328,
Circumduction, 143 high- and low-density Comminuted fracture, 118
Circumflex artery, 327 Commissure, 219 366
Citric acid cycle, 487 lipoprotein, 466 Common bile duct, 455, 460 Coronary sulcus, 321
Clavicle, 129 hormones and stress, 286 Common fibular nerve, 210 Coronary thrombosis, 328
Cleavage line, 96, 97f Human Genome Project, 583 Common hepatic duct, 460 Coronoid process, 130
Cleft lip, 566 humors and homeostasis, 9 Common iliac artery, 354, 360 Corpora cavernosa, 536
Cleft palate, 568 hypertension, 368 Common iliac vein, 362 Corpus callosum, 219
Climacteric, 549 hyperthermia, 496 Compact bone, 82, 113–114 Corpus luteum, 545
Climax, 540 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, Comparator, 219, 220f Corpus spongiosum, 536
Clinical age, 560 Complement, 392 Corpus striatum, 218
Clinical Impact 453 Complete blood count, 311–313 Cortex
acetylcholine antagonist, 159 hypothermia, 496 Complete fracture, 118
acne, 102 immunity inhibition and Complete protein, 480 brain, 196
activating platelets, 305 Complex carbohydrate, 478 hair, 99
amenorrhea, 550 stimulation, 398 Compound, 25–26 kidney, 500
anabolic steroids, 540 interferon as viral and cancer Compound exocrine gland, 77 thymus, 389
anemia, 313 Computed tomography (CT), 28 Cortical nephron, 500
atomic particles in clinical treatment, 393 Concentration gradient, 45 Cortisol, 279, 285, 287f
situations, 28 lipid-soluble hormone, 267 Concentric contraction, 165 Cortisone, 285
autonomic dysfunction, 231 male pattern baldness, 541 Concha, 413 Costal cartilage, 128
bicuspid valve incompetency, meditation, 230 Condom, 552 Costimulation, 396
337 monoclonal antibodies, 401 Conduction, 494 Cotransport, 51
biofeedback, 230 peptic ulcers, 455 Conduction, cardiac, 329–332 Cough reflex, 417
blood clots as dangerous, 307 pericardium disorders, 321 Conduction deafness, 254 Countertransport, 51
blood vessels used for coronary peritonitis, 444 Conduction pathway, 196 Covalent bonding, 23–24, 24f
bypass surgery, 366 pneumothorax, 425 Condyle, 120, 134 Coxal bone, 133, 135f
bone fracture, 118 pregnancy prevention, 552–553 Condyloid joint, 139 CPR (cardiopulmonary
breast cancer, 547 radial nerve damage, 210 Cone, 247
cadavers and the law, 5 ruptured spleen, 389 Conjunctiva, 245 resuscitation), 320
cancer, 65 skin cancer as adaptive, 98 Connective tissue, 77–83 Cranial cavity, 123–124, 124f
carbohydrate and lipid disorders, spinal cord injury recovery, 218 Cranial nerve, 223–225, 227f,
56 starvation and obesity, 493 classification, 79–83, 79t
carpal tunnel syndrome, 131 stem cells and cancer therapy, dense, 79, 82 227t
cell structure and cell function, fluid, 82–83, 84t Creatine phosphate, 162
60 300 function, 78–79 Cremaster muscle, 532
cervical cancer, 545 vericose veins, 354 loose, 79 Crenation, 48
circulatory shock, 376 in vitro fertilization (IVF), 566 muscle coverings, 151 Cretinism, 280
circumcision, 537 water-soluble hormone, 267 supporting, 82, 82t–83t, 84t Cricothyrotomy, 417
color blindness, 251 Clinical perineum, 546 Consciousness, 221 Crista, 56
corneal transplant, 246 Clitoris, 546 Consolidation, 222 Crista ampullaris, 258, 259f
cystic fibrosis, 51 Clone, 395 Constant region, 397 Cross-bridge, 157
descent of the testes, 533 Closed fracture, 118 Continuous conduction, 201, 202f Crossing over, 530
dietary fiber, 449 Clostridium difficile, 468 Contraception, 552–553, 553f Crossmatch, 311
diuretics, 513 Clot, 89, 306 Contractility, muscle, 151 Crown, 445
formation, 307f Crypt, 463
retraction, 307 Crypt of Lieberkühn, 456
Clotting factor, 306 Cryptorchidism, 533
Clotting test, 314 CT (computed tomography), 28
Coagulation, 306–308, 314, 480 Cubital fossa, 362
Coccygeal plexus, 210
Coccyx bone, 125
Cochlea, 254

I-6 Index transcription, 59–61, 61f Diarthrosis, 138 pharynx, 449
Depolarization, 156, 201 Diastolic pressure, 367 saliva, 448
Cuboid bone, 136 Depolarization phase, 329 Diencephalon, 213–214, 213f, swallowing, 449, 450f
Cuboidal epithelium, 72 Depression, 143 small intestine, 455–458, 456f
Cumulus cell, 545 Depressor anguli oris, 170 214f absorption, 458
Cuneiform bone, 136 Dermal papilla, 96 Diet and nutrition, 476–484 anatomy, 455–457
Cuneiform cartilage, 414 Dermatome, 210 movement in the small
Cupula, 258 Dermis, 95, 96, 96f carbohydrates, 477–479
Curare, 159 Descending aorta, 354 daily values, 483–484 intestine, 458, 458f
Cusp, 445 Descending colon, 463 kilocalories, 477 secretions, 457–458
Cutaneous membrane; see skin Descending limb, 511f lipids, 479–480 stomach, 451–455
Cuticle Descending tract, 206, 218, 218f, minerals, 481–483, 483t anatomy, 451, 452f
MyPlate, 477, 477f movement in the stomach,
hair, 99 218t, 219f nutrients, 476–477
nail, 100 Desmosome, 76 proteins, 480 455, 456f
CVA (cerebrovascular accident), Development, heredity, and aging, summary and review, 496–498 secretions, 451–455, 454f
vegetarian and vegan, 484 summary and review, 473–475
232 560–586 vitamins, 481, 482t Digit, 130
Cyanide poisoning, 39 first year following birth, Dietary fiber, 449 Digitalis, 342
Cyanosis, 98 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Diploid number, 62
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 576–577 Diplopia, 251
genetics, 579–584 477 Direct tract, 218
(cAMP), 272 Differential white blood count, Directional terminology, 11,
Cystic duct, 460 chromosomes, 579–580
Cystic fibrosis, 50, 51 genes, 580–582 313–314 12f, 12t
Cystitis, 516 lactation, 574–576 Differentiation, cell, 4, 63–66, 65f Disaccharidase, 458, 465
Cytokine, 396, 398 life stages, 577–579 Diffusion, 45–46, 46f, 47f Disaccharide, 32, 465
Cytoplasm, 42 aging process, 578–579 Dislocation, shoulder, 143
Cytoskeleton, 57, 58f death, 579 facilitated, 48–51, 49f Dissociation, 26, 26f
Cytotoxic T cell, 395 newborn, 573–574 lung gases, 427–428 Distal convoluted tubule, 500,
digestive changes, 574 tissue gases, 429
D respiratory and circulatory Digestion, 465f 512f
newborn, 574 Distal position, 11
Daily reference value (DRV), 483 changes, 573–574 Digestive secretion, 448t Distributing artery, 351
Daily value, 483–484 parturition, 572–573, 573f, 574f pancreas, 463f Diuretic, 513
Dartos muscle, 532 prenatal development, 560–572 small intestine, 457–458 Diverging circuit, 204–205, 208f
Deafness, conduction, 254 stomach, 451–455, 454f Dizygotic twin, 561
Death, 579 blastocyst, 562 Digestive system, 442–475, 443f DNA; see deoxyribonucleic acid
Death gene, 66 blastocyst implantation and aging effects, 470–472 Dominant gene, 580–581, 582
Debridement, 105 anatomy and histology, 443, 444f Dominant trait, 584f
Declarative memory, 222 placental development, Donor, blood, 308
Decomposition reaction, 27 562–563 peritoneum, 443 Dorsal column, 206, 216, 216f
Deep back muscle, 173 early cell division, 561 development, 570f Dorsal position, 11
Deep lymphatic vessel, 421 fertilization, 561, 561f digestion, absorption, and Dorsal respiratory group, 431
Deep position, 11 fetal growth, 570–572 Dorsal root, 206
Defecation, 463 formation of the general body transport, 465–470, 465f, 466f Dorsal root ganglion, 206
7-dehydrocholesterol, 481 structure, 566–568 carbohydrates, 465, 466f Dorsalis pedis artery, 361
Delta wave, 221 germ layer formation, 563–565 lipids, 465–468, 466f, 467f Dorsiflexion, 141
Deltoid, 177 maternal hormonal changes, proteins, 466f, 468–469 Double covalent bond, 24
Deltoid tuberosity, 130 563 water and minerals, 469–470, Double vision, 251
Denaturation, 36 neural tube and neural crest Down syndrome, 580
Dendrite, 194 formation, 566 469f DRV (daily reference value), 483
Dense collagenous connective organ system development, disease and disorder, 472 Duchenne muscular dystrophy,
568–570, 568t fluid volume, 469f
tissue, 79 Development, organism, 4 functions, 442 188–189, 188f
Dense connective tissue, 79 Developmental age, 560 histology, 443, 444f, 452f, 457f, Ductus arteriosus, 574
Dense elastic connective tissue, 82 Deviated nasal septum, 413 Ductus deferens, 534–536
Dense irregular connective tissue, Diabetes insipidus, 42, 66, 526 462f Ductus venosus, 574
Diabetes mellitus, 290 large intestine, 463–464, 464f Duodenal gland, 456
79 Diagnostic blood tests, 310–314 Duodenal papilla, 460
Dense regular connective tissue, blood chemistry, 314 anatomy, 463–464 Duodenum, 455, 457f, 462f
clotting, 314 function, 464 Dupp (heart sound), 337
79, 81t complete blood count, 311–313 liver and pancreas, 458–462 Dura mater, 223
Dental caries, 447 differential white blood count, liver anatomy, 458–461, 459f Dust cell, 392
Dentin, 445 313–314 liver function, 460–461, 460f, Dynamic equilibrium, 256
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), type and crossmatch, 310–311 Dysautonomia, 231
Diaphragm, 173, 422, 552 461f, 461t Dystrophin, 188
36, 579; see also Diaphysis, 112 pancreas anatomy, 461–462
gene expression Diarrhea, 470–471 pancreas function, 462
damage, 66 hospital-acquired, 468 oral cavity, pharynx, and
replication, 63f esophagus, 444–449
structure, 38f esophagus, 449
mastication, 449
oral cavity anatomy, 444–448

Index I-7

E Embryo, 560, 564f, 577 Endoplasmic reticulum, 54, 55f Eustachian tube, 254
development, 567f, 569t, 572f Endosteum, 113 Evaporation, 494
Ear, 253f transfer, 566 Endothelin, 304 Eversion, 143
anatomy and function, 253–254, Endothelium, capillary, 351 Exchange reaction, 27
253f, 255f, 256f Embryonic disk, 563 Energy, 27 Excitability, muscle, 151
external, 253 Emission, 538, 540–541 Excitable cell, 201
inner, 254, 255f, 256f Emotions, and limbic system, 222 activation, 36, 38f Excretion, 103
middle, 253–254, 256f Emphysema, 412, 432, 438 chemical, 29, 29f Excursion, 143
Emulsification, 467 kinetic, 28 Exercise, 432–438
Early cell division, 561 Enamel, 445 mechanical, 29 Exocrine gland, 77f, 78f, 266
Eccentric contraction, 165 Endocardium, 328 potential, 27–28 Exocytosis, 52, 53f
Eccrine sweat gland, 100 Endochondral ossification, 115, Enteric nervous system (ENS), Exophthalmia, 280
ECG (electrocardiogram), Expiration, 421, 422, 424f
115f, 116f 194, 231, 443 Expiratory reserve volume, 425
332–333, 333f Endocrine cell, 451, 456 Enzyme, 36 Explicit memory, 222
Ectoderm, 565 Endocrine chemical messenger, Extensibility, muscle, 151
Ectopic beat, 332 action, 38f Extension, 141
Ectopic pregnancy, 549 265 activation energy, 36, 38f Extensor carpi, 180
ED (erectile dysfunction), 540 Endocrine gland, 77, 266, 266f, disease process, 486 Extensor digitorum, 180
Edema, 89 Eosinophil, 304, 392 External abdominal oblique, 173
274–291, 276t–277t; see EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), 480 External auditory canal, 120, 253
burn injury, 103 also specific gland name Ependymal cell, 196 External carotid artery, 354
capillary exchange, 370–371 Endocrine system, 264–296 Epiblast, 563 External ear, 253
EEG (electroencephalogram), aging effects, 291 Epicardium, 320, 327–328 External iliac artery, 360
characteristics, 266 Epicondyle, 130, 134 External iliac vein, 362
221, 221f chemical communication, Epidermis, 95–96, 96f External intercostal, 173
Effector organ, 8, 204, 266 264–265, 265t Epididymis, 534 External jugular vein, 362
Efferent arteriole, 505 control of hormone secretion, Epidural anesthesia, 223 External nose, 413
Efferent ductule, 534 267–269, 268f, 269f Epidural space, 223 External urethral orifice, 536
Eicosanoid, 34 inhibition of hormone release, Epigastric pain, 13 External urinary sphincter, 514
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 480 268–269 Epiglottis, 414, 449 Extracellular fluid, 519–521
Ejaculation, 538, 540–541 regulation of blood hormone Epimysium, 151 Extracellular fluid compartment,
Ejaculatory duct, 536 levels, 269 Epinephrine, 284
Elastic cartilage, 82 stimulation of hormone Epiphyseal line, 113 518
Elastic fiber, 78 release, 267–268 Epiphyseal plate, 113 Extracellular matrix, 78, 111
Elasticity, muscle, 151, 153–156 endocrine glands and their Epiphysis, 113 Extracellular substance, 44
Electrical activity, cardiac, hormones, 274–291, 276t–277t Episiotomy, 546 Extrinsic cardiac regulation,
adrenal gland, 284–287, 284f Epithalamus, 213–214
329–332 pancreas, insulin, and diabetes, Epithelial tissue, 70–77, 71f 339–346, 343f
action potentials in cardiac 287–290, 288f characteristics, 71f Extrinsic eye muscle, 245, 246f
parathyroid gland, 282 classification, 72–75, 72t Extrinsic muscle, 172
muscle, 329, 331f pineal gland, 291 function, 71–72, 75–77 Eye
conduction system of the heart, pituitary and hypothalamus, glands, 77
274–279, 275f, 277f, 278f gluten enteropathy, 91 accessory structures, 245, 245f
329–332, 332f testes and ovaries, 290 olfactory, 242f anatomy, 245–249, 246f, 247f,
electrocardiogram, 332–333 thymus, 291 structural and functional
Electrical signals and neural thyroid gland, 280–282, 281f 248f
function, 265–266 relationships, 75–77 chambers, 249
pathways, 197–206 hormone receptors and Equilibrium, 27, 256 function, 249–251, 250f
action potential, 200f, 201–203, mechanism of action, 269–274 Equivalents, Appendix C at A–7 hyperthyroidism, 292f
membrane-bound receptors Erectile dysfunction (ED), 540 Eye socket, 122
201f and signal amplification, Erection, 536, 540–541 Eyebrow, 245
neuronal pathways, 204–206, 272–274 Erector spinae, 173 Eyelid, 245
nuclear receptors, 270–272 Erythroblastosis fetalis, 310
205f receptor classification, Erythrocyte; see red blood cell F
reflexes, 204, 205f 269–270 Erythrocytosis, 312
resting membrane potential, hormones, 266–267 Erythropoietin, 291, 302 Face
chemistry, 266–267 Esophageal phase, 449 bones, 123f
197–201, 199f other hormones, 291 Esophageal sphincter, 449 development, 567f
synapse, 203–204, 203f summary and review, 294–296 Esophagus, 449
Electrocardiogram (ECG), Endocrinology, 266 Essential amino acid, 480 Facial bone, 120
Endocytosis, 52, 52f Essential fatty acid, 479 Facial expression, 170t, 171f
332–333, 333f Endoderm, 565 Essential nutrient, 477 Facilitated diffusion, 48–51, 49f
Electroencephalogram (EEG), Endolymph, 254 Essential vitamin, 481 Falciform ligament, 458
Endometriosis, 551 Estrogen, 290 False rib, 128
221, 221f Endometrium, 545 Ethmoid bone, 122 Fascicle, 151, 169t
Electrolyte, 26 Endomysium, 151 Etymology, 11 Fast-twitch muscle fiber, 161, 162t
Electron, 22, 23–24 Fat, 32

covalent bonding, 23–24, 24f
Electron cloud, 23
Electron-transport chain, 487,

489f
Element, 22, 22t
Elevation, 143
Ellipsoid joint, 139
Embolus, 307, 354, 578

I-8 Index ion concentration regulation, Gallbladder, 460 skin, 100, 100f
519–521 Gallstone, 460 Glans penis, 536
Fat-soluble vitamin, 266–267, Gamete, 579 Glaucoma, 249
269–270, 481 regulation of extracellular fluid Gamma globulin, 397 Glenoid cavity, 129
composition, 519–521 Ganglion, 228, 254 Glial cell, 195–196, 198f
Fatty acid, 32, 33, 34f, 480 Gangrene, 354 Gliding joint, 139
Fecal matter, 463 thirst regulation, 519, 519f Gap junction, 76, 328 Globin, 299–300
Fluid connective tissue, 82–83, Gas exchange, 427–429, 428f, Globulin, 299
transplant, 468 Glomerular capillary pressure,
Female condom, 552 84t 430f
Female infertility, 554 Fluid-mosaic model, 44 partial pressure, 427–429, 427t 507
Female reproductive system, Focal point, 250, 250f respiratory membrane thickness, Glomerulus, 500
Focusing, 250 Glucagon, 288t, 290
541–547, 542f Folate deficiency, 313 427 Glucocorticoid, 285
Femoral artery, 361 Follicle surface area, 427 Glucose, 465
Femoral head, 134 Gas transport, blood, 429
Femoral nerve, 210 hair, 99, 99f Gastric bypass surgery, 492 transport, 467f
Femur, 134 ovary, 544f, 545 Gastric gland, 451 Gluten enteropathy, 70, 91
Fenestration, 267 Follicle-stimulating hormone Gastric phase, 453 Gluteus maximus, 182
Fertilization, 543–545, 561, 561f Gastric pit, 451 Gluteus medius, 182
(FSH), 537 Gastrin, 453 Glycerol, 32
in vitro, 566 Fontanel, 138, 138f Gastrocnemius, 185 Glycogen, 486
Fetal circulation, 563f, 575f Food Gastroesophageal opening, 451 Glycolysis, 486, 487f
Fetal growth, 570–572, 572f Gastrulation, 565 GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing
Fetus, 560, 577 composition, 478t Gate control theory, 241
Fiber, dietary, 449 metabolism, 490f Gated channel, 46, 47f, 200 hormone), 537
Fibrillation, cardiac, 332 Food label, 484f Gene, 59, 580–582 Goblet cell, 75, 456
Fibrin, 299, 306 Foot, 137, 137f Gene death, 66 Goiter, 292, 292f
Fibrinogen, 299, 306 Foramen, 119 Gene expression, 59–61, 60f, Golgi apparatus, 54, 56f
Fibrinogen receptor, 305 Foramen magnum, 123–124 Gomphosis, 138
Fibrinolysis, 307, 308f Foramen ovale, 569 580–582 Gonadotropin, 279
Fibroblast, 78 Forced expiratory vital capacity, General anesthesia, 241 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Fibrocartilage, 82, 138 General sense, 239
Fibrocyte, 78 426 General sensory area, 216 (GnRH), 537
Fibroid tumors, 554–555 Forearm, 13, 177, 181f, 181t Generalized cell, 43f “Goose bump,” 99
Fibrosis, 89 Foreign antigen, 394 Genetic counseling, 582–583 Gram, 22
Fibrous joint, 138 Foreskin, 536 Genetic disorder, 582 Granular cell, 456
Fibrous pericardium, 320 Formed element, 298, 299–304, Genetics, 579–584 Granulation tissue, 89–91
Fibrous tunic, 245, 246 Granulocyte, 304
Fibula, 136 300t chromosome, 52, 579–580 Granulosa cell, 545
Fibular artery, 361 platelets, 304 autosome, 63 Graves disease, 280, 292, 293
Fibularis, 185 red blood cells, 299–303, diploid number, 62 Gray matter, 196
Fifth lobe, 214 sex, 62–63 Great saphenous vein, 367
Fight-or-flight system, 230, 284 302f, 303f structure, 54f Greater curvature, 451
Filtrate, 501 white blood cells, 302f, Greater omentum, 443
Filtration, 506 chromosomes, 579–580 Greater tubercle, 130
Filtration membrane, 501, 504f 303–304, 305f genes, 59, 580–582 Greater vestibular gland, 546
Filtration pressure, 507, 507f Fossus, 120 Greenstick fracture, 118
Fimbria, 545 Fourth ventricle, 223 dominant gene, 580–581, 582 Groin pull, 182
Finger, 177–180 Fovea centralis, 249 dominant trait, 584f Ground substance, 78
First stage of labor, 572 Fracture, 118, 118f, 128 incomplete dominance, 582 Growth, 4
First-degree burn, 103 Fraternal twin, 561 recessive gene, 580–581, 581f Growth hormone, 278
Fixator muscle, 166 Freckle, 106 sex-linked trait, 581 Gut bacteria, 279, 394
Flaccid paralysis, 159 Free energy, 494 genetic counseling, 582–583 Gynecomastia, 546
Flagellum, 58 Free nerve ending, 240 genetic disorders, 582 Gyrus, 214
Flat bone, 111–112 Free radical, 66, 481 summary and review, 584–586
Flavin adenine dinucleotide, 487 Free radical theory of aging, 578 Genome, 580 H
Flexion, 141 Free surface, 71, 75 Genomic map, 583
Flexor carpi, 180 Frenulum, 445 Genotype, 581 H zone, 153
Flexor digitorum, 180 Frontal bone, 120 Germ layer, 563–565, 565f, 565t Hair, 99
Flexor reflex, 208 Frontal lobe, 214 Germinal center, 388 Hair bulb, 99
Floating rib, 128 Frontal plane, 16 Germinal period, 577 Hair cortex, 99
Fluid balance, 518–521; Frontonasal process, 566 Gestation period, 572 Hair follicle, 99, 99f
Frostbite, 496 Gigantism, 278 Hair follicle receptor, 240
see also urinary system FSH (follicle-stimulating Gingiva, 445 Hair root, 99
body fluid compartments, Gland; see also specific gland Hair shaft, 99
hormone), 537 Hamstring muscle, 184
518–519, 518t Full-thickness burn, 103, 104f name
body fluid composition, 518 Functional residual capacity, 426 endocrine; see endocrine gland
exchange between Fundus, 451, 545 exocrine; see exocrine gland

compartments, 518–519 G

G protein activation, 272, 273f

Index I-9

Hand, 130–133, 133f treatment and prevention, cardiac muscle, 328–329 characteristics of life, 3–4
Hard palate, 124, 413, 447 342–343 heart wall, 327–328, 329f homeostasis, 4–11, 8f
Haversian canal, 113 tissue, 70
hCG (human chorionic Heart failure, right, 339 urinary system, 514 negative feedback, 8, 9f, 10f,
Heart medication, 342 Holocrine secretion, 77 11f
gonadotropin hormone), Heart rate, 338, 373 Homeostasis, 4–11, 8f
545, 563 Heart transplant, 342 blood flow control, 372t, 380f positive feedback, 8–11, 11f
Head, 13 Heart valve, 323–325, 324f, 325f, body humor, 9 organization, 2–3, 3f
arteries, 354–358, 358f, 359f calcium, 118f, 119–120
muscles, 170–173, 170t, 171f, 337f negative feedback, 8, 9f, 10f, 11f organ level, 2, 5f
172f, 172t, 173t incompetence, 347 positive feedback, 8–11, 11f organ system level, 2, 6f–7f
veins, 362, 364f Heart valve replacement, 342 Homeostatic mechanism, 8 organism level, 3
Head, pancreatic, 461 Heart valve stenosis, 338 Homologous pair, 579 physiology, 2
Hearing, 254–256 Heart wall, 327–328, 329f Homozygosity, 580 summary and review, 19–20
balance, 256–257, 258f Heartburn, 453 Hormonal stimulus, 268 terminology and body plan,
disease and disorder, 260 Heart-lung machine, 342 Hormone, 266–267; see also 11–18
ear anatomy and function, Heat exchange, 102f body cavities, 16–17
253–254, 253f, 255f, 256f Heat exhaustion, 496 specific hormone name body parts and regions, 13, 13f
loss, 254–256 Heat stroke, 496 blood pressure control, 374–376 body positions, 11
neuronal pathway, 256, 257f Heimlich maneuver, 417 blood volume regulation, 515f directional terminology, 11,
Heart, 318–349 Helicobacter pylori, 455 chemistry of, 266–267
aging effects, 346 Helper T cell, 395 digestive system, 453t 12f, 12t
anatomy, 320–327, 320f, 321f, Hematocrit, 312, 312f endocrine glands planes, 16
322f–323f Hematopoiesis, 299, 301f serous membranes, 17–18
blood flow through the heart, Heme, 300 adrenal gland, 284–287, 284f Human physiology, 2
325–326, 326f Hemiazygos vein, 362 pancreas, insulin, and diabetes, Humeral head, 130
blood supply to the heart, Hemidesmosome, 76 Humerus, 130, 132f
326–327, 327f Hemocytoblast, 299 287–290, 288f Humor, body, 9
external anatomy, 320–323 Hemodialysis, 524–525, 524f parathyroid gland, 282 Humoral stimulus, 267
heart chambers and internal Hemoglobin, 299 pineal gland, 291 Huntington disease, 581
anatomy, 323 breakdown, 303f pituitary and hypothalamus, Hyaline cartilage, 82
heart valves, 323–325, measurement, 312 Hydrocephalus, 223
324f, 325f Hemolysis, 308 274–279, 275f, 277f, 278f Hydrochloric acid, 451
pericardium, 320 Hemolytic anemia, 313 testes and ovaries, 290 Hydrogen atom, 23f
cardiac cycle, 333–337, Hemolytic disease of the thymus, 291 Hydrogen bond, 24–25, 25f, 25t
335f, 336f thyroid gland, 280–282, 281f Hydrophilic molecule, 34
disease and disorder, 346 newborn, 310, 311f hormone receptors and Hydrophobic molecule, 34
electrical activity, 329–333 Hemophilia, 581, 581f mechanism of action Hydrostatic pressure, 47
action potentials in cardiac Hemorrhagic anemia, 313 membrane-bound receptors Hydroxyapatite, 111
muscle, 329, 331f Hemorrhagic shock, 376 Hydroxyl group, 33
conduction system of the Hemorrhagic stroke, 232 and signal amplification, Hygiene hypothesis, 394
heart, 329–332, 332f Hemorrhoid, 463 272–274 Hymen, 546
electrocardiogram, 332–333 Heparin, 306 nuclear receptors, 270–272 Hyoid bone, 124, 125f
formation, 571f Hepatic artery, 458 receptor classification, Hyoid muscle, 172
functions, 318–319 Hepatic cord, 458 269–270 Hypercapnia, 432
heart sounds, 337–338 Hepatic duct, 460 lactation control, 577f Hyperextension, 143
histology, 327–329 Hepatic portal system, 365, 366f maternal changes, 563 Hyperglycemia, 290
cardiac muscle, 328–329 Hepatic portal vein, 365, 458 reference laboratory values, A–6 Hyperparathyroidism, 282
heart wall, 327–328, 329f Hepatic sinusoid, 458 reproductive, 537, 538f, 539t Hyperplastic obesity, 493
regulation of heart function, Hepatic vein, 366f, 458 secretion control Hyperpolarization, 201
338–346 Hepatocyte, 458 inhibition of hormone release, Hypertension, 368
extrinsic regulation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, 431 268–269 Hyperthermia, 496
heart, 339–346, 343f Hernia, inguinal, 533 regulation of blood hormone Hyperthyroidism, 280, 292, 293
intrinsic regulation of the Heterozygosity, 580 levels, 269 Hypertonic solution, 47–48, 49f
heart, 338–339 High blood pressure, 368 stimulation of hormone Hypertrophic obesity, 493
size, form, and location, High-density lipoprotein, release, 267–268 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 453
319–320 urine concentration regulation, Hypertrophy, 164
summary and review, 347–349 466, 468 510–514 Hypoblast, 563
Heart, artificial, 342 Hilum, 500 Hormone receptor, 269–274 Hypodermis, 98
Heart attack, 314–315, 328, Hinge joint, 139 Hormone-response element, 272 Hypoparathyroidism, 284
344, 345 Hip, 183f Hospital-acquired diarrhea, 468 Hypopituitarism, 279
Heart chamber, 323 Histamine, 89 Human chorionic gonadotropin, Hypothalamic-pituitary portal
Heart disease, 346 Histology, 70
291 system, 275
bone, 113–114 Human chorionic gonadotropin Hypothalamus, 214
digestive system, 443, 444f, Hypothalamus gland, 274–279,
hormone (hCG), 545, 563
452f, 457f, 462f Human genome, 583 277f, 278f
heart, 327–329 Human Genome Project, 583, 583f Hypothermia, 496
Human organism, 1–20

I-10 Index

Hypothyroidism, 280 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, protection, 101 Inversion, 143
Hypotonic solution, 47, 49f 453 sensation, 101 Involuntary movement, 217
Hypovolemic shock, 376 temperature regulation, 101, Ion, 23, 24f
Hypoxia, 432 infant respiratory distress Ion channel, 155f
Hysterectomy, 554 syndrome (IRDS), 423 102f
vitamin D production, 101 voltage-gated, 200f
I Infarct, 328 skin, 95–98, 95f Ion concentration regulation,
Inferior colliculus, 256 dermis, 96, 96f
I band, 153 Inferior mesenteric artery, epidermis, 95–96, 96f 519–521
ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating skin color, 97–98 Ionic bond, 25t
359–360 skin cancer, 106 Ionic bonding, 23, 23f
hormone), 280 Inferior mesenteric vein, 365 subcutaneous tissue, 95f, 98–99 IRDS (infant respiratory distress
Identical twin, 561 Inferior orbital fissure, 122 summary and review, 107–109
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic Inferior phrenic artery, 360 Interatrial septum, 323, 569 syndrome), 423
Inferior position, 11 Intercalated disk, 84, 166, 328 Iris, 247, 247f
purpura, 305 Inferior vena cava, 321 Interferon, 392, 393 Iron deficiency anemia, 313, 315
Ig (immunoglobulin), 397 Infertility Interior thoracic vein, 362 Irregular bone, 112
IGF (insulin-like growth factor), Interleukin, 398 Ischemic stroke, 232
female, 554 Interleukin-1, 396 Ischium, 133
278 male, 541 Interleukin-2, 396 Islet of Langerhans, 461
Ileocecal junction, 457 Inflammation, 88, 88f Interlobar artery, 505 Isometric contraction, 164
Ileocecal sphincter, 457 cells, 392 Interlobular artery, 505 Isotonic contraction, 164
Ileocecal valve, 457 chronic, 89 Intermediate filament, 57 Isotonic solution, 47, 49f
Ileum, 455 exercise-induced, 164 Internal abdominal oblique, 173 Isotope, 28
Iliac crest, 133 tissue, 88–89 Internal anal sphincter, 463 Isthmus, 280
Iliopsoas, 182 Inflammatory response, 393–394, Internal carotid artery, 354 IUD (intrauterine device), 552
Ilium, 133 Internal iliac artery, 360 IVF (in vitro fertilization), 566
Imaging, anatomical, 2 393f Internal iliac vein, 362
Immunity; see also lymphatic Infundibulum, 214, 274 Internal intercostal, 173 J
Inguinal canal, 533 Internal jugular vein, 362
system Inguinal hernia, 533 Internal thoracic artery, 359 Jaundice, 103, 302–303
acquired Inheritance, sex, 580f Internal thoracic vein, 362 Jejunum, 455
Inhibin, 537 Internal urinary sphincter, 514 Joint, 137–143; see also specific
active artificial immunity, 403 Inhibiting hormone, 269 Interneuron, 204
active natural immunity, 403 Injection, 96 Interossei, 180 joint name
passive artificial immunity, Innate immunity, 390–393, 395t Interphase, 61 cartilaginous, 138
Interstitial cell, 533 fibrous, 138
404 chemical mediators, 390–392 Interstitial cell-stimulating movement, 141–143
passive natural immunity, inflammatory response, 393–394 synovial, 138–139
physical barriers, 390 hormone (ICSH), 280 types, 138–139
403–404 white blood cells, 392 Interstitial fluid loss shock, 376 Joint capsule, 139
adaptive Inner cell mass, 562 Interthalamic adhesion, 213 Joint cavity, 139
Inner ear, 254, 255f, 256f Interventricular septum, 323, 569 Jugular notch, 129
antibody-mediated immunity, Inorganic chemistry, 31 Intervertebral disk, 126 Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 505
396–402 Inorganic molecule, 31 Intervertebral disk rupture, 147 Juxtamedullary nephron, 500
Insertion of muscle, 166 Intervertebral foramen, 126
cell-mediated immunity, 402 Inspiration, 421, 424f Intestinal fecal transplantation, K
lymphocyte activation and Inspiratory capacity, 426
Inspiratory reserve volume, 425 468 Karyotype, 579, 579f
multiplication, 395–396 Insula, 214 Intestinal gland, 456 Keratin, 95
lymphocyte origin and Insulin, 1, 19, 287–288, 288t, 465 Intestinal microbe, 394 Keratinization, 95
reference laboratory values, Intestinal phase, 453 Ketone, 287, 490
development, 395 Intracellular fluid compartment, Kidney
innate Appendix B at A–6
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), 518 acid-base balance regulation,
chemical mediators, 390–392 Intradermal injection, 96 522
inflammatory response, 278 Intramembranous ossification, 115
Integumentary system, 86, Intramuscular injection, 96 anatomy, 500–505, 502f, 503f,
393–394 Intrauterine device (IUD), 552 504f
physical barriers, 390 94–109; see also skin; Intrinsic cardiac regulation,
white blood cells, 392 Systems Pathology blood flow, 505f
Immunoglobulin (Ig), 397 accessory skin structures, 338–339 transplantation, 525
Immunotherapy, 404–408 99–101 Intrinsic factor, 313, 451 urinary system arteries and
Impacted fracture, 118 glands, 100, 100f Intrinsic foot muscle, 185
Implantation hair, 99 Intrinsic hand muscle, 180 veins, 505, 505f
blastocyst, 562, 562f nails, 100–101, 100f Intrinsic muscle, 172 Kidney stone, 517–518
oocyte, 545 aging effects, 106 Intrinsic regulation, cardiac, Kilocalorie, 477
Impotence, 540 burns, 103–106 Kilogram, 22
In vitro fertilization (IVF), 566 diagnostic aid, 103 338–339 Kinetic energy, 28
Incisor, 445 function, 94–95 Knee-jerk reflex, 207–208, 208f
Incompetent valve, 337 physiology, 101–103 Korotkoff sound, 367
Incomplete dominance, 582 excretion, 103 Krebs cycle, 487
Incomplete fracture, 118
Incus, 253
Indirect tract, 218
Infant, 577; see also newborn

Index I-11

Kupffer cell, 392 Length, measures of, Loop of Henle, 500, 511f, 512f white blood cells, 392
Kyphosis, 125 Appendix A at A–1 Loose connective tissue, 79, 80t lymphatic system functions,
Lordosis, 125–126
L Lens, 247 Low-density lipoprotein, 466, 468 385–386, 391f
Lesser curvature, 451 Lower limb summary and review, 409–411
Labia majora, 546 Lesser omentum, 443 Lymphatic tissue, 387
Labia minora, 546 Lesser tubercle, 130 artery, 360–362 Lymphatic vessel, 386
Labor, 572 Leukemia, 313 bones, 134–137, 134f Lymphocyte, 304
Laboratory values, reference, Leukocyte; see white blood cell lower limb, 362f activation and multiplication,
Leukocytosis, 313 muscles, 180–185, 183f, 184f,
A–2 to A–3 Leukopenia, 313 395–396
Lacrimal apparatus, 245 Levator ani, 175 184t, 185t, 186f origin and development, 395
Lacrimal bone, 122 Levator labii superioris, 170 vein, 367, 367f proliferation, 396
Lacrimal canaliculus, 245 Levator scapulae, 176 Lower motor neuron, 217 Lysis, 47
Lacrimal gland, 245 Leydig cell, 533 Lower respiratory tract, 413 Lysosome, 54, 57f
Lacrimal sac, 245 LH (luteinizing hormone), Lubb (heart sound), 337 Lysozyme, 448
Lactation, 552, 574–576, 577f Lumbar artery, 360
Lacteal, 385, 456 279–280, 537 Lumbar vertebra, 125, 127 M
Lactic acid, 486 Life characteristics, 3–4 Lumbosacral plexus, 210
Lactic acid fermentation, 486 Life stages, 577–579; see also Lung, 417–420, 418f, 419f M line, 153
Lactiferous duct, 546 Lung gases diffusion, 427–428 Macrophage, 78, 304, 392
Lactose intolerance, 442, 473 development, heredity, Lung recoil, 423–425 Macula, 247–249, 256, 257f
Lacuna, 82, 113, 563 and aging Lunula, 101 Magnetic resonance imaging
Lag phase, 158 aging process, 578–579 Lupus, 406–407, 406f
Lambdoid suture, 120 death, 579 Luteinizing hormone (LH), (MRI), 28
Lamella, 113 Ligament, 111 Main bronchus, 417
Lamina, 126 Light refraction, 249–250 279–280, 537 Major histocompatibility complex
Lamina propria, 443 Limb bud, 566 Lymph, 385
Lanugo, 569 Limbic system, 222f Lymph drainage, 386f (MHC) molecule, 396
Laparoscopy, 553 Linea alba, 173 Lymph node, 388f, 447 Male infertility, 541
Large intestine, 463–464, 464f Linear fracture, 118 Lymphatic capillary, 386 Male pattern baldness, 541
Lingual tonsil, 387, 414 Lymphatic sinus, 388 Male reproductive system,
anatomy, 463–464 Linked gene, 580 Lymphatic system, 385–411
function, 464 Linoleic acid, 479 532–537
Laryngitis, 414 Lip, 444 acquired immunity, 403–404 Malignant melanoma, 106
Laryngopharynx, 414 Lipase, 462, 467 active artificial immunity, 403 Malignant tumor, 65
Larynx, 414, 416f Lipid, 32–35, 465–468 active natural immunity, 403 Malleus, 253
Last menstrual period (LMP), 560 dietary, 479–480 passive artificial immunity, Mammary gland, 546–547
Lateral column, 206 digestion, 466f 404 Mammillary body, 214
Lateral corticospinal tract, 218 metabolism, 489–490 passive natural immunity, Mammography, 547
Lateral fissure, 214 reference laboratory values, 403–404 Mandible, 120
Lateral horn, 206 Appendix B at A–3 Mandibular fossa, 124
Lateral malleolus, 136 transport, 465–468, 466f, 467f adaptive immunity, 394–402, Mandibular process, 566
Lateral position, 11 Lipid-soluble hormone, 266–267, 404f Manubrium, 128
Lateral ventricle, 223 269–270, 481 antibody-mediated immunity, MAP (mean arterial blood
Latissimus dorsi, 176 Lipid-storage disorder, 56 396–402
Leak channel, 46, 47f, 197–200 Lipoprotein, 468, 468f cell-mediated immunity, 402 pressure), 373
Lecithin, 479 Liver, 458–461 lymphocyte activation and Marfan syndrome, 79
Left atrium, 323 anatomy, 458–461, 459f multiplication, 395–396 Marrow, 113
Left brachiocephalic vein, 362 function, 460–461, 460f, 461f, lymphocyte origin and Mass, 21–22
Left bundle branch, 330 461t development, 395 Mass, measures of,
Left common carotid artery, 354 LMP (last menstrual period), 560
Left coronary artery, 327 Lobar bronchus, 417 aging effects, 409 Appendix A at A–1
Left heart failure, 339 Lobule, 458, 547 anatomy, 386–390, 386f, 387f, Mass movement, 463
Left lobe, 458 Local anesthesia, 241 Mass number, 23
Left marginal artery, 327 Local current, 201 388f, 389f, 390f Mast cell, 78, 392
Left pulmonary artery, 353 Local inflammation, 393 lymphatic capillaries and Mastication, 444–445, 449
Left subclavian artery, 354 Local potential, 201
Left ventricle, 323 Lock-and-key model, 36 vessels, 386–387 muscles, 170, 171f, 172t
Leg, 13, 136 Long bone, 111 lymphatic organs, 387–389 Mastoid air cell, 123
bones, 137f, 138f endochondral ossification, 115f overview, 389–390 Mastoid process, 120
muscles, 184–185, 185t, structure, 112–113, 112f disease and disorder, 408 Maternal circulation, 563f
Longitudinal fissure, 214 immune interactions overview, Maternal hormonal changes, 563
186f, 187t Longitudinal section, 16 404, 404f Matter, 21–22
Leiomyomas, 554–555, 554f Longitudinal smooth muscle, 443 immunity, 390 Mature follicle, 545
Long-term memory, 222 immunotherapy, 404–408 Maxilla, 120
innate immunity, 390–393 Maxillary process, 566
chemical mediators, 390–392 Mean arterial blood pressure
inflammatory response,
(MAP), 373
393–394 Measurements, Table of,
physical barriers, 390
Appendix A at A–1

I-12 Index

Meatus, 120 formation, 61f Molar, 445, 447f tone, 165
Mechanical digestion, 465 transcription regulation, 272 Molarity, Appendix C at A–7 twitch, 158–161, 161f
Mechanical energy, 29 translation, 61, 62f Mole, Appendix C at A–7 Muscle fiber, 83, 162t
Mechanoreceptor, 239 Metabolic acidosis, 522 Molecule, 24, 25–26 excitability, 151, 153–156
Meconium, 574 Metabolic alkalosis, 522 stimulation, 156–157
Medial malleolus, 136 Metabolic rate, 491–492 carrier, 48, 486 structure, 151–153
Medial position, 11 Metabolism, 484–492 nonpolar, 24 types, 161, 164–165
Median cubital vein, 362 carbohydrate, 485–489 polar, 24 Muscular artery, 351
Median nerve, 210 as characteristic of life, 3 receptor, 44 Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne,
Median plane, 16 chemical basis of life, 27 Monoclonal antibody, 401
Median sacral artery, 360 food, 490f Monocyte, 304 188, 188f, 189
Median sacral crest, 128 lipid, 489–490 Mononuclear phagocytic system, Muscular system, 150–192, 151f;
Mediastinum, 17, 319 metabolic rate, 491–492
Meditation, 230 metabolic states, 491 392 see also Systems Pathology
Medulla, 99 protein, 490 Monosaccharide, 32, 465 disease and disorder, 187
regulation, 485 Monounsaturated fat, 33, 479 function, 150–151
kidney, 500 summary and review, 496–498 Monozygotic twin, 561 skeletal muscle aging, 185–187
thymus, 389 Metacarpal bone, 130 Mons pubis, 546 skeletal muscle anatomy,
Medulla oblongata, 212 Metaphase, 63 Morning-after pill, 553
Medullary cavity, 113 Metastasis, 65 Morula, 562 166–185, 167f–168f, 169t,
Medullary respiratory center, 431 Metatarsal bone, 137 Motion sickness, 258, 259 170f, 187t
Megakaryocyte, 304 Metric measurements, Appendix Motor division, 194 general principles, 166
Meiosis, 529, 530, 531f, 556 Motor functions, nervous system head and neck muscles,
Meissner corpuscle, 240 A at A–1
Melanin, 97, 97f, 107 MHC molecule, 396 basal nuclei, 218–219 170–173, 170t, 171f, 172f,
Melanocyte, 97 Micelle, 467 cerebellum, 219 172t, 173t
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Microbe cerebral cortex motor areas, lower limb muscles, 180–185,
183f, 184f, 184t, 185t, 186f
(MSH), 280 bacteria to fight bacteria, 100 217–218 nomenclature, 166–170
Melanoma, malignant, 106 fecal transplants, 468 descending tracts, 218, 218f, trunk muscles, 173–175, 174f,
Melanosome, 97 generally, in human body, 4 174t, 175f, 175t, 176f, 176t,
Melatonin, 291 gut, 279, 394 218t, 219f 177f, 177t
Membrane gut bacteria Motor neuron, 156, 194, 204 upper limb muscles, 176–180,
Motor speech area, 221 178f, 178t, 179f, 180t, 181f,
basement, 71 immune response, 394 Motor unit, 156 181t, 182f
internal, 87f obesity, 279 Movement, joint, 141–142, 142f skeletal muscle characteristics,
otolithic, 256 human body, 4 MRI (magnetic resonance 151–165
respiratory, 420f Microfilament, 57 energy requirements for
serous; see serous membrane Microglia cell, 392 imaging), 28 muscle contraction, 162–163
synovial, 139 Microglial cell, 196 mRNA; see messenger fiber type and activity level,
Membrane channel, 44 Microtubule, 57 164–165
Membrane potential, resting, 153 Microvillus, 58, 75, 455 ribonucleic acid muscle contraction, 157–161,
Membrane-bound receptor, 270, Micturition reflex, 307, 516–517, MSH (melanocyte-stimulating 159f, 160f
muscle fatigue, 163–164
271f, 272–274, 273f 517f hormone), 280 muscle fiber excitability,
Membranous labyrinth, 254 Midbrain, 212 Mucin, 448 153–156
Membranous urethra, 536 Middle age, 577 Mucosa, 443 nerve supply and muscle fiber
Memory, immune, 390 Middle ear, 253–254, 256f Mucous, 72, 447, 451 stimulation, 156–157
Memory B cell, 399 Mifepristone, 552 Mucous epithelium, 443 structure, 152f, 154f
Memory engram, 222 Milk letdown, 575 Mucous membrane, 86–87 smooth muscle and cardiac
Memory T cell, 402 Mineral, 483t Mucous neck cell, 451 muscle, 165–166
Memory trace, 222 Multiple-wave summation, 161f summary and review, 190–192
Menarche, 548 dietary, 481–483 Multipolar neuron, 194–195 Muscularis, 443
Meninges, 223, 224f digestive system, 469–470 Mumps, 447 Muscularis mucosa, 443
Meniscus, 139 Mineralocorticoids, 285 Murmur, 338 Musculocutaneous nerve, 210
Menopause, 549–551 Mini-pill, 552 Muscle, 83–84, 85t–86t; see also Mutation, 582
Menses, 548 Minoxidil, 541 Myasthenia gravis, 157
Menstrual cycle, 548–549, 549f, Minute ventilation, 425 muscular system Myelin sheath, 196, 199f
Mitochondrial DNA mutation, agonist and antagonist, 166 Myelinated axon, 196
550t attachment, 166f Myocardial infarction, 328, 344,
Merkel disk, 240 579 belly, 166
Merocrine secretion, 77 Mitochondrion, 56 cardiac, 330f 345
Mesentery, 18, 443, 445f Mitochondrion, damage, 66 contraction, 157–165, 159f, 160f Myocardial infarction (heart
Mesentery proper, 443 Mitosis, 63
Mesoderm, 565 Mitotic chromosome, 579 energy requirements for, attack), 314–315, 328,
Mesovarium, 541 Mitral valve, 323 162–163 344, 345
Messenger ribonucleic acid Mixed nerve; see spinal nerve Myocardium, 328
Mixing wave, 455 types of, 158, 164–165, 458 Myoepithelial cell, 547
(mRNA), 59 Molality, Appendix C at A–7 fatigue, 163–164, 190 Myofibril, 153
fixator, 166
insertion, 166
origin, 166
prime mover, 166
synergist, 166

Index I-13

Myofilament, 153 speech, 221 Neural stimulus, 267–268 carbohydrates, 477–479
Myoglobin, 164 cells, 194–196, 197f, 197t Neural tube, 566, 567f daily values, 483–484
Myometrium, 545 Neuroectoderm, 566 kilocalories, 477
Myosin head, 153 glial cells, 195–196, 198f Neurogenic shock, 376 lipids, 479–480
Myosin myofilament, 153 myelin sheath, 196, 199f Neuroglia, 86 minerals, 481–483, 483t
MyPlate nutrition icon, 477, 477f nervous tissue organization, Neuromuscular junction, 156, MyPlate, 477, 477f
Myxedema, 280 nutrients, 476–477
196 156f proteins, 480
N neurons, 194–195 Neuron, 86, 194–196, 196f, 197f, summary and review, 496–498
central and peripheral nervous vitamins, 481, 482t
Nail, 100–101, 101f systems, 206 197t
Nail bed, 100 cranial nerves, 223–225, 227f, glial cell, 195–196, 198f O
Nail body, 100 227t interneuron, 204
Nail matrix, 100 disease and disorder, 234 motor, 194, 204 Obesity, 279, 493
Nail root, 100 divisions, 194, 194f, 195f myelin sheath, 196, 199f Oblique fracture, 118
Naris, 413 electrical signals and neural olfactory, 242 Oblique muscle, 245
Nasal bone, 122 pathways, 196–206 postganglionic, 228 Oblique section, 16
Nasal cavity, 122, 413, 415f action potential, 200f, preganglionic, 228 Obturator foramen, 133
Nasal concha, 122 proprioceptive, 219 Obturator nerve, 210
Nasal septum, 122, 413 201–203, 201f sensory, 194, 204 Occipital bone, 120
Nasolacrimal canal, 122 neuronal pathways, 204–206, types, 194–195 Occipital condyle, 124
Nasolacrimal duct, 245, 413 Neuronal pathway, 204–206, 205f Occipital lobe, 214
Nasopharynx, 414 205f balance, 258–259 Occipitofrontalis, 170
Natural killer cell, 392 reflexes, 204, 205f hearing, 256, 257f Odorant, 242
Navicular bone, 136 resting membrane potential, olfaction, 243 Older adult, 577
Neck, 13 taste, 244, 244f Olecranon process, 130
197–201, 199f vision, 251, 252f Olfaction, 242–243, 242f
arteries, 354–358, 358f synapse, 203–204, 203f Neurotransmitter, 157, 203, 204t,
muscles, 170–173, 170t, 171f, enteric nervous system, 231 neuronal pathways, 243
function, 193 230, 265 Olfactory bulb, 242f, 243
172f, 172t, 173t, 174t meninges, ventricles, and Neutral solution, 30 Olfactory cortex, 243
tooth, 445 cerebrospinal fluid, 222–223 Neutron, 22 Olfactory epithelium, 242f
veins, 362, 364f cerebrospinal fluid, 223, 226f Neutrophil, 89, 304, 392 Olfactory neuron, 242
Negative feedback, 8, 9f, 10f, 11f, meninges, 223, 224f Newborn, 573–574 Olfactory receptor, 243
ventricles, 223, 225f Olfactory tract, 243
269, 270f motor functions, 217–219 circulation, 575f, 576f Oligodendrocyte, 196
Neocortical death, 579 basal nuclei, 218–219 digestive changes, 574 Omental bursa, 443
Neonate, 573, 577 cerebellum, 219 hemolytic disease, 310, 311f Oocyte, 543, 544f
Nephron, 500, 503f cerebral cortex motor areas, respiration, 573–574 Oogenesis, 543–545
Nerve, 86, 87t; see also specific respiratory and circulatory Oogonia, 543
217–218 Open fracture, 118
nerve name descending tracts, 218, 218f, changes, 573–574 Opposition, 143
organization, 196 Nicotinamide adenine Opsin, 247
Nerve cell; see neuron 218t, 219f Optic chiasm, 251
Nerve tract, 196 sensory functions, 214–217 dinucleotide, 486 Optic disc, 249
Nervous system, 193–238 Night blindness, 247 Optic foramen, 122
aging effects, 231–235 ascending tracts, 215–216, Nipple, 546 Optic nerve, 247, 251
autonomic nervous system, 216f, 216t Nitroglycerin, 342 Optic radiation, 251
Nociceptor, 240 Optic tract, 251
225–231, 228f, 229f cerebral cortex, sensory areas, Node of Ranvier, 196 Oral cavity, 387f, 444–448
function, 230–231, 230t 216–217, 217f Nonessential amino acid, 480
parasympathetic division, 228, Nonpolar covalent bond, 24, 25t anatomy, 444–448
spinal cord, 206–208, 206f, 207f Nonpolar molecule, 24 esophagus, 449
228t reflexes, 207–208 Norepinephrine, 203, 230, 284 mastication, 449
sympathetic division, 228, Normal range, 8 pharynx, 449
spinal nerves, 206f, 208–210, Nose, 413 saliva, 448
228t 211f, 211t Notochord, 566 swallowing, 449, 450f
brain, 210–214, 212f, 215f Nuclear envelope, 52 Oral contraceptive, 552
summary and review, 235–238 Nuclear pore, 52 Orbicularis oculi, 170
brainstem, 212, 213f, 431–432 Nervous tunic, 245, 247–248 Nuclear receptor, 269, 270–272, Orbicularis oris, 170
cerebellum, 213, 219, 220f Neural crest, 566 Orbiculris oris muscle, 444
cerebrum, 214 Neural crest cell, 566 271f Orbit, eye, 122
diencephalon, 213–214, 213f, Neural fold, 566 Nuclease, 462 Organ, 2, 5f
Neural groove, 566 Nucleic acid, 36 Organ of Corti, 254
214f Neural pathways and electrical Nucleolus, 54 Organ system, 2, 6f–7f
brain function, other, 219–222 Nucleotide, 36
signals, 197–206 Nucleus, 22, 52–54, 53f
brain hemispheres, 219–221 action potential, 200f, 201–203, Nucleus, gray matter, 196
brain waves and Nutrient, 476–477
201f Nutrition, 476–484
consciousness, 221 neuronal pathways, 204–206,
limbic system and emotions,
205f
222 reflexes, 204, 205f
memory, 222 resting membrane potential,

197–201, 199f
synapse, 203–204, 203f
Neural plate, 566

I-14 Index

development, 568–570, 568t Palatine bone, 124 Peptide hormone Phenylketonuria (PKU), 486, 582
Organelle, 2, 42, 43t, 52–58 Palatine tonsil, 387, 414 reference laboratory values, Phlebitis, 354
Pancreas, 287–290, 288f, 461–462 Appendix B at A–6 Phlebotomy, 9
centrioles, 58, 59f Phosphate ion, 521
cilia, flagella, and microvilli, 58 anatomy, 461–462 Percent concentration, Appendix Phosphodiesterase, 272
cytoskeleton, 57, 58f function, 462 C at A–7 Phospholipid, 34, 35f
endoplasmic reticulum, 54, 55f Pancreatic amylase, 462, 465 Photoreceptor, 240
Golgi apparatus, 54, 56f Pancreatic duct, 455 Percent daily value (% daily Phrenic nerve, 210
lysosomes and peroxisomes, Pancreatic islet, 287, 461 value), 484 Physiological contracture, 164
Pancreatic secretion, 463f Physiology, 2
54, 57f Pap smear, 545 Perception, 214, 239
mitochondria, 56 Papilla, 243 Pericardial cavity, 17, 319, 320 cellular, 2
mitochondrion, 57f Papillary duct, 500 Pericardial fluid, 320 circulation
nucleus, 52–54, 53f Papillary muscle, 324 Pericardial membrane, 87
ribosomes, 54, 55f Paracrine chemical messenger, Pericarditis, 17, 87, 321 blood pressure, 367–369
secretory vesicles, 54 Pericardium, 320, 321f capillary exchange, 370–371,
Organic chemistry, 31 265
Organic molecule, 31–39, 32t Paralysis, 159 disorders, 321 371f
adenosine triphosphate, 36 Paranasal sinus, 122, 124f, 413 Perilymph, 254 pressure and resistance,
carbohydrates, 32, 33f Parasympathetic nervous system, Perimetrium, 545
lipids, 32–35 Perimysium, 151 369–370
nucleic acids: DNA and 228, 228t Perineum pulse pressure, 370, 370f
Parathyroid gland, 281f, 282–284 excretion, 103
RNA, 36 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 119, clinical, 546 of female reproduction, 548–554
proteins, 36, 37f muscles, 175, 177f, 177t female sexual behavior and the
Organism, 3 282, 521 Periodontal disease, 447
Organization, 3 Parietal artery, 359 Periodontal ligament, 445–447 female sex act, 551
Organogenesis, 568 Parietal bone, 120 Periosteum, 113 menopause, 549–551
Orgasm, 540, 551 Parietal cell, 451 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), menstrual cycle, 548–549,
Origin of muscle, 166 Parietal lobe, 214
Oropharynx, 414 Parietal pericardium, 320 194, 206 549f, 550t
Ortho-Evra, 552 Parietal peritoneum, 443 Peripheral resistance (PR), 373 puberty in females, 548
Osmolality, Appendix C at A–7 Parietal pleura, 420 Peristalsis, 449, 451f, 455, 458 human organism, 2
Osmosis, 47–48, 48f Parietal serous membrane, 17 Peritoneal cavity, 17 integumentary system, 101–103
Osmotic diuretic, 513 Parotid gland, 447 Peritoneal dialysis, 525 excretion, 103
Osmotic pressure, 47 Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, Peritoneal membrane, 87 protection, 101
Ossification, 114–116, 114f Peritoneum, 443, 445f sensation, 101
Ossification center, 115 338 Peritonitis, 17, 87, 444 temperature regulation, 101,
Osteoblast, 78, 113 Partial pressure, 427–429, 427t Peritubular capillary, 505
Osteoclast, 78, 113 Partial-thickness burn, 103, 104f Permanent tooth, 445 102f
Osteocyte, 78, 113 Parturition, 572–573, 573f, 574f Pernicious anemia, 313 vitamin D production, 101
Osteon, 113 Passive artificial immunity, 404 Peroneal artery, 361 of male reproduction, 537–541
Osteoporosis, 144, 145 Passive immunity, 403 Peroxisome, 54 male infertility, 541
Otolith, 256 Passive natural immunity, Perpendicular plate, 122 male sexual behavior and the
Otolithic membrane, 256 Peyer patch, 457
Oval window, 253 403–404 pH male sex act, 538–541
Ovarian artery, 360 Patch, contraceptive, 552 puberty in males, 537–538
Ovarian follicle, 541 Patella, 136 acid-base balance regulation, reproductive hormone
Ovarian ligament, 541 Patellar reflex, 207–208, 208f 30–31, 31f, 521–522
Ovarian vein, 367 Pathogen, 385 secretion regulation, 537,
Ovary, 290, 541–543, 543f Pectoral girdle, 129, 130f, 132f, pH 538f
Ovulation, 543 blood, 429, 434f testosterone effects, 538
Oxidative stress, 164 133f protection, 101
Oxygen, 23f, 31 Pectoralis major, 176 pH sensation, 101
Oxygen deficit, 487 Pectoralis minor, 176 reference laboratory values, systemic, 2
Oxygen transport, 429 Pedicle, 126 Appendix B at A–3 temperature regulation, 101, 102f
Oxyhemoglobin, 429 Pedigree, 582 vitamin D production, 101
Oxytocin, 280 Pelvic cavity, 17 pH Pia mater, 223
Pelvic floor, 175, 177f, 177t scale, 30, 30f Pigmented retina, 247
P Pelvic girdle, 133–134, 134f, 134t Pineal gland, 213–214, 291
Pelvis, 13, 133, 134f Phagocyte, 392 Pinocytosis, 52
P wave, 332 Phagocytosis, 52 Pitch, 254
Pacemaker, 342 arteries, 360, 361f Phalanx Pituitary dwarfism, 278
Pacinian corpuscle, 240 male versus female, 135f Pituitary gland, 274–279, 275f
Pain, 13, 240–241 veins, 362–367, 365f foot, 137 Pivot joint, 139
Palate, 447 Penis, 536 hand, 130–133 PKU (phenylketonuria), 486, 582
Pepsin, 451, 468 Pharyngeal constrictor, 172 Placenta, 562–563, 564f
Pepsinogen, 451 Pharyngeal constrictor muscle, Plane, body, 15f, 16, 16f
Peptic ulcer, 455 Plane joint, 139
Peptidase, 457, 469 449 Plantar flexion, 141
Peptide bond, 61 Pharyngeal elevator, 172 Plasma, 298–299
Pharyngeal phase, 449 composition, 299t
Pharyngeal tonsil, 387, 414
Pharynx, 414, 415f, 449
Phenotype, 581
Phenylalanine, 486

Index I-15

reference laboratory values, Postsynaptic membrane, 157, 203 Prolapsed uterus, 546 Pyramid, 212
A–2 to A–3 Potassium ion, 520f, 521 Proliferative phase, 548 Pyrogen, 393
Potential energy, 27–28 Pronation, 143, 177 Pyruvic acid, 486
Plasma cell, 395, 396 PQ interval, 332–333 Pronator, 177
Plasma loss shock, 376 PR (peripheral resistance), 373 Prone position, 11 Q
Plasma membrane, 42 Pre-Bötzinger complex, 431 Prophase, 63
Plasminogen, 307 Precapillary sphincter, 351 Propionibacterium acnes, 100, 102 QRS complex, 332
Plateau phase, 329 Prefrontal area, 218 Proprioceptive neuron, 219 QT interval, 333
Platelet, 299, 304 Preganglionic neuron, 228 Prostaglandin, 34–35, 89 Quadrant, abdominal, 13
Pregnancy Prostate cancer, 536 Quadrate lobe, 458
activation, 305 Prostate gland, 536 Quadriceps femoris, 184
adhesion, 305 disease and disorder, 584 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA),
aggregation, 305 hormone concentration, 564f R
count, 314 parturition (giving birth), 536
Platelet plug formation, 304–305, Prostatic urethra, 536 Radial artery, 358
572–573, 573f, 574f Protection, integumentary system, Radial nerve damage, 210
306f prevention of, 552–553, 553f Radial tuberosity, 130
Platelet release reaction, 305 Preload, 338 101 Radiation, 28, 494
Pleura, 420 Premolar, 445 Protein, 36, 468–469 Radius, 130, 133f
Pleural cavity, 17, 420–421, 421f Premotor area, 217 Raynaud disease, 231
Pleural membrane, 87 Prenatal development, 560–572 dietary, 480 RDA (recommended dietary
Pleural pressure, 423 blastocyst, 562 digestion, 466f
Pleurisy, 17, 87 blastocyst implantation and metabolism, 490 allowance), 481
Plexus, 210, 443 structure, 37f RDI (reference daily intake), 483
Pneumothorax, 425 placental development, transport, 466f, 468–469 Reactant, 26, 29
Podocyte, 500 562–563 Protein kinase, 272 Receptor, 8
Poison, curare, 159 early cell division, 561 Proteoglycan, 78, 111
Polar body, 543 fertilization, 561, 561f Prothrombin, 306, 314 hormone, 269–274
Polar covalent bond, 24, 25f, 25t fetal growth, 570–572 Proton, 22 olfactory, 243
Polar molecule, 24 formation of the general body Protraction, 143 Receptor molecule, 44
Polarization, 153 structure, 566–568 Provitamin, 481 Receptor site, 269
Polarized cell membrane, germ layer formation, 563–565 Proximal convoluted tubule, 500 Receptor-mediated endocytosis,
maternal hormonal changes, 563 Proximal position, 11
153, 197 neural tube and neural crest PSA (prostate-specific antigen), 52, 52f
Polycystic ovarian disease, 550 formation, 566 Recessive gene, 580–581, 581f
Polycythemia, 9, 312 newborn, 573–574 536 Recipient, blood, 308
Polygenic trait, 582, 582f organ system development, Pseudostratified columnar Recommended dietary allowance
Polypeptide, 468 568–570, 568t
Polypeptide chain, 61 summary and review, 584–586 epithelium, 72 (RDA), 481
Polysaccharide, 32, 465 Prenatal period, 560 Pseudo-unipolar neuron, 195 Recruitment, 161
Polyunsaturated fat, 33, 479 Prepuce, 536, 537, 546 Psychological fatigue, 164 Rectum, 463
Pompe disease, 56 Presbycusis, 1–2, 261 Pterygoid, 170 Rectus abdominis, 173
Pons, 212 Presbyopia, 261 PTH (parathyroid hormone), 119, Rectus muscle, 245
Pontine respiratory group, 431 Presynaptic terminal, 157, 203 Red blood cell, 299–303, 302f
Popliteal artery, 361 Primary amenorrhea, 550 282, 521
Popliteal vein, 367 Primary erythrocytosis, 312 Puberty, 578 production, 303f
Porta, 458 Primary follicle, 545 Red blood count, 312
Portal system, 365 Primary oocyte, 543 female, 548 Red marrow, 113
Portal triad, 458 Primary ossification center, males, 537–538 Red pulp, 388
Positive feedback, 8–11, 11f, 269, Pubic symphysis, 133 Reference daily intake (RDI), 483
115–116 Pubis, 133 Referred pain, 241, 242f
270f Primary response, 399 Pudendal cleft, 546 Reflex, 204, 205f
Post-absorption, 492f Primary sensory area, 216 Pulmonary artery, 323
Postabsorptive state, 491 Primary somatic sensory cortex, Pulmonary circulation, 318, baroreceptor, 373–374, 374f,
Posterior chamber, 249 375f
Posterior horn, 206 216 353–354
Posterior intercostal artery, 359 Primary spermatocyte, 534 Pulmonary semilunar valve, 324 chemoreceptor, 374, 377f
Posterior intercostal vein, 362 Primary tooth, 445 Pulmonary trunk, 321–323, 353 cough, 417
Posterior interventricular artery, Prime mover muscle, 166 Pulmonary vein, 321, 354 defecation, 463
Primitive streak, 565, 565f Pulmonary vessel, 350 Hering-Breuer, 431
327 Primordial follicle, 545 Pulp, 445 micturition, 516–517, 517f
Posterior intraventricular sulcus, Procedural memory, 222 Pulse, 370, 370f sneeze, 413
Process, 120, 566 Pulse pressure, 370 spinal cord, 207–208
321 Product of chemical reaction, 26 Pupil, 247 Reflex arc, 204
Posterior pituitary, 275–278, 278f, Proerythroblast, 302 Purkinje fiber, 330 Reflexive memory, 222
Progesterone, 290 Purpura, idiopathic Refraction, light, 249–250
280 Programmed cell death, 66 Regeneration, tissue, 89
Posterior position, 11 Prolactin, 280 thrombocytopenic, 305 Regional anatomy, 2
Posterior tibial artery, 361 Pus, 89, 304, 392 Regulation
Postganglionic neuron, 228 Pyloric opening, 451 acid-base balance, 30–31, 31f,
Postmenopause, 551t Pyloric region, 451
Pyloric sphincter, 451 521–522, 523f

I-16 Index

arterial pressure, 373–376, 374f, male sexual behavior and the nervous control, 431–432, 433f Right brachiocephalic vein, 362
375f, 377f male sex act, 538–541 respiratory areas in the Right bundle branch, 330
Right common carotid artery, 354
blood flow in tissues, 371–373, puberty in males, 537–538 brainstem, 429–431 Right coronary artery, 327
372f, 372t, 373f, 380f reproductive hormone summary and review, 439–441 Right heart failure, 339
ventilation and respiratory Right lobe, 458
blood pressure, 374–376, 380f secretion regulation, Right lymphatic duct, 387
breathing, rhythmic, 431–432, 537, 538f volumes, 421–426 Right marginal artery, 327
testosterone effects, 538 alveolar volume, changing, Right pulmonary artery, 353
433f male reproductive system, Right subclavian artery, 354
control center, 8 532–537, 532f, 535f 425 Right ventricle, 323
extracellular fluid composition, ducts, 534–536 lung recoil, 423–425 Rigor mortis, 157
glands, 536–537 pressure changes and airflow, RNA; see ribonucleic acid
519–521 penis, 536 Rod, 247
heart function, 338–339, scrotum, 532 422–423 Root
secretions, 537 respiratory volumes and
339–346, 343f spermatogenesis, 533–534, hair, 99
hormone secretion, 267–269, 533f, 534f capacities, 425–426, 426f nail, 100
testes, 532–533, 533f thoracic volume, changing, tooth, 445
268f, 269f summary and review, 553–559 Rotation, 143
lactation, 577f Residual volume, 425 421–422 Rotator cuff muscle, 177
pregnancy, 552–553, 553f Resolution, 540, 551 Respiratory volume, 421–426, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 54
thirst regulation, 519, 519f Respiration, 162, 412 Round ligament, 545
urine concentration and volume, aerobic, 487–489, 488f 426f Round window, 253
anaerobic, 486–487, 487f, alveolar volume, changing, 425 RU486, 552–553
510–514 488–489 capacities, 425–426 Ruffini corpuscle, 240
Relative erythrocytosis, 312 newborn, 573–574 thoracic volume, changing, Ruga, 451
Relaxation phase, 158 Respiratory acidosis, 522 Ruptured intervertebral disk, 147
Releasing hormone, 268 Respiratory alkalosis, 522 421–422 Ruptured spleen, 389
Remodeling, bone, 116–117 Respiratory bronchiole, 418 Responsiveness, 3
Renal artery, 360, 505 Respiratory capacity, 425–426, Rest-and-digest system, 230 S
Renal calculus, 517–518 Resting membrane potential, 153,
Renal capsule, 500 426f Saccule, 256
Renal corpuscle, 500, 504f Respiratory distress syndrome, 197–201, 199f Sacral bone, 125
Renal pelvis, 500 Rete testis, 534 Sacral hiatus, 128
Renal pyramid, 500 infant, 423 Reticular activating system, 213 Sacral promontory, 128
Renal sinus, 500 Respiratory membrane, 418, 420f, Reticular fiber, 78 Sacroiliac joint, 133
Renal vein, 366–367 Reticular formation, 213 Sacrum, 128, 128f, 133
Renin, 285, 374–376, 512 427 Reticular tissue, 79 Saddle joint, 139
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Respiratory rate, 425 Retina, 247, 248f, 250–251, 250f Sagittal plane, 16
Respiratory system, 412–441; Retinal detachment, 247 Saliva, 448
mechanism, 374–376, 378f, Retraction, 143 Salivary amylase, 448, 465
512–513 see also Systems Pathology Retroperitoneal organ, 443, 500 Salivary gland, 447–448, 447f
Repolarization phase, 156, 329 acid-base balance regulation, Retroperitoneal position, 18 Salt, 30
Reposition, 143 Reversible reaction, 27 Saltatory conduction, 201–203,
Reproductive system, 529–559 522 Rh blood group, 310
aging, 555–556 adaptations to exercise, 438 Rho(D) immune globulin 202f
anatomy, 530f aging effects, 438 Saphenous vein, 367
disease and disorder, 556 anatomy, 413–421, 413f (RhoGAM), 310 Sarcolemma, 151
female physiology, 548–554 Rhodopsin, 247, 249f Sarcomere, 153
female sexual behavior and the bronchi, 417, 419f RhoGAM (rho(D) immune
female sex act, 551 larynx, 414, 416f shortening, 158f
menopause, 549–551 lungs, 417–420, 418f, 419f globulin), 310 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 153
menstrual cycle, 548–549, lymphatic supply, 421 Rhomboid, 176 Sartorius, 184
549f, 550t nose, 413 Rhythmic breathing, 429–438 Satellite cell, 164
puberty in females, 548 pharynx, 414, 415f Satiety, 288
female reproductive system, pleural cavity, 420–421, 421f exercise effects, 432–438 Saturated fat, 33, 465, 479
541–547, 542f trachea, 415–417, 418f generation of rhythmic Scab, 89
external genitalia, 546, 546f disease and disorder, 435 Scala tympani, 254
mammary glands, 546–547 function, 412 breathing, 431 Scala vestibuli, 254
oogenesis and fertilization, gas exchange, 427–429 respiratory areas in the Scapula, 129, 131f, 176, 178t
543–545 partial pressure, 427–429, 427t Schwann cell, 196
ovaries, 541–543, 543f respiratory membrane brainstem, 429–431 Sciatic nerve, 210
uterine tubes, 545 Rib cage, 128–129, 129f Sclera, 246
uterus, 545–546 thickness, 427 Scoliosis, 126
vagina, 546 surface area, 427 fracture, 128 Scrotum, 532
function, 529 gas transport in the blood, 429 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 36;
gamete formation, 530 rhythmic breathing, 429–438
hormones, 539t chemical control, 432, 433f see also gene expression
male physiology, 537–541 exercise effects, 432–438 messenger; see messenger
male infertility, 541 generation of rhythmic
ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
breathing, 431 ribosomal; see ribosomal

ribonucleic acid (rRNA)
transfer; see transfer ribonucleic

acid (tRNA)
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid

(rRNA), 54, 61
Ribosome, 54, 55f
Right atrium, 323

Index I-17

Seasickness, 258, 259 Sensorineural hearing loss, aging effects, 143–146 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum,
Sebaceous gland, 100 254–256 appendicular skeleton, 129–137 54
Sebum, 100
Second messenger, 272 Sensory division, 194 lower limb, 134–137 Smooth muscle, 84, 165–166
Second stage of labor, 572 Sensory functions, pectoral girdle, 129 Sneeze reflex, 413
Secondary active transport, pelvic girdle, 133–134 Sodium ion, 519–521
nervous system upper limb, 130–133 Sodium ion reabsorption
51, 51f ascending tracts, 215–216, 216f, axial skeleton, 120–129
Secondary amenorrhea, 550 rib cage, 128–129 inhibitors, 513
Secondary erythrocytosis, 312 216t skull, 120–124 Sodium-potassium pump, 50, 50f,
Secondary follicle, 545 cerebral cortex, sensory areas, vertebral column, 125–128
Secondary oocyte, 543, 561 bone anatomy, 111f, 119–120 201
Secondary ossification, 116 216–217, 217f bone and calcium homeostasis, Soft palate, 124, 414, 447
Secondary response, 399 Sensory neuron, 194, 204 117–119, 118f Solute, 45
Secondary sexual characteristic, Sensory receptor, 204, 239–240, bone features, 111–117, 120t Solution, 45
growth, 116, 116f
538 241f histology, 113–114 hypertonic, 47–48
Secondary spermatocyte, 534 Sensory retina, 247 long bone structure, 112–113, hypotonic, 47
Second-degree burn, 103 Sensory speech area, 221 isotonic, 47
Secretin, 453 Septic shock, 350, 376, 381 112f Solution concentrations,
Secretion, 264 Septum, nasal, 122 ossification, 114–116
Secretory phase, 548 Serosa, 443 remodeling, 116–117 Appendix C at A–7
Secretory vesicle, 52, 54, 75 Serous fluid, 447 repair, 117 Solvent, 45
Segmental bronchus, 417 Serous membrane, 17–18, 17f, disorder, 146 Somatic cell, 579
Segmental contraction, 458 extracellular matrix, 111 Somatic nervous system, 194
Selective permeability, 44 18f, 87, 87f function, 110–111 Somatic sense, 239
Self-antigen, 395 Serous pericardium, 320 joints, 137–143 Somatostatin, 290
Sella turcica, 124 Serratus anterior, 176 cartilaginous joints, 138 Sound wave, 256f
Semen, 537 Sertoli cell, 533 fibrous joints, 138 Spastic paralysis, 159
Semicircular canal, 256–258, 259f Serum, 299 movement, 141–143 Spatial summation, 206
Seminal vesicle, 536 Serum reference laboratory synovial joints, 138–139 Specificity, 49, 390
Seminiferous tubule, 532–533 summary and review, 147–149
Sensation, 239 values, A–2 to A–3 Skeleton; see skeletal system hormone, 269, 270f
Set point, 8 Skin, 86, 95–98, 95f; see also Speech, 221
integumentary system, 101 Sex chromosome, 62–63, 579 Sperm cell, 533f, 534
Senses, 239–263 Sex inheritance, 580f integumentary system Spermatic cord, 534
Sex-linked trait, 581 accessory skin structures Spermatid, 534
aging effects, 260–261 Sexual behavior Spermatogenesis, 533–534, 533f,
classification, 240f glands, 100
general senses, 240–241 female, 551 hair, 99 534f
hearing and balance, 253–260 male, 538–541 nails, 100–101, 100f Spermatogonia, 534
Shaft, hair, 99 dermis, 96, 96f Spermatozoon, 534
balance, 256–257, 258f Shock, 376 disease, 107t; see also specific Spermicidal agent, 552
disease and disorder, 260 Short bone, 111 skin disease Sphenoid bone, 120
ear anatomy and function, Short-term memory, 222 epidermis, 95–96, 96f Sphincter
Shoulder Skin cancer, 106, 106f
253–254, 253f, 255f, 256f dislocation, 143 Skin color, 97–98, 107 anal, 463
hearing, 254–256 muscles, 178f adaptive advantages, 98 esophageal, 449
neuronal pathway for balance, Shoulder blade, 129 genetics, 582f ileocecal, 457
Shoulder girdle, 129 Skull, 120–124, 122f, 123f, 125f precapillary, 351
258–259 Sickle-cell anemia, 313, 582 fetal, 138f pyloric, 451
neuronal pathway for hearing, Sickle-cell trait, 582 SLE (systemic lupus urinary, 514
Sigmoid colon, 463 Sphygmomanometer, 367
256, 257f Simple columnar epithelium, 72 erythematosus), Spina bifida, 566
olfaction, 242–243, 242f Simple cuboidal epithelium, 72 406–407, 406f Spinal block, 223
Simple epithelium, 72, 73t–74t Sliding filament model, 157 Spinal cord, 206–208, 206f, 207f
neuronal pathways, 243 Simple exocrine gland, 77 Slow-twitch muscle fiber, 161, circuits, 208f
sensation, 239 Simple squamous epithelium, 72 162t injury, 209, 218
sensory receptors, 239–240, Single covalent bond, 24 Small intestine, 455–458, 456f, reflexes, 207–208, 208f, 209f
Sinoatrial node, 329 458f Spinal nerve, 206f, 208–210, 211f,
241f Sinus, paranasal, 122, 124f absorption, 458
special senses, 242 Sinusitis, 414 anatomy, 455–457 211t
summary and review, 261–263 Sinusoid, 540 movement in the small intestine, Spinal tap, 223
taste, 243–244 Sjogren syndrome, 403 458, 458f Spine, scapular, 129
Skeletal muscle, 83, 84 secretions, 457–458 Spinocerebellar tract, 216
neuronal pathways, 244, 244f aging, 185–187 Small saphenous vein, 367 Spinothalamic tract, 216
vision, 244–251 anatomy, 166–185, 167f–168f, Small vein, 353 Spinous process, 126
Spiral fracture, 118
accessory structures of the eye, 169t, 170f, 187t Spiral ganglion, 254
245, 245f characteristics, 151–165 Spiral lamina, 254
Skeletal system, 110–149, 121f; Spiral organ, 254
eye anatomy, 245–249, 246f, Spirometry, 425
247f, 248f see also Systems Pathology

eye function, 249–251, 250f
neuronal pathways, 251, 252f

I-18 Index

Splanchic nerve, 228 Sunburn, 94, 107 systemic lupus erythematosus planes, 16
Spleen, 389, 389f Superficial lymphatic vessel, 421 (SLE), 406–407 serous membranes, 17–18
Splenectomy, 389 Superficial position, 11 Testicular artery, 360
Splenic vein, 365 Superior mesenteric artery, 359 Graves Disease, 292–293 Testicular vein, 367
Spongy bone, 82, 113, 114, 114f Superior mesenteric vein, 365 hyperthyroidism, 292–293 Testis, 290, 532–533, 533f
Spongy urethra, 536 Superior orbital fissure, 122 Systolic pressure, 367 Testosterone, 290, 538, 540t
Sprain, 143 Superior phrenic artery, 359 Systems Pathology Tetanus, 161
Squamous cell carcinoma, 106 Superior position, 11 diarrhea, 470–471 Thalamus, 213
Squamous epithelium, 72 Superior vena cava, 321 Thalassemia, 313
Squamous suture, 120 Supination, 143, 177 T Theca, 545
Stapes, 253 Supinator, 177 Thermoreceptor, 240
Starling’s law of the heart, 338 Supine position, 11 T cell, 395, 396f, 397f Theta wave, 221
Starvation, 493 Supporting connective tissue, 82, proliferation, 402f Thigh, 13, 134, 136f
Static equilibrium, 256 stimulation and effects, 403f muscles, 182, 183f, 184t
Stem cell, 89, 299, 395, 562 82t–83t, 84t Third stage of labor, 572
Suprarenal artery, 360 T wave, 332 Third ventricle, 223
cancer therapy, 300 Suprarenal vein, 367 T3 (triiodothyronine), 282f Third-degree burn, 103
Stenosis, valvular, 338 Surface anatomy, 2 T4 (thyroxine), 282f Thirst, 519, 519f
Stent, 328 Surface mucous cell, 451 Table of Measurements, Appendix Thirst center, 519
Stereocilium, 254 Surface tension, 423 Thoracic aorta, 354, 359
Sternal angle, 129 Surfactant, 423, 573 A at A–1 Thoracic cage, 132f
Sternocleidomastoid, 173 Surgical contraception, 553 Tachycardia, paroxysmal atrial, Thoracic cavity, 16
Sternum, 128–129 Suspensory ligament, 247, 541 Thoracic duct, 387
Steroid, 35, 35f Sustentacular cell, 533 338 Thoracic vertebra, 125, 127
Suture, 138, 138f Tail, pancreatic, 461 Thoracic volume, 421–422, 422f
anabolic, 540 Swallowing, 449, 450f Talus bone, 136 Thorax, 13
reference laboratory values, Target tissue, 266 arteries, 354, 359, 359f
muscles, 172f, 173t Tarsal bone, 136 muscles, 173, 175f, 175t
Appendix B at A–6 Sweat, 519 Taste, 243–244 veins, 362, 364f
Stethoscope, 337, 367 Sweat gland, 100 Thrombin, 306
Stimulus, 8 Sweating, 21, 39 loss of, 244 Thrombocyte; see platelet
Stomach, 451–455, 452f Sympathetic chain ganglion, 228 neuronal pathways for, 244, 244f Thrombocytopenia, 314
Sympathetic nervous system, 228, Taste bud, 243 Thromboplastin, 306
anatomy, 451, 452f Taste cell, 243 Thrombosis, 354, 578
movement in the stomach, 228t Taste hair, 243 Thromboxane, 304, 305
Synapse, 156, 203–204, 203f Taste pore, 243 Thrombus, 307, 328
455, 456f Synapsis, 530 Tay-Sachs disease, 56, 486 Thymosin, 291
secretions, 451–455, 454f Synaptic cleft, 157, 203 T-cell receptor, 395 Thymus, 291, 390f
Stratified columnar epithelium, 75 Synaptic vesicle, 157, 203 Tectorial membrane, 254 Thyroid cartilage, 414
Stratified cuboidal epithelium, 75 Synarthrosis, 138 Teeth, 445–447, 446f, 447f Thyroid follicle, 280
Stratified epithelium, 72, 76t Syndesmosis, 138 Telophase, 63 Thyroid gland, 280–281, 281f
Stratified squamous epithelium, Synergist muscle, 166 Temperature, 29 Thyroid hormone, 280, 282f
Synovial fluid, 88, 139 Temperature regulation, body, Thyroid-stimulating hormone
72 Synovial joint, 139f, 140f
Stratum, 96 Synovial membrane, 88, 139 494–496, 495f (TSH), 279, 280
Stratum basale, 96 Synthesis reaction, 27 integumentary system, 101, 102f Thyroxine (T4), 282f
Stratum corneum, 96 Systemic anatomy, 2 negative feedback, 10f Tibia, 136
Stress, 286 Systemic circulation, 318, 355f water, 31 Tibial nerve, 210
Stretch mark, 96 Temperature scales, comparative, Tibial tuberosity, 136
Stretch reflex, 207 arteries, 354–362, 356f Tidal volume, 425
Striated muscle; Systemic inflammation, 393 Appendix A at A–2 Tight junction, 76
Systemic lupus erythematosus Temporal bone, 120 Tissue, 2, 70–93
see skeletal muscle Temporal lobe, 214
Stroke, 232–233, 232f, 233 (SLE), 406–407, 406f Temporal summation, 206 aging effects, 91
Stroke volume, 338, 373 Systemic physiology, 2 Temporalis masseter, 170 connective, 77–83
Styloid process, 124, 130 Systemic vessel, 350 Tendinous intersection, 173
Subarachnoid space, 223 Systems Pathology Tendon, 111, 166 classification, 79–83, 79t
Subclavian vein, 362 function, 78–79
Subcutaneous injection, 96 acute renal failure, 524–525 calcaneal, 185 damage and inflammation,
Subcutaneous tissue, 95, 95f, asthma, 436–437 Tendon sheath, 139 88–89
benign uterine tumors (fibroids), Tenia coli, 463 chronic, 89
98–99 Tension line, 96 defined, 2, 70
Subdural hematoma, 223 554–555 Tensor fasciae latae, 182 epithelial, 70–77
Subdural space, 223 burns, 104–105 Terminal bronchiole, 418 characteristics, 71f
Sublingual gland, 448 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Terminal ganglion, 228 classification, 72–75, 72t
Submandibular gland, 447 Terminology and body plan function, 71–72
Submucosa, 443 188–189
Substantia nigra, 212, 218 myocardial infarction (heart body cavities, 16–17
Sulcus, 214 body parts and regions, 13, 13f
Sulfate ion, 521 attack), 314–315 body positions, 11
Summation, 161, 205 osteoporosis, 144–145 directional terminology, 11,
stroke, 232–233
12f, 12t

Index I-19

glands, 77 Trapezius, 176 Upper respiratory tract, 413 Uterine cavity, 545
structural and functional Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 487 Ureter, 500, 514, 516f Uterine tube, 545
Triceps brachii, 177 Urethra, 514, 536 Uterus, 545–546
relationships, 75–77 Tricuspid valve, 323 Urinary bladder, 514, 516f
muscle, 83–84, 85t–86t Triglyceride, 33, 34f, 465, 479 Urinary system, 499–528, 500f, benign uterine tumors (fibroids),
nervous, 86, 87t Trigone, 514 554–555
repair, 89–91, 90f Triiodothyronine (T3), 282f 501f; see also Systems
summary and review, 91–93 tRNA; see transfer ribonucleic Pathology prolapsed, 546
tissue and histology, 70 acid-base balance regulation, Utricle, 256
tissue membrane, 86–88, 87f acid 521–522, 523f Uvula, 414, 447
Trochanter, 134–136 acidosis and alkalosis, 522
mucous membrane, 86–87 Trochlear notch, 130 buffer, 521–522 V
serous membrane, 17–18, 17f, Trophoblast, 562 respiratory system, 522
Tropic hormone, 268 body fluid compartments, 518– Vaccination, 403
18f, 87, 87f Tropomyosin, 153 519, 518t Vaccine, 403
synovial membrane, 88 Troponin, 153 body fluid composition, 518
Tissue gases diffusion, 429 True rib, 128 exchange between booster, 386, 409
Tissue membrane, 86–88 Trunk, 13 compartments, 518–519 Vagina, 546
mucous membrane, 86–87 development, 570f Vaginal condom, 552
serous membrane, 17–18, 17f, muscles, 173–175, 174f, 174t, disease and disorder, 526 Vaginal contraceptive, 552
18f, 87, 87f 175f, 175t, 176f, 176t, 177f, kidney anatomy, 500–505, 502f, Vagus nerve, 228
synovial membrane, 88 177t 503f, 504f Valve
Tissue plasminogen activator arteries and veins, 505, 505f
Trunk cavity, 16f regulation of extracellular fluid blood vessel, 353f
(t-PA), 307, 328 Trypsin, 462, 468 composition, 519–521 heart, 323–325, 324f, 325f, 337f
Tissue regeneration, 89 Tryptophan, 481 ion concentration regulation, Variable, 4
Tissue repair, 89–91, 90f TSH (thyroid-stimulating 519–521 Variable region, 397
Toe, 185 thirst regulation, 519, 519f Varicose vein, 354
Tongue, 172f, 173t 243f, 445 hormone), 279 regulation of urine concentration Vas deferens, 534–536
Tonsil, 447 Tubal ligation, 553 and volume, 510–514 Vasa recta, 505
Tonsillectomy, 388 Tubercle, 120 hormonal mechanisms, Vascular spasm, 304
Torticollis, 173 Tubular exocrine gland, 77 510–514 Vascular tunic, 245, 246–247
Total lung capacity, 426 Tubular reabsorption, 506, 508, summary and review, 526–528 Vasectomy, 553
Touch receptor, 240 urinary system functions, Vasoconstriction, 351
T-PA (tissue plasminogen 510f, 511f, 512f 499–500 Vasodilation, 351
Tubular secretion, 506 urine movement, 514–518 Vasomotor center, 372
activator), 307, 328 Tumor, 65 anatomy and histology of the Vasomotor tone, 372
Trabecula, 114, 328, 388, 389 ureters, urinary bladder, and Vasopressin, 280
Trace element, 476 benign uterine (fibroids), urethra, 514 Vegan diet, 484
Trachea, 415–417, 418f 554–555 micturition reflex, 516–517, Vegetarian diet, 484
Tracheobronchial tree, 417 517f Vein, 351–353, 353f, 362–367,
Tracheostomy, 417 Tunic, 245, 246f, 351 urine production, 505–510, 506f,
Tracheotomy, 417 Tunica adventitia, 351 509f 363f; see also specific
Trans fat, 33, 479 Tunica intima, 351 filtration, 506–508 vein name
Transcription, 59–61, 61f Tunica media, 351 tubular reabsorption, 508, abdomen and pelvis, 362–367,
Transcription factor, 272 Turner syndrome, 580 510f, 511f, 512f 365f
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), Twin birth, 561 Urine head and neck, 362, 364f
Tympanic membrane, 253 concentration, 509f, 510–514, kidney, 505
59 Type 1 diabetes mellitus, 290 515f lower limb, 367, 367f
Transfusion, blood, 308 Type 2 diabetes mellitus, 290 movement, 514–518 structure, 351–353, 353f
Transfusion reaction, 308 anatomy and histology of the thorax, 362, 364f
Transitional epithelium, 75 U ureters, urinary bladder, and upper limb, 362, 364f
Translation, 59, 61, 62f urethra, 514 varicose, 354
Transplantation Ulcer, peptic, 455 micturition reflex, 516–517, Venous return, 338
Ulna, 130, 133f 517f Venous thrombosis, 105
fecal matter, 468 Ulnar artery, 358 production, 505–510 Ventilation, 421–426
kidney, 525 Ulnar nerve, 210 filtration, 506–508 alveolar volume, changing, 425
Transport, 465 Ultraviolet light exposure, 98, 106 tubular reabsorption, 508, lung recoil, 423–425
carbohydrates, 465, 466f Umbilical artery, 574 510f, 511f, 512f pressure changes and airflow,
lipids, 465–468, 466f, 467f Umbilical cord, 563 reference laboratory values, A–5 422–423
proteins, 466f, 468–469 Umbilical vein, 574 substances, 506t respiratory volumes and
water and minerals, 469–470, Universal donor, 309–310 volume, 510–514, 515f capacities, 425–426, 426f
Unsaturated fat, 33, 465, 479 U.S. measurements, thoracic volume, changing,
469f Upper limb Appendix A at A–1 421–422
Transverse colon, 463 Ventral column, 206
Transverse fracture, 118 arteries, 358, 360f Ventral position, 11
Transverse plane, 16 bones, 130–133, 130f, 133f Ventral respiratory group, 431
Transverse process, 126 muscles, 176–180, 178f, 178t, Ventral root, 206
Transverse section, 16
Transverse tubule, 151 179f, 180t, 181f, 181t, 182f
Transversus abdominis, 173 veins, 362, 364f
Upper motor neuron, 217

I-20 Index

Ventricle Visceral pleura, 420 W Withdrawal reflex, 208, 209f, 235
brain, 223, 225f Visceral sense, 239 Work, 27
heart, 320, 323 Visceral serous membrane, 17 Warm receptor, 240 Working memory, 222
Vision, 244–251 Water Wound contracture, 91
Ventricular diastole, 333, 334 Wrist
Ventricular systole, 333, 334 accessory structures of the eye, digestive system, 469–470, 469f
Venule, 351 245, 245f molecular structure, 31 bones, 130, 133f
Vernix caseosa, 569 Water-soluble hormone, 267, 270 muscles, 177–180
Vertebra, 125–128, 126f, 127f disease and disorder, 260 Water-soluble vitamin, 481
Vertebral arch, 126 eye anatomy, 245–249, 246f, Weight, 21–22 X
Vertebral artery, 358 Weight, measures of, Appendix A
Vertebral body, 126 247f, 248f X chromosome, 62, 579
Vertebral canal, 126 eye function, 249–251, 250f at A–1 Xiphoid process, 128
Vertebral column, 125–128, 126f neuronal pathways for, 251, Wernicke area, 221 X-linked trait, 581, 581f
White blood cell, 299, 302f,
injury, 110 252f Y
muscles, 173 Visual cortex, 251 303–304
Vertebral foramen, 126 Visual field, 251 count, 313–314 Y chromosome, 62–63, 579
Vesicle, 52 Vital capacity, 426 as formed elements, 302f, Yellow marrow, 113
ovarian, 545 Vitamin, 481, 482t Y-linked trait, 581
synaptic, 157, 203 Vitamin D production, 98, 101 303–304, 305f Yolk sac, 563
Vestibular fold, 414, 416f Vitreous chamber, 249 identification, 305f Young adult, 577
Vestibular membrane, 254 Vitreous humor, 249 innate immunity, 392
Vestibule, 256, 258f, 546 Vocal fold, 414, 416f White matter, 196 Z
Vestibulocochlear nerve, 254 Voltage-gated channel, 200, 200f White pulp, 388
Villus, 455 Volume, 254 Whole-cell activity Z disk, 153
Viral infection, 393 Voluntary movement, 217 apoptosis, 66 Zona pellucida, 545
Visceral artery, 359 Voluntary phase, 449 cell life cycle, 61–63 Zygomatic arch, 120
Visceral pericardium, 320, 327–328 Vomer, 122 differentiation, 63–66 Zygomatic bone, 120
Visceral peritoneum, 443 Von Willebrand factor, 305 gene expression, 59–61, 60f Zygomaticus, 170
Vulva, 546 Windpipe, 415 Zygote, 545, 561
Wisdom tooth, 445
Withdrawal method, 552