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Published by imranhaziq2iz10, 2022-07-08 04:17:58

AAP224_4B_BQS552_ASSIGNMENT FLIPPING BOOK

AAP224_4B_BQS552_ASSIGNMENT FLIPPING BOOK

UITM KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING

ASSIGNMENT 1

MULTI-STOREY
SMART
BUILDING.

PREPARED FOR:
DR SYED AHMAD QUSOIRI SYED ABDUL KARIM

PREPARED BY:
KHAIRUNNISA BINTI RUSIDI (2021868582)
IMRAN HAZIQ BIN ISKANDAR ZULKHAIRI (2021862258)
SHARIFAH NUR’AIN SUFIAH BINTI SYED ALI SABRI
(2021867924)
MUHAMMAD IQBAL ALIFF BIN SHUHAIMI (2021852898)
NOR IZZATUL HUSNA BT SHAFIEE (2021886776)

BQS554
BUILDING
SERVICES II

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. CASE STUDY 2
3. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS 5
4. ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEMS
5. SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION 12
6. MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEMS 20

26

7. HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING

SYSTEMS (HVAC) 33

8. REFERENCES 38

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

INTRODUCTION

BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERING IS THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING, CREATING,
INSTALLING, AND MAINTAINING THE COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE SYSTEMS IN
BUILDINGS. IT REFERS TO ANY SYSTEM OR EQUIPMENT WITHIN A BUILDING THAT
PROVIDES COMFORT AND SAFETY. BUILDING SERVICES CONTRIBUTE TO THE
CREATION OF ENVIRONMENTS IN WHICH PEOPLE CAN LIVE AND WORK WITH THE
LEAST AMOUNT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT FEASIBLE. IN THIS REPORT, WE WILL
DISCUSS THE TO THE BASIC PRINCIPLES, PROCESSES, AND EQUIPMENT OF VARIOUS
BUILDING THROUGHT CASE STUDIES THAT WE HAVE INVESTIGATED. BY
REFERENCING TO THE CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT AND LATEST TECHNOLOGY OF
BUILDING SERVICES VIA ARTICLES AND WEBSITE, WE HAVE PURPOSE A SYSTEM FOR
A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING USING FIVE SELECTED TOPICS FROM BQS554
SYLLABUS. THE TOPICS ARE:

1. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

2. ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEMS

3. SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION

4. MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEMS

5. HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC)



1

CASE STUDY

2

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

CASE STUDY 1

THE CENTRE FOR
INTERACTIVE REASEARCH
ON SUSTAINBILITY

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

The University of British Columbia (UBC) The techniques that has been applied to
Point Grey Campus is where the Centre for this building that make the lower power
Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS) energy use for this building is by
is located. The structure is devoted to implementing the solar power system for
outreach and collaboration in urban the electrical supply. The photovoltaic cell
sustainability research. In November 2011, it panels has been fixed at the roof and also as
was formally inaugurated. a sunshades facades. Therefore, we found it
is suitable to apply the same system for our
The CIRS mission is to accelerate the propose multi-storey buildings.
adoption of sustainable building and urban
practises. The CIRS vision is to be the most 3
innovative high performance building in
North America.

The CIRS achieves a net-positive energy
performance and lowers UBC's annual
energy use by more than 1 million kilowatt
hours. The energy system helps the project
by comparing various energy modelling
techniques, allowing for more research and
system testing opportunities, inspiring new
ideas for energy supply and consumption,
lowering the heat demand and carbon
emissions of nearby structures, and offering
chances for lifelong learning.

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

CASE STUDY 2

DALIAN BAY SHORE
HOTEL DALIAN, CHINA

Dalian Bay Shore Hotel is located in Dalian This form of control system has a positive
Xinghai Bay, China. The Bayshore hotel in impact on energy usage by reducing the
the coastal city of Dalian will receive two amount of empty cab rides. The destination
Twin installations with a total of four cabs, selection control system will also be central
one new conventional elevator, and a to the hotel's security system. Passengers
destination selection control system as part require authorization in the form of a room
of a modernisation project. keycard to select a floor via one of the
terminals.
As the number of passenger continued to
rise , it became necessary to replace three of 4
the height existing elevators since they had
reached their capacity limit. The installation
of two Twin systems in the 28-storey
building 5-star luxury hotel with 403 rooms
and suites would make it more possible to
transfer much more passengers per hour
without altering the structure or requiring
additional space.

When modernization are complete, a total
of 10 elevators cars will be available to
transport passengers between floors. In
order to achieve additional time savings and
optimise traffic flow, an intelligent
destination selection control system will be
implemented.

TOPIC 1 :

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER WET PIPE SYSTEM

5

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER WET PIPE SYSTEM

SYSTEM APPLICATION IN BUILDING

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water
supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution
piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Although historically only
used in factories and large commercial buildings, systems for homes and small
buildings are now available at a cost-effective price. Fire sprinkler systems are
extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million sprinkler heads fitted each year.
Even though Fire Sprinkler Systems are a Life Saving System and are not designed to
protect the building, 96% of buildings that had fires and were completely protected
by fire sprinkler systems were controlled by the fire sprinklers alone.

The National Fire Protection Association's Standard 13 (NFPA 13) contains a
temperature rating system for sprinklers. The appropriate temperature rating for the
sprinklers at a particular location depends on the maximum expected ceiling
temperatures. Selection of the proper temperature rating will reduce the possibility
of premature opening of sprinklers.

An automatic sprinkler is a fire-suppression or fire-control device with a heat-
activated element. The sprinkler operates automatically when the air temperature
rises to or above the device's specified temperature rating. The sprinkler heads are
frangible bulbs filled with a liquid that, when heated, expand causing the bulb(s) to
break and the system to release water. The water from the sprinkler head will cover
the area where the fire is located and will continue to operate until the fire
department can fully extinguish the fire.

The Fire Sprinkler is also used to control the flow of water. It is essentially a valve that
when exposed for a sufficient time to a temperature at or above the temperature
rating of the heat sensitive element (glass bulb or fusible link) releases, allowing
water to flow from only the affected sprinkler. The operation and subsequent water
flow of an automatic fire sprinkler will lead to a drop in pressure within the fire
sprinkler system after the alarm valve.

6

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER WET PIPE SYSTEM

INSTALLATION PROCESS

1 First thing first, the designers of the system will identify the occupancy

classification and the hazard class for the structure that the fire sprinkler
system is protecting. Once this is determined, the designers will then turn to
the National Fire Protection Association’s NFPA 13, which is the standard for
the design and installation of sprinkler systems. The NFPA 13 provides the
designers the spacing requirements, piping requirements, minimum pressure
levels and component options for the fire sprinkler system.

2 After the fire sprinkler system has been designed and the plans have been

drawn, the design will be checked by local authorities. With the drawings in
hand, the contractor on the project is then able to guide his team on the steps
and processes to take to properly install the fire sprinkler system properly. The
fire sprinkler system installation is commonly done by the pipe fitters at the
construction site.

3 Move scaffold into the position and check that all wheels are lock and
outrigger stabilizers extended to the correct position. Use scaffold that have
been duly inspected, certified and tagged. mark out vertical support threaded
rod, channel position in relation to grid lines, datum markings per the
approved drawings. Check the dimensions to the finished face of the wall and
column, report any discrepancy. Secure first section of vertical support to the
soffit as per the drawing details. Clean thoroughly the pipes, so that all dust is
removed. Lift the bracket support to the pipe. Check the correct elevation of
support brackets from the datum.

4 Check the tightness of all the bolts. When sufficient number of support bracket

is fixed the pipes may be lifted into the position and secured to the bracket.
Adjacent length of pipes shall be joined. For joining the threaded pipes and
fittings use jute and shellac. For grooved fittings, cut the groove depth on
pipes as per fitting's manufacturer data sheet. Apply gasket lubricant around
the groove and on the gasket internal. Once the system is completed, the
subsequent firefighting pipe work inspection and testing shall be undertaken
in accordance with Fire System Inspection Test Plans (ITP)

5 Lastly, after the system is installed and operable, the building owners must
then abide by local codes regarding testing and inspections of the fire sprinkler
system. The ongoing inspections and testing are as important as the initial
designing of the system. While the designers ensure that the system will work
when installed, the technicians ensure that the system will continue to work as
intended for years to come.

7

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER WET PIPE SYSTEM

BENEFITS

REDUCE THE RISK OF DEATH

By having a fire sprinkler system COST EFFECTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
installed along with traditional SYSTEM
methods such as smoke alarms it’ll
help to protect both property and the
people in it. Properties that use both
fire alarms and suppression systems
reduce the risk of fire related death by
82%.

Compared to the damage fires can cause,
sprinklers are a cost effective way to protect
both physical property and the people living
or working there. Most sprinkler systems
cost a couple of percent of the overall
property value because they are
mechanically straightforward and efficient
to install.

INCREASE THE VALUE OF YOUR
PROPERTY

Whilst there may be an upfront cost to
pay out when installing the system for
the first time, it could be worth it when
selling back the property. Properties
using fire sprinklers are a much more
attractive purchase for any type of
buyer.

MINIMAL MAINTENANCE

Most types of sprinklers require very little

maintenance and they typically continue

running smoothly with only their annual

maintenance check. Most installers also

offer maintenance checks once or twice a

year where they will test the value so see

how the system is operating. 8

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER WET PIPE SYSTEM

PROBLEMS

System shutoff

Sprinkler failures account for about two-

thirds of all sprinkler failures. When a

building is vacant or under construction, or

when there are system difficulties such as

leaks or other impairments, this can occur.

Irrigation systems have a lot of moving

parts that need to be adjusted and

replaced on a regular basis. Sprinkler heads

can become misaligned, necessitating

manual repositioning to guarantee

sufficient coverage of the zones they were

supposed to water. They can also be

damaged during ordinary yard

maintenance, such as mowing, and will

need to be replaced completely. Unreliable Water Supply

Damaged components A water supply is a system that includes a
body of water as well as a way to distribute
water under pressure. This comprises one or
more connections to a municipal
waterworks or a private system consisting of
one or more fire pumps and a suction supply
for most electric generating units. The water
supply, like previously, must be both
dependable and ample. Water supply during
severe conditions, such as freeze/drought,
mechanical issues, and other unanticipated
events, is referred to as reliability. This means
that it is preferable to have multiple water
supply.

Damaged components are the most 9
common cause of sprinkler system
failure, accounting for 7% of all sprinkler
system failures. Fires when automated
extinguishing equipment was destroyed
by explosions or the collapse of a ceiling,
roof, or complete structure are the most
common causes of component damage.

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

BUILDING SERVICE FUNCTIONS

Fire Sprinklers Detect Heat

Fire sprinklers work when high heat triggers the sprinkler system. When a fire starts, the
air directly above it quickly heats up. This hot air rises to the ceiling and spreads. When
the air becomes hot enough and reaches a sprinkler head, a chain reaction occurs.

Most sprinkler heads feature a glass bulb filled with a glycerin-based liquid. This liquid
expands when it comes in contact with air heated to between 135 and 165 degrees.
When the liquid expands, it shatters its glass confines and the sprinkler head activates.

Fire Sprinklers Douse The Fire

Each sprinkler head is connected to a conduit that runs outside the building and
connects to a reliable water source. A valve opens when heat activates a sprinkler head,
allowing pressurised water from the pipe system to flow out.

The pressurisation of water in a fire sprinkler system is critical. This permits the water to
spray outward in an arc, dousing the fire more thoroughly and preventing it from
rekindling.

Fire Sprinklers Minimize Water Damage

Sprinkler systems are depicted in movies in a misleading manner, leading many people
to accept the assumption that all sprinklers in a system are linked and that when one is
triggered by heat, they all activate. If this were the case, extinguishing a fire would
simply be a matter of exchanging fire damage for water damage, which is not how fire
sprinklers function.

Sprinkler heads, fortunately, work independently. Fires are usually totally extinguished if
only one or two sprinklers are activated. As a result, water damage is limited to the little
area where the fire began. Furthermore, because fire sprinklers use around six times less
water than a fire hose to extinguish a fire, their swift action is actually less destructive to
your property than a fire department visit.

9

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Under typical circumstances, an automated sprinkler's
water discharge is controlled by a cap or valve.

The cap or valve are held tightly against the orifice by a
system of levers and links, or other releasing devices,
pressing down on the cap and anchored firmly by struts
on the sprinkler.

A deflector is attached to the sprinkler's frame and directs
and converts the stream of water into a spray intended to
cool or protect a specific region.

The volume of water released is determined by the
amount of water flowing through the sprinkler aperture
and the size of the orifice.

The pace of operation is determined by the physical
features of the sprinkler's thermosensitive mechanism.

The time involved to operate depends, amongst other
factors, upon the shape, size and mass of the
thermosensitive mechanism, and the temperature
differential between the surrounding atmosphere and the
operating temperature of the sprinkler.

10

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

COMPONENETS

CONTROL VALVE

The stop valve is usually locked in the open
position and painted bright red so that can be
seen. When the fire sprinkler system is not in
operation, it is utilized to stop the flow of municipal
water into the system. A supervisory switch is
connected to the stop valve and is used to monitor
whether it is open or closed.

ALARM VALVE
The water flow into the fire sprinkler system is
controlled by the alarm valve. When the fire
sprinkler heads are open, the pressure on the
sprinkler side of the valve is less than the water
supply pressure, and the valve opens. The valve
opens when the fire sprinkler heads open in
reaction to a fire, allowing water to flow
throughout the fire sprinkler system.

SPRINKLER HEADS
The sprinkler heads are often the only parts of fire
sprinkler system that can be seen on a daily basis.
When subjected to high temperatures, they act as
valves that open. The benefit of fire sprinkler heads
is that they only allow water to flow in the area
underneath them, so if you have a little fire in your
building, your fire sprinkler system won't douse your
whole workplace with water.

ALARM TEST VALVE
this valve allows for test fire sprinkler system
testing without setting the whole system off. It is
meant to replicate the flow of water through the
fire sprinkler system and is situated between the
alarm valve and the drain on the sprinkler side of
the fire alarm.

MOTORIZED BELL
The flow of water from a fire sprinkler system
triggers a hammer, which blows against a bell,
producing an aural alarm sound.

11

TOPIC 2 :

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
SYSTEM

SMART SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

12

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

SMART SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

Solar power is the process of producing electricity from sunlight which can be done directly, as
in the case of photovoltaic (PV) technology, or indirectly, as in the case of concentrating solar
power (CSP), in which the energy of the sun is concentrated to boil water that is then used to
generate electricity (Sharma,2011). It is a crucial source of renewable energy, and depending on
how solar energy is captured, distributed, or transformed into solar power.

TYPES OF SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

Grid-tied Solar Power System A solar power system that is grid-tied or grid-connected is linked
to the building and traditional electrical utility grid. There are no
storage batteries present in this kind of solar power system. All
of the appliances immediately consume the solar energy
produced by the solar panels. Under a system known as net-
metering, if the solar power system is producing more energy
than the building is using, the excess energy can be sold back to
the utility provider. The remaining power needed by the
appliances is taken from the utility grid when the solar power
system is not producing enough power.

A completely independent solar power system with energy Off-grid Solar Power System
storage that is not linked to the main utility grid. An off-grid solar
power system only uses solar panels as its energy source. Either
the appliances receive this energy or it is stored in the battery for
later use. For remote rural areas or applications where other
power sources are either unavailable or impractical, off-grid solar
power systems are ideal. Since this type of system is not linked to
the electrical grid, it is larger and more expensive. More solar
panels and batteries are needed for this.

Hybrid Solar Power System A solar power system with energy storage that is comparable to a

grid-tied solar power system but includes an energy storage system,

typically in the form of battery backup. When solar energy

production exceeds demand, the excess solar power is utilized to

charge batteries & stored for later use. When production is lesser

than demand, the stored energy from the batteries is used to make

up the shortfall. A well-designed hybrid solar power system offers

the comfort of having backup power during a power outage while

also lowering electricity bills. The hybrid system is made up of a

solar panel array, a charge controller, a battery bank, and an

inverter. In some cases, a tertiary power source, such as a wind

turbine or a gas generator, is also used. 13

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

SMART SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

TYPES OF SOLAR POWER SYSTEM APPLICATION

Solar Photovoltaic Technology

A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell (PV), is a
machine that uses the photoelectric effect to transform light
into an electric current. When exposed to light, the
photovoltaic cell, a solid-state device made of thin layers of
semiconductor materials, generates an electric current.
Solar panels with numerous photovoltaic-containing cells are
used to generate electricity using photovoltaic technology.

Solar Water Heating System

Solar water heating systems use the energy of the sun to warm or
boil water. In the natural world, the water is warmer in the shallower
sections of lakes, ponds, and rivers. The bottom of the shallow areas
is easily heated by sunlight, which causes the water to be warm. The
development of solar water heating systems has made use of the
same idea. A solar collector and a water storage tank are the two
main components of the design. Flat-plate collectors are put in
place in houses and other residential structures and are put on the
roofs facing the sun.

Technical Passive Solar Heating

The principle behind passive solar heating, also referred to as
"daylighting," is straightforward. If they are properly constructed
and designed, buildings can feel the sun. An example would be
that some areas of a house receive more sunlight than others.
Therefore, incorporating solar technology can meet a building's
energy needs by creating sunlit walls, roofs, and floors that
absorb the sun's heat. These devices function so that they absorb
heat during the day, and as the sun sets and the air becomes
cooler, they gradually release that heat. Therefore, a structure
with clever design, good ventilation, and solar technology will
never have heating problems in the winter.

OUR RECOMMENDATION FOR THE MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING 14

We propose the smart building electrical supply to implement solar photovoltaic system as stated
above. We got the ideas by referring to one case study which is The University of British Columbia
that applied the same types of solar power system application where the solar panels has been
install at the rooftop and also on sunshade facades.

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

SMART SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

INSTALLATION PROCESS

1 Set-up Scaffolding
Erect scaffolding to ensure safety during the whole installation process when being on the
roof.

2 Install Solar Panel Mounts
Set up the solar panel mounting system to support the base of the solar panels. The whole
mounting structure must be tilted and have an angle between 18 to 36 degress to have
maximum sunlight exposure.

3 Install the Solar Panels
Install the solar panel on the mounting structure. Tighten up all the bolts and nuts to ensure
it stays stable.

4 Wire the Solar Panels
Install the electrical wiring. MC4 connecters are used since it is suitable for all types of
panel. Shut off the electricity supply during the wiring installation.

5 Install Solar Inverter
Connect the solar inverter to the system near the main panel. It will be more convenient if
kept it in cooler place.

6 Bond Solar Inverter and Solar Battery
Connect the solar battery to the solar inverter.

7 Connect the Inverter to the Consumer Unit

Connect the inverter to the consumer unit to generate electricity. Connect a generation
meter to monitor the amount of electricity the solar panels actually produce.

8 Start and Test Solar Power System
Switch the power in and test the installed solar panel system.

15

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

SMART SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

Reduce Bill Energy Impact on the environment

If you generate your own Solar energy has the least
electricity, you will use the utility detrimental effects on the
environment. It does not pollute
provider's resources less the water or release greenhouse
frequently. Savings on your gases into the atmosphere. It is
energy bill will result right away. also did not create any noise.

THE BENEFITS OF
SMART SOLAR POWER

SYSTEM

Technology Development Low Maintenance Costs

The technology in the solar energy The maintenance needed for
sector is constantly improving, and solar energy systems is typically
advancements will accelerate in the
coming years. Nanotechnology and minimal. They only require a
quantum physics advancements minimal amount of maintenance

have the potential to boost solar and a few times a year of
panel efficiency and double or even cleaning will suffice.

triple the electrical input of solar
power systems.

16

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

SMART SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

Weather-dependent Manufacturing of solar
panels harm the
Even though solar energy can environment
still be provided on cloudy and
Mass production of solar panels
wet days, the solar system's may result in fossil fuels being
effectiveness is reduced since burned and plastic waste.
Sunlight is necessary for solar
panels to efficiently collect solar

energy.

THE PROBLEMS OF
SMART SOLAR POWER

SYSTEM

Roof considerations

Repairs to the underlying roof
become quite tricky and often
require disassembly of the solar
installation before even routine

roof maintenance can be
performed

17

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

SMART SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

THE CONNECTION Nowadays, people do not fully rely on
AND POSITION OF traditional electricity supply energy to
use the electrical appliances. They can
THE SYSTEM depend on other alternatives to gain
the electricity supply such as by solar
systems, wind energy and
hydroelectric power. However, the
propose services is to implement
smart solar power system which the
energy is abstracted from the sun and
convert into electrical energy.

The smart solar system will be located
at the place that exposes to the
sunlight which is on the top of the roof
and also at the sunshades. The energy
abstract to the solar panel will transfer
to the solar inverter which been called
as DC power to be stored in a battery.

Next, the power will be monitored at
the smart meter before distribute the
power to the building appliances. It is
vital to ensure the electricity
transferred to the solar inverter is safe.
As a result, electric current is not
carried overly to electrical appliances.

18

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

SMART SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

THE PRINCPLE OF
SMART SOLAR POWER

SYSTEM

In order to ensure the solar power system is well utilized,
there are some requirements needed to be follow to make
sure the system can abstract the most sunlight energy. To
avoid unwanted events, the safety features must also be
taken seriously.

Firstly, the photovoltaic panel must be install tilted between
18 and 36 degrees to get the most out of this system. It is to
ensure the solar panel can absorb the sun energy with full
capacity and maximize the production of the power energy.

Next, the safety feature is important because the
mechanism deals with a high amount of electric energy.
Therefore, the smart monitor need to be apply to monitor
the voltage that come from the solar panel to be
distributed. A minimum of 3 to 6 Watts of power can be
generated by the solar panel before it is stored in the
inverter. The monitor can be used to manage power
distribution before it reaches the building.

Furthermore, suitable batteries to store the power also need
to take into the consideration. It is vital to prevent from the
excess electricity distribute to the buildings.

19

TOPIC 3 :

SPECIAL SERVICES
INSTALLATION

DAY AND NIGHT CAMERA

20

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION

APPLICATION & SYSTEM

INTELLIGENT BUILDING

Intelligent building systems are the construction
industry's game changer. The majority of modern
public and residential buildings are designed to save
money by reducing energy consumption.
To meet this target, it is crucial to improve energy
conservation measures and employ sustainable design
concepts. However, Omar (2018) stating that there is a
lack of a systematic context that includes the variables
that influence the design of such systems, as well as a
comprehensive framework that combines the complex
criteria that is considered necessary as a decision-
making tool.
Intelligent building management systems (IBMS)
control the technology in modern buildings. This
system is developed by combining building
management systems with the internet and associated
IT infrastructure.
All of the monitoring systems in the building are linked
to the IBMS through an Internet Protocol (IP) network.
The IBMS supervises all subsystems using a single
front-end interface (Designing Building, 2021).

21

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INTEALLPIPGLEICNAT TBIUOINLD&INSGYSSTYESMTEM

BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

A building automation system (BAS) is a network that connects and automates a
variety of functions within a building. A single set of controls regulate the lighting
and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems, and also the fire and
security systems. Building automation systems (BAS) are commonly found in green
buildings. As a result, the automation system may deliver essential information
about a building's operational performance while also enhancing residents'
security and wellbeing.

BUILDING SECURITY SYSTEM

A security system is basically a mechanism of safeguarding something via a
network of interconnected devices and components. In this situation, building
security systems are networks of integrated electronic devices that collaborate
with a central control panel to protect against robbers and other dangerous
building intruders.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY BUILDING SYSTEM

Energy efficient building design is developing or modernizing buildings to get the
most work out of the energy given to them by implementing initiatives to limit
energy loss, such as decreasing heat transfer through the building structure. These
systems whether refurbished or designed with energy quality in mind, offer a
numerous benefit. Buildings that are energy efficient are economical since they are
more comfort in and are environmentally friendly.

22

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BUAIPLDPLINICGASTEIOCNUR&ITSYYSSTYESMTEM

FEATURES OF DAY AND DAY AND NIGHT CAMERA
NIGHT CAMERA
A home security device that records video and enables
1.CCTV security systems users watch it on the computer, smartphone, or other
minimizing cost of insurance internet-connected device from anywhere. It records
for buildings and other images of the buildings and the property. A security camera
property by preventing criminal that can capture images both during the day whenever
actions. there is adequate light from the sun, and at night whenever
there is either complete darkness or very few lighting, is
2.In high-crime neighborhoods in known as a day and night camera.
instance, a CCTV system gives
residents a better sense of A day and night camera's special lenses enable infrared
security and comfort. emission from infrared LEDs and mirrored infrared energy
from objects to pass through and reach a CCD or CMOS
3.Day and night cameras are a chip inside the camera. As an outcome, the end user can
great deterrent for criminals as view a picture in total darkness at the distance of infrared
well as being able to keep an emission produced by LEDs.
eye on the building
23

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

SSPPEECCIIAALL SSEERRVVIICCEESS IINNSSTTAALLLLAATTIIOONN

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ADVANTAGES OF DAY AND NIGHT CAMERA

HIGH-QUALITY IMAGES MULTIPLE SHAPES AND SIZES

The fact that day/night security cameras offer Day/night cameras are available in a broad
high - resolution images both during the day range of sizes and forms, allowing for any
and at night is one of its main advantages. desired look. There are several variations,
Compared to the other choices, which are only including typical fixed models, bullets and
effective during the day, they can shoot domes. Even tiny board cameras are available
excellent video even when it is totally dark. for circumstances that demand for the
extreme caution.

FLEXIBILITY

Day/night cameras operate as color cameras during the day, but as night comes,
a sensor inside the device detects the change in light and automatically converts
the camera to the night mode. This activates the camera's built-in infrared LEDs,
which are hidden from view until one is staring straight at the device.

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BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION

PLACE
Place the camera on the ceiling, table or wall.

BASE PLATE
Place the base plate on the wall.

HOLES MARKING
Use a pencil or marker pen to mark where the
holes are. The depth is 2.5 cm, and the diameter is
around 0.6 cm.

HOLES DRILLING
Using the marked points as a guidance, drill two
holes in the wall.

PLASTIC ANCHORS
Secure the base unit by tightening the screws into the two
plastic anchors after inserting them into the wall's holes.

SECURE THE CAMERA
Once the two surfaces are parallel, push down and rotate
the camera unit in either direction to lock it in place.

SYNC THE CAMERA'S POWER CABLE 25
Once the power cord is connected to the Micro-USB charging
connector, the camera will turn on automatically.

TOPIC 4 :

MECHANICAL HANDLING
SYSTEMS

TWIN ELEVATOR

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BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

TWIN ELEVATOR

TWIN is an elevator system in which two regular A device that inspects the distance

elevators are put into the same shaft and work between both elevators will keep them

independently of each other. Traditional elevator from colliding or bumping into each

systems need one shaft for each elevator car, but other. It also lets you introduce brand-

Twin elevator only needs a smaller number of new traffic ideas and set a new high-

shafts that can each hold two elevator cars. This performance standard. in facilities

will saves a lot of space in the building. It is a such as hotels, hospitals, educational

double-decker elevator system that has been institutions, where there are common

improved. It lets you move the same number of areas spread across multiple floors,

people in 25% less space. this is the perfect solutions.

PRINCIPLES

Elevators are simple machines, and the basic way they lift people hasn't changed much in

more than 50 years. The control systems, on the other hand, have changed a lot to make

them safer and faster to use. Elevators are made for each building by taking into account

things like the building's height, how many people travel to each floor, and when they are

likely to be used the most. The magic begins even before you step inside the elevator.

Instead of using the traditional wall of buttons, passengers select their destination via a

pane; display when they want to call an elevator. Sophisticated software groups people

going to the same parts of the building together, so you wont have have to stop on every

floor and wait while people awkwardly arrange themselves in a small box. Anyone who use

the elevator as far as their regular floor and does not go any further will not notice a

significant change from the Twin. The primary benefit is obtained in building where there

is frequent circulation between floors of the building. One
elevator car will operates according to a predetermined

schedule, transporting passenger from the lower floors to

middle floors, and the other transports people from the

middle floor and upper floors. The system will save energy

by keeping one elevator car at either the top or bottom of

the shaft when there aren't enough people moving

around to justify having two elevators operating.

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BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

TWIN ELEVATOR

INSTALLATION PROCESS

Elevator cars are constructed at the elevator manufacturer's facility using
typical metal cutting, welding, and forming techniques. If the cars will be
exposed to the weather while the building is being built, the interior trim
may be put in after the building is finished.

On the building site, the rest of the elevator is put together. The elevator
shaft is built into the building from the start, and it gets bigger as the
building goes up. The walls of the shaft are made of poured concrete,
and as each floor is added, the shaft's straightness and other dimensions
are carefully checked.

Guide rails, switch ramps, service ladder, and other similar pieces of
support equipment are bolted into the shaft after the walls are done but
before the shaft is roofed.

While the top of the shaft is still open, a crane lifts the counterweight to
the top of the building and lowers it along its rails into the shaft.

The elevator car is then lifted by the crane and put into the shaft halfway.
The guide wheels connect the car to the guide rails, and the car is slowly
lowered to the bottom of the shaft.

The elevator car is then lifted by the crane and put into the shaft halfway.
The guide wheels connect the car to the guide rails, and the car is slowly
lowered to the bottom of the shaft.

The cables for the elevator and governor are strung and attached, the
electrical connections are finished, and the controller has been
programmed.

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TWIN ELEVATOR BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

BENEFITS COST EFFETIVE

HANDLE MORE TRAFFIC As a result of sharing the same
hoistway, landing doors, and
Because of its double-car guide rails between two
structure, it can accomodate up elevator cars, construction and
to 40% more passenger. maintenance costs are greatly
reduced.
REDUCE ENERGY
CONSUMPTION SPACE EFFICIENT

Twin is not like double -decker Twin increases the amount of
elevator systems, it can park one cab leasable area in the building by
while the other one continues to decreasing the number of shaft
function. Therefore, no energy is that are necessary to service
wasted in the transportation of buildings over 50 metres high.
empty cars when passenger volumes
are low. 29
In addition, every Twin elevator
system has the capability of being
fitted with a feature known as energy
recovery, which allows around 30% of
the energy that is produced by
braking back into the power grid of
the building.

TWIN ELEVATOR BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

PROBLEMS Capital and operating costs for
vertical transportation have
Dual-level lobbies are needed to gone up
improve operational efficiency
by letting upper and lower lift If one lift breaks down, both lift
cars load and unload at the cars will be out of service.
same time, which may be seen
as a bad thing by potential
tenants.

Escalators, stairs and DDA (Disability
Discrimination Act) access required
between dual lobby levels

30

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

TWIN ELEVATOR

BUILDING SERVICE FUNCTION

Each elevators has its own traction drive, controller, ropes, counterweight, and governor,
but they all use the same guide rails and landing doors. Next, an intelligent Destination
Selection Control (DSC) system gets people to their destination faster by grouping together
individuals travelling to the same floor. Each cab has its own safety features that work
both electrically and manually. In the worst case, each cabin has an automatic emergency
brake that works on a separate logic system from any other controls. Also, each cab has a
traction machine and control system, which means that the machine room height requires
to be lower than usual and that the machine room layout can be more flexible. During
times of heavy traffic, the twins group control system makes sure that the two cars can run
on their own, which increases traffic capacity by 20% to 30%. Moreover, its group control
system not only decides which floor to be on, but also figures out how many people are in
the building and allocates cars intelligently. Users should not worry about the safety since
Twins four level safety system is the best evidence through its destination selection control
system because it can allocate destination clauses logically. The control system checks the
distance between the higher and lower cars, and the cars decelerate when they approach
each other and reach a predetermined limit. When the distance between the cars is less
than a certain safety value, the traction machine immediately shuts off and the cars' safety
gear activates emergency braking.

The difference between the
conventional or traditional elevator
with the twin elevator. As you can
see, with Twin it have significantly
higher capacity with fewer elevator
shafts than traditional elevators.
hence, this can contribute to spend
less money on construction by
constructing fewer elevator shafts
and enhance your rentable space

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BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

TWIN ELEVATOR

HOW TO USE? Composed of intelligent controller
algorithms - the destination selection
STEP 01 STEP 02 STEP 03 control (DSC) software - as well as
perfectly matched operating panels and
Passenger select their Each passenger is Passenger enter the pedestals, AGILE - Destination Controls
floor using the properly directed to elevator that will take will groups together people who are
going to the same floor. Unlike
terminal. Custom their assigned them to their conventional operation, the AGILE -
button labels and elevator by the AGILE destination. Destination control terminals let people
logos can be added to choose a floor the, the intelligent
simplify the process. terminal. dispatching software will analyses the
request, figuring out how much traffic
there is and putting people together b
ased on how similar their destinations
are. this means less people in the
elevator, fewer stops, and better use of
the available space.

SAFETY STANDARD

In order to prevent two twin cabs located in the same shaft from approaching
one another at an unsafe distance, we have installed four levels of safety.

Intelligence Monitoring of Emergency stop Automatic engagement
allocation of calls minimum safety function of the safety gear




distances If the first three safety
Request are always
If the safety distance
is exceeded, the steps do not work, which
handled by the The minimum distance system stops the is not likely, the safety
destination selection between the cabins is gears in both elevator
control, which ensures checked automatically drives, turns on the cabins are turned on.
that elevator cabins will to make sure they are brakes, and stops There is no way for the
never collide with one far apart enough to be both elevator cabins elevator cabins to make
another and that a safe contact.
minimum distance will safe. in emergency.
be maintained at all
32
times.

TOPIC 5 :

HEATING , VENTILATING &
AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEM

OCCUPANCY AIR CONDITIONING SENSORS SYSTEM

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BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

OCCUPANCY
SENSORS SYSTEM

Application Occupancy sensoring is functioning by
detecting the presence of people based on
we live in the era where all things around their motion. So the data that get from the
use depends on the sensor system. this is sensor can be use to automatically adjusting
including to adjusting the light, switch on the the temperature on the room or building
switch and etc. Society dependency towards base on the people's motion. So, if there are
the sensoring system because of it ability many people in a room the temperature of
make works much better and easier. In air conditioning will rise up immediately to
HVAC technology it is well known for it make sure the space is cooling enough
occupancy sensors and become the main based on the capacity of the room.
option to install especially for the building
that has high number of occupancy. Occupany Sensoring
But first what is HVAC ? HVAC stands for Technology:
heating, ventilation and air conditioning but
usually it referring to air-conditioning 1. Ultrasonic technology
system. it has ability to moving the air
between indoor and outdoor along with the
heating and cooling effect. But if the
industry stick to the lame system of HVAC

which consume more of energy and
increase the operation costs, it will give
negative impact to the building regulation
and expenses. So, this is why the occupancy
air-conditioning sensors system is the best
option

2. Passive infrared

3. Dual technology that combine both
ultrasonic and passive infrared

technology

4. Camera based occupancy sensor that

34has abilities to take image of coverage

per second

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

OCCUPANCY AIR-CONDITIONING SENSORS SYSTEM

INSTALLATION PROCESS

To install the occupancy sensors the first need to be done is evaluate the
space characteristic. We should know the size of room we want to install
it, either the location is occupant is frequent use and the ceilling height.

Next is match the technology use to application either passive infrared,
ultrasonic technology or dual technology. So, for a better experience the
best choice is dual technology because it can sensing the occupancy
heat that comes from humans motion and sound of waves throughout
the space.

Next is mounted the sensors on the ceiling for proper operation. Installers
should position the sensors properly so it has the best view of the entire
coverage area. For ultrasonic sensor avoid it from install near the
passerby because it could trigger the sensor detection.

Install two sensors in the space we want and both is along the hallways to
make sure it provide good coverage and avoid false triggering

After done mounted the occupancy sensors, the need installer need to
make sure the occupancy sensor wiring is connected with the air-
conditioning system. This is to make sure the air-conditioning system is
functioning based on the sensor.

Once everything has done install, the occupancy air-conditioning sensors
is ready to use

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BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

BENEFITS

-Of occupancy air conditioning sensor system-

AMPLE ENERGY
SAVING

Using occupancy air conditioning sensors system has
proven can save more energy without compromising on
cooling. This makes them become excellent investment.
Once, the sensors has detect your preference the air
conditioning will automatically on and increase the
temperature when it detect more occupancy in the room.
When the sensors cannot detect any movement in the
room, the AC will automatically off when not needed.

COMFORT AND CONVENIECE

This sensors is convenience to use because with
just a detect from the sensors, the AC will
automatically on without you need to switch it
on. And it is also easy to use and maintain it

SAVING IN COST FOR LONG 36
TERM

Because this sensors is long time
investment. It is not easily to broke as
long as it being maintenance well.
Thus the it save electrical cost because
the sensor will on and off the air
conditioning automatically based on
the motions it detect. it also can
balancing the the temperature based
on the numbers of occupant in the
room

BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

PROBLEMS

-Of occupancy air conditioning sensor system-

EXPENSIVE

Since this smart sensoring is still new in
the market, so it would be quiet
expensive to buy it. it has various of
types depend on the requirement it
need. Even the size of air conditioning is
important to make sure the sensor can
detect well .

IN ACCURATE DATA COLLECT

Since it sensoring system so the sensor maybe
can have false detect because of the
environmental conditions. So, it will give negative
impact to the air-conditioning system if false
information is given.

HIGH COST IN MAINTENANCE

Since this sensor is high technology
creation, so it need frequent
maintenance to make sure it can
operate perfectly. But for high
technology cost for maintenance is
high which make increase the cost in
alteration and maintenance works.

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BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

REFERENCE

GUARDIAN FIRE PROTECTION SERVICES, LLC (2022) HOW DO FIRE SPRINKLERS
WORK. HTTPS://WWW.GUARDIANFIREPROTECTION.COM/BLOG/HOW-DO-
FIRE-SPRINKLERS-WORK/

DYNAMIC FIRE DEFENCE SDN BHD (2021) AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM.
HTTPS://DYNAMICFIREDEFENCE.COM/AUTOMATIC-SPRINKLER-SYSTEM/

DOMINIQUE DIEKEN, P.E., CFPS (2007) FIVE COMMON FIRE PROTECTION
PROBLEMS. HTTPS://WWW.POWER-ENG.COM/COAL/FIVE-COMMON-FIRE-
PROTECTION-PROBLEMS

SPRINKLER SYSTEM INSTALLATION PROCEDURE.
HTTPS://METHODSTATEMENTHQ.COM/SPRINKLER-SYSTEM-INSTALLATION-
PROCEDURE.HTML

KOORSEN FIRE & SECURITY (2017) HOW TO INSTALL A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM.
HTTPS://BLOG.KOORSEN.COM/HOW-TO-INSTALL-A-FIRE-SPRINKLER-SYSTEM

HTTPS://WWW.LOCKSSAFESALARMS.COM/SECURITY-CAMERA-TIPS/WHAT-
ARE-THE-BENEFITS-OF-DAY-NIGHT-SECURITY-CAMERAS/

HTTPS://WWW.LOCKSSAFESALARMS.COM/SECURITY-CAMERA-TIPS/WHAT-
ARE-THE-BENEFITS-OF-DAY-NIGHT-SECURITY-CAMERAS/

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BQS554 BUILDING SERVICES II

REFERENCE

HTTPS://EN.PRNASIA.COM/RELEASES/GLOBAL/DEBUT_FOR_TWIN_ELEVATORS
_IN_CHINA-45993.SHTML

HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/THYSSENKRUPP-INDIA/THYSSENKRUPP-
TWIN-ELEVATORS

OLSZAK, C. M. (2014). AN OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION TOOLS AND
TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE BUILDING: THEORETICAL
APPROACH. ISSUES IN INFORMING SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,
11(1), 139-153.

S.R.N.E. (2021, FEBRUARY). THREE TYPES OF SOLAR POWER SYSTEM. SRNE
SOLAR. HTTPS://WWW.SRNESOLAR.COM/BLOG/THREE-TYPES-OF-SOLAR-
POWER-SYSTEM

VOURVOULIAS, A. (2018). ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY.
GREENMATCH. HTTPS://WWW.GREENMATCH.CO.UK/BLOG/2014/08/5-
ADVANTAGES-AND-5-DISADVANTAGES-OF-SOLAR-ENERGY

WIKIPEDIA CONTRIBUTORS. (2022, MAY 10). CENTRE FOR INTERACTIVE
RESEARCH ON SUSTAINABILITY. WIKIPEDIA.
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/CENTRE_FOR_INTERACTIVE_RESEARCH_ON
_SUSTAINABILITY

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