SCE551 LESSON BOOK SCIENCE FORM 2

THE WIZARDBY: AFIQAH RASHID

SCIENCE LESSON BOOK



THEME 1: MAINTENANCE AND

CONTINUITY OF LIFE
FORM 2





CHAPTER 1: BIODIVERSITY





CHAPTER 4: HUMAN HEALTH

BE A STUDENT WHO DARES TO PERFORM MIRACLES.

TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGES CONTENT
Author Information
i Preface
Special Features
ii
1-6 Acknowledgment

Chapter 1: Biodiversity
1-2
2 1.1 Diversity of Organisms
3-6 Formative Practices 1.1
6 1.2 Classification of Organisms
Formative Practices 1.2
7-14

Chapter 4: Human Health
7-10
4.1 Infectious and Non-infectious
11-14 Diseases
14 4.2 Body Defences
Quizzes
15
References

Author Information

Name: AFIQAH BINTI AB RASHID
Programme: Bachelor Of Science Education (Hons.) Biology
E-mail: [email protected]
No. Tel: 012-3456789

PREFACE

For science subjects, this textbook was created for students in form 2.
Under theme 1 Maintenance and Continuity of Life from form 2
textbook, this lesson book covers topic 1 (Biodiversity) and topic 4
(Human Health). This lesson book was created based on the Science
Textbook KSSM Form 2 and the Dokumen  Standard Kurikulum
Pentaksiran (DSKP) provided by the Ministry of Education, Malaysia.
The content is designed specifically for students to easily understand
the topic.

Special Features

LEARNING INFO AND
OBJECTIVE QUIZZES

SUMMATIVE
QUESTION

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirahmanirahim.



All praise and thanks to God for providing me with
the courage and strength to finish this lesson
book.

I would like to express my gratitude to everyone
who contributed ideas to help me finish this lesson
book I'd like to express my heartfelt appreciation
to my lecturer, Madam Siti Fairuz, because this
lesson book would not have been completed
properly without her guidance. She always gives
me inspiration and motivation to complete this
lesson book titled "The Wizard Lab. Rat." This
lesson book could not have been completed
properly without her guidance. She always gives
me direction and motivation to complete this
lesson successfully.

I hope that this lesson book will be of great use to
students everywhere.

ii

1.1 DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

LEARNING OUTCOME What is Biodiversity?

A student is able to: DIVERSITY -The diversity of organisms,
whether microorganisms, animals or
1.1 Diversity of organism plants
1.1.1 Elaborate and
communicate about Biodiversity exists as a result of
biodiversity. habitat and climate diversity.
1.1.2 Justify the needs to
manage biodiversity
effectively

The Importance of Biodiversity

Sources of food Medical

Animals and plants Herbs are commonly
supply food to humans. employed in the production
of pharmaceuticals and
cosmetics.

Balance in nature. Raw materials for industries

Nature's balance is Bamboo is an example of a
created by the cycle of forest resource used to
nutrition, pollination, and manufacture musical
organism interaction. instruments and furniture

Recreational places Education 1
Humans advance
Biodiversity-rich areas knowledge and develop
can be developed as new technology by doing
recreational areas. scientific research.

Effective Biodiversity Management CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity can be maintained and conserved by: ADDITIONAL INFO

The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 prohibits the killing or
trading of endemic and endangered animals and plants.
Protecting habitat through establishing national parks,
marine parks, forest reserves, and animal sanctuaries
Conducting reproductive programmes such as seedling
nurseries and turtle hatcheries to aid with reforestation

ADDITIONAL INFO

What is Biodiversity & Its Importance? Why is biodiversity important?
https://youtu.be/ErATB1aMiSU https://youtu.be/sEdVuMD_ytI

Formative Practice 1.1 ANSWER


1. What is biodiversity?
2
2. How does biodiversity contribute to the economy?

3. What is an endemic species? Give two ways to
preserve and conserve endemic species.

4. Give examples of endangered species in Malaysia.

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

CLASSIFICATION OF
ORGANISM

LEARNING OUTCOME INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES

A student is able to: INFO!!
Characteristics of
1.2 Classification of organisms invertebrates with legs:
1.2.1 Differentiate organisms • have segmented
using a dichotomous key based bodies
on common characteristics. • have hard outer shells

(exoskeleton)
1.2.2 Characterise the major
taxonomy group.

Invertebrates Without segmented body

Corals Sponge Planaria Snail

Without Legs With segmented body

Invertebrates Tapewrom Earthworm Leech

Invertebrates are Three pairs of legs
animals without a

backbone

Ant Butterfly Cockroach

With Legs

More than three pairs of legs

Spider Horseshoe 3Centipede Prawn Scorpion
crab

Vertebrates CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

Vertebrates

Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Fish

• poikilothermic (animal whose internal temperature varies considerably

• covered in hard and slimy scales

• have fins and a tail

• breathe through gills

• lay eggs Clown fish Grouper Eel
• undergo external fertilisation

Amphibians

• adult amphibians breathe using their lungs and moist skin Tadpole

• poikilothermic Frog

• live on land and in water

• covered with moist skin Salamander
• young amphibians breathe through gills
Toad Frog spawn
• produce jelly-like eggs (spawn) without a shell

• undergo external fertilisation

Reptiles Iguana Turtle Crocodile Snake

• poikilothermic
• produce eggs with a shell
• breathe through lungs
• have scales and hard skin
• undergo internal fertilisation

Birds

• homeothermic (maintains its body temperature at a constant level, usually above that of

the environment, by its metabolic activity)

• covered with feathers to maintain body temperature

• breathe through lungs

• have wings that help some birds to fly

• have a pair of scaly feet

• undergo internal fertilization Duck Owl Kingfisher 4
• produce eggs with hard shell

Mammals CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

• homeothermic
• covered with fur or hair
• breathe through lungs
• undergo internal fertilisation
• give birth and nurse their young

Giraffe Lion Elephant

CLASSIFICATION OF ADDITIONAL INFO
PLANT
Vertebrate Animals
NON-FLOWERING PLANTS FLOWERING PLANTS https://youtu.be/HQdiS

Non- Flowering Plant MUZEDA

Non-Flowering Conifer
Plants

MMososss Fern

• Reproduce by • Reproduce by producing • Reproduce by bearing cones
producing spores spores • Vascular

• Non-vascular • Vascular

Flowering Plant 5

EXAMPLES OF
FLOWERING

PLANT

Paddy plant Orchid Plant Sunflower

Flowering Plant CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

Produce flowers (become fruits that contain seeds).
Each seed has a cotyledon (stored food that is used by the seed to germinate).
One cotyledon is called a monocotyledon.
Pair of cotyledons is called a dicotyledon

MONOCOTYLEDON DIFFERENCES DICOTYLEDON

One Number of cotyledons Two

Fibrous root Root Tap root

Leaves with parallel veins Leaf Leaves with network-like veins

Most have non-woody stem Stem Woody stem

Paddy and maize plants Example Tomato plant and durian tree

IMPORTANT INFO

Constructing a Dichotomous Key

(Method to identify and classify organisms systematicall How to make a Dichotomous Key
based on similarities and differences) https://youtu.be/2f_jBMRluF4

Formative Practice 1.2 ANSWER
1. Classify the following animals according to their common characteristics.


Tortoise, Crocodiles, Eel, Orang Utan, Dolphin, Platypus, Penguin, Frog, Duck , Toad 6

2. The sunflower plant and paddy plant are flowering plants. State one
similarity and three differences between the two plants.

3.Give two differences between monocotyledon and dicotyledon plants

4.1 INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES CHAPTER 4: HUMAN HEALTH

DISEASES

LEARNING OUTCOME INFECTIOUS DISEASES NON-INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
A student is able to: The disease can spread
from one person to Diseases cannot
4.1 Infectious and non-infectious another person. spread from one to
diseases Pathogen infection another.
occurs directly
4.1.1 Differentiate and communicate through mediums Caused by a genetic
about infectious and non-infectious and vectors. factor or a change
in lifestyle
diseases.
4.1.2 Explain how infectious diseases are

spread.
4.1.3 Separate the cause and spread of

infectious diseases.
4.1.4 Generate ideas on the mechanism to
prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

ADDITIONAL INFO!

Non-infectious diseases Influenza Cancer
Ringworm Hypertension
https://youtu.be/fK1_SH3X2ek Cholera Diabetes
Dengue Cardiovascular disease

Air Water

Methods of HOW ARE
spreading INFECTIOUS
infectious DISEASES
diseases
SPREAD?
Touch Vectors 7

Transmission of diseases through AIR. CHAPTER 4: HUMAN HEALTH

DROPLET TRANSMISSION

A pathogen-containing droplet spray
from an infected person's mouth
and nose through coughing,
sneezing, yawning, talking and
breathing

AIRBORNE DISEASES

DUST TRANSMISSION

Bacteria in an infected person's spit (saliva) dry up
and clump, spreading together in the air.

The following practices can help to prevent ADDITIONAL INFO!
airborne diseases:.
Examples of diseases that can be
When sneezing, coughing, or yawning, spread through the air:
cover the mouth and nose.
Tuberculosis (TB)- [Bacteria]
Do not spit everywhere
Flu- [Virus / Bacteria]
Avoid being in a crowded area.
Severe Acute Respiratory
As ultraviolet rays can kill certain bacteria in the air, Syndrome (SARS)- [Virus]
make sure the living space gets adequate light.
Influenza A (H1N1) - [Virus]

Transmission of diseases through WATER.

HOW? EFFECT? The following methods can be used to
prevent disease transmission through water.

Cholera Chlorine should be added to swimming pools
(by Bacteria) and water delivery systems.

Contaminated Create toilets ADDITIONAL INFO!
water that are sanitary

by bacteria Contaminated Typhoid Properly boil
foods and drinking water
Unwashed drinks
hand Wash your hands
with soap. 10 Steps to Washing

Amoebic dysentery Your Hands 8

https://youtu.be/Br4sQmiJ1jU

Transmission of diseases through VECTORS. CHAPTER 4: HUMAN HEALTH

VECTORS-Animals that transmit these pathogens.

Disease Symptoms Pathogen Vectors Way of
infection

Cholera diarrhea and Vibrio cholerae Fly Contaminated
vomiting bacteria food and water

Malaria Shivering, fever Plasmodium Female Anopheles Mosquito bite
and sweating malariae mosquito

Leptospirosis Fever, headache Leptospira sp. Rat Contaminated
and muscle pain bacteria soil, food and

water

Typhoid fever, intestinal Salmonella Cockroach, fly Contaminated
bleeding and red typhi bacteria food and water

rashes

Dengue joint pain, fever, virus Aedes mosquito Mosquito bite
headache and
watery eyes

Zika Fever, rashes, virus Aedes mosquito Mosquito bite
joint pain and
conjunctivitis

Mosquito How Do Vectors Spread Diseases?

Fly

A mosquito with pathogens in its salivary glands A pathogen is present on the legs and 9
takes the blood of a healthy person. body of a fly that falls on dirt.
When sucking blood, the mosquito secretes saliva The diseases are spread to the meal by the fly.
to avoid blood clotting. The disease spreads Pathogens enter the body of the person who
throughout the person's body. eats infected food.
A mosquito that bites an infected individual
spreads the disease to another victim.

The Mechanism to Prevent the Spread of Infectious Diseases CHAPTER 4: HUMAN HEALTH

Primary stage Secondary stage Tertiary stage

Improving health Detecting infection Controlling vector
Stay Hygiene spread via active and populations
passive case detection.
Strengthening the body’s Fogging to kill
defense system Separating patients vectors
from other patients Protecting hosts
Vaccine Patients should be Using mosquito nets
Frequent health check-ups treated as soon as or mosquito coils
Maintaining a healthy possible.
lifestyle ADDITIONAL INFO!

Inhaling clean air

ADDITIONAL INFO!

Leptospirosis Zika Virus Spreads
https://youtu.be/fIxyg
https://youtu.be/bUGHwww_KkQ
Kb3Z2A

Transmission of diseases through TOUCH.

Cause by

Touching diseased skin or wearing an
infected person's clothing

Fungi Ringworm Tinea
Cause by
Disease Pathogen
Sexual Intercouse
Sexual Intercouse Syphilis Semen
Gonorrhea Vaginal fluid.

AIDS Virus

10

4.2 BODY DEFENCE CHAPTER 4: HUMAN HEALTH

BODY DEFENCE

LEARNING OUTCOME NON-SPECIFIC BODY SPECIFIC BODY DEFENCE
DEFENCE MECHANISM MECHANISM
A student is able to:
4.2Body defence system First line of defense Third line of defense
Prevents pathogens Fights pathogens
4.2.1 Elaborate and from entering the by producing
communicate about the body. antibodies.
function of body defence
system Second line of defense
4.2.2 Define Fights pathogens
antigens,antibodies and through
immunity. phagocytosis.
4.2.3 Justify the importance of
immunisation.
4.2.4 Differentiate passive
immunity and active
immunity.
4.2.5 Justify good practices
towards attaining strong
immune system
4.2.6 Justify and communicate
about the importance of
immunisation and health level
of individuals to the family,
social, economy and nation.

First line of defence

SKIN

The human skin has a thick layer that bacteria struggle to penetrate.
Microorganisms can only enter the body if there is a wound or an injury to the skin
Sweat and sebum, which the skin secretes, contain compounds that can kill bacteria.

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

The mucous membrane is the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.
Microorganisms that enter the respiratory tract are screened and trapped by nasal
hairs and mucous that lines the nasal cavity.
Earwax, tears, and vaginal fluids all act as antiseptics, killing bacteria.

11

Second line of defence

PHAGOCYTOSIS

Using enzymes, white blood cells engulf
and consume pathogens via phagocytosis.

BODY IMMUNE SYSTEM Third line of defence

Immunity is the body's ability to resist pathogens before
becoming infected.
It entails the synthesis of antibodies in response to pathogens
entering the body.
An antibody is a protein released into the bloodstream by white
blood cells in response to antigens.
An antigen is a foreign material that enters the body and
stimulates the creation of antibodies. Pathogens, poison
compounds, and blood cells from other blood types are
examples of antigens.

Importance of Immunisation

Immunisation is an effort to stimulate the body defence against infections

A vaccine is made up of antigens derived from a portion or the entire
structure of a weakened or dead virus or bacteria.
Antigens stimulate the immune system, resulting in immunity
against specific illnesses.
As a result, a baby must be immunised with a variety of vaccines.

Vaccination schedule in Malaysia 12

Natural Passive Immunity CHAPTER 4: HUMAN HEALTH

Passive Immunity: When a baby absorbs antibodies
The body gains from breast milk or the mother's
antibody from blood that travels across the
external sources placenta, this condition occurs.

Artificial • The immunity is temporary and short-lived, lasting
only a few months after the baby is born.

When an antiserum is
injected into the patient's
body, this result is obtained.

The immunity is both
immediate and temporary.

The antiserum attacks pathogens without interacting
with the patient's immune system.

Antiserum is a clear liquid in the blood that carries
antibodies for disease prevention.

Active Immunity

Natural Occurs when a
person recovers
Active Immunity: from an
The body produces infection
its own antibodies The immunity
when stimulated by lasts for a long
time after the
antigens infection.

Artificial When a vaccination
containing a dead or
weakened pathogen is 13
delivered into the body, the
immune system reacts by
generating antibodies.

The immunity lasts long
after the infection

Strong Immune System CHAPTER 4: HUMAN HEALTH

The immune system weakens = imbalance in the body
= too many toxins.

Factors that weaken the immune system

Exposured polluted air Stress

Exposure to pesticides Excessive intake of
sugar

Factors that strenghten the immune system

Getting enough sleep Exercising and inhaling
and rest fresh air

Not smoking and no Doing periodic health
exposure to cigarette examination
smoke

Quizzes Time !

Formative Practices 4.1 Formative Practices 4.2 14

REFERENCES

Anyflip.com. (2020, January 2). DSKP KSSM SCIENCE FORM 2 - hudayusof123 Flip PDF |
AnyFlip. Anyflip. https://anyflip.com/iyauw/ulsf

Bloomberg Quicktake: Originals. (2016, February 11). Here’s How Zika Virus Spread
[Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watchv=fIxygKb3Z2A&feature=youtu.be

Centric, M. (2022, January 19). Leptospirosis, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and
Treatment [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUGHwww_KkQ&feature=youtu.be

English, L. A. S.-. (2018, December 26). Vertebrate Animals for kids: Mammals, fish, birds,
amphibians and reptiles [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQdiSMUZEDA&feature=youtu.be

English, L. A. S.-. (2020, August 4). 10 Steps to Washing Your Hands (Short Version) -
Hygiene Habits for Kids [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br4sQmiJ1jU&feature=youtu.be a

Formative Practices 1.1 Answer.png. (n.d.). Google Docs.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YlNYlVwmCzAypgQEe9WRIj6R4HtySCg/view?
usp=sharing

Formative Practices 1.2.png. (n.d.). Google Docs.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uHe5si8gRSVT9FM6zOcgwlpNksCC2PDq/view?
usp=sharing

M. (2012, September 28). What is Biodiversity & Its Importance? Environmental Science
for Kids | Educational Videos by Mocomi [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErATB1aMiSU&feature=youtu.be

Nature, F. F. (2020, September 24). Why is biodiversity important? [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEdVuMD_ytI&feature=youtu.be

Science, M. A. (2021, April 26). How to make a Dichotomous Key [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2f_jBMRluF4&feature=youtu.be

Textbook Science Form 2. (n.d.). Anyflip.
http://online.anyflip.com/rzgru/kvda/mobile/index.html

Tv, P. (2017, April 11). Noncommunicable Diseases and their Risk Factors (animated video)
[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch
v=fK1_SH3X2ek&feature=youtu.be

15

THE WIZARD

BE A STUDENT WHO DARES TO PERFORM MIRACLES.