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Published by Wassim Abdallah, 2017-09-25 16:45:43

SCD Civil Guide - English- Draft6

SCD Civil Guide - English- Draft6

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Table of Contents 1 Preparation for an Emergency................................... 7
2 Early Warning System...............................................12
3 Protecting your home and workplace from attacks...... 14

Sandbagging .......................................................17

4 Immediate Actions on Hearing a Warning................ 20
5 Protection from heavy artillery and small arms fire....... 22
6 After an incident....................................................... 24
7 Preparing for Evacuation.......................................... 26
8 Mine Risk Education................................................ 28
9 Chemical Attack.
...................................................... 33
10 Fire Safety.................................................................36
11 Road Safety.............................................................. 41
12 Siege Preparation..................................................... 43
13 Health....................................................................... 45

Emergency First Aid............................................ 45
Water and Sanitation........................................... 53
Prevent Dehydration............................................ 59
Oral Hygiene........................................................ 60
Dealing with extreme cold and hot temperatures..... 61
Mental Health...................................................... 64
14 SCD Contact Information......................................... 68
15 Quiz.......................................................................... 70



INTRODUCTION The Syria Civil Defense’s
number one priority is the
protection of civilians from
the dangers of war. Civil
Defense teams are neutral
and do not follow any po-
litical, religious, or military
group. SCD has different roles in the com-
munity including: marking areas contaminat-
ed by unexploded ordnance, assisting with
evacuations, search and rescue, awareness
raising, fire-fighting, and basic medical assis-
tance in emergency situations.

This guide provides information on how to
protect your home and your family from haz-
ards. Seek out your local SCD team if you
have questions.

Fill out the card on the back and keep them
in your pocket at all times. Do the same for
your family members.

Download the SCD application on your android phone for
additional information from SCD on how to protect yourself.
Go to Google Play Store and look for "The White Helmets"
application to download.

Or scan the
QR code

1 Preparation for
an Emergency

Preparation for an emergency

Before an attack or any emergency, prepare
yourself, family, and community.

Coordination and High 2
Preparation is Risk
Essential
A
1 Ensure that every
member of your B
family has access
to
warning information
and knows what to
do when they hear a
warning.

2 React every time
you hear a siren
or warning. Take
warnings seriously,
even if they are
frequent.

Risk scale in C
becoming a victim

High Risk Low Risk

A - Standing in an open D
space or in the street
Low
B - Lying down in an Risk
open space or in the
street 8

C - Lying down behind
lower grounds or
behind a closed door

D - Lying down in an
underground shelter
in your house or
a shelter with no
windows

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue®

36

3 Practice drills with your 6 Talk to the teachers 8 See the cards at the
family to determine at your child’s school end of the guide. Fill
each person’s role in about their emergency out the information,
an emergency. plans. Release cut out the card, and
students from school ensure everyone in
4 Choose a meeting at staggered times. your household carries
location that everyone it around.
knows and is 7 Keep several forms of
comfortable with. contact information 8 Alternative
in multiple places in Phone Number :
5 Practice disaster drills case your phone is Emergency Alternative Location:
in the community so not working or you Contact Name :
that everyone does lose it. All of your Phone Number :
not run to one shelter children should have Email address:
at the same time. This this information in case Address:
could also create a you get separated.
gathering of people Medical Condictions or injuries:
that may be attacked.

5

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 9

Preparation for an emergency

9 If you live in an 9
apartment building,
coordinate with your 10
neighbors before
an incident occurs. 13 Identify safe places
In a conventional along your daily route
strike, it is advised such as basements
to go to lower floors so that you can
or to a basement or run to the nearest
shelter. In the event one if there is an
of a chemical attack, emergency.
it is advised to find
higher ground if 13
you cannot escape
the contaminated
area completely.
This requires
communication,
cooperation, and
planning with your
neighbors.

10 Put your glasses
in an eyeglass case
next to you when you
sleep, this can prevent
them from breaking
and throwing you into
a panic.

11 Keep a flash light
nearby when you
sleep.

12 Plan your movements
so that you are not
exposed for too long.


© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 10

14 Prepare an An emergency bag should include :
emergency bag!
Pack an emergency A Plenty of water
bag in case you have B High-energy food (like nuts and or dates)
to evacuate or move C Communication equipment such as a
to a shelter or safe
place. Keep this bag portable radio (solar, wind-up, or with extra
near an exit or near batteries), walkie talkie, satellite phone, and
your person so that mobile phone if you have one
you can reach it in an D First aid supplies and prescription medications
emergency. E Flashlight (solar, wind-up, or with extra batteries)
F Pocket knife
E G Matches and/or a lighter
H Candles
I I Extra clothing (a jacket, a change of under
clothing and socks, sturdy shoes)
J Emergency blanket
K Necessary personal toiletries
L Assistive devices
M Emergency contact information (phone
numbers and email address in case your
phone is lost, broken, or you cannot charge it)
N Copies of vital records and documents
O Cash

C A
G

O
JD

First Aid

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 11

2 Early Warning
System

Early Warning System

What is Sentry?
Sentry is an early warning system for airstrikes against civilians in Syria. It
disseminates warnings regarding military aircraft sightings in Syria prior to
airstrikes in order to alert civilians and reduce the number of casualties. Sentry is
a service provided by Syrian Civil Defense (SCD).

How does Sentry work?

Sentry securely aggregates validated aircraft observations from trained civilian
observatories, processes and predicts the potential target location and the arrival
time of the aircraft, and then publishes the relevant warnings as fast as possible.

How are Sentry alerts being published?

Warnings are currently being disseminated via social media (Facebook -
Facebook Page and Facebook Messenger, Twitter, and location-specific
Telegram channels), Radio Fresh station, and in the future via SCD sirens. A
specialized monitoring team validates the published warnings 24/7.

How do you access Sentry warnings?
For access to Sentry warnings, go to our Facebook homepage (Sentry Syria):
https://www.facebook.com/Sentry.Syria. There you will find a list of all region-
specific Telegram channels for which Sentry currently sends warnings.

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 13

3 Protecting
your home
and workplace
from attacks

Protecting your home and workplace from attacks

1 Create a family safe 1
room. Locate a place
in your home away
from exterior walls,
windows, and stored
fuel. If possible, stay
near a stairwell and
on the bottom floor or
basement.

Take fur-
niture, appliances, and
any glass or ceramic
out of your safe room.

2 Create a safe hav- 3 Glass windows should 5 Hang heavy curtains
en. This is especially be removed and that reach the floor in
important for families replaced with nylon. If windows to prevent fly-
living in single story possible, cover win- ing glass and debris in
buildings without a dows with timber or the event of an attack.

basement or internal sandbags.
rooms. 6 Keep objects and
4 Eliminate as much furniture at least 30cm
Go to your SCD center glass and sharp ob- away from walls. These
for a step by step guide jects as possible inside become secondary
to build a safe haven. the home. fragments under the
blast pressure of an
5 explosion.

6

30 cm

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 15

Protecting your home and workplace from attacks

7 Do not store fuel 7
directly outside your
house.
If you must,
keep fuel as far away
from the bedroom and
kitchen as possible.

8 Place sandbags
around your generator
or fuel drum (see page
19 for how to stack
sandbags).

9 Ensure that there is
proper ventilation in the
home especially in the
winter.

10 10 Build trenches if you

live or work in the
open or in the coun-
tryside.

11 Sandbags or earth
bund walls around
the perimeter of a
building may also
help to absorb some
of the secondary
fragments and blast if
constructed correctly
(see page 19).

For more information on protecting your home, visit
your local SCD center to retrieve a step by step guide to
building the designs listed above to protect your home.
You can also download the SCD application!

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 16

Sandbagging

Sandbags will not protect you from everything
but they can absorb the damaging effects of
blast, small arms fire, and secondary fragments
from explosive hazards if constructed properly
and placed strategically around the structures
and objects you wish to protect.

These rules will ensure that the construction is
strong. If you take short-cuts or ignore these
rules, you may put lives in danger.

Basic sandbag construction

The basic
materials are:

1 Sandbags preferably 3 2
60cm by 30cm. Hes- 4
sian bags are preferred
because they are more
resilient to UV light
than polypropylenese.

Use material that you
know is strong especial-
ly if you are not mixing
sand with cement.

2 Shovels.

3 String. (optional) 1

4 Sand or earth material
(less than 2mm)

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 17

Sandbagging

If sandbags are not 1 Use a 1 to 4 ratio for 4 Lay the sandbags so
available, receptacles the slope of a sandbag that neither the necks
such as boxes, baskets, wall over 1.5 meters nor the seams are on
sacks and oil drums can to keep it from falling the outer face of the
be filled with sand, earth, over. wall.

or rubble.
2 Fill the bags with sand 5 Tuck in the unfilled end
It is not necessary but up to two-thirds full of each bag as you
your structure will last only. Do not overfill lay it.
much longer if cement is sandbags.
used. 6 After laying them
3 Tie the necks or fold down, beat the bag
Cement can be mixed over the extra mate- with a board or shovel
with the material used to rial if you do not have to make sure it is
fill the bags. A ratio of 1 string.
steady and compact.
part cement to 8 parts
sand is sufficient. The 1
mixture sets as the bag
absorbs moisture. 1

4

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 18

Sandbag Design 1 To build corners, follow the diagram below. If they are not
constructed properly, the structure will be weakened.
This design when done
under the following Layers 1,3,5 etc... Layers 2,4,6 etc...
specifications will be
slightly stronger than Headers Stretchers
Design Two.
A The first layer consists 3/4 3/4

of sandbags laid per- 3/4 3/4
pendicular to the wall Stretchers
you are creating. Headers
B In the second layer, Bag sizes
the sandbags are laid Use these same tech-
lengthways along the niques if you are building Full bag
wall. a safe haven for you and = 0.6 x 0.3 x 0.1m
C Stagger the joints of your family or protecting 3/4 bag
the sandbags. an oil drum or generator. = 0.4 x 0.3 x 0.1 m
D The third layer will
consist of sandbags
placed perpendicu-
lar and then a layer
lengthwise along the
wall and so on.

Sandbag Design 2
A Lay sandbags parallel.
B Stagger the joints of

the sandbags in a
“brick pattern”
C Do not place the open
end of the sandbag at
the outer edge of the
wall

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 19

4 Immediate
Actions on
Hearing a
Warning

Immediate Actions on Hearing a Warning

If you are indoors: 2 9

1 Do not go outside If you are in a car:

2 Stay calm and turn off 9 Turn off the engine, get
any open flames you out of the car, run into
are using. a building or shelter if
there is one nearby.
3 Move to lower floors
10 If you are not near a
4 Take shelter in your building, turn off the
safe haven engine, get out, and
assume the “drop,
5 If you do not have cover, and hold on
a basement or safe position.”
haven, stay in a room
away from external
walls, furniture, mirrors,
dishes, appliances,
gas, and other items
that could become
secondary fragments
and injure you.

6 Stay away from
windows.

If you are outside: Drop, Cover, and Hold on
7 Move into a building
This position attempts 1 Pull your hands, arms,
basement, first floor, or to protect you from the feet and legs together
trench if close by. worst and most-common
8 Get low and protect injuries, by protecting 2 Put your hands over
your neck and head. your head, neck and your ears
throat.
7 3 Close your eyes
4 Open your mouth slightly

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 21

5 Protection
from heavy
artillery and
small arms fire

Protection from heavy artillery and small arms fire

Artillery and mortars are indirect fire weapons.
If you hear or see artillery fire, remember that it
may be the first round of a series. Do not wait
for the next shells before taking cover.

In Aleppo, people sewed
together bed sheets to
cover entire streets to pro-
tect people from sniper fire.
While a bullet can easily
penetrate a sheet, it stops
the sniper from focusing on
a target.

2

Avoiding small 4 If you are in a building, 7 Do not be tempted to
arms fire stay there! look up to see what is
If you are in a going on. A sniper may
dangerous area: 5 Do not look out the be waiting for visible
window. movement. Instead, af-
1 Drop ter taking cover, crawl
2 Take cover 6 Lie down or crawl to a few meters away
3 Stay covered a place where there while maintaining your
are at least two walls cover.
between you and the
direction of gunfire.

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 23

6 After an
incident

After an incident

If you are trapped: 1 If you are near an
area that has been
1 Do not keep shouting attacked:
as this will exhaust
you. Instead, make 3 Do not crowd around
large noises by using Syria Civil Defence as
something solid to hit they work. This area
the door or walls to let could be struck again.
people know where Wait at least 20 min-
you are. utes before approach-
ing an attack site.
If there is a fire:
4 Stay off the site. The
2 Cover your mouth weight of additional
and nose with cloth people could lead the
and crouching down structure to collapse.
as low as possible as
you escape. If you are 5 If you are not involved
unable to see because in the rescue effort or
of smoke, follow the assisting SCD, stay
wall to find an exit. away from the area
and encourage others
to do the same.

2 5

Many SCD members
have been killed in
“double tap” strikes.
Remember, the attack
might not be over. The
attacker might be waiting
for people to congregate
after the first strike to hit
the area again.

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 25

7 Preparing for
Evacuation

Preparing for Evacuation

1 Confirm the safety of 3 6
your family.
3 9 Access to a smart-
2 Check the inside of the phone, radio, and
house. 7 Before making a move trusted social media
and in transit, try to may provide the warn-
3 Confirm that all pos- gather information ings you need.
sible sources of fire about the safety of the
are off including circuit route and destination. 10 Ask SCD if their
breakers, generators, members have safety
electrical appliances, 8 Use a battery-powered advice about the route
and gas valve. A small (or rechargeable) radio and destination.
flame could cause a and call people you
fire if the gas pipe is know at your destina-
broken and an electri- tion for advice.
cal appliance switched
on could cause a fire
when power is restored.

4 Take an emergency
bag with you.

5 Make a list with your
family of the people
you need to contact
about your departure.
In an emergency, you
may be too distressed
to remember every-
thing.

6 Lock your door when
you leave.

47

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 27

8 Mine Risk
Education

Mine Risk Education

There are 1,500 casualties monthly from explosive
remnants of war around the world. Mines and un-
exploded munitions remain a threat long after the
conflict is over. Even if you have touched or seen
others touch unexploded ordnance or mines with-
out being harmed, this does not mean that they
are not dangerous! The next time you touch one,
could be your last.

There are many differ- Unexploded Ordnance Unexploded Ordnance
ent kinds of munitions found in Syria Found in Syria
and explosive devices.
Anti-personnel mines
are typically designed to
blow off a foot. A cluster
bomblet picked up by
an inquisitive child will
result in upper limb and
face injuries and possibly
death.

Improvised Explosive Bounding Mine.
Device Found in Syria

Anti-Vehicle Mine

Anti-Personnel Mine Unexploded Ordnance Common Anti-Personnel
Found in Syria Found in Syria Mine Found in Syria

Explosive remnants of war
may be partially hidden
as well.

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 29

Mine Risk Education

Improvised explosive Always make sure you 6 Dead animals (could
devices, unexploded stay alert for suspi- be an IED or could be
ordnance, and mines cious objects or in an indicator that the
come in many shapes suspicious areas such area is contaminated)
and sizes. as:
7 Areas where you see
They can 1 Abandoned homes the earth has been dis-
be many colors including 2 Abandoned military turbed. It could be from
green, metal colored, ye a recent explosion.
low, and brown. bases and frontlines
3 Overgrown grass 8 Seemingly innocent
They can be made of objects in an odd area
metal, plastic and wood. 4 Areas of recent air strikes
5 Border areas Ask people where the dan-
They can be detonated gers are especially if you
in many ways as well. 3 are entering a new area
UXO might explode or returning home after a
through touch and long absence. For more
extreme temperature. information, ask your local
IEDs might be remotely SCD center.
detonated.

56

78

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 30

Even people considered experts could engage in risky
behaviors. Regardless of what others tell you, protect
yourself and your family by following this safety advice.
Kids, do not be afraid to tell your parents what you have
learned!

Ask people in your area 9
what the local signage is
and ask where contami-
nated areas are.

Official and unofficial
markings signifying
a contaminated area
include:

9 A skull sign 11

10 Sticks coming out of
the ground (may have
a piece of cloth tied
to it)

11 A manmade pile of
rocks

12 Plastic bottle or can 14
on a stick

13 Tape (can be red and
white or not)

14 Spray painted signs
indicating danger or
simply an X

15 Red painted rocks

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 31

Mine Risk Education

If you see anything the road is safe to route whether you are
strange, that could be use. Off road could on foot or driving a
an explosive remnant be laid with mines or vehicle.
of war: UXO.
11 If there is a road SCD teams are specially
1 Stay calm. block, do not go trained and equipped to
around or over it. mark and safely destroy
2 Do not get near it. Reverse back on the many of these muni-
road you came from tions. Do not mimic their
3 Do not touch it. and find another safe behaviors.

4 Do not step on it. 2

5 Do not kick it. 4

6 Do not throw water 11
on it or try to burn the
area around it.

7 Mentally note the area
and inform SCD.

8 If possible, make an
improvised marker to
warn others and help
SCD find the item. Do
this away from the
item and do not put
yourself in any danger
when doing so.

9 Tread carefully when
leaving the area. If
there is one clus-
ter bomb, there are
usually many. They
could be spread out
over the equivalent
of two to four football
fields. IEDs may also
be connected to other
devices that you can-
not see.

10 Stay on the well-
trodden road as it is
a better indicator that

32

9 Chemical
Attack

Chemical Attack

Chemical agents are generally liquids, often
aerosolized, which may have immediate
effects or be delayed for a few hours.
Protection of breathing airways is extremely
important if chemical or biological agents are
present.

Warning Signs of an Attack or Incident

Indicators of a chemi- 2 Symptoms include:
cal attack include:
breathing, convulsions, 1 Constricted breathing
Unusual dead or dying or disorientation 2 Red eyes and
animals in the area
Gas clouds that may excessive tearing
Unusual liquid sprays be green or yellow. 3 Excessive saliva
or vapors 4 Convulsions

Unexplained odors
(smell of bitter almonds,
newly mown hay)

People displaying symp-
toms of nausea, difficulty

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 34

4

There are many chem- 5 If water is not available, 5
ical and biological sprinkle talcum pow-
agents that could be der liberally over the 8 Destroy heavily con-
used as a weapon, but affected skin area, wait taminated clothing by
we can make the fol- 30 seconds, and brush incinerating it. Put on
lowing generalizations off with a rag or gauze clean clothing.

for your protection: pad. The powder
absorbs the agent so
1 Seek medical attention it must be brushed off
immediately even if completely. If available,
exposure is limited. rubber gloves should
be used when carrying
2 If you are in the open, out this procedure.
evacuate the area
upwind of the attack, 6 In extremis, rub dry
cover your mouth and earth on the skin, or
nose with your sleeve take clothes off and
or any piece of cloth. roll around in the dirt,
then wash and change
3 Many chemical agents clothing.
are heavier than air
and stay close to the 7 Cover arms and legs
ground. If you cannot and make sure any
immediately evacuate cuts or abrasions are
the area, move to high- covered or bandaged.
er ground.

4 Scrub your skin with
large amounts of warm
soapy water or a mix-
ture of 10 parts water
to 1 part bleach (10:1).

38

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 35

10 Fire
Safety

Fire Safety

You can take simple steps to
prevent a fire from starting.

Fire prevention 1
checklist:
3 Electrical appliances
1 Put out cigarettes in a not in use are un-
closed container with plugged.

a little water in it to
ensure that it is extin- 4 Do not leave loose
guished. wires in sockets.

2 Carpet or furniture is 5 Containers of water
not covering power are not located near
cords.
electrical appliances.

5

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 37

Fire Safety

6 Propane gas tanks 12 Do not dry clothes 6
are fixed with chains closer than a meter
to prevent them from from a heater. 17 Ensure that you turn
falling over. the gas valve or fire
13 Keep floor coverings off before evacuating
7 Do not store fuel/gas and curtains away the house.
near living areas. from the source of
heat.
8 Turn off electricity and
close windows and 14 Secure candles on a
doors. stable platform and
keep them away from
9 Ensure that the kitchen curtains.
stove area is not
cluttered and has no 15 Do not place flam-
flammable objects.
mable objects in
Take measures to locations that could
prevent the stove from be evacuation routes
falling over. such as the hallways
or stairs.
10 Check that the gas
hose is not degraded. 16 When you hear a
warning siren, turn
11 Remove flammable off the gas stove or
objects from around put out a flame in use
an oil stove.
before taking cover.

17

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 38

In a camp, fires can spread quickly as they have
the oxygen they need to grow. Additionally,
most tents in Syria are not fire resistant.

In a camp setting 2 Keep control of fires 4 Store gas canisters
for cooking or anything away from living
1 Make sure that there else. Do not place spaces.
are 5 meters between them close to the tent.
you and the next tent. 5 Get a phone number
If this is not possible, 3 Put out cigarettes in a for a local rescue team
try to maximize the glass or metal recep- like SCD in case a fire
amount of space. tacle with a little water breaks out.
in it to ensure that the
embers are out.

5m

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 39

Fire Safety

On farmland Farmers in Syria lost thousands of hectares of crops to
fires. The ongoing drought exacerbates the spread of these
23 Never refuel equip- fires. It is hard to prevent crop fires caused by explosive
ment with the engine weapons, but you can leave 9 meters of mowed grass,
running. bare ground, or rock to create a solid fire break. This will
help to compartmentalize the fire so that you do not lose
24 Allow hot engines to your whole crop.
cool for 15 minutes
before refueling.

25 Carry 4 gallons of
water to use if a fire
ignites.

26 Do not smoke near
equipment. Put ciga-
rettes out safely in a
receptacle with some
water.

Do not touch bare 27
wires or power lines
27 If you see dangerous
Electricity could be lines getting in your
flowing through broken path or becoming
or sagging power lines, dangerous for your
posing the danger of children, tell your
electrocution. Do not local authorities or
go near such lines and SCD.
never touch one. The
same follows if trees or
signs are touching the
power line.

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 40

11Road
Safety

Always wear a seatbelt. Seatbelts have greatly
reduced head, face, and chest injuries.

At checkpoints:

1 Approach slowly.

2 At night, if your
headlights are on, dip
your headlights well in
advance of the check-
point.

3 Change to side lights if
possible.

4 Switch on your inside At new or improvised road-blocks:
light so they can see
that you pose no Stop short of the checkpoint. Wait to see what is going
threat. on. Is other traffic passing through the road-block? How
are the occupants of the vehicles being treated as they
5 Always try to avoid pass through? Ask people in other vehicles who mans the
driving at night. checkpoint and if it is safe to proceed. If it is not safe, you
may be able to turn back before being noticed.

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 41

12 Siege
Preparation

Throughout the conflict, some areas have either
been completely besieged or a cut in supply
lines have made acquiring supplies more difficult
or expensive. Stay prepared by always having
extra commodities on hand.

Stockpiling 10

In times when you have 7 Bleach or chlorine
access to food, medi- tablets for disinfecting
cine, and water, it is time water
to stockpile. In the event
that you can no longer 8 Tissues or napkins
access certain goods, (about 12 rolls)
use perishable food first
and then move on to dry 9 Powdered infant formula
goods and non-perish-
able foods. 10 Diapers (or plastic
bags and napkins for
Maintain: emergency diapers
especially if you do
1 12 (2 liter) bottles avail- not have enough wa-
able for each person in ter to clean nappies)
the house for drinking
Store water
2 5 kilos of pulses and
dry beans A bathtub can usually
hold about 180 liters of
3 Extra one month of water. If water is stored
prescription or essen- in the bathtub, it can be
tial medication avail- used for domestic pur-
able poses such as laundry,
cleaning, and toilets. If
4 Flashlight and extra you do not have a tub
batteries or bottles, put a clean
plastic bag inside a box
5 Candles and fill it with water.

6 Food that does not
require cooking (cans
and jars)

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 43

13 Health

Emergency First Aid

This section will provide you with basic first aid
information in the event of an emergency. If the
situation is severe, ensure that the patient gets
to a medical professional as soon as possible.

If the injured person is When calling for help,
conscious, try to comfort the information you need
them as much as possi- to convey is:
ble. Tell them that help is
on the way. 1 the exact location
2 the type of incident
In the event of an attack, 3 the hazards (such as a
someone may have mul-
tiple injuries but blood mine field or sniper area)
and dust can cover
external and internal 4 the access (is the road
injuries. Do not try to do blocked?)
more that you are capa-
ble of. You may do more 5 the number of casualties
harm than good. 6 emergency response

you require

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 45

Emergency First Aid

Severe bleeding can Degree of bleeding Capillary bleeding
be life threatening and treatment
Bleeding from capillary
The most common Venous bleeding veins will usually stop
cause of avoidable death naturally. Treat by wash-
is bleeding from wounds When blood is dark red ing with clean water and
on limbs. This can be and flows out continu- applying a bandage. Ap-
preventable if you follow ously, bleeding is from ply moderate pressure
the rules set out below. a vein. Firmly press a to the wound to stop the
bandage on the wound bleeding.
These steps can save a to stop the bleeding.
life until help comes. Always keep the wound
clean and covered to
General treatment prevent infection and
disease transmission.
Directly apply sterile gauze or a clean cloth to the bleeding
and compress strongly with your hand or a bandage. The
size of the cloth should be large enough to completely
cover the wound. In order to prevent infection, put a plas-
tic bag over your hand if possible.

Venous Bleeding Capillary Bleeding

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Arterial bleeding Arterial Bleeding
47
When the blood is bright 3
red and spurts out,
it is arterial bleeding
and must be stopped
immediately. Call for an
ambulance or medi-
cal help since profuse
bleeding could result in
death quickly.

1 Cover the wound with
a thick piece of gauze
or clean cloth

2 Apply direct pressure
to the wound to stop
the bleeding

3 If that does not stop 4
the bleeding, press 5
down hard on the ar-
tery between the injury
and the heart.

4 For bleeding from the
lower portion of the
arm, use your thumb
to strongly press the
artery at the center of
the inner side of the
upper arm.

5 For leg bleeding,
straighten the bleeding
leg and strongly press
down at the groin
using your fist.

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue®

Emergency First Aid

Burn degree

Degree Layer of skin Appearance of skin Symptom
damaged

First epidermis Skin is red Painful, tender and sore

Second dermis Skin is red and appears Strong pain and a burning
swollen; blisters may sensation. If the burn is deep-
form. er, the pain and sensation of
the skin is diminished.

Third Subcutaneous fat Skin is dry and leath- No pain or sensation in the
tissue ery. It might be white area with 3rd degree burns but
and charred in some the area around it may still be
areas.
painful

First Aid for Burns Severe burns
Cool the burned area
In general, cool area with with water over the
clean water and cover clothes. Cover the burn
area with wet clean cloth with clean thick cloth
such as towels, to pro-
Minor Burns tect from pressure and
If the burn covers less friction. See a doctor as
than 10 percent of the soon as possible.
body (the area of the
palm of your hand is
about 1 percent of the
body surface), cool with
clean water for over 15
minutes until the pain
eases.

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Clothing catching fire If someone else’s clothing has caught
1 If your clothing catches fire, pour water on them or cover the
person with natural fiber clothes like
fire, do not run. cotton or wool to extinguish the fire.
2 Stay where you are. Any synthetic material could melt on
3 Drop to the floor or the skin.

ground. 4
4 Try to remove the

clothing on fire.
5 Roll around.
6 Beat your body.
7 Pour water over

yourself.

2

5

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 49

Emergency First Aid

Exposure to 3 Cover small burning
incendiary weapons particles with wet
steriled gauze or any
If incendiary weapons clean cloth or tow-
such as white phospho- el soaked in water.
rous, napalm or thermite Ensure it is clean water
are suspected: as risk of infection is
high.
2 Remove all clothing
and large particles 4
using a metal object
like a blunt knife.

1 Put the casualty Change the dressing
downwind of you and every 3 - 5 minutes to
be careful not to get remove any burning
burning particles on material until the
yourself. casualty gets to a
medical facility.
Plastic wrap
5 If clean, the following
items could be used
for bandages or
compressors:

Necktie

Curtains

Disposable diapers Tights Scarf

Underwear Sanitary napkins Handkerchief

© Copyright. Mayday Rescue® 50


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