MRSM KEPALA BATAS ULUL ALBAB
TITLLE: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
STUDENTS:
1. ADAM MUQRY BIN ABDUL ALIM
2. MUHAMMAD AMIRUL BIN MOHAMAD SYARIF
3. KHALED IBRAHIM SHAH BIN MYDIN HAMADSHAH
4. MUHAMMAD ADAM BIN TAMRIN
5. MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN HISHAM
6. MUHAMMAD AFFNAN ASYRAFFY BIN ROSLI
CLASSES: 405
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
TEACHER’S NAME: JULIA BINTI AZAHAR
CONTENT:
1. Front page
2. Appreciation of gratitude
3. Introduction and objective of project
4. Notes for chapter 8
5. Discussion
6. Estimated budget
7. Reference Source
Appreciation:
WE WANT TO EXPRESS OUR GRATITUDE
TOWARD ALL PEOPLE WHO LEND THEIR HELP
TO MAKE THIS PROJECT BECOME SUCCESFUL.
FIRST OF ALL, WE WANT TO THANK OUR
CHEMISTRY TEACHER NAMED JULIA BINTI
AZAHAR, BECAUSE SHE LEAD US AND GUIDE
US DURING THE PROCESS OF COMPLETING
THE (PBL).
SECONDLY, WE WANT TO THANK OUR
PARENT, THEY ALWAYS SUPPORT US TO MAKE
SURE THIS PROJECT WENT SMOOTHLY.
LASTLY, WE WANT TO THANK OUR FRIENDS
WHO HAD BEEN GIVING COMITMENT TOWARD
COMPLETING THIS PROJECT.
INDEED, WITH THE HELP OF ALL PARTIES,
EITHER DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, THIS
PARTICULAR WORK CAN BE COMPLETED
SUCCESFULLY
INTRODUCTION:
THERE ARE A LOT TYPES OF MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES USES IN INDUSTRY. THIS
PROJECT WILL TEACH US ABOUT ALLOY,
GLASS AND CERAMICS
OBJECTIVE:
UNDERSTAND IMPORTANCE OF ALLOYS AND
COMPOSITE MATERIALS BESIDES APPRECIATE
THE COMPOSITION AND USES OF GLASS AND
CERAMICS
8.1 Alloy and It
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elem
Example of alloys and their impo
1.Duralumin is used to make the body of an
2.Bronze is used to make medals.
3.Brass is used to make keys.
4.Steel is used to make rhe body of car.
5.Stainless steel is used to make cutlery.
6.Pewter is used to make souvenirs.
ts Importance
ments where the main element is a metal.
ortance
n aeroplane
Comparison between the propert
Alloy Surf
Shiny
Resistance
Resistant to corrosion
Hard Hard
ties of an alloy and a pure metal
face Pure metal
Dull
to corrosion Easily corroded
dness Less hard
A pure metal is made up of one type of atom that is o
the same size and arranged in an oderly
arrangement.When force is applied,the layers of atom
in the metal easily slide over each other.This cause pu
metals to be ductile and easily pulled into fine wires.
Pure
chang
pure
a met
struct
An alloy is formed when foreign atoms are mixed
with the pure metal.These foreign atoms are
different in size compared to the atoms in pure
metal.Hence,the oderly arrangement of atoms in a
pure metal disrupted.
of
ms
ure
metals are also malleable and its shape can be easily
ged.There are empty spaces between the atoms in a
metal.When the force is applied,the layer of atoms in
tal will slide to fill the empty spaces and form a new
ture.
1.Hard but brittle 2.Chemically ine
6.Waterproof Basic properties
5.Transparent
ert 3.Electrical insulator
s of gas
4.Heat insulator
Type of glass
1.Fused silica glass
2.Soda lime glass
3.Borosilicate glass
4.Lead crystal glass
Fused silica glass
Composition:Silica
Properties:1.High melting point
2.Does not expand or contract
Example:Lens of telescope
t easily
Soda lime glass
Composition:Silica,Sodium carbonate,Cal
Properties:Low melting point,Easily shape
Example:Glass container
lcium carbonate
ed,Cannot withstand high temperature
Borosillicate glass
Composition:Silica,Sodium carbonate,Cal
Properties:High melting point,Expand and
temperature change
Example:Laboratory glassware
lcium carbonate,Boron oxide
d contract very little when there is
Lead glass
Composition:Silica,Sodium carbonate,Lea
Properties:High refractive index,High dens
Example:Prism
ad(II)oxide
sity,Shiny
8.3 : Composition
Its U
A ceramic is a solid Most ceramics are m
made up of inorganic compounds and met
and non-metallic
substances. Ceramic is Aluminium oxide, Al2O
produced through the
process of shaping and
hardening by using
heating technique at a
high temperature.
n of Ceramics and
Uses
made up of metal compounds, non-metal
talloid compounds.
O3 Titanium carbide, TiC Silicon carbide, SiC
Heat High Break
insulator thermal easily
resistant
Hard and Chemically
strong Basic inert
properties
of ceramics
Electrical
insulator
The atoms in ceramics are bonded by strong
covalent bonds and ionic bonds. Hence,
ceramics only melt at very high temperature,
are hard and resistant to compression. When
force is applied, the atoms in ceramics cannot
slide over each other because these atoms are
strongly bonded in indefinite arrangement. The
energy from the force will be used to break the
bonds between the atoms. Hence, ceramics are
brittle and weak towards stretching. The
electrons in ceramics cannot move freely to
conduct electricity or heat.
Ceramics can be classified
traditional ceramics and a
Traditional ceramics are made from clay
such as kaolin, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O. Clay is
mixed with water to produce a soft,
mouldable mixture. The mixture is then
heated at a very high temperature.
d into two groups, that is
advanced ceramics
Advanced ceramics are made from
inorganic compounds such as oxides,
carbides and nitrides. Advanced ceramics
have higher resistance to heat and
abrasion, more chemically inert and have
superconductivity properties.
EXAMPLES OF C
Medicine Transpo
• Zirconia ceramic is used • Engine com
in dental implants. jet planes a
• Alumina ceramic is from ceram
used to make knee
bone.
• Ceramic is used in
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
machines because it
has superconductivity
properties.
CERAMIC USES
ortation Energy production
mponents in • Ceramic is used to
are made make electrical
mics. insulators in high
voltage areas such as
power station.
8.4) composit
and it’S IM
COMPOSITE MATERIALS:
A MATERIAL MADE UP FROM
COMBINING TWO OR MORE NON-
HOMOGENEOUS SUBSTANCES
FIBER + MATRIX
= FIBER COMPOSITE MATRIX
❖ MATRIX SUBSTANCE AND MATRIX (LIGNIN)
STRENGTHENING SUBSTANCE
PROTECTS AND TRANSFER LOAD
❖ MATRIX SURROUNDS AND BINDS BETWEEN
WITH STRENGTHENING SUBSTANCE FIBERS(POLYESTER,EPOXY,VINYL
ESTER,OTHERS)
❖ BOTH HAVE DIFFERENT PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES FIBER (CELLULOSE FIBERS)
❖ WHEN COMBINED, COMPOSITE PROVIDES STRENGTH AN
MATERIAL FORMED HAS BETTER STIFFNESS
PROPERTIES THAN ORIGINAL (GLASS,CARBON,ARAMID,,BASALT,
COMPONENTS NATURAL FIBERS)
FIBRE COMPOSITE MATRIX
(WOOD)
CREATES A MATERIAL WITH
ATTRIBUTES SUPERIOR TO EITHER
COMPONENT ALONE
te materials
MPORTANCE
REINFORCED FIBER
CONCRETE GLASS
SUPER COMPOSITE
CONDUCTERS MATERIAL
AND THEIR
USES
PHOTOCROMIC OPTICAL
GLASS FIBRE
Reinforced concrete:
*Steel bars or wire mesh is immersed in concrete.
*Widely used in bridge construction, dams, buildings.
Optical fibre:
*Consist three layers.
*Innermost layer is the core, made from silica glass fibres.
*Core is encased in second layer or cladding, made up of glass or plastic.
*Outermost layer is made of plastic, acts as a protective jacket.
*Used to transmit information and data in the form of light.
*Light moves through the optical fibre(core section).
*Core and cladding have different refractive indexes.
*Has replaced copper wires in video cameras and connects computers in LA
Fibre glass:
*Plastic is strengthened with glass fibre.
*Helmets, car bumpers and printed circuit boards.
AN.
Photochromic glass:
*Glass is combined with silver chloride, AgCl and copper(I) chloride,CuCl.
*When exposed to light:
**Photochromicglass darkens.
**Formation of silver atoms, Ag that prevents passage of light.
*In dim light:
**CuCl in photochromic glass catalyses the reverse process so that glassbeco
transparent again
*Protects the user from UV rays.*Suitable for car windows, camera lenses,
building windows.
Sup
*Ytt
allo
*Su
**L
**e
mac
omes
perconductors:
trium barium copper oxide, YBCO, Has superconductivityproperties other than
oy.
uperconductor magnets [Supermagnets]:
Light and have strong magnetic force.
e.g=Particle accelerator, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
chine,Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines.
Comparison and difference in properties o
original components.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
• Concrete can withstand high compression forces but will break if
Composite material component
Reinforced concrete concrete
Steel bars or wire mesh
FIBRE GLASS
• Plastic matrix consists of plastic that is weak, soft and easily burn
glass fibres.
of composite materials and their
subjected to high stretching forces.
Properties of component Properties of material
• High compression • High compression
strength strength
• Low stretching strength • Resistant to corrosion
• Resistant to corrosion • High stretching strength
• High stretching strength
• Corrodes easily
ned. The properties of plastic are reinforced by adding
Composite material component Properties of co
Fibre glass Plastic • Low heat and e
• Low stretching
• Resistant to co
• Durable
Glass fibre • High stretching
• Low heat and e
OPTICAL FIBRE
• Optical fibre has high compression strength although the orig
Composite material component Properties of co
Optical fibre Plastic • High compress
• Flexible
Glass fibre
• Low compress
• Hard
omponent Properties of material
electrical conductivity • Heat and electrical
g strength insulator
orrosion
• Resistant to corrosion
g strength • High stretching strength
electrical conductivity • Durable
ginal component that is glass fibre, is brittle.
omponent Properties of material
sion strength • High compression
strength
sion strength
• Flexible
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
• Glass is transparent and does not absorb UV rays. Silver halide salt c
visible light and absorb UV rays at the same time.
Composite material component Properties of c
Photochromic glass Glass • Transparent
• Does not abs
• Not sensitive
Silver chloride • Transparent t
• Absorbs UV r
• Sensitive to li
SUPERCONDUCTOR
• Superconductors can conduct electrical current without any resistan
components cannot.
crystals such as silver chloride, AgCI is transparent to
component Properties of material
sorb UV rays • Transparent
e to light • Absorbs UV rays
• The absorption of UV rays
to visible light
rays depends on light intensity
ight intensity
nce at very low temperature whereas its original
Composite material component Properties of co
Superconductor (YBCO) Yttrium(III) carbonate High electrical resi
Copper(II) carbonate
Barium carbonate
Oxygen
omponent Properties of material
istance at room temperature No electrical resistance at very low
temperature
DISCUSSION:
TEST YOURSELF 8.1
3) Justify the following statement:
a) Stainless steel is used to make washing machines.
It is because stainless steel is resistant to corrosion.
b) High voltage electric cables are made from aluminium alloy.
Aluminium alloy has low density.
c) 18 K gold is used to make rings.
Pure gold is soft while gold alloy is harder and stronger.
Test Yourself 8.2 (m/s 262)
3. Aini’s mother: Aini, do not store food in lead crystal glass containers.
Aini : Why not, mother?
Based on the conversation above, explain the advantages and
disadvantages of using containers made from lead crystal glass.
ANSWER:
The advantages of using made from lead crystal are it has high heat
resistance, can be easily cleaned and does not leave any traces and the
transparent property enables the food in the container to be visible.
While the disadvantages of using it are it really heavy because it has
high density and it have the risk of poisoning, as lead can dissolve and
diffuse into food.
Test Yourself 8.3
2. Silicon carbide is an example of advanced ceramic that has a hard structure
and diamond-like properties.Can silicon carbide be used to make drinking
glass?Explain.
Answer:
It can be used.It is because silicon carbide is hard and strong.So it will not be
easily broken.Other than that silicon carbide is also chemically inert which is
safe to be used.Finally it has low expansion coefficient or resistant to heat,that
is resistant to thermal shock.
3. Kaolin is a white clay used to make white pottery. What substance must be
added to produce green coloured pottery? Explain.
Answer:
The substance that can be added is Iron(II) Oxide. This is because Iron(II)
compound contains Fe2+ ions that give it a green colour.
Test yourself page 271
1. Concrete is an example of composite material that has been used since
ancient times.
(a) What is the meaning of composite material?
Combination of two or more non-homogeneous substances.
(b) Is concrete suitable to be used to build the pillars of buildings? Explain.
Not suitable because concrete is resistant to compression but is brittle due to its
weak stretching strength.
(c) Explain how concrete may be reinforced.
Concrete may be reinforced by inserting steel rods in concrete. The
steel rods are not brittle because it can withstand stretching.
(d) State two uses of reinforced concrete.
To make building such as bridge and dam.
Test yourself 8.4
2. Fibre glass is made by immersing glass fibre in molten plastic.
a) Name the matrix substance and strengthening substance used to
make fibre glass.
Answer: Matrix substance used is plastic and strengthening substance
used is glass fibre.
b) Explain why fibre glass is suitable to be used to make water
storage tanks.
Answer: Fibre glass is suitable to be used to make water storage tanks
because it has low building cost and has strong and durable materials. It
also does not pollute the water that it stores.