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Abraham Concerns & Questions

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PERSPECTIVES MEDIA QUESTIONS R ESO UR C ES

Concerns & Questions"

ysis of: Letter to a CES Director Po lyg amy/Po lyand ry Co nc e rns &
Q ue stio ns

lation of the writings of Abraham. Joseph Smith began
some Egyptian papyri. The translation was published
ns beginning March 1, 1842, at Nauvoo, Illinois.
f Great Price (2013 edition). of f -site

∗∗∗

apyrus Joseph translated and have dated it in first century AD, nearly 2,000
Abraham or anything Joseph claimed in his translation for the Book of

mile 1 is really supposed to look like"

by Thomas Dick entitled 'The Philosophy of the Future State'"
y asked about the papyri not matching the Book of Abraham in a March 2012

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BBC interview"

Response Section

"scholars have f ound the original papyrus Joseph
years af ter Abraham could have written it"

From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor not es t hat , "scholars have f ound t he origin
nearly 2,000 years af t er Abraham could have writ t en it

R e s p o ns e
Correct :

The papyrus is dated much later than Abraham. Hugh Nibl
the original title of the ancient text.

Fact :
However, Kirtland Egyptian Paper (KEP) - A1 has the follow
upon papyrus and found in the catacombs of Egypt.”[1] T
19th century addition to the text by either Joseph Smith, or
Phelps and Willard Richards, respectively. This is bolstere
appear in KEPA 1. The phrase "found in the catacombs of

Fact :
It is obvious from the historical data that Joseph Smith and
of Abraham (though not, as is argued by the critics, neces

Answer:
It seems likely that the early brethren, when working with th
actual document written "by the hand of Abraham." In other
papyrus in their possession. As Michael Ash explained, “it
himself, with pen in hand, wrote the very words that he was
scriptural teachings of Abraham and it would have been na

"It has absolutely nothing to do with Abraham or a
Abraham"

From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "

h translated and have dated it in f irst century AD, nearly 2,000

nal papyrus Joseph t ranslat ed and have dat ed it in f irst cent ury AD,
."

ley suggested that the phrase “by his own hand upon papyrus” was a part of

wing caption: “Translation of the Book of Abraham written by his own hand
This seems to indicate that the phrase "by his own hand upon papyrus" is a
r the two scribes in whose handwriting the documents are written in, viz ., W. W.
ed by the addition of the phrase “and found in the catacombs of Egypt” that
f Egypt" would not have appeared on the papyrus itself.
d the early brethren considered the scroll of Horos to be the source of the Book
sarily the Book of Breathings text).
he papyrus, simply assumed that the papyrus in their possession was the
r words, they would have thought that Abraham himself physically wrote on the
t seems reasonable to conclude that Joseph may have believed that Abraham
s translating... Joseph, by way of revelation, saw that the papyri contained
atural, therefore, to assume that Abraham wrote the papyri.”[2]

anything Joseph claimed in his translation f or the Book of

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The aut hor claims t hat t he Joseph Smit h papyri "has a
his t ranslat ion f or t he Book of Abraham."

R e s p o ns e

Fact :
Joseph Smith had in his possession three or four long scro
handful of fragments were recovered at the Metropolitan M
destroyed.

Fact :
The Egyptian characters on the recovered documents are
mummies that instructed the dead on how to successfully r
deceased man named Hor, so it it usually called the Hor B

Fact :
The extant fragments include the original Facsimile 1. The

Fact :
Other than the vignette represented in Facsimile 1, the ma
Egyptological point of view, does not include the actual tex
Improvement Era in January 1968. off- site

Quot es t o consider

Scientist Henry Eyring (father of President Henry B. Eyring,

An example of what I am talking about is the recent dis
to have translated the book of Abraham in the Pearl of
considered to be similar to that book. I remarked at the
need a crib sheet in the form of a papyrus scroll to reve
precision He considers necessary for His purposes. If t
receiving such inspiration, they would have fulfilled thei
—Henry Eyring, Reflections of a Scientist , p. 46

absolut ely not hing t o do wit h Abraham or anyt hing Joseph claimed in

olls, plus a hypocephalus (Facsimile 2 ). Of these original materials, only a
Museum. The majority of the papyri remains lost, and has likely been

e a portion of the "Book of Breathings," an Egyptian religious text buried with
reach the afterlife. This particular Book of Breathings was written for a
Book of Breathings .
e papyri containing Facsimile 2 and Facsimile 3 have never been recovered.
aterial on the papyri received by the Church, at least from a standard
xt of the Book of Abraham. This was discussed in the Church publication, the

, counselor in the First Presidency) on the Book of Abraham:
scovery of the papyrus scrolls from which Joseph Smith was presumed

Great Price. Modern scholars, looking at the scrolls, found nothing they
e time that such a finding didn't bother me in the least. God doesn't
eal Abraham's thoughts and words to Joseph Smith, with any degree of
the only function of the scrolls was to awaken the Prophet to the idea of
ir purpose.

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Facsimile 1

From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor claims t hat t he Joseph Smit h papyri "has a
his t ranslat ion f or t he Book of Abraham." The let t er t h
claimed represent s an illust rat ion of an at t empt t o sa

R e s p o ns e

Fact :
The scene represented by Facsimile 1, according to Egyp
the image to illustrate the attempted sacrifice of Abraham.

Fact :
One point of interest is that another "lion couch" scene has
not claim that Abraham is the figure on the lion couch, and
Gee, Research and Perspectives: Abraham in Ancient Egy

Fact :
Also of interest is some correlation between The Book of A
between about 70–150 AD. The Apocalypse of Abraham d
came to disbelieve in his father's gods. The following quo
would not be destroyed.
Abraham 1:15- 17 :

15 And as they lifted up their hands upon me, that they
unto the Lord my God, and the Lord hearkened and he
presence stood by me, and immediately unloosed my

16 And his voice was unto me: Abraham, Abraham, be
down to deliver thee, and to take thee away from thy fa
knowest not of;

17 And this because they have turned their hearts away
the god of Mahmackrah, and the god of Korash, and th
them, and to destroy him who hath lifted up his hand ag

The Apocalypse of Abraham off- site

VIII. And it came to pass while I spake thus to my father

absolut ely not hing t o do wit h Abraham or anyt hing Joseph claimed in
hen analyz es Facsimile 1, t he "lion couch" scene, which Joseph
acrif ice Abraham.

ptologists, represents the resurrection of Osiris. In this case, Joseph has used

s been discovered which actually includes Abraham's name. Note that it does
d notes that "[t]he figure on the lion couch in this papyrus is a woman." See John
yptian Texts on lds.org (July 1992)

Abraham and the Apocalypse of Abraham , a Jewish document composed
describes the idolatry of Abraham's father in detail, and talks of how Abraham
tes describe how God told Abraham to leave his father's house so that he

might offer me up and take away my life, behold, I lifted up my voice
eard, and he filled me with the vision of the Almighty, and the angel of his

bands;

ehold, my name is Jehovah, and I have heard thee, and have come
ather’s house, and from all thy kinsfolk, into a strange land which thou

y from me, to worship the god of Elkenah, and the god of Libnah, and
he god of Pharaoh, king of Egypt; therefore I have come down to visit
gainst thee, Abraham, my son, to take away thy life.

r Terah in the court of my house, there cometh down the voice of a

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Mighty One from heaven in a fiery cloud- burst, saying
“Thou art seeking in the understanding of thine heart th
and get thee out from the house, that thou also be not s
pass when I went out, that before I succeeded in getting
thunder and burnt him and his house, and everything w

"T he f ollowing image is what Facsimile 1 is really

and crying: “Abraham, Abraham!” And I said: “Here am I.” And He said:
he God of Gods and the Creator; I am He: Go out from thy father Terah,
slain in the sins of thy father’s house.” And I went out. And it came to
g out in front of the door of the court, there came a sound of a [great]
whatsoever in his house, down to the ground, forty cubits.

supposed to look like"

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The Charles Larson rest orat ion of Facsimile 1

From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor post s an image of a "rest ored" version of
Papyrus: A New Look at the Joseph Smith Papyri . The aut
supposed t o look like, based on Egypt ology and t he s
shows a second bird inst ead of a second hand on t he

R e s p o ns e

Incorrect :
The Charles Larson restoration of Facsimile 1 has a numb

Quot es t o consider

Let me state clearly at the outset my conviction that the
the remains of his right hand; in other words, Joseph Sm
Ashment 1979, pp. 36, 41 (Illustration 13), is very bala
for reading two hands; Gee 1992, p. 102 and n. 25, refe
hand; cf. Gee 2000, pp. 37- 38; and Rhodes 2002, p. 1
as well as the tip of the bird's wing to the right makes it
clue is provided in the orientation of the thumbs of the u
the hands of mourners and others when they are held u
—(non- Mormon) Egyptologist Lanny Bell, "The Ancient
Development of Egyptology in America," Egypt and Be
the Wilbour Chair of Egyptology at Brown University June
Ancient Western Asian Studies, Brown University, 2008

Facsimile 1 f ound in Charles Larson's book By His Own Hand upon
t hor st at es "The f ollowing image is what Facsimile 1 is really
same scene discovered elsewhere in Egypt ". The Larson rest orat ion
e reclining f igure.

ber of inaccuracies, which are noted by a non-Mormon Egyptologist.

e questionable traces above the head of the Osiris figure are actually
mith was correct in his understanding of the drawing at this point.
nced in his analysis of the problem, presenting compelling arguments
ers to Michael Lyon in describing the "thumb stroke" of the upper (right)
19, concludes: "... a careful comparison of the traces with the hand below
t quite clear that it is the other hand of the deceased."...An important
upraised hands toward the face. This is the expected way of depicting
up to (both sides of) their heads or before their faces.
t Egyptian 'Books of Breathing,' the Mormon 'Book of Abraham,' and the
eyond: Essays Presented to Leonard H. Lesko upon his Retirement from
e 2005, (ed. Stephen E. Thompson), Department of Egyptology and
8, p. 28.

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From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor post s an image of a "rest ored" version of
Papyrus: A New Look at the Joseph Smith Papyri . The aut
supposed t o look like, based on Egypt ology and t he s
shows a f igure wit h a phallus.

R e s p o ns e
The Charles Larson restoration of Facsimile 1 has a numb

Quot es t o consider
Incorrect :

This image should not be ithyphallic:

...the representation of an ithyphallic figure wearing a ki
erect phallus of the reclining kilted earth god Geb in a
Bristol, there would not be enough available space to r
and wings of Isis in P.JS I: Anubis would have to be gra
unimaginable. . . .In this area, I believe the Parker- Bae
flawed.

Facsimile 1 f ound in Charles Larson's book By His Own Hand upon
t hor st at es "The f ollowing image is what Facsimile 1 is really
same scene discovered elsewhere in Egypt ". The Larson rest orat ion

ber of inaccuracies, which are noted by a non-Mormon Egyptologist.

ilt would not be unparalleled. However, judging from the position of the
cosmological scene on Dynasty 21 Theban coffins now in Turin and
restore the hand of Anubis, the erect phallus of the Osiris, and the body
asping the phallus himself and assisting Isis in alighting on it—which is
er- Ashment reconstruction (with its "implied" erect phallus) is seriously

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(non Mormon) Egyptologist Lanny Bell, "The Ancient Eg

From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor post s an image of a "rest ored" version of
Papyrus: A New Look at the Joseph Smith Papyri . The aut
supposed t o look like, based on Egypt ology and t he s
shows a priest wit h t he jackal head of Anubis.
R e s p o ns e

Correct :
One thing that the Larson restoration likely got correct is th
Anubis.

gyptian 'Books of Breathing,'", p. 29

Facsimile 1 f ound in Charles Larson's book By His Own Hand upon
t hor st at es "The f ollowing image is what Facsimile 1 is really
same scene discovered elsewhere in Egypt ". The Larson rest orat ion
hat the head of the priest should have been the jackal head associated with

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From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor st at es, regarding Facsimile 1: "The f ollowi
elsewhere in Egypt . Not ice t hat t he jackal- headed Egy

R e s p o ns e

Correct :
We agree that Facsimile 1 likely had the jackal head of An
the reclining figure.

Fact :
Missing sections of the Facsimiles were filled in before the
"restoration" of the missing sections, or if it was done by th

Incorrect :
However, we do not agree that it is the "same funeral scen
couch is alive. The figures to which it is compared all show

ing images shows t he same f uneral scene which has been discovered
ypt ian god Anubis is consist ent in every f unerary scene."
nubis rather than the human head, which appears to have been copied from
eir publication in the newspaper. We do not know if Joseph Smith directed the
he engraver, Reuben Hedlock.
ne." Facsimile 1 actually depicts the resurrection of Osiris. The figure on the
w the preparation of a mummy.

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Facsimile 2

From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor examines Facsimile 2 and compares t he wa

R e s p o ns e
Fact :

It should be noted that portions of the original Facsimile 2
characters or images taken from other sources before the
from the Joseph Smith papyri. Among the missing sections

ay t he Joseph and Egypt ologist s have int erpret ed t he f igures.

appear to have been missing, and that the missing portions were filled in with
image was published in the Times and Seasons . Some material was copied
s may have been the area identified as section #3, which matches a figure

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which appears on Joseph Smith Papyrus IV.
Fact :

One interesting thing about this restoration is that the figure
hypocephalus.

e in the bark boat actually does appear in this section of at least one other

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Facsimile 3

From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor not es, "Egypt ologist s st at e t hat Joseph S
have absolut ely not hing t o do wit h what t he papyri an
Joseph misident if ies t he Egypt ian god Osiris as Abra
Misident if ies t he Egypt ian god Isis as t he Pharaoh.
Misident if ies t he Egypt ian god Maat as t he Prince of t
Misident if ies t he Egypt ian god Anubis as a slave.
Misident if ies t he dead Hor as a wait er.
Joseph misident if ies – t wice – a f emale as a male.

Smit h’s t ranslat ion of t he papyri and f acsimiles are gibberish and
nd f acsimiles act ually are and what t hey act ually say....Facsimile # 3:
aham.
t he Pharaoh.

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R e s p o ns e

Fact :
It is quite easy to identify the two female figures in the draw

Answer:
Joseph Smith would obviously also have noted that these
deliberately identify two female figures as male? We do no
the existing image to illustrate a concept. Robert K. Ritner,
hopeless translation also turns the goddess Maat into a m
Negro slave."[3] Larry E. Morris notes the following in res

Furthermore, Ritner does not inform his readers that ce
medieval texts. Take, for example, Facsimile 3, which
Pharaoh (actually enthroned Osiris with the female Isis)
claimed that Abraham is "sitting upon Pharoah's throne
explanation).

Clearly, Joseph Smith's interpretation did not come from
thing). From Ritner's point of view, therefore, this must q
deeper reveals interesting complexities. A number of a
Egyptians. Citing the Jewish writer Artapanus (who lived
Eusebius, states: "They were called Hebrews after Abr
household to the Egyptian king Pharethothes, and taug
again for the regions of Syria."22

As for Abraham sitting on a king's throne—another deta
(Stories of the Prophets), an Islamic text compiled in AD
looked at Abraham; he was good looking and handsom

Morris concludes,

Ritner may counter that such parallels do not establish
deserve some mention. At the very least, these paralle
description of Joseph Smith's interpretation. Fairness d
Abraham, at least mention similarities between it and o
information. [5]

wing.

figures were female, so it does raise a good question: Why would he
ot know the answer to this, however, it does suggest that Joseph was using
Professor of Egyptology at the University of Chicago, states that "Smith’s
male prince, the papyrus owner into a waiter, and the black jackal Anubis into a
sponse to criticism leveled by Professor Ritner at the Book of Abraham,
rtain elements of the Book of Abraham also appear in ancient or
depicts, as Ritner puts it, "enthroned Abraham lecturing the male
)" (JNES, p. 162). In what Ritner describes as nonsense, Joseph Smith
e . . . reasoning upon the principles of Astronomy" (Facsimile 3,

m Genesis (where there is no discussion of Abraham doing such a
qualify as one of Joseph's "uninspired fantasies." But going a layer
ancient texts, for example, state that Abraham taught astronomy to the
d prior to the first century BC), a fourth- century bishop of Caesarea,
raham. [Artapanus] says that the latter came to Egypt with all his
ght him astrology, that he remained there twenty years and then departed

ail not mentioned in Genesis—note this example from Qisas al- Anbiya'
D 1310: "The chamberlain brought Abraham to the king. The king
me. The king honoured Abraham and seated him at his side."23 [4]

the authenticity of the Book of Abraham. That is true, but certainly they
els show that "all of this nonsense" is not really an appropriate
demands that Ritner, in his dismissal of the content of the Book of
other texts about Abraham and point readers to other sources of

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From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor st at es, "The f ollowing is a side- by- side co
what it act ually says according t o Egypt ologist s and
"mormoninf ographics.com" called "The Book of Abra
Smit h's int erpret at ions of element s of Facsimile 2 wit

R e s p o ns e
Correct :

The graphic notes that Joseph may have gotten an eleme

omparison of what Joseph Smit h t ranslat ed in Facsimile # 2 versus
modern Egypt ology." The let t er displays a graphic f rom
aham - Hypocephalus, a f unerary amulet ," which compares Joseph
t h t hose provided by Egypt ologist s.

ent correct: "there is some agreement."

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From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor st at es, "One of t he most dist urbing f act s
said t hat t his is “God sit t ing on his t hrone…” It ’s act u
a t hrone wit h an erect penis (which can be seen in t he
an erect penis is Heavenly Fat her sit t ing on his t hrone

I discovered in my research of Facsimile 2 is f igure # 7. Joseph Smit h
ually Min, t he pagan Egypt ian god of f ert ilit y or sex. Min is sit t ing on
f igure). In ot her words, Joseph Smit h is saying t hat t his f igure wit h
e."

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R e s p o ns e

Answer:
The Egyptians had multiple gods, each representing a pa
other hand, worship one God, who encompasses all chara
as "God, sitting on his throne," not just Min. He does, in fac
Egyptian representation of the God that we know as "God
With regard to the nudity (and the phallus in particular), the
current society. Therefore, the depiction of Min and his pha
associate such a figure with God the Father. To ancient Eg
simply equated both the god Re and the god Min with "Go
References in the figure below are to Michael D. Rhodes,

articular characteristic. Latter- day Saints, (and Christians in general), on the
acteristics. Thus, Joseph could have identified any Egyptian god in Facsimile 2
ct, also identify the hawk- headed god Re in the exact same manner. The is no
the Father."
e Egyptians had no cultural reservations about depicting nudity, unlike our
allus is used by critics to create an absurdity: that Joseph would dare to
gyptians, however, there would have been no absurdity in doing so. Joseph
od sitting on his throne."
"The Joseph Smith Hypocephalus . . . Twenty Years Later." off- site

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"T here’s a book published in 1830 by T homas Dic

From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor claims t hat t he Book of Abraham may be b
Future State. The aut hor st at es t hat "Joseph Smit h ow
excerpt s f rom t he book in t he December 1836 Messen

R e s p o ns e
Answer:

Many of the ideas promoted by Thomas Dick were comm
Dick’s work. Joseph Smith never made any public or writte
book. The only evidence that even suggests the possibilit
from A Philosophy of a Future State in the Latter Day Saints
More importantly, Joseph Smith rejected or contradicted m
therefore unlikely, contrary to Fawn Brodie’s speculation in
had been “recently reading” Dick’s work and that it made

Links t o det ailed answers

Philosophy of a Future State by Thomas Dick —It is cla
influenced by Thomas Dick's book The Philosophy of a F

"Elder Jef f rey R. Holland was directly asked abou
BBC interview"

From "A Let t er t o a CES Direct or "
The aut hor st at es, "Elder Jef f rey R. Holland was direc
March 2012 BBC int erview:
Sweeney: Mr. Smit h got t his papyri and he t ranslat ed t
somet hing complet ely dif f erent …
Holland: (Int errupt s) All I’m saying…all I’m saying is t h
vehicle f or t hat , I do not underst and and don’t claim t

R e s p o ns e
Fact :

k entitled 'T he Philosophy of the Future State'"

based upon ideas present ed in Thomas Dick's book Philosophy of a
wned a copy of t he book and Oliver Cowdery quot ed some lengt hy
nger and Advocat e."

mon Protestant beliefs and were therefore available without having to read
en statements indicating that he was aware of or that he had ever read Dick’s
ty is circumstantial and is based upon the appearance of several passages
s’ Messenger and Advocate .
many of the ideas put forth by Dick in A Philosophy of a Future State . It is
n her book No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith , that Joseph
a “lasting impression” upon the Prophet.

aimed that Joseph Smith's theology as described in the Book of Abraham was
Future State. (Click here for full article )

ut the papyri not matching the Book of Abraham in a March 2012

ct ly asked about t he papyri not mat ching t he Book of Abraham in a
t hem and subsequent ly as t he Egypt ologist s cracked t he code
hat what got t ranslat ed got t ranslat ed int o t he word of God. The
t o know and know Egypt ian.

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The Church has known and publicly acknowledged in the
Abraham since 1968 (for over 45 years). This isn't someth

Answer:
Elder Holland's statement is consistent with what the Churc
Student Manual, (2000), found on lds.org. off- site

How Did t he Prophet Translat e t he Ancient Writ in

The Prophet Joseph Smith never communicated his m
testimony of the truthfulness of these writings is primarily
of Abraham is not found in an analysis of physical evid
content and power.

Elder Holland said "what got translated got translated into
truthfulness of the book of Abraham is not found in an anal
consideration of its content and power."

Endnot es

1. [note] Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Abraham
Lake City and Provo, Utah: Deseret Book / FARMS, 20

2. [note] Michael Ash, “Book of Abraham 201: Papyri, Rev
FAIR link (Accessed 29 August, 2009).

3. [note] Robert K. Ritner, “The Breathing Permit of Hor Am
Chicago, 2003), p. 162, note 4. Dr. Ritner is one of Dr. J
eastern Studies is highly critical of his former student's i
Abraham, specifically because he was not included in

4. [note] Larry E. Morris, "The Book of Abraham: Ask the R
Hor’ Thirty- four Years Later.” Dialogue 33/4 (2000): 97–

5. [note] Larry E. Morris, "The Book of Abraham: Ask the R
Hor’ Thirty- four Years Later.” Dialogue 33/4 (2000): 97–

Category: Subpages

Improvement Era that the papyri fragments do not match the text of the Book of
hing new. Elder Holland knows this.
ch itself says on this subject. The following is from The Pearl of Great Price

ng s ?
method of translating these records. As with all other scriptures, a

y a matter of faith. The greatest evidence of the truthfulness of the book
dence nor historical background, but in prayerful consideration of its

the word of God." The manual says, "The greatest evidence of the
lysis of physical evidence nor historical background, but in prayerful

m , edited by John Gee, Vol. 18 in the Collected Works of Hugh Nibley (Salt
009), 546. ISBN 1606410547.
velation, and Modern Egyptology”, presented at the 2006 FAIR Conference.
mong the Joseph Smith Papyri," Journal of Near Eastern Studies , (University of
John Gee's former professors at Yale. Ritner's article in the Journal of Near
involvement with any LDS apologetic effort on the part of the Book of

a peer review.
Right Questions and Keep On Looking (Review of: “The ‘Breathing Permit of
–119)," FARMS Review 16/2 (2004): 355–380. off- site
Right Questions and Keep On Looking (Review of: “The ‘Breathing Permit of
–119)," FARMS Review 16/2 (2004): 355–380. off- site

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