ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT GROUP 1 5ST1

FACULTY OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PUNCAK PERDANA

BACHELOR OF INFORMATION SCIENCE (HONS) INFORMATION RECORDS
MANAGEMENT (IM246)

ARCHIVAL ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION (IMR605)

GROUP ASSIGNMENT:
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

PREPARED BY: STUDENT ID
2019230684
NAME 2019253238
AISHAH BINTI ABD RAHIM 2019627234
MOHD. NUR IQMAL BIN ROSLI 2019627522
NORLIYANA IZZATI BINTI DAHLIA 2019831772
SITI FASEHAH BINTI MOHD ZAIN
SITI HAJAR BINTI MOHD KAMAL

PREPARED FOR:
MADAM JANNATUL IZA BINTI AHMAD KAMAL

GROUP
(IM2465ST1)

SUBMISSION DATE:
12th NOVEMBER 2021

TABLE OF CONTENT PAGES
NO CONTENT i
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1
2. INTRODUCTION 2
3. BOOK 5
4. E-BOOK
7
5. ARTICLE 11
6. MANUAL 15
7. VIDEO 19
8. POLICIES 22
9. CONCLUSION 23
10. REFERENCE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His showers and blessings
throughout the process of finishing this assignment. The success and outcome of this
assignment required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we are so
grateful to be blessed by all the good people along the way to complete this assignment.

We also want to thank our dearest lecturer, Madam Jannatul Iza binti Ahmad Kamal
for giving us endless support and guidance throughout the process of finishing this group
assignment, for the subject Archival Arrangement and Description (IMR605).

We are also grateful for the guidance and support that we got from our friends and also
classmates for being such understanding and good friends who help us finishing group
assignment. Thank you to our family who supporting us and giving us space to study. Their
endless prayers and supports are the ones who make us keep going to study hard.

i

INTRODUCTION
Based on scholars portal, arrangement and description is a stage when the materials were
classify whether under intellectual or physical control for their own purposes in future
accessing those materials. They will determine appropriate levels for each of materials based
on description, establish intellectual arrangement, and creating finding aids. They will discover
those materials through identifying the file formats, metadata and suitable software. Those
arrangements and description will build and classify into unique properties either it is born-
digital materials or what else that could serve archivist and users in the future. In this
assignment, there are several sources that we use to complete the task which is includes
book, e-book, online article, videos, manual and also policies in arranging and describing
archive and special collection.

1

1.0 BOOK

1.1 Title: Archival Arrangement and Description: Analog to Digital.
APA Citation: Hamill, L. (2017). Archival arrangement and description: Analog to digital.
Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN: 1442279176, 9781442279179

ANNOTATION
This book was written by Lois Hamill. The main focus of this book is to discuss the theories
and practices used in the compilation and description of digital records. Based on this book,
in order to carry out the process of arrangement and description for digital records, the need
to refer back to the history of the beginning of the process must be done, so that the process
can be carried out correctly. Furthermore, if the process involves digital materials. Digital
records are not easy to manage, therefore in carrying out the process arrangement and
description many things need to be studied so that the arrangement and description of the
material can follow the standards appropriate to the current needs. The author has produced
a book that can help users understand more clearly how appropriate techniques in compiling
and subsequently preserving digital records are. In addition, the authors have also
recommended readers use software systems to reorganize and preserve digital records.
Overall, this book is very useful to be used as a reference on how to do arrangement and
description of digital records.
ISBN: 1442279176, 9781442279179
Source: Google Book

2

1.2 Title: Arranging and Describing Archives and Manuscripts
APA Citation: Meissner, D. (2019). Arranging and Describing Archives and Manuscripts. The
society of American Archivists.

ANNOTATION
In this book, the author aims for their readers to learn the principles of arranging and describing
records or materials and also to make sure non-archivist and non-record keeper learn on how
to manage and arranging their records well based on archival principles. It is easy for non-
practitioner to learn on how to arrange and describe their materials well as they could refer to
this principles and manuals. In this principle also, writer taught their readers to respect the
provenance or the creator based on famous regulation which is respect des fonds. This is
because as the archivist, they need to know the materials are belong to whom and arranging
an describe it based on archivist field. Also, he taught that the importance of arranging and
describing archive materials to make sure all these materials will be using efficient and
effectively. Hence, this activity also could bring a lot of benefits to archivist and workers in this
field to bring the excellent services later.

ISBN: 978-1-945246-07-4: 9781-945246-09-8 (e-pub)
Sources: Google book

3

1.3 Title: Archival arrangement and Description
APA Citation: Edmunson-Morton, T. K. (n.d.). Book review: Archival arrangement and
description. DigitalCommons@USU. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from
https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/westernarchives/vol4/iss1/4/.

ANNOTATION
The magazine features reviews of storage units and descriptions of books. Author 4 provides
a great introductory module for creating books with easy-to-understand explanations that are
better understood when reading archive structures and descriptions. The first module is the
Archiving Technology Standards, where the authors of Module discuss the importance of
quality and how to apply it, and emphasize the importance of storage. The second module,
Digital Records and Manuscript Processing, provides a clear description of the applications
and resources available for process planning and provides access to digital material. The third
module is the Description and Access System Design for Help and EAD, which provides an
overview of the Archive Collection Management System. The authors of this book point out
that all modules in this book specialize in additional general guidance for performing activities
related to the creation of similar discovery aids and the construction and definition of electronic
materials.
ISBN: 1-931666-45-8.
Source: Book Review

4

2.0 E-BOOK
2.1 Title: Archives: Principles and Practices
APA Citation: Millar, L. A. (2017). Archives: Principles and Practices. Facet Publishing.
Retrieve from https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/lib/uitm-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=4863277&query=978-1-78330-208-6

ANNOTATION
The electronic book title Archives: Principles and Practice by Laura A Millar is about
international viewpoints on archive management and authoritative recommendations for
collection-related repositories, particularly for organisations responsible for managing their
own archives. This electronic book is written in simple language to assist the reader, and it
also describes the best approach and addresses the essential actions that every archivist
should be aware of to ensure that the archival material under their care is well cared for.
Among the issues covered in this electronic book are the history of archives, key principles
and conceptions of archives, and the growth of archival theory on the nature and diversity of
archival materials and institutions, issues in maintaining archives, archivist role and
responsibilities, and challenges to manage access and privacy in best practise standards.
Archival services and strategic approaches to central archival responsibilities like
preservation, acquisition, reference, and access, and others.

ISBN:978-1-78330-208-6
Source: ProQuest e-book Central

5

2.2 Title: Organizing Archival Records: A Practical Method of Arrangement and Description
for Small Archives.
APA Citation: Carmicheal, D. W. (2012). Organizing Archival Records: A Practical Method of
Arrangement and Description for Small Archives. AltaMira Press.

ANNOTATION
The electronic book title Organizing Archival Records: A Practical Method of Arrangement and
Description for Small Archives written by David W. Carmicheal is about to emphasizes on the
function of arranging and describing archive materials and gives the user guidance on how to
correctly arrange and describe the materials. According to this book, the purpose of
compilation and description is to encourage the usage of your archival material. Besides, the
problem of establishing and characterising electronic records is highlighted in this book. The
author also provides ideas and examples to help the user get the ideas of electronic archive
arrangement and description for a small archive. Moreover, in third section, the book describes
some of the organisational steps. These books contain all the requirements for small archives
to be organised and analyse the purpose activity measurement required by the organisation
in small archives.
ISBN: 978-0-7591-2170-6
Source: Google Scholar

6

3.0 ARTICLE

3.1 Title: Archival knowledge in the field of personal archiving: an exploratory study based on
grounded theory

APA Citation: Huang, T., Nie, R. and Zhao, Y. (2021), "Archival knowledge in the field of
personal archiving: an exploratory study based on grounded theory", Journal of
Documentation,Vol. 77 No. 1, pp. 19-40. https://doi-
org.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/10.1108/JD-04- 2020-0071

ANNOTATION

This article suggests a theoretical framework to demonstrate the archival knowledge practices
that have been applied by archivists in their Personal Archiving (PA) in China. Personal
archiving is a field of archival science and genealogy that focuses on the long-term
preservation of a person's important documents and other documentation output, usually by
the person concerned. The study was conducted by using twenty-one archivists to be
interviewed. Later, this study reveals that there are four categories involved in archival
knowledge which are documenting, arranging, preserving, and valuing where it developed the
framework called as AKA integration model where this model illustrates how archivists apply
archival knowledge to PA practices clearly and concisely. Archivists flexibly apply mastered
archival knowledge to facilitate PA practices, based on the four categories. Therefore, at the
end of this study, we can see that the application of PA can help represent the significance of
PA in preserving family memories, tradition, and cultural inheritance. Next, PA practices also
reflect on the innovative categorization elements such as date and location in terms of archive
classification. Lastly, PA also primarily focuses on whether artifacts are useful and have self-
interested value in the field of archive appraisal. In addition, Personal Archiving (PA)
influences archivists' behavior at many levels such as their knowledge, interests, awareness,
and action too. Rather than copying generic archival management principles and practices,
archival specialism in PA is expressed in archival awareness and flexible use of archival
expertise. Hence, it will bridge the gap between how an archivist might evaluate, organize,
and characterize a unique collection of personal items and what non-professionals do with
their unique collections and value secure over long periods.

Source: Emerald Insight

7

3.2 Title: Excavating archival description: from collection to data level
APA Citation: Parilla, L.L., Morgan, R. and Fidler, C. (2017), "Excavating archival description:
from collection to data level", Digital Library Perspectives, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 195-
202. https://doi-org.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/10.1108/DLP-11-2016-0043

ANNOTATION

This article title "Excavating archival description: from collection to data level" is discussing
three institutions' projects where they need to deal with challenges related field documentation
in natural sciences. Each institution needs to work on its collection, material, and data-level
description that will help them to use the data gained to study biodiversity changes over time.
Therefore, this article describes in detail the problems, techniques, and workflows of three
institutions as they attempt to generate additional levels of description for archival artifacts that
will be made available online to a niche audience. However, there are a few challenges that
happened when creating the levels of description such as size, historical management of
collections, and variety of formats where will affect the process of making this useful. The
authors realize the need for a more accessible platform to characterize and make field
notebook data available to researchers while generating this study. This is because some
natural history museums still use sample information management systems to catalog field
notes. After all, they do not have access to online public access catalogs. Others describe
field notes in the context of personal writings using spreadsheets or relying solely on finding
aids. At the end of this study, the authors suggest that library professionals have the chance
to design a new agnostic tool for field notes by collaborating closely with museum curators
because there are many examples to be followed. While working with various information
management systems, museums can continue to contribute to aggregators so that field notes
can be made available to the scientific community in a more agnostic manner.

Source: Emerald Insight

8

3.3 Title: Archives context and discovery: rethinking arrangement and description for the
digital age
APA Citation: Higgins, S., Hilton, C., & Dafis, L. (2014, October). Archives context and
discovery: Rethinking arrangement and description for the digital age. In 2nd Annual
Conference of the International Council on Archives: Archives and Cultural Industries.

ANNOTATION
This article discusses, the need to make changes to new organizational concepts and
descriptions in the digital age. A new concept is needed because most archival material in
physical form has been converted to digital archives as copies to facilitate the referral process
of such material. The author has conducted a study, on the new concept of arrangement and
description to assess whether it is suitable for use in the digital age or not. In the process of
determining whether this new concept is appropriate for use or not, it is based on the ability of
users to access copies of digital archival material. Overall, the need for evaluation of the
standards that are often used in the process of compilation and description should be done to
facilitate the method of finding archival material. In addition, the standards used must be in
line with the current era so that archival material is available for access at any time.
Source: Google Scholar

9

3.4 Title: Arranging and Describing Archives and Manuscripts.
APA Citation: (PDF) arranging and describing Archives and manuscripts. (n.d.). Retrieved
November 7, 2021, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342059492_Arranging_and_Describing_Archives_
and_Manuscripts.

ANNOTATION
This article explores how the archive series provides 4,444 useful insights into the core
theories and goals of the archive profession. Therefore, the authors also noted that readers
must know the key concepts that constitute and describe archives and manuscripts in order
to apply them in both physical and digital formats. The new archives could use these studies
as a plan for the most important activities of the profession, including the placement and
description of archival material. This is because organization and explanatory activities must
be performed by experts. However, most of them did not receive adequate training for the
4,444 people in educational programs that cover this field. In general, authors noted that the
most important aspects to consider when conducting this activity are their unique perspectives
on theory and practice, the author's position, organization, and description.
Source: The American archivist

10

4.0 MANUAL
4.1 Title: Special Collections Processing Manual
APA Citation: Arrangement and Physical Processing Guidelines | Special Collections
Processing Manual. (2018). University of Denver. https://duspeccoll.github.io/arrangement

ANNOTATION
Based on this manual, it is stated that arrangement and description is important to make sure
all records and archival collection are being kept in their level of series s it will easily to retrieve
letter. Basically, those files will be classify into several levels which is group, series, sub-series
and also item but the archivist or record keeper need to know if those records or material did
not have its series, they cannot simply classify into the series especially for lose item like
photos that did not have series usually. Hence, based on this manual, collection is the highest
level of arrangement and description for these resources. This is because the special
collection has their own classification number that were managed specially by archives
institution. Then, there are series and sub-series which will be determined by the archivist
itself because not all the archive material will have those specific series. Other than that, this
manual also stated that there are specific container, folder, item and sub-item that will
determined by the curator in the institution.
Source: University Website

11

4.2 Title: Manuscript and archival record processing manual
APA Citation: Dunham, E. (2015). Manuscript and archival record processing manual. 7th
Edition. Arizona State University Libraries.

ANNOTATION
In this manual, the author stated about the appraisal, duplicates, discards, scheduled of
records, processing and also the creating of finding aids. First and foremost, to arrange and
descripting the archival and special collections, they need to respect des finds which is to
respect their original creator of the records. Also, the author stated that there are two types of
collections at special collections and archives which is manuscript collections and also archival
collections. Hence, it is stated that the importance of finding aids itself which is to make sure
all the collections that being kept are easy to retrieve and access later. If it happens so many
duplicates copies of records, the archivist needs to only save two copies and discard the
balance of duplicates copies. Furthermore, in creating the order series of special collections,
they need to create series and subseries that will classify into later based on the format stated
and also to refer to the original of creator’s collections.
Source: University Website

12

4.3 Title: Manual of Archival Description
APA Citation: Procter, M., & Cook, M. (2017). Manual of Archival Description.
Routledge. 1351920111, 9781351920117

ANNOTATION
This manual explained how the archival description process is implemented. The author has
divided this manual into 5 parts. In the first part of this manual, the author has described why
archival descriptions are difficult to write and what causes them to occur. The incompatibility
of the standards used by each archive is the cause of this problem, therefore in the first part
of this manual, the author has recommended the archive to use only one standard. Then, in
the second part of this manual, the author has recommended a standard that can be used to
produce an archival description. Next, in the third part of this manual, the author has described
how archives can decipher all the information obtained from archival materials in various
forms. In the fourth part of this manual, the author states the need for archivists to follow the
procedure in performing the archive description process. Lastly, in the fifth part of this manual,
the author has stated that there are two archival description writing formats that can be used.
One format will be used in parsing paper-based materials and another format can be used to
parse correspondence and title deeds. In conclusion, this manual can be used as a reference
by archivists or readers in knowing more clearly how to implement the archival description
process.
ISBN: 1351920111, 9781351920117
Source: Google Book

13

4.4 Title: Managing Archives: A Procedures Manual.
APA Citation: Cook, M. G. (1999). Managing Archives: A Procedures Manual. International
Records Management Trust; International Council on Archives. Retrieve from
https://www.irmt.org/documents/educ_training/public_sector_rec/IRMT_archive_proc.pdf

ANNOTATION
This manual explains how archival institutions identify and organise the material they keep.
Furthermore, it aspires to adhere to internationally recognised and respectful standards, as
well as original principles and material arrangements. Furthermore, this manual says that it is
supposed to document holdings and provide information to users by providing information
relating to its content and context. Furthermore, the institution is described in this document
in accordance with standards and rules established for international training. Additionally, this
manual emphasises that it is crucial for each archival staff member to understand why and
how records were created before the arrangement and description completion to give
contextual information. Besides, the archive splits archive access, individual components that
are divided into groups and series. The materials created and preserved during active use
are represented in this group and series. There is also an actual item that can be referenced
in this series, such as a file or volume.
Source: Google Scholar

14

5.0 VIDEO
5.1 Title: Arrangement and description of small archival collections
APA Citation: Public Record Office Victoria. (2013). Arrangement and description of small
archival collections https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxLIMGmVANM&t=21s

ANNOTATION
This video was uploaded by the Public Record Office Victoria in 2013. Based on this video,
the topic discussed is related to how the archivists apply the process of arrangement and
description in documenting archival material. The presenter has explained how the process of
arrangement and description are implemented in the archive as well as some important
definitions related to the archiving of materials. These two processes are implemented to
ensure that all archival materials can be arranged according to the correct original order.
Briefly, the things discussed in this video are related to how archivists manage archival
material that does not have provenance. To find the provenance of the material, the archivist
will open the archive material and look for any information or clues that can be used as
information to the record creator. Information found related to the creator record will be stored
in the history sheet for reference. The process is continued by rearranging the archival material
based on the correct original order, next all information related to the original order will be
stored in the series description. The archivist is responsible for making a series inventory of
the archival material and collected in the inventory form. Finally, the archivist will arrange all
the materials according to the series set into the storage box in the correct order. In conclusion,
through this video, viewers can clearly find out how archivists do the process of arrangement
and description for each archival material they manage.
Source: YouTube

15

5.2 Title: Introduction to Describing Archives.
APA Citation: Introduction to Describing Archives. YouTube. (2015 April 30). Retrieve from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoznrFXLVE4

ANNOTATION

The video introduction to describing archives by Amanda Hill from Archives Association of
Ontario mention that archival materials which is a critical element of what archivists do. Next,
in this video, she also explained about complement to the one on archive arrangement, and it
will most likely be beneficial to us to study. She also discusses the need of double-checking
what we have and where it is in the repository, as well as describing the archives she has.
She believes it is necessary to share the information about the material with others for the
archive to be efficiently utilised. Furthermore, she also provides context on the creation and
use of this material, as well as an explanation of archive materials. She mentioned in her video
that rules for archive descriptions were established in Canada in 1990, and four years later,
an international standard known as ISAD(G) was published. She explained that the standard
was to divide the archive description into a few important sections. This is to ensure that the
types of information stored in different archives are consistent, and to assist users in
understanding what they're looking at when they encounter the archive description or finding
aids. Other than that, she also explains the key principles that are true for all archival
descriptive standards. The description of the archive begins with information about the
collection. Then, the way the materials are arranged determines the arrangement described.
Lastly, she also said that archivists usually start with an overview, describing each series and
possibly the files or items in the series. The next two things she mentioned were not to repeat
information unnecessarily and only put information on those related to the stage description.
Source: YouTube

16

5.3 Title: Finding Aid Basics: An Introduction to DACS
APA Citation: Finding Aid Basics: An Introduction to DACS. (2017) YouTube. Retrieved
November 6, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-i2vBMQzsc.

ANNOTATION
This video is a recording from a workshop held by Documentary Heritage and Preservation
Services for New York (DPHSY) where it covers all basic information about collection-level
findings aids also focus on the content and formatting process that followed the standard
named "Describing Archives: A Content Standard (DACS)". DACS is a classification system
for archival items where it first adopted in March 2004 by The Society of American Archivists.
In the first part of the webinar, the speaker, Amelia Parks who is the Archives Specialist,
explained the differences between the process of organizing libraries materials and archives.
She also highlighted the advantages of doing processing archives such as it can provide basic
physical control, can ensure authenticity, easy to use, and finding when missing. According to
her, records and archives need to be arranged and kept in original order and provenance to
make them easily accessible. In DACS standard include content about defining 25 elements
or component to help in creating systems to describe archival materials also DACS can
support single-level or multi-level where it means the relationship between the parts or the
elements. In DACS the content is categorized into three different parts which are Part I which
is contained the rules to ensure the creation of a consistent, appropriate and self-explanatory
description of archives, Part II which is how to describe the context through archival authority
records, and Part III which is the appendix.
Source: YouTube

17

5.4 Title: Introduction to arranging archives
APA Citation: YouTube. (2015, April 28). Introduction to arranging archives. YouTube.
Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdjHMeiyKlY.

ANNOTATION
The video explains about principle and description of archival materials. The records are
arranged and describe because of 3 reason. The first reason is to know what we have got and
where it is. Second is to make materials accessible to potential users and the last one is to
explain the context of the creation and use of records. This video explains there are 3 types
of principle that is provenance, original order and ease to use. In this video too, the presenter
explains about the steps in arrangement. There are 4 steps in arrangement. First, is gather
background information. Second, is survey the material. Third is physical arrange the material
and lastly is prepare material for the storage. In this video too, they also remind about there is
no right way to arrange the material. The common sense count for much also important thing
and lastly is making archives available for use is the key thing.
Source: YouTube

18

6.0 POLICIES
6.1 Title: Cline Library: Policies and Procedures in Special Collections and Archives:
Arrangement & Description
APA Citation: Northen Arizona University. (2019). Policies and procedures in Special
Collections and Archives: Arrangement & Description. Research Guides. Retrieved November
6, 2021, from https://libraryguides.nau.edu/c.php?g=824221&p=5883831.

ANNOTATION
This arrangement and description policy was made to detail the way of handling special
collection and archive (SCA) in Cline Library where it preserves and makes its major source
acquisitions—in all media formats so it will be available to the users. This policy includes the
way to handle materials during acquisition moment until the process of dissemination where it
can happen both in online platform or face-to-face. This policy is also linked with several
procedures documents where it covers all aspects in detail of the process done by SCA to
category the materials in compliance with any institutional rules, federal and state statutes or
ordinances, and professional best practices. In addition, this policy also will give a detailed
guide about SCA that only has policies about the arrangement and description of primary
source materials also the cataloguing of minor materials such as films, published books, and
journals. However, the application and modification of this policy can be made with the
authority of the head of a special collection and the dean and university librarian.
Source: Google Scholar

19

6.2 Title: Archives and Records Management Resources
APA Citation: Archives and Records Management Resources. (2016, August 15). National
Archives. https://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/archives-resources/principles-of-
arrangement.html

ANNOTATION
Based on this basic principle of arrangement in Archives Library Information Centre, the most
important things that they need to look for is to respect des fonds, which means they need to
respect the provenance and the creator itself. Each of the institution have their own unit and
all of the activities that reflect the units. Usually, all of the records will be classified into
subgroups, series and so on based on its requirements. Hence, in any condition, they need to
arrange all of those records in their original series that created by their own provenance.
Archivists need to be familiar with this practice to make sure that they can arrange and
describe the records and collections well based on its families or units. All of them also need
to obey the policies to make sure that they will not face undesirable things happen later.
Hence, the allocation of the records were being created based on their subject or fields.
Source: Archives Library Information Centre

20

6.3 Title: Statement of Principles
APA Citation: Statement of principles - cdncouncilarchives.ca. (n.d.). Retrieved November
7, 2021, from http://www.cdncouncilarchives.ca/archdesreport_principles.pdf.

ANNOTATION
This policy describes the description of the repository. This definition implies that archival
technology has a variety of purposes, including identification, management, discovery and
characterization of archival records, intellectual control, and ease of access”, but these goals
should be stated more clearly. Bentley's research team has identified three main goals for
descriptive archives and how to achieve them. These goals are to provide access to archival
material, at least through a searchable description based on the original document, to facilitate
understanding of the document by documenting its context, content and its structure and
certify the document by documenting its management chain, location and condition. is to
create and use it. Many organizations hold documents that fall outside the scope of this
definition, in that they are not the unconscious product of a function or activity, but rather
groups of documents that have been assembled or assembled in a systematic way. Conscious
of each other regardless of their origin or provenance because they reflect a common feature,
for example a particular subject, theme or form.
Source: American Archivist 52:4 (Fall 1989)

21

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, annotated bibliography such as manual, journal, book, articles and others can
be helpful or valuable resources for users, researchers, or new archivists to better
comprehend the process of arrangement and description in this subject. In this annotated
bibliography we know that the different authors have different perspectives about how archives
should be organised and described. In addition, the literature materials offered, the majority of
which were published by authors can be used as references to improve and enhance the
process of arrangement and description in this digital era. This is because technology has
developed rapidly, and many archival materials are now published electronically. As a result,
it has a major effect on archival organisations in terms of the process of organising, classifying,
storing, and maintaining digital records, as well as the equipment needed to do so.

22

REFERENCES

Archives and Records Management Resources. (2016, August 15). National Archives.
https://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/archives-resources/principles-of-
arrangement.html

Arrangement and Description – Learn @ Scholars Portal. (2021). Scholars Portal.
https://learn.scholarsportal.info/all-guides/handling-digital-archives/arrangement-and-
description/

Arrangement and Physical Processing Guidelines | Special Collections Processing Manual.
(2018). University of Denver. https://duspeccoll.github.io/arrangement

Carmicheal, D. W. (2012). Organizing Archival Records: A Practical Method of Arrangement
and Description for Small Archives. AltaMira Press.

Cook, M. G. (1999). Managing Archives: A Procedures Manual. International Records
Management Trust; International Council on Archives. Retrieve from
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