POLYMER (thermoplastic)

POLYMER





(Thermoplastic) BOTTLE PLASTIC







MD MIZANUR RAHMAN
D20172081170
MUHAMMAD NAJMI BIN ABD LATIF
D20182086483
MUHAMMAD AMIRUL HAIRINSHAH BIN MOHD AMIN
D20182086500
MUHAMMAD SYAHIR BIN SARIFADZILAH
D20182086491
SHAZARUL AFIQ BIN MOHAMAD KAMARIZAM
D20182085693
MOHAMAD AMIERUL AZIEHAN BIN AHMAD
D20182086649
MUHAMMAD HAFIZUL HELMI BIN KAMARUDDIN
D20182086476
AHMAD AZRAI AKMAL BIN ABDUL KADIR
D20182086498

TABLE OF CONTENTS









1 INTRODUCTION TO • 2 THERMOPLASTIC


POLYMER • WHAT IS THERMOPLASTIC
FORMATION OF THE
• CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTIC BOTTLE
POLYMER • PET, PP, PC, and PE
• ADVANTAGES OF POLYMER

• DISADVANATES OF POLYMER
3 EFFECTS OF HOT


TEMPERATURE ON PLASTIC


BOTTLE

TABLE OF CONTENTS










5 EFFECTS OF COLD 6 EFFECTS OF PLASTIC

TEMPERATURE ON
BOTTLE TOWARDS

PLASTIC BOTTLE HUMAN’S HEALTH





7 CONCLUSION 8 QUIZ

WHAT IS POLYMER ???







A polymer is any of a
class of natural or
synthetic substances A polymer is a
composed of very All of the polymer compound consisting Basically, polymer
materials used in
large molecules, engineering today of long chain are grouped into
plastic(thermo
called molecules, each
macromolecules, are synthetic molecule made up of plastic and
which are multiples (exception is natural repeating unit thermosetting) and
rubber)
rubber (elastomer).
of simpler chemical connected together.
units called
monomers.

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMER










Polymers are very
Polymers can be both
Very resistant to thermal and electrical light in weight with

chemicals insulators. significant degrees of
strength







Polymers are usually Polymers can be used
made of petroleum, but to make items that
not always. (But not have no alternatives

always) from other materials.

Cheap to make




Polymers are used
instead of wood, fewer Many uses because
trees will have to be cut of their different
down properties.



ADVANTAGES OF

POLYMER

Can be recycled,
melted down and Provide jobs in
made into firms which make
something else the polymer and
which saves the product.
valuable natural
resources.

Cannot withstand
very high
temperature as all
plastics melt down
very soon as
compared to The strength to
metals. size ratio of
Give off toxic fumes
when they burn polymer is less
while for metals is
more.

DISADVANTAGES

OF POLYMER


CANNOT BE
Heat capacity of MACHINED EASILY
polymer is very less AND LIMITED
so cannot be used SPEED FOR
in heat applications. MACHINING FOR
it.

THERMOPLASTIC





(PLASTIC BOTTLE)

WHAT IS THERMOPLASTIC?













Thermoplastic are solid

material at room Can recycle when heating

temperature, but they become without change the chemical

viscous liquids when heating properties.

to temperature of only a few
hundred degrees.

FORMATION OF PLASTIC



BOTTLE






As mentioned above, plastic bottles are

commonly made of PET, PP, PC, and PE.
PE is often referred to as LDPE (Low-

Density Polyethylene) or HDPE (High-

Density Polyethylene)

PET LDPE/HDPE
01 POLYETHYLENE 02 LOW – AND HIGH –



TEREPHTHALATE DENSITY POLYETHYLENE







03 PP 04 PC



POLYPROPYLENE POLYCARBONATE

PET




Polyethylene Terephthalate is a thermoplastic

polymer that can be either opaque or transparent,

depending on the exact material composition. As with

most plastics, PET is produced from petroleum

hydrocarbons, through a reaction between ethylene

glycol and terephthalic acid. The PET is polymerized

to create long molecular chains, which allows it to

produce PET bottles later on.

LdPE / HDPE





LDPE was one of the first plastics to be blow molded and today

it is still used for making squeezable bottles, as it has high

ductility compared with HDPE, but lower strength. HDPE is used

for many forms of pourable bottles. The material in its natural

form is usually white or black and becomes translucent when

thinned to the dimensions of milk bottles and the like. Suppliers

can adjust formulation to increase tear strength, transparency,

formability, printability, or other parameters.

PP



Polypropylene resin is a usually opaque, low-density

polymer with excellent thermoforming and injection

molding characteristics. For bottles, It competes primarily

against polyethylene and can be made transparent for

see-through applications, while polyethylene can only

be made translucent, as in milk jugs, for example.

Polypropylene cannot match the optical clarity of

polymers such as polycarbonate, but it does quite well.

Its low viscosity at melt temperatures makes it well

suited to extrusion and molding applications, including

blow molding.

PC





Polycarbonates are manufactured by polymerization of bisphenol

A (C15H16O2) and phosgene (COCl2). It is a costly material

compared with other bottle-making polymers, so its use is

restricted primarily to high-end reusable bottles such as nursing

bottles or those found on water coolers or in lab settings. The

material has excellent optical properties and strength, making it

suitable for bottles that must display their contents with the

transparency of glass but which also must be able to cope with

repeated, and sometimes rough, handling.



EFFECTS OF HOT TEMPERATURE ON



PLASTIC BOTTLE








Says Rolf Halden, director of the Centre “The hotter it gets, the more
for Environmental Health Engineering at the stuff In plastic can move

Arizona State University’s Biodesign into food or drinking water,”
Institute. .






According to the FDA, the amounts
of the chemicals are too minuscule As temperature and time
to cause health problems, but increase, the chemical bonds in
scientists looking at the long-term the plastic increasingly break
effects of filling our lives with down and chemicals are more

plastic say all those small doses likely to leach
could add up in a big way

A study conducted
by scientists at
Arizona State
University in 2008
looked at how heat
sped up the release
In experiments, it took of antimony in
38 days for water bottles.
bottles heated to that
temperature in a lab to Antimony is used to
show levels of manufacture the
antimony that exceeded plastic and can be
safety toxic in high doses
recommendations.

BOTTLE IN HOT

SUMMER DAY

21-degree centigrade
weather, the
researchers
A hot car can reach measured safe levels
temperatures over 65 of the chemical in the
degrees centigrade in bottled water. But the
the summer. hotter the day, the
less time it took for
water to become
contaminated.

EFFECTS OF HEAT ON PLASTIC BOTTLE


















“As a general rule, yes, heat helps break down chemical

bonds in plastics like plastic bottles, and those chemicals can

migrate into beverages they contain,”

Emails Julia Taylor, a scientist who researched plastic at the

University of Missouri.

EFFECTS OF




COLD





TEMPERATURE





ON PLASTIC




BOTTLE

You may have seen



this before







A plastic water bottle or milk

jug is left outside in the cold and

the sides of the bottle collapse

or cave in.




Why does this happen?

The secret lies in how air

pressure works.

EFFECT OF COLD TEMPERATURE ON


PLASTIC BOTTLE

























Pressure in a Bottle Prerequisites


If a bottle is capped and then left in the The plastic bottle only collapses if the
cold, the air inside the bottle cools faster bottle is capped. Otherwise, the air

than the air outside the bottle. This temperature and the pressure of the air
means the air outside the bottle is inside the bottle and outside the bottle
exerting more pressure than the air inside remain constant.
the bottle, and the bottle collapses.

EFFECTS OF COLD TEMPERATURE




ON PLASTIC BOTTLE



Fixing the Bottle


Usually, the bottle will return to its normal state when you
remove the lid. Removing the lid lets the air temperature
and pressure inside and outside the bottle equalize.








plastics get b r i t t l e



As your bottle cools down in the freezer, it will slowly
collapse in on itself. The bottle will continue to collapse
until the air inside is the same temperature as the
surrounding air. The whole process should take only a few
minutes.

EFFECTS OF PLASTIC BOTTLE





TOWARDS HUMAN’S HEALTH

Do you know?




There are three basic materials in making plastics

which is phthalate, bisphenol A (BPA) and
sometimes mixed also polybrominated diphenyl

ethers (pbdes).





The second
Third are PBDEs
Phthalate is the highest is BPA as and these materials
most widely the material make waterproof
used material makes the plastic plastics widely

and serves to harder, more used in the
soften hard durable and production of

plastics. prevents it from mobile phones and
fading. electrical goods.

People must know….




There is a mixture of several other more Plastics are essentially in the form of
toxic substances such as dyes and long-chain polymers (like rosaries) and
fragrances in the production of plastics to when dissolved into small molecules
improve the quality of the goods indirectly called monomers.

exposing the risk of harm to humans.


When it decomposes, it produces BPA and phthalate in water or
soil which eventually enters the human body and animals.



When these substances (phthalate and BPA) enter the human body it
will be stored in fat and can cause disorders of the body system,

especially in children.




Excessive phthalate content in the blood or human body can lead to obesity.

EFFECTS OF PLASTIC BOTTLE



TOWARDS HUMAN’S HEALTH








There have been
reports linking
plastic to other Most likely the
health problems recent increase in
including cancer. cancer is due to the
However, the widespread and
study mentioned continuous use of
that the harmful plastics for so long.
effects of plastic
on humans can
only be seen after
40 years.

EFFECT SOF PLASTIC BOTTLE TOWARDS



HUMAN’S HEALTH







One of the effects are
01 disorders of the 02 Interfering with the process of
reproductive organs
fetal formation in the womb.
especially to children
including delayed puberty.









Deformities and infants will
experience reproductive organ
03 disorders as adults.

CONCLUSION






The exact temperature thresholds and performance will

vary for each different plastic material. In addition, factors
like part geometry and material thickness will also affect

material properties under extreme temperatures both high

and low. Most of the effects of temperature to
thermoplastic occur at high heat levels, although

excessively low temperatures can have an impact as well.

Mechanical properties, chemical resistance, electrical
conductivity, material fatigue, and many other attributes

can be affected by increased temperatures.

QUIZ









SCAN ME

References





• Exposed to extreme heat, plastic bottles may ultimately become unsafe.
(2019, July 19). Environment.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/pub

lic/amp/environment/article/exposed-to-extreme-heat-plastic-bottles-may-
become-unsafe-over-time

• MB-Editor. (2021, October 10). Advantages and disadvantages of
polymers.MechanicalBase - The Biggest Mechanical Software Blog In The
World. https://mechanicalbase.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-

polymers/

• Plc, R. (n.d.). Renishaw: Polymers and microplastics. Renishaw.
https://www.renishaw.com/en/polymers-and-microplastics--
25887?gclid=CjwKCAiA4veMBhAMEiwAU4XRrzzObyN6uzqGkBUoWZxPbf
LwjAQhstXYcSqKDyYXk3c4K1XnXkk3xBoCgoYQAvD_ BwE

• Polymer. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/polymer

THANK











YOU