STRUCTURAL SYSTEM TOPIC 1 : SPACE TRUSS PRESENTED BY : MUHAMMAD DANIAL BIN NAZRI NOR SAFIAH NADIAH BINTI BAHAROM 01DSB22F1029 01DSB22F1021 DSB4A SESSION II 2023/2024 PRESENTATION OF CASE STUDY LECTURER : SIR SARVINDER SINGH A/L HACHARAM SINGH DCA40613 ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES
NO. CONTENTS PAGE 1. About Authors 03 2. The Building 04-05 3. Structural System 06 4. Materials 07 5. Construction Details 08-09 6. Load Analysis 10 7. Construction Process 11-12 9. Conclusion 13 10. References 14 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABOUT AUTHORS 03 Muhammad Danial bin Nazri, a polytechnic student in Politeknik Ungku Omar. 20 years old. Diploma in Architecture. Nor Safiah Nadiah binti Baharom a polytechnic student in Politeknik Ungku Omar. 20 years old. Diploma in Architecture. ABOUT US
BUILDING INFORMATION PALAU SANT JORDI Arata Isozaki and Mamoru Kawaguchi FULL NAME ADDRESS LOCATION OWNER YEARS BUILT BUILD COMPLETED ARCHITECTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY an indoor sporting arena and multi-purpose installation that is part of the Olympic Ring complex located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The maximum seating capacity of the arena is 17,960. Since the inauguration, is the largest indoor arena by capacity in Spain. Palau Sant Jordi Passeig Olímpic, 5-7, 08038 Barcelona Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain City Council of Barcelona 21 September 1990 1986–1990 The Palau Sant Jordi also has halls that are part of the facility and can be used independently for meetings, parties and special occasions, new product launches and smaller events. The Palau Sant Jordi is a pavilion which, over the course of the city’s history, has had multiple functions It is considered to be the jewel of the so-called Olympic Ring, situated in Montjuïc Park, which is comprised of a number of sports facilities that were created or remodelled for the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games. Considered to be a masterpiece of modern architecture and engineering, the building was built in 1990 by Japanese architect Arata Sozaki. It served as one of the main pavilions for the Olympic Games, hosting the artistic gymnastics competition and volleyball. Sant Jordi is also well known for hosting the biggest concerts held in the city.It has played host to performances by artists such as Madonna, Frank Sinatra and Beyoncé, and local residents tend to associate this venue with large scale music events. 04
BUILDING INFORMATION Palau de Sant Jordi is Barcelona’s sports pavilion, built specially for the 1992 Olympic Games and designed by the architect Arata Isozaki. The construction work was completed in 1990. Set on the hill of Montjuïc, it was conceived as a versatile space for staging not only sports competitions, but musicals, theatrical productions and social events. The building is enclosed by the east and west façades, made of architectural concrete, which cross the elevated lateral avenues running from south to north as far as the main square. Both façades act as a pedestal or a podium for the building, in which the roof is the most striking feature. The relationship between the roof, the warped awnings and the façade emerges in the form of the large railing made of precast architectural concrete elements with a length of 7.2 m, constituting a fundamental element in the Palau's external appearance. Palau Sant Jordi is one of the most sought after Barcelona for the organization of musical and theatrical performances, due to its large capacity, convenience, and excellent sound enclosure locations. The Palau Sant Jordi regularly hosts sporting events of all kinds, from basketball to motocross exhibitions, including sports unusual practice in non-specialized wards like swimming side view of palau sant jordi side view of palau sant jordi front view of palau sant jordi seating area of palau sant jordi interior view of palau sant jordi PURPOSE night view during special occasions 05
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM DEFINITION OF SPACE TRUSS It is a three dimensional framework of members pinned at their ends. EXAMPLES : bridges and transimission towers ABOUT A three dimensional structures The assembled linear elements are arranged to transfer the load Take a form of a flat surface or curve surface Designed with no intermediate columns to create large open area COMPONENTS 1.Members ( tubes ) 2. Joints ( connectors ) TYPES OF SPACE TRUSS USED IN PALAU SANT JORDI A three dimensional structures The assembled linear elements are arranged to transfer the load Take a form of a flat surface or curve surface Designed with no intermediate columns to create large open area Circular Hollow Sections Tetrahedron Shape - is the simplest space truss, consisting of six members which meet at four joints A members joined together at their end to form a stable 3D structure one of the common type of steel section that is used in space truss structure a casted ‘ball’ joint that connects a single circular tube members with concealed bolt for each tube. Mero Node Connector 06
MATERIAL MATERIAL USED : Steel is renowned for its high strength-to-weight ratio, making it an excellent choice for supporting large spans and heavy loads. In the case of the Palau Sant Jordi, which is a large indoor arena with a vast roof span, steel provides the necessary structural integrity to support the roof and withstand loads such as wind and snow. a) Steel Frame b) Glazed Ceramic Tiles Steel is highly durable and resistant to corrosion, which ensures the long-term stability and safety of the structure. This durability is essential for a building intended to serve as a multipurpose venue for sports and events over many years. Strenghth and Structural Integrity Durability and Longevity Ceramic tiles are known for their durability and resistance to weathering. In a structure like the Palau Sant Jordi, where the roof is exposed to the elements, it's essential to choose materials that can withstand rain, sun, and other environmental factors. Ceramic tiles have insulating properties, which can help regulate the temperature within the building. This can be especially beneficial in a large indoor arena like the Palau Sant Jordi, where maintaining a comfortable temperature for events is important Weather Resistance Heat Insulation 07
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS All four sides of the stadium are curved in plan and the cross-section is arched along both major axes. There is a central zone that is built to a slightly different curvature and also tapers slightly in the direction of the long axis of the arena. This area is surrounded by a continuous skylight and is also perforated with smaller domed skylights on a pattern conforming to the space grid upper chord configuration. The space grid roof has maximum plan dimensions of 128 by 106 m within which the central zone, of different curvature, is approximately 80 by 60 metres. However, the domed nature of the roof clearly offers the development of significant arch (membrane) action so that normal flat roof span/depth ratios are not really applicable. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 08
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS The plan view of the roof shows the disposition of the space grid segments before lifting and small circles indicate the positions of lifting towers. At this stage, the whole structure was mechanically very flexible. Twelve jacking towers were used, with a tetrahedral frame at the top of each, to spread the jacking force into two nodes of the lower layer roof grid and to guarantee full horizontal articulation. The jacking process caused the perimeter space grid sections to be raised from their initial orientation, pointing down into the bowl of the arena, to their final position pointing upwards to support the central dome section. During this operation the tops of the perimeter columns were first forced outwards, to allow the perimeter space grid sections to change their alignment, before returning to the vertical when the central roof section achieved its final position. Subsequently, additional space grid members were inserted into the gaps between the perimeter sections to complete the threedimensional dome form and lock the mechanism. The jacking towers were then removed leaving the floor of the arena free. 09
LOAD ANALYSIS 10 LOAD DISTRIBUTION Loads are distributed and compressed through the members of the truss equally until it reaches the column. Then loads are transferrred to the foundation of the building and ground Compression a force that tends to compress or shorten the material along its axis. This force is applied in such a way that it pushes the material together, causing it to buckle, crush, or deform. An example of compressive load is the force exerted on a column supporting a structure. Tensile a force that tends to stretch or elongate the material along its axis. This force is applied in such a way that it pulls the material apart, causing it to elongate, deform, or ultimately break
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS commenced with the assembly of the centre portion of the roof on temporary supports, approximately 6 m above the floor of the arena, and directly beneath its final location in plan. Sixteen perimeter sections of space frame were then constructed and connected, by hinged joints, both to the perimeter columns and to the central roof section. The perimeter columns were also hinged at their bases (tangentially to the curve connecting the bases). It is interesting to note that the hinges were on the central axis of the 609.6 mm columns but offset towards the perimeter of the arena on the 508 mm columns. SPACE TRUSS CONSTRUCTION 11
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS The consequent eccentricity of the vertical roof load aided the stability of the mechanism, as it ‘encouraged’ the hinges to fold in only one way (with the roof to the inside of the columns). At the corners of the arena, wide gaps were left between the perimeter space grid sections. Narrower gaps were left between the space grid sections along the arena sides. 12
CONCLUSION Structural Innovation: The Palau Sant Jordi showcases the innovative use of space truss technology in large-scale architectural projects. Its design demonstrates how space trusses can efficiently support vast roof spans without the need for internal supports, maximizing open space and flexibility within the structure. 13 Structural Efficiency: Space trusses offer high structural efficiency by distributing loads effectively across their members. In the case of Palau Sant Jordi, this efficiency allows for the construction of a large, column-free space capable of accommodating various events and activities while minimizing the need for additional structural support. facade view of palau sant jordi
REFERENCES https://www.escofet.com/en/projects/architectural-concrete/palau-sant-jordi-barcelona file:///C:/Users/msico/Downloads/Space_Grid_Structures.pdf https://www.academia.edu/15347674/Space_Grid_Structures https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/sant-jordi-palace/# https://www.barcelonaolimpica.net/en/barcelona92/the-spaces-of-competition/area-demontjuic/palau-sant-jordi/ https://www.barcelona.cat/en/coneixbcn/pics/el-palau-sant-jordi-92168175198 https://www.theiet.org/media/8755/smart-buildings-in-action.pdf https://facts.net/world/landmarks/16-mind-blowing-facts-about-palau-sant-jordi/ 14