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Published by basheerpaloli, 2018-12-12 07:13:25

A HISTORY OF INDIA

A HISTORY OF INDIA

INDEX

patterns of population density 13–15 Sadashiv Rao (general) 215
South Asian co-operation 330–2 Sadashiva (ruler of Vijayanagar) 179
see also provincial Sai Wang see Shakas
Regulating Acts 225–7 Saketa 50
religion Sakhyas (tribe) 53–4
in early middle ages 130–43 salaries
movements 5–6
‘Mutiny’ and 237 of East India Company workers 204, 231
tolerance 88–9, 190 for royal officials 61, 86, 122, 128, 169,
see also Buddhism; gods; Hinduism;
189, 217
Islam; Jainism; Shaivism Salazar 323
rent see land revenue Salbei, treaty of 219–20
reorganisation of states under republic 300–2 Salim (son of Akbar) see Jahangir
republic 294–332; see also external affairs; salt trade and tax 41, 94, 174, 250–1, 272

internal affairs march 271–2
‘responsible government’ under British samantas (tributary princes) 84, 116–24,

254–5 127–30; gods and 136–8
revenue see taxation Samapa 65
revolutionaries, national 260–3, 271 Samarkand 184, 187–8, 192
Ricardo, David 230, 234, 244 Samatata 83
rice see grain Samaveda (text) 34
rights, fundamental 296 Sambandar (saint) 132
Rigveda (text) 31–9, 43, 46, 57, 177 Sambhaji (son of Shivaji) 194
Ripon, Lord (viceroy) 239, 248, 260 samgrama 38–9
Risley, H.H. 253–4 samsara, concept of 46, 131
ritual sovereignty of king in early middle Samudragupta (king of Guptas) 79, 81–5,

ages 5, 128–30 87, 104; inscriptions 98, 121, 124
rock edicts see inscriptions Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti 301
Rohillas (clan) 218, 220 Sanchi 66, 68, 77, 81
Rojdi (prehistoric site) 3 Sangam period 93–4, 98–9, 101–3, 135
Romans 56, 69–72, 78, 80–1, 85, 87, 90 Sangama 176
Sangamas (dynasty) 176, 178
coins 10, 75–9, 102 Sangha 5, 53, 115, 147
and South India in time of ancient Sankhya philosophical system 131
Sanskrit
empires 99–102
Roosevelt, F.D. 279–80, 328 classical culture 81
Round Table Conference 256, 273–6, 283 language 32, 78, 85, 92, 103, 142
Rowlatt, Justice and Acts 264–6 literature 87–8, 104, 114, 141–2
Roy, B.C. 270 Sanskritisation 92, 134–5, 137
Roy, M.N. 300 Sarnath 76
Roy, Raja Ram Mohan 235 art 81, 148
‘royal’ gods 130, 136–8 Buddha’s first sermon at 53
RSS Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh Sarvajanik Sabha (association) 259
Sassanids (dynasty) 79
(association) 270, 300, 312 Sastri, N.K.A. see Nilakanta Sastri, K.A.
Rudradaman (king of Shakas) 78–9, 81 Satakarni I (king of Satavahanas) 95–6
Rudrasena I & II (kings of Vakatakas) 85 satyagraha, individual 278
Rudrasimha III (king of Shakas) 85 Satyaputras (people) 63
ruler, trading company as see Company Saurashtra 72–4, 78, 119, 153
Sayana (Hindu monk) 177
Bahadur; see also kings Sayyids (dynasty) 167
Rupar (prehistoric site) 18 Schlingloff, D. 59
ryotwari system 245–7 Scindia (general) 196, 219, 222
Scottish Churches College 235
SAARC (South Asian Association for scripts 17, 32, 45, 51, 98, 148, 167, 244, 259
Regional Co-operation) 330–2 sculpture 21
in ancient empires 81, 88
Sabaras (tribe) 110 in early middle ages 113, 130, 148–9
sacrifices 110, 132, 134–6, 138, 145 see also art; inscriptions

in early civilisations 39–40, 42–3, 46, 48, 68
great horse 4–5, 42, 68, 82, 84, 97, 113, 125
Sadanira see Gandak 4

390

INDEX

Scythians (people) 72, 146 dancing 113–14, 134–56
seapower, European 197–203 lingam of 134–5, 141, 154
SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Shivaji (ruler of Marathas)
Shortugai (prehistoric settlement) 3, 18
Organisation) 320 Shri Gupta (founder of Gupta dynasty) 81
Sebastian (king of Portugal) 201 Shri Vaishnavism 139
Secretary of State for India 226, 239, 253 Shringeri, Shankaracharya of 131
Seleukids (dynasty) 62, 69 Shrivijaya empire 113, 115–67, 147–8
Seleukos Nikator (king) 8, 59, 62, 69 Shuja-ud-Daula (nawab of Oudh) 215–16,
Selim I (Ottoman sultan) 184 218
Senas (dynasty) 106, 112 Shulkis (people) 126–7
Seringapatam 221 Shungas (dynasty) 68–71, 81
Servants of India Society 265 Sialkot, battle of 324
Seven Years’ War 213–17 Siam 116, 147–8
Shah Abbas (king of Persia) 191, 201 Sidis 208
Shah Alam (Mughal emperor) 215, 220 Sikander (Islamic version of Alexander) 57,
Shah Ismail (Safavid king of Persia) 184 159
Shah Jahan (Mughal emperor) 158, 191–3 Sikander (sultan of Delhi and Gwalior)
Shahanu Shahi (king of Shakas) 73, 79, 83 167–8
Shahbazgarhi 66 Sikander Hyat Khan, Sir 284–5
Shahi dynasty see Hindu Shahis Sikander-Jinnah Pact 284
Shahji Bhonsle (military commander) 193 Sikhs (people) 222
Shahpur I (Sassanid king of Persia) 79 and British 238, 249–50, 292
Shahu (king of Satara) 196 Mughal empire and 195, 220, 222
Shailodbhavas (dynasty) 124–5 in republic 308–10
Shaivism 132, 140–1, 150 silk trade 101, 232; see also textiles
Shaka era of 78 AD 73, 77 silver trade 17, 40, 93, 162, 166, 190, 197,
Shaka-Kshatrapas (dynasty) 207, 209, 223
Shakas (people) 5, 71–2, 74–5, 78, 80, 83, Simhala 83, 108
Simhavishnu (king of Pallavas) 114
96 Simla 327; Conference and partition 286–8
Guptas and 84–7 Simon Commission 255–6, 287
invasion of 72–4 Sindh 53, 106, 109, 153, 166–7, 186, 246,
Shakuntala (play) 87 283
Shalankayanas (dynasty) 98 Sindhi language 247
Shankara (philosopher) 131–2, 138–40, 177 Singh, Charan 305–7
Shankaracharyas (priests) 131, 176–7 Singh, Manmohan 314
Sharala Das (poet) 142 Singh, V.P. 310, 313, 316
Sharma, G.R. 51 Singh, Zail 309
Sharma, Shankar Dayal 316 Singh Deo, R.N. 111
Shashanka (king of Bengal) 104–6, 121 Siraj-ud-Daula (ruler of Bengal) 213,
Shastri, Lal Bahadur 302, 323–5, 328 215–16, 218
Shastri, N.K.A. see Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. Sitaramayya, Pattabhi (politician) 278
Shatapatha Brahmana (text) 48 Skanda (god) 88
Shatavahanas, Andhra (dynasty) 5, 69, 78–9, Skandagupta (king of Guptas) 85, 89–90
85, 94–8, 106 Skandagupta (royal officer) 121
Shaulikas (tribe) 126 Skandapurana (text) 138
Shekkilar (poet) 147 Skylax (Greek explorer) 53
Sher Shah (Afghan ruler) 167, 186–7, 189, slaves: Islamic soldiers 155–6
195 Smuts, Jan (general) 265
Shilappatikaram (poem) 98 social differentiation
Shin Arahan (Buddhist monk) 150 and Aryan settlement 40–3
shipping 202, 204–5, 225 in ancient empires 59–60, 92, 94
steam 248 see also East India Companies see also caste system
Shishunaga (king of Magadha) 56 Socialist Party 299; see also Congress
Shiv Sena 315 Socialist Party
Shiva (god) 75, 80, 88, 129, 131, 154 Solankis (clan) 111
Bhakti and 132–4, 136 Solomon (king of Israel) 93
cult of 139–41 soma 37

391

INDEX

Somavamshis (dynasty) 125, 172 Sringeri monastery 176–7
Somnath temple 154 Srirangam 136, 139, 160
Sopara 66 Stalin, J. 319–20
Sopatma 101 States Reorganisation Commission 301
South Africa, Gandhi in 265 states, reorganisation under republic 300–2
South Asian Association for Regional Stein, Burton 182
Strabo (Greek geographer) 70, 100
Cooperation (SAARC) 330–2 stupas 51, 68, 76
South India Sudasa 35–6
Suez Canal 248, 252
ancient empires in 64, 67, 69, 82, 84–7, Suffren, Admiral 220
91–102; ecology 93–4; geopolitics 92–3; Sufism 190
Cholas, Pandyas and Cheras 98–9; Suhrawardy, H. 289
Kharavela of Orissa and Andhra Sulayman (Muslim historian) 153
Shatavahanas 94–8; trade and Roman Suleiman Kanuni (Ottoman sultan) 188
connection 99–102 Sumatra 115, 117–18, 147–51
Sumerian-Elamites (people) 77
in early middle ages 105–10, 113–17, 127, Sun, royal lineage from 110
136; great merchants 117–20; and Sundaramurti (saint) 132–3
Southeast Asia 148–50 Supatama 101
supremacy, struggle of Mughals and
freedom movement and 262
in late middle ages 153, 159–60, 169–83; Europeans for 210–23
Surasena 49
Amaranayakas and military feudalism Surat 193, 207–8, 263
180–3; Bahmani sultanate 170–2; Surkh-Kotal 77–8
Gajapatis of Orissa 172–6; Vijayanagar Surya (sun god) 88
empire 176–80 suryavamsa 110
in Mughal empire 192–7, 210, 216, 219 Suryavamshis (dynasty) 170, 174
partition and 287 Suryavarman I (king of Angkor) 116
under British 219–20, 233, 245–68; see Suryavarman II (king of Angkor) 117
also Bombay; Madras Sutkagen Dor (prehistoric Site) 18
see also Deccan Sutras (texts) 34
Southeast Asia Suvarnadvipa 148
in ancient empires 64, 77, 80, 85, 88, Suvarnagiri 65–6
100–1 ‘Swaraj in one year’ 267–9
in early middle ages 112–13, 114, 116–18, Swaraj Party 270
143–51; Buddhist monks, contribution Swatantra Party 299
of 147–8; cultural borrowings, dynamics Syed Ahmad Khan, Sir 245
of 144–7; Islam, impact of 151; South Syria 63, 184
India and 148–50; theories of transmission
of Indian culture 143–4 Tagore, Dwarkanath (entrepreneur) 232
Japan conquers 278, 280–1 Taila (king of Chalukyas) 108–9
Vietnam/Indochina war 320, 328–9 Takuapa 116, 118
Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation Takla Makan desert 321
(SEATO) 320 Talikota, battle of 180, 192
Soviet Union Tambapani (Sri Lanka) 63
Afghanistan invaded 329–30 Tamil language 15, 93, 98–9, 117–18, 144,
China and 325
Pakistan and 324–5 246
republic and 300, 318–21, 323, 326, 328, Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC) 316
331 Tamil Nadu 301, 316, 318, 334
spice trade 151, 198–9, 202–3
spies in early middle ages 105, 118, 132, 139,
in ancient empires 60–1, 67 148
in middle ages 127, 162–3
Sravasti 50 Tamil Tigers 313, 331
Sri Lanka 153 Tamil Veda’ 132
and ancient empires 63–4, 83, 85, 97–8, Tandon, Purushottamdas 297
100 Tanjore 106, 116, 175, 194; temple 129
in early middle ages 108–9, 115–16, 147, Tantric Buddhism 52, 112, 148, 150
150 Tara (goddess) 149
and republic 313, 330–1

392

INDEX

Tarain, battles at 157 Trajan (Roman emperor) 77–8
Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi (text) 159, 162–3, 173 Trasadasyu (king) 36
Tarn, W.W. 70–1 Travancore 262, 301
Tashkent Conference 302, 324–5 tribes and the emergence of the early state
Tata, J.R.D. 298
taxation/revenue 49–50, 54–7, 98–9
Tripuri 111
in ancient empires 95 Tughluqs (dynasty) 164–6, 168–70, 193
in early middle ages 128, 130 Tulamaya (king) 64
in late middle ages 161–4, 166–7, 174, 182 Tulsidas (writer) 142
under British 218, 226–7, 229–31, 233, Tuluvas (dynasty) 179
Tuluva Narasa (regent) 179
243–4, 249; freedom movement and 272 Tungabhadra 10, 172
under Mughals 185, 187–90, 193–5, 197–8 Tungas (people) 126–7
Taxila 50–1, 54, 57, 62, 65, 70, 75, 147 Turks 91, 269
tea trade 225, 232, 243
Telugu Desam Party 307, 309, 311, 315 in late middle ages 152, 159, 167–8, 170–1
Telugu language 15, 179, 246, 301 in Mughal empire 184, 198, 200, 206
temples Tushaspha 79
in early middle ages 110–11, 113–18, 126,
Udaipur 9, 129, 140, 157
128–30, 138, 143, 148–50; cities 134–6 Udayaditya 130
in late middle ages 173–6, 179, 183 Udayagiri cave inscriptions 95
textiles trade 199, 202–3, 206, 223, 231–2, Ujjain 9, 47, 50, 55, 62, 65–6, 69, 71–3, 78,
246, 248; and freedom movement 267,
270, 272 84, 87
texts see literature and individual titles ‘unearned increment’ 230, 234; see also land
Thailand see Siam
Thakurdas, Purushottamdas 273 revenue
Thaneshwar 154 Union Bank 233
Thanjavur see Tanjore United Nations 293, 319
Theravada Buddhism 150 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 243–5
Thomas, Saint 74 United States of America 278
Tibet
Buddhism in 112–13, 148, 150 China and 325–6
China occupies 321–2 nuclear option and 328
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar 33, 261, 263–4, 268–9 Pakistan and 325, 328–9
Tilak Swaraj Fund 270 republic and 318–19
Timur 167 universities see colleges
Tipu Sultan 9, 13, 220–2, 230, 233 Upanishads (texts) 33–4, 46, 52, 119, 131–2
Tirumala (general) 180 Uparikas (governors) 89, 121
Tirumurai (texts) 132 Upper Burma, conquest of (1885) 250, 319
Tirupati 136 Uraiyur 101
Tiruvasagam (text) 132 urbanisation
TMC see Tamil Maanila Congress in ancient empires 47–51, 54, 59
tolerance, religious 88 in early civilisations 17–29
Tolkappiyam (text) 98 in middle ages 134–6
Tomaras (dynasty) 111 under British 244
Tondaimandalam 9, 106, 108, 113–14, 178 see also individual towns
Toramana (Hun leader) 90–1 Urdu language 195, 244–5, 259, 284
Tosali 65 Usbeks (people) 184–8, 192
trade, international Ushas (goddess of dawn) 37
in ancient empires 66, 85–6, 93–4, 96; in Uttama Chola (king of Cholas) 115
Uttar Pradesh 14, 53, 90, 303, 305, 307,
South India 99–102 314–16
in early civilisations 17, 20–1, 24–5, 29, 41
in early middle ages 117, 122, 144, 149, Vainyagupta (king) 90
Vaishali 53–4
151; in South India 118–20 Vaishnavas 69, 88, 132, 139–12, 261
under British 208–9 Vaishyas (members of third estate) 39–40,
under Mughals 190; Europeans 197–209,
46; theory of colonisation of Southeast
213, 216, 223 Asia 143–4
see also Company Bahadur Vajpayjee, Atul Bihari 305, 316, 329

393

INDEX

Vajrabodhi (Buddhist monk) 148 Vindhyashakti (king of Vakatakas) 85
Vakatakas (dynasty) 84–5, 97 Vira Shaiva 141
Valabhi 122 Virudhaka (king of Koshala) 54, 56
Vallabha (Brahmin) 140 Virupaksha (god) 176
Vallalasena (king of Bengal) 112 Virupaksha II (ruler of Vijayanagar) 178
Varanasi 157, 218, 243, 245, 335 Vishayapatis (district leaders) 89, 121
Vishnu (god) 5, 88, 118, 133, 139; Bhakti
in ancient empires 49–50, 54, 75–6, 81
in early middle ages 109, 121, 128, 131 and 134–6
freedom movement and 262 Vishnu (general) 173
university at 245, 269 Vishnu Purana (text) 88
Varendra 112, 173 Vishnu-Jagannath (god) 175
varnas (estates) 39 Vishnu-Trivikrama (god) 113
Varuna (god) 32, 119 Vishnu-Vasudeva (god) 80
Vasco da Gama 100, 198 Vishnugopa (king of Kanchipuram) 82, 98
Vashishka (king of Kushanas) 77–8 Vithoba (god) 136
Vasishthiputra (king of Shatavahanas) 96 Vivekananda, Swami 261
Vasudeva (Brahmin minister) 69 Vratyas 47
Vasudeva (god) 80 Vrijis (tribal confederation) 50, 54
Vasudeva (king of Kushanas) 79
Vasugupta (teacher) 140 Walpole, Robert 207
Vatapi 11, 113 Wandiwash, battle of 215, 219
Vatsa 49–50, 54 Warangal 160, 164–5, 170, 176, 178
Vatsaraja (king of Gurjara Pratiharas) 107 Wardak monastery 78
Vedanta 131, 260; freedom movement and wars
261–2
Vedas (texts) 31, 52, 131, 141; mirror of Afghan 250
historical experience 33–7 European 198, 210, 212–17
Velamas (dynasty) 178 First World 254, 263–5
Venetians 199–200, 202 Second World 278–81, 285, 300
Vengi 11, 82, 105, 109, 115 Korean 320
viceroys 65, 68–9, 71, 75–6, 105, 157, 192, Vietnam 320, 328–9
207 see also armies; military fiefs; weapons
British 239, 254, 256, 273, 279, 288, 291 Wavell, Lord (viceroy) 280, 286–91, 296
see also individual people weapons 12
Victoria (queen of England) 239, 253 cavalry and elephants 7–8, 11–12, 56–61,
Vidarbha 9
Videgha-Mathava (prince) 48–9 96, 104, 109, 119, 127, 155, 159–60,
Videha 48 180–2, 185, 189, 193, 196, 210–13, 217,
Vidyaranya (Hindu ascetic) 176–7 222
Vietnam war see Indochina/Vietnam wars chariots 7–8, 30, 34, 40, 42, 54, 56
Vijayalakshmi Pandit 319 in early civilisations 30, 34, 38, 40, 42, 55
Vijayanagar empire 9, 106, 131, 192, 210; in firearms and light artillery 182, 184–7,
late middle ages 165–6, 170–2, 174, 176– 195, 211, 214–15, 222, 238, 310
83 iron 38, 55
Vijayasena (king of Bengal) 112 under Mughals 184–7, 189, 193, 195–6,
Vikrama era of 58 BC 73, 77 210–15, 217, 222
Vikramaditya (alias Chandragupta II) 87 see also armies; wars
Vikramaditya (alias Hemu) 187 Wellesley, Lord (governor general) 221, 231
Vikramaditya I (king of Chalukyas) 105 Wellington, Duke of 221
Vikramaditya II (king of Chalukyas) 113 West
Vikramaditya (king of Malwa) 73 in ancient empires: Persian control of
Vikramaditya (king of Ujjain) 87 53–4; see also Shakas
Vikramashila university 112 in early civilisations see Indus civilisation
Vikramorvashiya (poem) 87 see also Gujarat; Northwest; Pakistan
village gods 88, 134, 136–8 wheat see grain
Vima Kadphises (king of Kushanas) 75, 77, Wheeler, Sir Mortimer 101
80 Wilson, Harold 323
Vindhya mountains 14, 66, 83–5, 91, 95, 104 Wilson College 235
World Bank 313–14
Wynad 221

394

INDEX

Xerxes (Persian emperor) 53 Yavanas see Greeks
Xiongnu see Huns Yerragudi see Erragudi
Xuanzang, (Hsiuen-tsang, Chinese pilgrim) Youth Congress 304–5
Yue-Chi see Yuezhi
91, 104, 114, 122 Yuezhi (tribe) 73–4, 90

Yadavas (dynasty) 106, 159–60, 165 Zafar Khan (ruler of Deccan) 170
Yajurveda (text) 34 Zail Singh 309
Yamuna 2; see also Ganges area zamindars see landlords
Yashodharman (king of Malwa) 91
Yaudehas (people) 79, 83

395


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