PROPAGANDA Art and Politic Ideology An Indoctri nation “ART HAS THE POWER TO IGNITE REVOLUTIONS, TO AUGUST 2023 DECEPTION QUARTERLY ILLUSTRATION BY EAST VIEW INFORMATION SERVICES SHAPE THE DESTINY OF NATIONS.”
LETTER EDITOR Hello to my readers, Art has always been a reflection of society, expressing the emotions, ideas, and values of the time. However, there is a darker side to art that cannot be ignore the use of artistic mediums in propaganda. In this issue of our magazine, we delve into the intricate relationship between art and propaganda, exploring its historical significance, mechanisms, and ethical implications. Throughout history, art has been harnessed as a powerful tool in shaping public opinion and influencing behavior. We cannot ignore the examples of Soviet Constructivism, Nazi propaganda, and the Chinese Cultural Revolution, where art was employed to advance political agendas and promote specific ideologies. From bold and geometric designs to idealized portrayals of racial superiority, artists have been instrumental in disseminating propaganda messages to manipulate and control the masses. One cannot deny the emotional impact of art in propaganda. The aesthetic appeal, symbolism, and imagery employed evoke powerful emotions, aiming to sway public opinion and suppress dissenting voices. However, we must tread carefully when discussing the use of art as a manipulative force. While some propaganda aims to unify and inspire positive change during times of crisis, it often does so at the expense of individual freedoms and critical thinking. In the face of propaganda, art has also demonstrated its potential to resist and challenge dominant narratives. Satire, counter-narratives, and subversive artistic creations have emerged to question the status quo and inspire critical thinking. Art becomes a beacon of hope, challenging the oppressive forces that seek to control through propaganda. As readers and consumers of art, it is our responsibility to engage critically with the messages conveyed. We must be aware of the intentions behind the artwork we encounter, interrogating the stories it tells and the values it upholds. By doing so, we can actively contribute to a more informed and nuanced understanding of the relationship between art and propaganda. In this issue, we invite you to explore the historical examples, mechanisms, and impacts of art in propaganda. Through in-depth articles, interviews, and thought-provoking analyses, we aim to shed light on this complex topic, encouraging a deeper appreciation of art’s role in shaping public consciousness. Art possesses immense transformative power, capable of uniting communities, sparking social change, and fostering empathy. Let us explore the nuances, dilemmas, and possibilities of art in propaganda, recognizing the immense potential it holds to shape our world for better or worse. Sincerely, FARIS ISKANDAR
CONTENT PAGE 1-3 ART UND PROPAGANDA PAGE 4-7 BEGINING OF PROPAGANDA PAGE 8-13 EVOLUTION OF PROPAGANDA PAGE 14-17 PROPAGANDA IN POLITIC PAGE 18-21 PROPAGANDA IN MALAYSIA
Art and propaganda are two distinct concepts that have often intersected throughout history. While art aims to express creativity, emotion, and aesthetic values, propaganda seeks to promote a specific agenda, ideology, or viewpoint. However, the boundary between art and propaganda can sometimes blur, as both can be persuasive and influential forms of communication. Artistic expression has been used to convey political or social messages since ancient times. Artists have used their skills to criticize or support governments, ideologies, or social movements. For example, political cartoons and satirical artwork have been employed to challenge authority or expose corruption. Artists like Pablo Picasso and Diego Rivera created powerful works of art that commented on social and political issues of their time. Propaganda, on the other hand, refers to the systematic dissemination of information or ideas to shape public opinion and influence behavior. It is often associated with governmental or institutional efforts to sway public perception and gain support for a particular cause or policy. Propaganda can take various forms, including posters, films, speeches, and artworks. During times of war or political upheaval, propaganda has been extensively employed to rally support, promote nationalistic sentiments, demonize enemies, and justify actions. Historical examples include the propaganda campaigns of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States during World War II and the Cold War. The relationship between art and propaganda is complex. ART ART UND PROPA GANDA 1
While propaganda can use artistic techniques to convey its message, it often lacks the artistic freedom and openness associated with genuine artistic expression. Art, on the other hand, can be used as a means of resistance against propaganda by challenging dominant narratives and offering alternative perspectives. It is important to differentiate between art that aims to provoke critical thinking, evoke emotions, or explore societal issues, and propaganda that seeks to manipulate or deceive. While propaganda intends to mold public opinion, art often encourages individual interpretation and fosters dialogue. Ultimately, the impact of art and propaganda depends on the viewer’s receptiveness, critical thinking, and awareness of the intentions behind the message. Art serves as a powerful tool for shaping perceptions. By visualizing and externalizing experience, great works of art stimulate deep emotional responses in the viewer. When enough people are exposed to a certain piece of art, this reaction to the work and the impressions it leaves behind becomes a socially shared experience that instills certain values within the public. However, not all art is propaganda, and not all propaganda is art. Art can also challenge or subvert propaganda, and may have other purposes beyond political messaging. The relationship between art and propaganda is complex and often depends on the context in which the art is created and received. 2
Art’s role in propaganda is a complex and dynamic phenomenon. It can be a powerful tool for manipulation, influence, and cultural expression. The historical examples of Soviet Constructivism, Nazi propaganda, and the Chinese Cultural Revolution highlight the diverse ways in which art has been utilized to shape public opinion and advance specific agendas. While the ethical concerns surrounding art in propaganda persist, the potential for resistance, subversion, and the creation of cultural memory underscore the importance of critically engaging with this relationship. By studying art in propaganda, we gain valuable insights into the power dynamics between art, politics, and society, and the role of art in shaping our understanding of history and identity. Example Nazi Propaganda and the Aryan Ideal are one prominent example of art in propaganda is the utilization of artistic mediums by the Nazi regime in promoting their Aryan ideal during the 1930s and 1940s. Adolf Hitler’s Nazi propaganda machine employed various art forms to propagate their racist ideology, glorify the Aryan race, and demonize targeted groups, particularly Jews. The regime commissioned artists who aligned with their beliefs to create sculptures, paintings, and other artworks that portrayed an idealized vision of the Aryan physique, strength, and beauty. One notable artist associated with Nazi propaganda was Arno Breker, who created sculptures embodying the Nazi vision of physical perfection. His works depicted muscular, heroic figures with exaggerated features, emphasizing strength, power, and racial superiority. 3
The beginning of propaganda can be traced back to ancient times, as the practice of using persuasive techniques to influence public opinion has been employed throughout history. However, the term “propaganda” itself emerged in the 17th century, derived from the Latin word “propagare,” which means “to propagate” or “to spread.” One of the earliest examples of systematic propaganda can be seen in ancient Rome, where the Roman Catholic Church utilized various communication methods to spread its religious doctrines and convert people to Christianity. The term “propaganda” was initially used to describe the efforts of the Catholic Church to propagate its beliefs. BEGININGOF PROPAGANDA 5
Governments used propaganda to encourage men to enlist in the military. Posters, pamphlets, and newspaper articles depicted heroic soldiers and emphasized the duty and honor of serving one’s country. Emotional appeals, nationalistic rhetoric, and messages of patriotism were common techniques used to persuade individuals to join the armed forces. Propaganda portrayed the enemy nations as brutal, inhumane, and a threat to the values and way of life of the allied countries. Posters and media depicted German soldiers as bloodthirsty savages, often exaggerating or fabricating stories of their atrocities. This demonization aimed to dehumanize the enemy and justify the war effort to the public. Governments tightly controlled the flow of information to the public. They censored news articles, letters, and other forms of communication to ensure that only positive or supportive information about the war effort was disseminated. Negative news or dissenting opinions were suppressed to maintain public morale and support. Propaganda campaigns encouraged citizens to invest in war bonds and financially support the war effort. Posters and advertisements portrayed purchasing bonds as a patriotic duty and a way for ordinary citizens to contribute to victory. These campaigns aimed to generate funds for military expenses and demonstrate public solidarity. In more modern history, propaganda became more prominent during times of war and political upheaval. For example, during World War I, governments on both sides employed propaganda techniques extensively to shape public opinion, rally support for their causes, and demonize their enemies. Art propaganda during World War I played a significant role in shaping public opinion, rallying support for the war effort, and demonizing the enemy. Governments and political entities employed various artistic mediums to disseminate propaganda messages. WORLD WAR I 6
Censorship and Control of Information by the Governments tightly controlled the flow of information and implemented strict censorship measures. They aimed to suppress unfavorable news or dissenting opinions, ensuring that only positive or supportive reports reached the public. By controlling information, governments could shape public perception and maintain morale. War Bonds and Financial Support. Propaganda campaigns promoted the sale of war bonds and encouraged financial contributions to fund the war. Posters, speeches, and advertisements framed purchasing bonds as a patriotic duty and an opportunity for citizens to actively support their country’s war effort. These campaigns aimed to generate funds for military expenses. Suppression of Dissent, the Governments used propaganda to suppress anti-war sentiments and maintain public support. Individuals or groups expressing pacifist or anti-war views were often labeled as unpatriotic or traitorous. Propaganda campaigns sought to marginalize dissenting voices, portraying them as a threat to national unity. IN EARLY 1914 7
War Paintings Artists were commissioned to create paintings that portrayed scenes of battle, heroic acts, and patriotic themes. These artworks aimed to inspire nationalistic fervor, glorify military actions, and foster a sense of pride and unity among the population. They often depicted soldiers as brave and selfless, and the enemy as evil and dangerous. Sculptures and memorials were also used as propaganda tools during World War I. Governments erected statues and monuments to commemorate fallen soldiers and generate feelings of sacrifice and heroism. These artworks were strategically placed in public spaces and served as constant reminders of the war and the need to continue the fight. Magazines, newspapers, and illustrated publications played a crucial role in disseminating propaganda during the war. Artists created illustrations and cartoons that supported the government’s narrative and influenced public opinion. These artworks often portrayed the enemy as cruel or comically inept, while glorifying the achievements of one’s own country. Art Exhibitions: Governments organized art exhibitions during the war to showcase artworks that supported the war effort. These exhibitions presented a curated selection of paintings, sculptures, and other artistic creations that promoted patriotic themes and conveyed the government’s propaganda messages. They aimed to engage and influence the public through the emotional and visual power of art. 8
A War Posters which similar to World War I, war posters were extensively used during World War II and the interwar period. Governments created posters that aimed to recruit soldiers, boost morale, and encourage citizens to support the war effort through purchasing war bonds, conserving resources, or engaging in patriotic activities. These posters often featured powerful imagery, slogans, and symbols that appealed to nationalistic sentiments and portrayed the enemy as a threat. Nazi Propaganda, Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler extensively used art as a propaganda tool. The Nazi regime promoted an aesthetic ideology known as “Aryan art” that aimed to glorify the Germanic race and Nazi ideals. Artists were commissioned to create artworks that depicted idealized Aryan figures, heroic Nazi leaders, and the virtues of the Nazi Party. These artworks often portrayed the enemy, such as Jews, as grotesque and evil, reinforcing anti-Semitic sentiments. EVOLUTION OF PROPAGANDA INTERWAR WORLD WAR II 1939 9
Axis Propaganda, the Axis powers, including Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan, also utilized art propaganda extensively. The artwork produced under these regimes was intended to glorify their respective ideologies and leaders. Nazi Germany, for example, promoted the concept of “Aryan art” and commissioned works that emphasized racial purity, militarism, and the superiority of the Germanic race. In Japan, traditional art forms were often used to propagate imperialist and militaristic ideologies. Postwar Reconstruction and Reconciliation, In the postwar period, art was employed to rebuild nations, heal wounds, and foster reconciliation. Governments and organizations commissioned public art projects, murals, and sculptures that conveyed messages of hope, peace, and unity. These artworks aimed to promote healing, commemorate the victims of war, and emphasize the importance of international cooperation and understanding. Holocaust Memorial Art by following World War II, numerous artworks and memorials were created to honor and remember the victims of the Holocaust. These artistic representations aimed to raise awareness about the atrocities committed during the war, educate future generations, and promote messages of tolerance, remembrance, and the importance of combating hatred and discrimination. Art propaganda during World War II and the postwar period reflected the shifting political and social landscapes. While wartime propaganda focused on mobilization, demonization of the enemy, and fostering nationalistic sentiments, postwar art aimed to rebuild, reconcile, and commemorate. The use of art as a tool for propaganda continued, but with different goals and themes in mind. WORLD WAR II POST 1945 WAR 10
Political Posters between the United States and the Soviet Union created political posters that conveyed their respective messages and ideals. In the United States, posters often depicted the virtues of democracy, freedom, and capitalism, contrasting them with the perceived oppression and tyranny of communism. These posters aimed to rally support for the American way of life and foster anti-communist sentiments. Soviet propaganda posters, on the other hand, emphasized the achievements of socialism, the collective spirit, and the successes of the Soviet Union. They aimed to promote the ideology of communism and portray the USSR as a progressive, powerful force. Nuclear Threat and Fear was characterized by the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Propaganda campaigns exploited public fears of nuclear annihilation, emphasizing the dangers of atomic weapons and the need for military preparedness. Propaganda materials often depicted the mushroom cloud and conveyed the message that a strong military was necessary to protect against potential nuclear attacks. Both sides employed military propaganda to boost nationalistic sentiments and instill a sense of pride in their armed forces. Films, posters, and other media depicted soldiers as heroic defenders. COLD WAR PROGRESS 1 9 4 8 1 9 5 0 11
Space Race Propaganda, the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union continued to be a focal point of propaganda efforts in 1968. Each side sought to demonstrate its technological superiority and scientific achievements. The United States’ Apollo program aimed to land a man on the moon, while the Soviet Union sought to showcase its space exploration capabilities. Propaganda materials highlighted milestones and successes, fueling national pride and emphasizing the respective country’s technological prowess by portraying them as superior and representative of the virtues of socialism. The 1980 Moscow Olympics were marred by a boycott led by the United States and several other Western countries as a protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In response, the Soviet propaganda machine sought to portray the boycott as politically motivated and an attempt by Western nations to undermine the Games. The government emphasized the participation of athletes from other countries, particularly those from socialist nations, to demonstrate international support and downplay the impact of the boycott. Propaganda efforts were used to promote the Soviet system, and control the media narrative surrounding the Games. 1 9 6 8 1 9 8 0 12
Palestinian Perspective: Palestinians may use propaganda to highlight the plight of the people in Gaza, focusing on issues such as the Israeli blockade, restrictions on movement, and living conditions. The aim might be to garner international sympathy and support for the Palestinian cause, emphasizing the humanitarian crisis and portraying Palestinians as victims of Israeli aggression and occupation In the 21st century, Cult of personality Propaganda in North Korea heavily revolves around the cult of personality surrounding the ruling Kim family. Kim Jong-il, who ruled from 1994 to 2011, and his son Kim Jongun, who assumed power in 2011, have been portrayed as infallible leaders, almost godlike figures, through extensive propaganda campaigns. Their images are omnipresent, and their achievements are exaggerated and glorified. THOUGH JOURNEY PALESTINE NORTH KOREA 13
Demonization of Ukraine. Russian propaganda has consistently portrayed Ukraine’s government as illegitimate, fascist, and hostile towards Russianspeaking populations. Ukrainian nationalist movements have been depicted as a threat to ethnic Russians and Russian speakers in Ukraine, particularly in Crimea and the Donbas region. Russia has been accused of employing disinformation tactics, including spreading false or misleading information, conspiracy theories, and manipulated images or videos. This propaganda aims to create confusion, sow discord, and shape public opinion in Russia’s favor. Asserting Ukrainian identity. Ukrainian propaganda focuses on promoting a distinct Ukrainian identity separate from Russia. This includes celebrating Ukrainian culture, language, and historical figures to reinforce national pride and unity. Portraying Russia as an aggressor. Ukrainian propaganda highlights Russia’s military intervention in Crimea and the ongoing conflict in the Donbas region as acts of aggression. It emphasizes the violation of Ukraine’s sovereignty and portrays Russia as a threat to regional stability. 21ST CENTURY RUSSIA WAR IN UKRAINE 14
Propaganda in politics refers to the deliberate dissemination of information, ideas, or narratives to shape public opinion, influence behavior, and promote a specific political agenda. Propaganda techniques can be used by governments, political parties, interest groups, or individuals to manipulate public perception and gain support. Demonization and Dehumanization. Propaganda frequently employs tactics of demonization and dehumanization to vilify opponents or groups that are seen as threats. By presenting them as enemies or subhuman, propaganda seeks to create a sense of fear, hatred, or superiority among the targeted audience. Nuclear propaganda refers to the use of propaganda techniques to shape public perception and opinion regarding nuclear weapons, energy, or related issues. Nuclear propaganda has been prevalent since the development and use of atomic weapons during World War II. Governments and organizations on both sides of the Cold War engaged in extensive propaganda campaigns to promote their respective nuclear programs, often highlighting the perceived benefits or dangers associated with nuclear technology. It’s important to approach nuclear propaganda critically, evaluate sources, and consider multiple perspectives when forming opinions about nuclear weapons, energy, or related issues. FUN FACT INFO PROPAGANDA IN POLITICS THE NUKLEAR PROPAGANDA 17
Slogans and Catchphrases: Simple and memorable slogans or catchphrases are commonly used in political propaganda to convey a message or shape public perception. These short phrases are designed to be easily repeated and associated with specific ideas or policies. Testimonials - Endorsements. Propaganda often includes testimonials or endorsements from influential individuals or trusted sources to gain credibility and sway public opinion. Visual Imagery Effective visuals, such as photographs, symbols, or videos, are employed. These tactic in propaganda to evoke specific emotions, reinforce narratives, or create associations. Visual imagery can be used to manipulate perceptions, create empathy, or establish a sense of authority. Disinformation - Manipulation of Facts: Propaganda can involve spreading false or misleading information, distorting facts, or selectively presenting information to support a particular narrative. This manipulation of information aims to create confusion.Which to shape opinions, or undermine opposing viewpoints. Stereotyping - Generalization, Propaganda often relies on stereotypes and generalizations to simplify complex issues and create a sense of “us versus them.” By categorizing individuals or groups based on broad characteristics, propaganda seeks to generate support or opposition based on preconceived notions. It is important for individuals to be aware of propaganda techniques and engage in critical thinking when consuming political information. 18
XI JINPING CHINA PROPAGANDA JAMES MONTGOMARY FLAG 1877 Political Music has been used throughout history as a tool for political propaganda. Songs can carry powerful messages, rally supporters, and inspire social or political movements. Political campaigns often employ jingles, campaign songs, or anthems to create a sense of unity and support. Literature and poetry have long been used to convey political messages and inspire social change. Political novels, poems, or essays can challenge existing power structures, advocate for specific ideologies, or critique societal issues. It’s important to note that art propaganda can serve different purposes and be employed by various entities with different motivations. As with any form of propaganda, critical thinking. Governments, political parties, or advocacy groups may organize art exhibitions featuring works that convey specific political messages. These exhibitions can highlight social issues, political ideologies, or support for particular candidates or causes. Cartoons and caricatures are a popular form of art propaganda that uses satire and humor to critique political figures, policies, or events. They can simplify complex issues, convey powerful messages, and shape public perception through visual representation. Murals and Street art, including murals, graffiti, and stencil art, is often used as a means of political expression. Artists may create public artworks that address social or political issues, challenge power structures, or advocate for specific causes. 19
This art form often portrays scenes of unity, progress, and loyalty to the party. Art propaganda in China often highlights revolutionary themes and historical events, such as the Long March, the Chinese Revolution, or the achievements of the Communist Party. These artworks aim to reinforce the legitimacy and heroic image of the party and its leaders. The CCP’s leaders, particularly Mao Zedong and more recently Xi Jinping, have been the subject of art propaganda. Portraits, sculptures, and other artistic representations of these leaders are used to cultivate a cult of personality, emphasizing their leadership, wisdom, and connection with the people. The Chinese government exercises strict control over media and artistic expression, ensuring that art propaganda aligns with the party’s narrative. State-owned media outlets, such as Xinhua News Agency and People’s Daily, play a significant role in goverment. Based by the independent research, and evaluating multiple perspectives are necessary when interpreting art propaganda in politics Digital Art and Social Media. In the digital age, art propaganda has expanded into online platforms. Digital artworks, memes, and videos can quickly spread through social media, influencing public opinion, and engaging a wide audience. Unlike in China, today they’re country Art propaganda in Chinese politics and still continues to play a significant role in shaping public opinion, promoting the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and advancing the government’s political agenda. The CCP promotes the use of socialist realism in art, which is characterized by depictions of idealized workers, peasants, and party leaders engaged in productive and revolutionary activities. During Obama’s presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012, art propaganda in the form of campaign posters played a significant role. The iconic “Hope” poster created by artist Shepard Fairey became synonymous with Obama’s campaign and was widely distributed to promote his message of change and optimism. But some artists and satirists created critical and satirical artworks that challenged Obama’s policies, decisions, or actions. These artworks aimed to express dissent, critique perceived shortcomings, or highlight specific controversies during his presidency. BARACK OBAMA’S PRECIDENCY 20
These initiatives often showcase artworks that depict Malaysia’s multicultural society, cultural diversity, and national achievements to foster a sense of pride and unity among Malaysians. Tthe Political Parties and Election Campaigns during election campaigns, political parties in Malaysia employ art as a form of propaganda to engage with voters. This can include posters, banners, and other visual materials featuring party symbols, slogans. Art propaganda in Malaysia has been employed by various entities, including political parties, governmental organizations, and social movements, to convey messages, promote ideologies, and influence public opinion. Example, National Unity and Patriotism The Malaysian government, through organizations such as the National Department for Culture and Arts (JKKN) and the National Visual Arts Gallery (NVAG), promotes art that celebrates national unity and patriotism. PROPAGANDA IN MALAYSIA 21
Political rallies and performances also incorporate artistic elements to attract supporters and communicate party messages effectively. Cultural Revival and Preservation. Art propaganda is also used to promote traditional Malaysian arts and cultural heritage. Efforts are made to preserve traditional art forms, such as wayang kulit (shadow puppetry) and traditional dances, through exhibitions, performances, and educational initiatives. These endeavors emphasize the importance of preserving Malaysia’s cultural identity and heritage. Social and Environmental Movements: Art is often used as a means of activism by social and environmental movements in Malaysia. Visual art installations, graffiti, and performances are employed to raise awareness about specific causes, such as human rights, environmental conservation, and social justice. These artistic expressions aim to mobilize public support and advocate for change. Government Campaigns The Malaysian government frequently employs art as a medium to promote its policies, initiatives, and campaigns. Artistic creations, including advertisements, murals, and exhibitions, are used to communicate messages related to health, education, environmental awareness, and social issues. The aim is to reach the public in a visually compelling manner and encourage positive behavior change. It’s important to note that the use of art as propaganda can be subjective and depends on the intentions and perspectives of those promoting it. Art propaganda should be critically analyzed, considering multiple viewpoints, and evaluated in the context of the political and social landscape of Malaysia. PUBLIC OPINION PERCENTAGE 22
PRU 15 refers to the 15th Malaysian general election, which took place on November 19, 2022. While propaganda can be employed during election campaigns to influence public opinion. During election periods, political parties and candidates may use artistic expressions, such as posters, murals, videos, and performances, to promote their platforms, policies, and candidates. In the context of PRU 15, it is likely that political parties and candidates in Malaysia used various forms of art as a means of propaganda to engage with voters and shape their perception. Some common approaches to art propaganda during elections include Posters and banners which the Political parties often create visually appealing posters and banners featuring party symbols, slogans, and images of candidates. These are displayed in public spaces, on billboards, and distributed as campaign materials to increase visibility and recognition among voters. PRU 15 23
Street art and murals Artists may create murals and street art featuring political messages, candidates, or party symbols in an attempt to capture public attention and generate a positive image of their party or candidate. Social media campaigns. In the digital age, social media platforms play a significant role in election campaigns. Political parties and candidates may employ various forms of artistic content, such as infographics, videos, and memes, to disseminate their message and engage with voters online. Political rallies and performances. Artistic performances, including music concerts, cultural shows, and speeches, are commonly organized during election campaigns to attract crowds, energize supporters, and convey the party’s message in a captivating manner. the nature and extent of propaganda can vary depending on the political landscape and the specific election. It is important to approach political art and propaganda critically, as their primary goal is often to influence public opinion and gain electoral support. Different parties or candidates may employ different strategies and messages through art, depending on their ideologies and campaign objectives. It’s crucial for voters to engage in independent research, evaluate multiple perspectives, and critically analyze the information presented during election campaigns. the nature and extent of propaganda can vary depending on the political landscape and the specific election. 2022 24