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There is no ohmic resistance drop

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ABC 1234 Non ideal transformer 15

The Contents 9 / 10

Subject EXP 4/4

Group Member

Title 1 Title 2 Title 3 Title 4 Title 5

Title 6 Title 7 Title 8 Title 9 Title 10

Title 11 Title 12 Title 13 Title 14 Title 15

• Transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit
to another circuit, or multiple circuits.

• A varying current in any one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force across any other coils wound
around the same core.

• Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive)
connection between the two circuits.

• Transformers are most commonly used for increasing low AC voltages at high current (a step-
up transformer) or decreasing high AC voltages at low current (a step-down transformer) in
electric power applications, and for coupling the stages of signal-processing circuits.

• Transformers can also be used for isolation, where the voltage in equals the voltage out, with
separate coils not electrically bonded to one another.

• Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume, to
units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect the power grid.



COPPER LOSSES

• The losses in a transformer should be kept as the low to increases the efficiency the
transformer.

• To reduce the copper losses, it is essential to reduce the resistance of primary and
secondary winding coils of the transformer i.e. size of the winding conductor is
selected very carefully. These are also known as the variable losses as these are
dependent on the square of load current.

I12R1 + I22R2 = I12R01 = I22R2 Or

Total Copper Lost is I12R1 + I22R2

Where, I1 , I2 = primary and secondary currents respectively,
R1, R2 = primary and secondary resistances respectively,
R01, R02 = equivalent resistances referred to primary and secondary respectively

IRON LOSSES

• In a transformer, flux set up in the core remains constant from no load to
full load. Hence these power losses are independent of load and also
known as constant losses of a transformer.

• These losses have two components. Its called hysteresis losses and eddy
current losses.

• Hysteries losses
The losses occur because the magnetic field is continuously alternate
direction in the core from primary winding to the secondary winding

• Eddy current losses
Its resistive heating losses in the core of the transformer. .occur when the
voltage induced in the core while changing the magnetic flux

Introduction power losses Non ideal • These are also knows as the variable
losses as these are depend on the
• The total losses that take
place in the winding load current.
resistance of a
transformer are known as • The power losses that
Iron losses take place in its iron core
Copper losses the “copper losses. These are known as the “iron
losses in a transformer losses” these losses
should be kept as low as occur due to alternating
possible to increase the flux set up in the core.
efficiency of the
transformer. • In transformer flux set up in the
core remains constant from no load
• To reduce the copper losses, it is to full load. These power losses are
essential to reduce the resistance of independent of load and also known
primary and secondary winding coil as constant losses of a transformer.
of the transformer example size of
the winding conductor is selected
very

Formula power EXPLAINATION ABOUT FORMULA OF POWER LOSSE
losse NON-IDEAL TRANSFORMER

Non ideal EFFICIENCY The efficiency of a transformer can be calculated since the
power at primary winding and the power at the secondary is not the
same because of the losses

The efficiency of a transformer is usually expressed in percentage such
as 95% or 98%

Formula power Efficiency
losse
• Equipment is desired to operate at a high efficiency.
Non ideal • Efficiency is defined as

• Since it is a static device, losses in transformers are small.
• The losses in the transformer are the core loss (Pc) and copper loss

Example 1

The primary and the secondary windings of a 500kVA
transformer have resistance of 0.42 ohms and 0.0011 ohms
respectively. The primary and the secondary voltages are
6600V and 400V respectively. Calculate copper losses at the
full load and the half load.

Example 2

2 4 6
No winding
Current value resistance There is no
is equal to zero losses and no ohmic
leaking resistance drop
inductance

1 3 5
No I2R losses
100% Has no iron
efficiency. loss and no
core losses

2 4 6
Has winding
Current value resistance There is ohmic
is greater than losses and resistance drop
zero leaking
inductance

1 3 5
Has I2R losses
100% below Has iron loss
efficiency. and
core losses

CONCLUSIONS.

WHAT IS TRANSFORMER USED OF TRANSFORMER

• Passive component that Most commonly used for
increasing low AC voltages
transfers electrical at high current (a step-up
transformer) or decreasing
energy from one high AC voltages at low
current (a step-down
electrical circuit to transformer) in electric
power applications
another circuit, or

multiple circuits

• Electrical energy can be
transferred between
separate coils without a
metallic (conductive)
connection between the
two circuits.

CORE LOSS

HYSTERESIS LOSS

WINDING RESISTANCE Transformer WINDING
depart from CAPACITANCE

this ideal
model

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