NCEP Manual 3rd Edition

Muscles & Motions - (Lumbar & Thoracic ACnuartovmaytu|r1e5)1

Ø Extension (Backwards Motion) - Erector Spinae (Group)

Muscles & Motions - (Lumbar & Thoracic Curvature)

Ø Extension (Backwards Motion) - Erector Spinae (Group)

Erector Spinae (Group)
Erec-toSrpSinpainliaseT(Ghororaucpi)s
---LI-LloiSonopgnciignossaissiltmisasilumTisshuToLshruaoTcmrihascboiorsarucims

- Iliocostalis Lumborum

Standard Certification Manual

152 | Chapter Twelve

Spinal Extension (Hyper-Extension) (0-40 degrees)

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Anatomy | 153

Spinal Flexion (0-90 degrees)

Spinal Rotation (0-45 degrees)
Spinal Lateral Flexion (0-30 degrees)

Standard Certification Manual

154 | Chapter Twelve

Spinal Lateral Flexion (0-30 degrees)
(Quadratus Lumborum)

(behind)

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Anatomy | 155

Pelvic Tilting

Anterior Tilt - lumbar extension, hip flexion
Posterior Tilt - lumbar flexion, hip extension

Neutral Lumbo-Pelvis

Different Lumbo-Pelvic Tilts

Standard Certification Manual

156 | Chapter Twelve

Misleading Body Structures
To

Lumbo-Pelvic Tilts

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Anatomy | 157

Shoulder KGBLJ
Complex

Bones – A C
Ø Humerus (N) H F
Ø Scapula I M
Ø Clavicle (L) D E
N
Joints – Posterior View
Ø 4 joints of shoulder (2 in this class)
Ø Gleno-Humeral Jt. (ball and socket)
Ø Scapulo- Thoracic (gliding)

Ligaments – A.) Spine B.) Superior Border
Rotator Cuff - muscles that act as ligaments
Ø Supraspinatus C.) Acromion D.) Inferior Angle
Ø Infraspinatus
Ø Teres Minor E.) Lateral Border F.) Glenoid Cavity
Ø Subscapularis
G.) Supraspinous Fossa H.) Medial Border

I.) Infraspinous Fossa J.) Coracoid Process

K.) Superior Angle L.) Clavicle

Muscles - M.) Articular Cartilage N.) Humerus
Flexion
Ø Anterior Deltoid Extension
Ø Pectorals Ø Latissimus Dorsi
Ø Biceps Brachii Ø Posterior Deltoid
Ø Coracobrachialis Ø Long Head of Triceps

ABduction ADduction
Ø Deltoids Ø Latissimus Dorsi
Ø Supraspinatus Ø Posterior Deltoid
Ø Coracobrachialis
Ø Long Head of Triceps

Horizontal ADduction Horizontal Abductions
Ø Pectorals Ø Posterior Deltoid
Ø Anterior Deltoid Ø Latissimus Dorsi

Standard Certification Manual

§

158 | Chapter Twelve

Shoulder Complex

(continued)

Subscapularis Deltoids
(superficial view)
Anterior
Views

Coracobrachialis Biceps
Brachii:
Posterior - Long Head
View - Short Head

Teres Minor Brachialis

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Major

Triceps Latissimus Dorsi
Brachii:
- Long Head
- Lateral Head
- Medial Head

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Anatomy | 159

Shoulder Joint Flexion (0-180 degrees)
(Sagittal Plane)

Shoulder Joint Extension (0-60 degrees)
(Sagittal Plane)

Standard Certification Manual

160 | Chapter Twelve

Shoulder Joint Abduction (0-180 degrees)
(Lateral/Frontal Plane)

Shoulder Joint Adduction (0-75 degrees)
(Lateral/Frontal Plane)

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Anatomy | 161

Shoulder Joint
Horizontal/Transverse Plane
Adduction (0-120 degrees)

Abduction (0-30 degrees)

Shoulder Joint
Lying Supine & Shoulder Abducted 90 degrees

Sagittal Plane
Internal Rotation (0-70 degrees)

Standard Certification Manual

162 | Chapter Twelve

Shoulder Joint
Lying Supine & Shoulder Abducted 90 degrees

Sagittal Plane
External Rotation (0-90 degrees)

Shoulder Joint Rotation
Horizontal/Transverse Plane
Internal Rotation (0-60 degrees)
External Rotation (0-60 degrees)

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Anatomy | 163

SCAPULO-THORACIC

Elevation SCAPULO-THODReApCreIsCsion

> UpEpleevratTioranpezius >DeLporwesesiroTnrapezius & Gravity
Add>uUctpipoenr Trapezius A> bLodwuecrtiTornapezius & Gravity

> MAeddidaulcTtiroanpezius & Rhomboids >AbSdeurcratitouns Anterior

> Medial Trapezius & Rhomboids > Serratus Anterior

Upper Trapezius Serratus Anterior
Upper Trapezius
Rhomboids
Rhomboids

MedialMTerdapiaelzius Lower Trapezius Lower Serratus Anterior
Trapezius Trapezius

Standard Certification Manual

164 | Chapter Twelve

Scapular Elevation (0-30 degrees)

Scapular Depression (0-10 degrees)

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Anatomy | 165

Scapular Abduction/Protraction (0-30 degrees)
Scapular Adduction/Retraction (0-30 degrees)

Standard Certification Manual

166 | Chapter Twelve

Elbow

(Ligaments only for reference)

Bones – Joint –

Ø Humerus Ø Elbow
Ø Radius & Ulna (forearm)
Muscles –
Ligaments –
Ø Flexion – Biceps Brachii,
Ø Not in this Class Brachialis

Biceps Ø Extension – Triceps Brachii
Brachii:
- Long Head Brachioradialis
- Short Head
Pronator
Teres

Brachialis Triceps
Coracobrachialis Brachii:
- Long Head
- Lateral Head
- Medial Head

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Anatomy | 167

Elbow Flexion (0-175 degrees)

175

0

(Elbow Extension is Merely Returning to 0 degrees)
Elbow/Forearm:

Pronation (0-80 degrees) Supination (0-80 degrees)

Standard Certification Manual

168 | Chapter Twelve

Wrist

Bones – Joint –

Ø Radius & Ulna Ø Wrist
Ø Scaphoid
Ø Trapezoid
Ø Capitate
Ø Hamate
Ø Lunate
Ø Pisiform
Ø Triquetral

Ligaments –

Ø Not in this class

Flexor Carpi Radialis Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Palmaris Longus Flexor Pollicis Longus

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

ANTERIOR VIEW

Muscles –

Ø Flexor Carpi Radialis
Ø Palmaris Longus
Ø Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Ø Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Ø Flexor Pollicis Longus
Ø Flexor Digitorum Profundus
© National College of Exercise Professionals

Wrist Anatomy | 169

(continued) Abductor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Extensor
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Carpi Extensor Indicis
Extensor Digitorum Ulnaris

Extensor Pollicis Longus

Posterior View
Muscles –

Ø Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Ø Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Ø Extensor Digitorum
Ø Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Ø Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Ø Abductor Pollicis Longus
Ø Extensor Pollicis Longus
Ø Extensor Indicis

Standard Certification Manual

170 | Chapter Twelve

Wrist Flexion (0-80 degrees)
Wrist Extension (0-70 degrees)

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Anatomy | 171

Radial Deviation (0-20 degrees)

Ulnar Deviation (0-30 degrees)

Standard Certification Manual

172 | Chapter Twelve

Hip

Bones -
Ø Pelvis (acetabula fossa)
Ø Femur

(enlarged for quick reference)

JIo J
l   i
 iIonØoliit-nØoF–tBD-­‐eF–BDaemelgaelmorlgaler r
o  naeaerdnsleadsoJSl

f t  
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 ckM
  okeovet:vte:Tem
 Tmhehrenernteete
 
  MMuuØØØØssccllAAGAeAAAesslDBdBdDu–d-dddtdduueuuuucuccccctttsttotiio
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n n LiL
n
  -o–­-‐– o
i   T
n  mAnATFgdguuLFddus,sdL
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,  
u ,
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u MtuMcescatu
 MotagsorgnerM
 nBudBusrieu,resd
 ,esviv,ui
 siss
, 
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 –M
 Iliinoipmsouas s,
 Rectus
 Femoris
 
ØØØ EFxletexniosnio–nI
 -­l‐
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 RMeacxtiumsuFse, m
  oris
LigamØeNntost
–  in
 this
 Class
  Ø HEaxmtesntsriionng-s
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 FMeamxoimrius,s
 ,

  Ø Not in this Class

SHeammimstreimngbsra(Bniocseupss,
F  emoris,
SSeemmiitmenemdibnroasnuoss)u
  s, Semitendinosus)

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Anatomy | 173

Hip Ilium
Capsule
(continued) Greater Trochanter

Spine of Ishium

Ischial Tuberosity

Iliacus Lesser Trochanter Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Psoas Major Gluteus Maximus
Semitendinosus Piriformis
Tensor
Fasciae Biceps Femoris
Latae Semimembranosus

Rectus Femoris Gracilis

Adductor Adductor Brevis
Magnus Adductor Longus

Standard Certification Manual

174 | Chapter Twelve

Hip Flexion (0-120 degrees)
Hip Extension (0-10 degrees)
Hip Abduction (0-45 degrees)

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Anatomy | 175

Hip Adduction (0-30 degrees)

Hip Internal Rotation (0-45 degrees)
Hip External Rotation (0-45 degrees)

Standard Certification Manual

176 | Chapter Twelve

Bones - Knee
Ø Patella
Ø Femur Joints -
Ø Tibia Ø Tibial – Femoral Jt. – modified hinge
Ø Fibula Ø Patello – Femoral Jt. – gliding

Sartorius

Femur

Rectus Femoris

Patella

Semitendinosus Biceps *Vastus Intermedius
Femoris - Under Rectus
Semimembranos Femoris
us
Vastus Medialis
Fibula
Vastus Lateralis

Tibia [Hamstrings] [Quadriceps]

Muscles - Ø Extension – Quadriceps:
Ø Flexion – Hamstrings:
1. Rectus Femoris
1. Biceps Femoris 2. Vastus Lateralis
2. Semitendinosus 3. Vastus Medialis
3. Semimembranosus 4. Vastus Intermedius

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Anatomy | 177

Knee

(continued)

Ligaments – (enlarged for detail)
Ø Patellar Tendon
Ø Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Ø Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
Ø Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)*
Ø Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)^

Right knee joint (front)

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

LCL ACL MCL
PCL

Left knee joint (behind)

*^TThheeMLae*^tdeTiTrahahleleCCMLooaelldltlaeiarattaelerlCraCaollolLllLaliatigetgeararammalleLeLningitgta(am(MmLeCeCnntLLt())(MLiisCsCaLaLl)l)ssiiooss ararelelssffooeerrrrrreeeeffededrrrtrtoeoeddaatstsoottahahsseettFhTheieibbFTuiiailbbaluirCalaClorColClolallotlalaeltatreeatrrelaarlLal LLligLiiggaiagmaammmeenenentnttt
Standard Certification Manual

178 | Chapter Twelve

Knee Flexion (0-135 degrees)
(Knee Extension is merely returning to Neutral, 0 degrees,

from a flexed position)

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Anatomy | 179

Foot and Ankle

BoØØØØnCeBaFsCTFTTTloici-iaaaibbbnalblluuuicuneialsalasesaan-uesus Tibialis
Anterior

Tibialis Soleus
Anterior
Muscles - Peroneus
Ø PMlauntsacrleEs-xtension – PeronLeuosngus Gastrocnemius
PlanGtaasrtrEoxcnteenmsiiuosn, Soleus Longus (in front)
ØG DAasontSrrteoosrcilienoFuerlsmeTxiiibuoisnal–is
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

Dorsi Flexion
Anterior tibilais

Metatarsals Calcaneus
Metatarsals
Calcaneus

Talus

Talus Head
Talus

Navicular
Talus Head

Lateral Cuneiform
Navicular

Intermediate
LaterCaul nCeuifnoerimform

InteMrmedediailatCeuneiform
Cuneiform

Medial Cuneiform

Standard Certification Manual

180 | Chapter Twelve Plantar Flexion (0-50 degrees)
Dorsi Flexion (0-20 degrees)

Inversion (0-5 degrees) Eversion (0-5 degrees)
Right Foot Right Foot

Supination (0-35 degrees) Pronation (0-15 degrees)
Adduction (0-40 degrees) Abduction (0-30 degrees)

© National College of Exercise Professionals

CHAPTER Thirteen
Functional Anatomy

182 | Chapter Thirteen

Functional Anatomy

Why Functional Anatomy?

When most students learn anatomy for the first time they are introduced to what is called “Gross
Anatomy.” Gross anatomy was invented by a doctor who used cadavers to find out the muscle
function and also to learn where they attached inside your body. Gross Anatomy is a very good
name for it. If you are not into the forensic sciences, it is really gross to work on a cadaver. Unfor-
tunately, there are some glaring problems with trying to determine the function of a muscle on a
dead person. First, most of the clients you will work with as a personal trainer are not dead. (Yes,
that was our attempt at humor.) Let’s list some of the biggest problems and go over each one by one:

1. Position of the body, only looking at “open chain” movements
2. Only measures the concentric contraction
3. Brain is not working
First, the position of the body can really be a big factor—and a big issue. To understand how a
muscle worked, the scientist would cut the muscle closest to one of the attachments (usually the
origin) and pull on it. Whichever direction the limb or part of the body moved, they would label
that movement as the muscle’s function. If we look at someone lying down, it means their feet are
not in contact with the ground, or an “open kinetic chain.” When an individual is standing, the
foot is in contact with the ground and thus, when a muscle contracts it is a completely different
outcome. Let’s look at the upper body as an example. In an open chain (i.e., “Lat pull down”), the
pulling movement would bring an object towards the body. In a closed chain (i.e., “pull up”) the
pulling would bring the body up to the stationary bar. It doesn’t sound like there is a big differ-
ence, but the body recognizes it as a night and day difference. That is why some non-functional
people can pull down amazing amounts of weight but cannot even complete one single pull up.
Second, when a scientist pulls on one end of the muscle it is creating a shortening of the muscle,
also known as a concentric contraction. We know from our physiology chapter that there are
three types of contractions: concentric, eccentric and isometric. Throw in to the equation that
there are three planes of motion as well: saggital, frontal and transverse, and now we need to
know the function of the muscle for at least nine different possibilities. Unfortunately, gross
anatomy is limiting: it typically only tells us one function of the muscle in one plane of move-
ment. Often times the one function gross anatomy tells you is not even the one that is used most
often. For example, the gross anatomy function of the gluteus medius is to concentrically abduct
the hip. The most dominant function of the gluteus medius is to isometrically stabilize the hip and
to eccentrically decelerate femoral internal rotation during heel strike in the gait cycle.
Third, the last and possibly most definitive problem with Gross Anatomy is that the brain has
stopped functioning or sending signals to the muscles. There is no muscle in the human body that
works in isolation. In other words, when the brain sends a signal for movement to occur, it alerts

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Functional Anatomy | 183

all the muscles in the entire body that the movement will be occurring and every muscle prepares
for the movement either by assisting in the actual movement or by stabilizing a part of the body
so it does not move. As you know, the mind and body work together, and studying cadavers—and
not considering how muscles work in unison with each other in living, active people—does not
make much sense.
Overall, we just wanted to give you a brief synopsis of why Gross Anatomy is just not sufficient for
exercise professionals. The following chapter will give you a glimpse of Functional Anatomy and
how it used in training. If you want to learn more about how to incorporate mopre of this knowl-
edge in to your workouts we offer a full weekend class of Functional Anatomy.

____________________________________________________________

Section 1:
Spinal Musculature

Rectus Abdominus
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transverse Abdominus

Erector Spinae
Quadratus Lumborum

Standard Certification Manual

184 | Chapter Thirteen

Rectus Abdominus

(rec-tus ab-dom-i-nus)

Origin:
Pubic Crest
Insertion:
Cartilage of fifth, sixth and seventh ribs, xyphoid process
True Function:

• Concentric acceleration of spinal flexion
• Assists in concentric acceleration of posterior pelvic rotation
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of anterior pelvic rotation
• Assists in dynamic stabilization of the lumbo-pelvic hip complex

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Functional Anatomy | 185

External Oblique

(o-BLEEK)

Origin:
External surfaces of lower eight ribs
Insertion:
Fibers insert into the abdominal aponeurosis and the anterior portion of the iliac crest
True Function:

• Assists in concentric acceleration of spinal flexion
• Assists in concentric acceleration of contralateral rotation of the spine
• Assists in concentric acceleration of posterior pelvic rotation
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of spinal extension
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of spinal rotation
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of anterior pelvic rotation
• Assists in dynamic stabilization of the lumbo-pelvic hip complex

Standard Certification Manual

186 | Chapter Thirteen

Internal Oblique

(o-BLEEK)

Origin:
Iliac Crest, inguinal ligament and the thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion:
Linea alba, pubic crest, last three ribs
True Function:

• Assists in concentric acceleration of flexion of the spine
• Assists in concentric acceleration of the ipsilateral rotation
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of spinal extension
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of contralateral rotation
• Assists synergistically with the transversus abdominis, deep erector spinae and

multifidi to create a posterior shear force at L5-S1
• Assists synergistically with the transversus abdominis to provide rotational and

translational stability to the lumbar spine secondary to its attachment to the
thoracolumbar fascia

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Functional Anatomy | 187

Transversus Abdominis

(tranz-ver-sus ab-dom-i-nus)

Origin:
Thoracolumbar fascia, cartilage of the last six ribs; iliac crest
Insertion:
Linea alba, pubic crest
True Function:

• Increases intra-abdominal pressure
• Supports the abdominal viscera
• Works synergistically with the internal oblique, multifidus and deep erector

spinae to stabilize the lumbo-pelvic-hip- complex
• Provides segmental stabilization to the lumbar spine

Standard Certification Manual

188 | Chapter Thirteen

Erector Spinae

(e-REK-tor SPY-neh)

Origin:
1. SPs of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae SP of C-7
2. TVP of T-1 through T-5
3. Posterior surface of ribs 1-12
Insertion:
1. SP processes of upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae, except for C-1
2. Mastoid process, TVP of thoracic and cervical vertebrae and ribs 4-12
3. Ribs 1-12
True Function:

• Assists in concentric acceleration of spinal extension, spinal rotation and lateral
flexion

• Assists in eccentric deceleration of spinal flexion
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of spinal rotation
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of lateral flexion of lumbar spine
• Assists in the dynamic stabilization of the lumbar spine during functional

movements

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Functional Anatomy | 189

Quadratus Lumborum

(quad-RA-tus lum-BORE-um)

Origin:
Iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
Insertion:
Transverse processes of L2-L5 and lower margin of 12th rib
True Function:

• Concentric acceleration of lateral flexion
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of lateral flexion
• Works synergistically with the gluteus medius, tensor fascia and the adductor

complex as the primary frontal plane stabilization mechanism

Standard Certification Manual

190 | Chapter Thirteen

Section 2:
Scapular Musculature

Trapezius
Rhomboids Major & Minor

Levator Scapulae
Serratus Anterior
Pectoralis Minor

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Functional Anatomy | 191

Trapezius

(trah-PEE-zee-us)

Origin:
Occipital bone (skull) to the spines of C7 and all the thoracic vertebrae
Insertion:
A continuous insertion along acromion and spine of scapulae and lateral third of clavicle
True Function:

• Assists in concentric acceleration of scapular elevation, scapular retraction and
depression

• Upper: functions eccentrically to decelerate cervical flexion, lateral flexion,
rotation and assists in providing dynamic stability to the cervical spine and
shoulder complex

• Middle: eccentrically decelerates scapular protraction and upward rotation,
assists in dynamically stabilizing the scapula during functional movements

• Lower: eccentrically decelerates scapular elevation, assists in dynamically
stabilizing the scapula

Standard Certification Manual

192 | Chapter Thirteen

Rhomboids Major and Minor

(ROM-boydz)

Origin:
Spinous Processes of C7 and T1 (minor) and spinous processes of T2-T5
Insertion:
Medial Border of scapula
True Function:

• Assists in concentric acceleration of scapular retraction
• Assists in concentric acceleration of downward rotation of the scapula
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of upward rotation of the scapula
• Assists in dynamic stabilization of the scapula

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Functional Anatomy | 193

Levator Scapulae

(le-va-tor SKAP-you-le)

Origin:
Transverse processes of C1-C4
Insertion:
Superior vertebral border of scapulae
True Function:

• Assists in concentric acceleration of extension of head and neck bilaterally
• Assists in concentric acceleration of elevation and downward rotation of the

scapula unilaterally
• Assists in concentric acceleration of lateral flexion of the cervical spine unilaterally
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of flexion of head and neck bilaterally
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of depression and upward rotation of the

scapula unilaterally
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of later flexion of the cervical spine unilaterally
• Assists in dynamic stabilization of the cervical-scapular

Standard Certification Manual

194 | Chapter Thirteen

Serratus Anterior

(sir-AH-tus)

Origin:
Outer surface of upper eight or nine ribs
Insertion:
Entire anterior surface of vertebral (medial) border of scapula
True Function:

• Assists in concentric acceleration of protraction of the scapula
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of retraction of the scapula
• Works synergistically with the upper and lower trapezius to provide optimal

scapular mobility and stability during shoulder elevation
• Assists in dynamic stabilization of the scapula

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Functional Anatomy | 195

Pectoralis Minor

(peck-toe-ra-lis mi-nor)

Origin:
Anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5
Insertion:
Coracoid process of scapula
True Function:

• Assists in concentric acceleration of scapular protraction
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of scapular retraction
• Assists in dynamic stabilization of the scapula during functional movements

Standard Certification Manual

196 | Chapter Thirteen

Section 3:
Shoulder Joint
Musculature

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Latissimus Dorsi

Teres Major
Pectoralis Major

Deltoid
Coracobrachialis

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Functional Anatomy | 197

Supraspinatus

(Sue-prah-spy-naye-tus)

Origin:
Supraspinous fossa of the scapula
Insertion:
Superior part of greater tubercle of humerus
True Function:

• Assist in concentric acceleration of humeral abduction
• Assist in eccentric deceleration of humeral adduction
• Works synergistically with the other rotator cuff musculature to dynamically

stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
• Initiates abduction and dynamic caudal glide while the deltoid acts as the prime

mover during shoulder abduction

Standard Certification Manual

198 | Chapter Thirteen

Infraspinatus

(in-frah-spy-naye-tus)

Origin:
Infraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion:
Greater tubercle of humerus posterior to insertion of supraspinatus
True Function:

• Assists in eccentric decelerating of internal rotation of the humerus
• Works synergistically with the other rotator cuff musculature to dynamically

stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid fossa during functional movements
• Works synergistically to produce dynamic caudal glide of the humeral head in

the glenoid fossa during elevation
• Works as an integrated functional unit with the capsule, ligaments, and other

cuff musculature to enhance stability and proprioception during functional
movements (ligamento-muscular protective reflex)

© National College of Exercise Professionals

Functional Anatomy | 199

Teres Minor

(teh-rez)

Origin:
Lateral border of scapula, dorsal side
Insertion:
Greater tubercle of humerus inferior to infraspinatus insertion
True Function:

• Assists in concentric acceleration of external rotation of the humerus
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of internal rotation of the humerus
• Works synergistically with the other rotator cuff musculature to dynamically

stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid fossa during dynamic activity
• Works synergistically to produce a dynamic caudal glide of the humeral head in

the glenoid fossa during elevation to prevent impingement
• Works as an integrated functional unit with the capsule, ligaments, and other

cuff musculature to enhance stability and proprioception during functional
movements (ligamento-muscular protective reflex)

Standard Certification Manual

200 | Chapter Thirteen

Subscapularis

(sub-scap-u-lahr-us)

Origin:
Subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion:
Lesser tubercle of humerus
True Function:

• Assists in concentric acceleration of internal rotation of the humerus
• Assists in eccentric deceleration of external rotation of the humerus
• Works synergistically with the other rotator cuff musculature to stabilize the

humeral head in the glenoid fossa during functional activities

© National College of Exercise Professionals