Topic 1.1 LEADERSHIP

CHAPTER 1
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 1
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

1.1 Leadership Styles & Qualities
1.2 Project Planning
1.3 Gantt Chart
1.4 Decision Making Tool
1.5 Quality Control (QC)
1.6 Total Quality Management (TQM)

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this topic, student should be able to :

1. Discuss the leadership styles.
2. Explain the qualities of good leadership.

Who is LEADER????

A leader is any person who:
 influences individuals and groups within an

organization,
 helps them in the establishment of goals,
 and guides them toward achievement of those

goals,
thereby allowing them to be effective

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•involves other people (subordinates or
followers) – with their willingness to accept
directions from the leader.
•Involves an unequal distribution of power
between leader and group members (group
member are not powerless).
•Ability to use the different forms of power
to influence followers behaviour in a
number of ways.

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What is leadership?

Leading people
Influencing people
Commanding people
Guiding people

Are The ENGINEERS a

LEADER ?

WHAT DO YOU THINK???

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Types of
LEADERSHIP STYLE

Leadership styles

The various patterns of behavior favored
by leaders during the process of directing
and influencing workers.

Types of Leadership styles

BUREAUCRATIC AUTOCRATIC

DEMOCRATIC LAISSEZ-FAIRE

ISLAMIC

BUREAUCRATIC
STYLE

 Everything is done in an exact, specific way to ensure
safety and/or accuracy.

 Everything must be done according to procedure or policy.

 This style of leadership follows a close set of standards.
(“manage by the book”)

 You will often find this leadership role in a situation where
the work environment is dangerous and specific sets of
procedures are necessary to ensure safety.

 Example : police officer

BUREAUCRATIC

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When to use ?

 Employees are performing routine tasks over and
over

 Employees need to understand certain standards
or procedures

 Employees are working with dangerous or
delicate equipment that are requires a definite set
of procedures to operate

 Safety or security training is being conducted
 Employees are performing tasks that require

handling cash.

Ineffective when…

 Work habits form that are hard to break, especially
if they are no longer useful.

 Employees lose their interest in their job and in
their fellow workers

 Employees do not only what is expected of them
and no more

 Organizations that rely on flexibility, creativity or
innovation

AUTOCRATIC
STYLE

 Leader is complete control, no one is permitted
to make any suggestions or offer any opinions,
no matter how it may benefit the group.

 Leader is decision-making authority,
subordinates expected to obey orders without
explanations.

 Rely on threats and punishment to influence
employee .

AUTOCRATIC

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When to use ?

■ New employees who do not know which tasks to
perform or which procedures to follow .

■ Employees do not respond to any other leadership
style

■ There are high-volume production needs on a
daily basis

■ There is limited time in which to make decision
■ A manager’s is challenged by an employee
■ The area was poorly managed
■ Work need to be coordinated with another

department or organization

Should not be use when…

■ Employees become tense, fearful or resentful
■ Employees expect to have their opinions

heard
■ Employees begin depending on their

manager to make all their decision
■ There is low employee morale, high turnover

and absenteeism and work stoppage

DEMOCRATIC
STYLE

 Also known as PARTICIPATIVE leadership
style

 The employee have a more participatory
role in the decision making process.

 Leader retains final say over all decisions
but allows others to share insight and
ideas.

 However, the leader maintains the final
decision making authority, but allows others
to share insight and ideas.

DEMOCRATIC

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Effective when

■ The leader wants employees to share in decision-
making and problem-solving duties

■ The leader wants to keep employees informed
about matters that affect them

■ The leader wants to provide opportunities for
employees to develop a high sense of personal
growth and job satisfaction

■ There is a large or complex problems solved that
requires lots of input to solve

■ The leader want to encourage team building and
participation.

Ineffective when

■ There is not enough time to get everyone’s
input

■ It’s easier and more cost-effective for the
manager to make the decision

■ The business can’t afford mistakes
■ The manger feels threatened by this type of

leadership
■ Employee safety is a critical concern.

LAISSEZ-FAIRE
STYLE

 Also known as DELEGATIVE / HAND OFF style.
 All authority or power is given to the employees

and they must determine goals, make decisions,
and resolve problems on their own.
 However, the leader is still responsible for the
decisions that are made
 Gives followers as much freedom as possible.

LAISSEZ-FAIRE

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When to use:

■ Employees are highly skilled, experienced
and educated

■ Employees have pride in their work and the
drive to do it successfully on their own
outside experts, such as staff specialists or
consultants are being used

■ Employees are trustworthy and
experienced.

Should not be used when :

■ It makes employees feel insecure at the
unavailability of a manager

■ The manager cannot provide regular
feedback to let employees know how
well they are doing

■ The manager doesn’t understand his or
her responsibilities and is hoping the
employees can cover for him/her

ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP
STYLE

• Leadership in Islam is a trust (AMANAH).
• It represents a psychological contract

between a leader and his followers that he
will try his best to guide them, to protect
them and to treat them fairly and with
justice.

•

THE SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP
PRINCIPLES

a) Al Quran
b) As Sunnah
c) Khulafa Ar Rasyidin
d) Sahabat

Al Quran

■ Al Quran is the primary source of leadership and
success principles.

■ It is a complete Code of Life which contains
guidelines on spiritual, social, economic and
political aspects of human life.

■ It is the last and complete edition of divine
guidance and teaches the success and leadership
principles which can guide life towards success
and highest attainment.

As Sunnah

■ As-Sunnah is defined as that which comes from
the Prophet apart from the Quran include words,
deeds and approvals made the proposition of law.

■ In the context of Islamic civilization, al-Sunnah is
the second source after the Quran.

■ Al-Sunnah function can be regarded as a translator
practical and depth to the al-Quran.

■ Both of these resources is a source of inspiration
for Muslims to become a leader.

Khulafa’ Ar-Rasyidin

■ Khulafa’ Ar-Rasyidin means representatives or
successors of right or true. The heirs of leadership
after Prophet Muhammad.

■ Their appointments were made by the shura, which is
a discussion of the companions or chosen by the
caliphs before.

■ Khulafa’ Ar-Rasyidin consists of four companions:
i. Saidina Abu Bakar As-Siddiq, 632-634 M
ii. Saidina Umar Al-Khatab, (Umar І) 634-644 M
iii. Saidina Uthman Affan, 644-656 M
iv. Saidina Ali Abi Talib, 656-661 M

Government Policies of Khulafa’
Ar-Rasyidin

■ The laws and constitution of the country based
on the Al-Quran and Hadith

■ The Caliph had the power to make decisions
based on the views of the council members of
the Shura and Ijtihad

■ The Caliph is the head of state

■ The people are obliged to obey the government
who obeys the law of Allah and His Messenger

■ People can give their leaders any suggestions
or view by using the right channels.

Exemplary Attitude of Khulafa’
Ar-rasyidin

■ People are given the right to practice their religion as long as
they do not interfere with the administration of the Shari'ah.

■ Comply with the Islamic law and willing to defend the sanctity
of the Islamic religion

■ Deepen knowledge (religious and administrative knowledge)

■ Implement shura system in finding decisions

■ Emphasizing unity of all instead of unity in certain factions

■ Defend the poor and seek financial resources to advance the
country's administration

■ Da'wah should be carried out by individuals and governments
to combat shirk and disbelief.

Leadership Styles of Khulafa’ Ar-
rasyidin

■ Abu Bakr: gentle and firm
■ Umar: be fit, firm and prioritize the

interests of the people
■ Usman: pious, polite and patient
■ Ali: stern and emphasizing the truth..

Companion of the Prophet s.a.w

■ In Islam, Companion of the Prophet s.a.w means those who
lived during his reign and recognize and become comrades of
the Prophet Muhammad while spreading Islam.

■ Three conditions that must be fulfilled before a person can
be considered a companion of the Prophet, namely:
i) A person who lived in his time and come face to face.
ii) Those who believed with him, those who believe in the
prophet hood of the Prophet.
iii) Those who die in Islam because there are some people
who live and met with him, and believe with him still
fallen upon his death.

Examples of the companion of the Prophet
SAW

■ Bilal bin Rabah :
Appointed as a juruazan by the prophet

■ Hamzah bin Abdul Mutallib :

recognize as the “Lion of Allah”( because of his courage)

■ Abdul Rahman Ibn Auf :
is a symbol of the success of Muslims in the field of trade
and commerce especially when the economic field was then
monopolized by the Jews.

LEADERSHIP QUALITIES
What is the criteria ?

LEADERSHIP QUALITIES
What is the criteria ?

“The capacity and will to rally

men and women to a common

purpose and the character which

the ability to develop a inspires confidence

vision that motivates others OR leadership is influence”
John C. Maxwell
to move with a passion

toward a common

goal. A functional of

Ermmm… knowing yourself, having a vision
leadership is
that is well communicated, building

trust among colleagues, and taking

effective action to realize your

own leadership potential.

Prof. Warren Bennis

VISION

COMMUNICATION CLEAR STRATEGY

PURSUE LIFELONG THE QUALITIES ABILITY TO MAKE
LEARNING OF GOOD DECISION

SELF KNOWLEDGE LEADERSHIP RISK TAKING
& AWARENESS

INTERGRITY ABILITY TO
MOTIVATE OTHERS

TEAM BUILDER

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP

 Good leaders have vision that can see into the

VISION future.
 Have an exciting/clear idea of where they are

going and what they are trying to accomplish

and are excellent at strategic planning.

 Vision leads the leader:

 starts within

 meets others needs

 helps gather resources

 draws on your history

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP

CLEAR Clear strategies are about identifying where you
STRATEGY should focus to achieve your vision or goal.

 Leader know and tell a team what they want to do, and have
the strength of character to pursue their objectives in the face
of opposition and in spite of failures.

 Good leaders are able to:
 Find the strategic vision
 Make it clear, specific, strong
 Maintain the vision
 Manage the vision
 Communicate the vision

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP

ABILITY TO  Difficult decisions are a part of being a
MAKE leader.

DECISION  Difficult decisions are made easier when
decisions align with clearly defined vision,

values, goals, and objectives.

 A leader must be able to wade through information,

comprehend what’s relevant, make a well-considered

decision and take action based on what decision.

 Making decision too quickly or slowly will impede

leadership effectiveness.

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP

 Risk taking means confronting the

RISK fears/challenges and having the courage to move
TAKING forward or recognizing that the calculated risk

beyond the tolerance of the consequences.

 Good leaders take the right risks at the right time.

 Leaders take calculated risks when necessary to achieve their

objectives

 If a mistake is made, the leader will learn from the mistake and

use it as an opportunity to explore other avenues.

 Leaders is about finding different solutions to long-standing

problems or issues that are getting in the way of results

 Leaders need to be willing to dip their toes into the pool of

uncertainty without fear of failure.

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP

 Inspiring a good leader motivates his followers

ABILITY TO and team to achieve bigger dreams. Not just
MOTIVATE his words, but even his actions have to
motivate the people around him.
OTHERS

 People are more motivated when a leader articulates his or

her vision for a project or for the organization, along with the

steps – or goals – needed to achieve it

 As a leader, you are able to help the members of your team

connect what they do to the impact it has on customers and

communities.

 When the team as a unit is face difficult situations, and that's

where the morale boosting ability of the leader would come

into picture.

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP

 A leader must know how to build and nurture

TEAM such a team.
BUILDER  To assemble the team, a leader should defining

the goals which should provide focus and be

attainable.

 It is important that the team leadership understands the

strengths of each of the team members in order to assemble

a cohesive team.

 A leader should allocate responsibilities by each team

member.

 Team leadership should be more of a coaching role such as

encouraging the team members to work together, providing

ideas and serving as a role model.

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP

SELF KNOWLEDGE  Self awareness is accurately assesses
& AWARENESS
personal strengths and weaknesses and

manages them effectively.

 Leaders who have good self awareness, know themselves well

enough to recognize and acknowledge when they reached

their limits in areas of personal knowledge, understanding or

skills.

 Such leaders acknowledge the point at which they need other

people.

 To depend on the abilities of others without being threatened

by them brings all-round benefits to the team.

 Those whose skills are utilized feel affirmed, involved and

motivated and the team achievements are maximized.

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP

 Integrity is the integration of outward actions

INTERGRITY and inner values.

 Leaders should be noted for their truthfulness,

consistency and reliability.

 All responsibilities are fulfilled ethically which their actions

are consistent with their spoken word.

 Integrity value leads to credibility of a leader.

 A leader with high levels of integrity are like to be

conscientious and disciplined.

 A leader who is centered in integrity will be more

approachable by followers.

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP

 Pursue lifelong learning opportunities is an

PURSUE important role for a leader.
LIFELONG  Lifelong learning not only focus on skills
LEARNING
development but also about the growth of

character.

 A leader should encouraging employees to expand their

capabilities and take on additional assignments.

 Leadership should bring a culture of lifelong learning in

organization to face adversity and enjoy success.

 A leader also have to enhance their intellectual and

professional skill to be an example to the followers.

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP

 Refers to both interpersonal

COMMUNICATION communications between the leader
and followers and the overall flow of

needed information throughout the

organization.

 An effective leader will strive to create a sense of openness,

encouraging individuals to listen attentively to others or to

speak out.

 Without clear communication, employees won’t understand

the mission, goals and vision of the organization.

 Communication should be consistent in establishing work

expectations, giving constructive feedback and in training new

employees.