DK Children’s Encyclopedia ( PDFDrive )

Taste SEE ALSO
▸▸ Color pp.26–27
When we eat food, tiny bumps in our mouth sense if it ▸▸ Brain p.45
tastes sweet, sour, salty, savory, or bitter. The mouth ▸▸ Digestion p.79
sends information to our brain, which works out the ▸▸ Food p.106
flavors of what we are eating and drinking. ▸▸ Fruit and seeds

Taste and smell p.115
▸▸ Smell p.232
The sense of taste from the
tongue and the sense of smell Sour
from the nose work together to Lemons, limes,
tell us how our food tastes. and grapefruit
taste sour. A
Bitter sour taste can
Bitter-tasting also be a warning
foods include that food has
olives, coffee gone bad.
beans, and
cocoa beans.

Salt Savory
Salt is added to Savory flavors
dishes to help them include soy
to taste better. Our sauce and
bodies need a small parmesan
amount of salt to cheese.
stay healthy, but too
much salt is bad for us. The body regrows
all of our taste buds
Taste buds
every two weeks.
The little bumps in
our tongue and Sweet
mouth have tiny Foods such as honey and
taste sensors in fruit taste sweet because of
them called taste the natural sugar they contain.
buds. We have
around 10,000
taste buds.

249

Telephones SEE ALSO
▸▸ Codes pp.66–67
Telephones allow people to speak to each other from ▸▸ Communication
anywhere in the world. They turn the sound of our
voices into signals, which are sent through radio waves p.69
or cables to another phone. That phone then changes ▸▸ Computers p.71
the signals back into sound. ▸▸ Electricity p.87
▸▸ Hearing p.127
▸▸ Internet p.138

Where does
your voice go?

When you speak into a
phone, the sound of
your voice is turned
into electrical signals.
A network of telephone
lines and cell towers let
us speak to people over
long distances.

Cell tower Telephone lines
These towers send and Phone lines carry phone
receive signals between signals long distances by

mobile phones and a holding the wires up
telephone exchange. above the ground. For
longer distances, cables
can even go underwater.

Mobile phones Telephone exchange Wired phones
Mobile phones send and receive signals This place connects telephone calls Landline phones have a cable that
as radio waves. They don’t work if they using computers. It sends incoming
plugs into a wall. They send a
are too far away from a cell tower. signals to the right phone. signal through a network of wires.

Past and present 18:05 Smartphone
Tuesday, 20 April
The way that phones send and receive A smartphone is a
signals has changed since they were first First telephone pocket computer
invented. Early telephones sent sounds The telephone was invented in 1876 by that can be used
short distances through pipes or tubes. Alexander Graham Bell, a Scottish music teacher. to make phone calls,
From the 1800s, telephones sent electrical record videos, and
signals through wires. Mobile phones use play games.
radio waves to pick up signals.

250

Television SEE ALSO
▸▸ Communication
Television lets people watch the news,
documentaries, films, cartoons, and game shows p.69
without leaving the house. It is one of the world’s ▸▸ Factories p.97
most popular forms of entertainment. ▸▸ Hearing p.127
▸▸ Radio p.203
Sounds and 2. Television satellite ▸▸ Satellites p.215
pictures are The recorded program is ▸▸ Sight p.226
recorded, using sent as signals to machines
a video camera. in space, called satellites. 3. Broadcast tower
The signals are then sent back These towers pick up satellite
to many places on Earth. signals and send them out
to areas nearby. This can
1. Filming Satellite dishes be done using special cables
Television programs are send signals to or small satellite dishes.
recorded using video and from Earth.
cameras. When a program Televisions pick up
is ready, the production the signals from
company sends, or their nearest tower.
transmits, it.
4. Television
Sending signals John Logie Baird The signals are turned
back into pictures and
The pictures and sounds of a invented the first sounds using electricity.
television program are sent, or television in 1926, We can then watch the
transmitted, around the world as television program.
signals. Televisions pick up the using cookie tins,
signals and change them back hat boxes, bicycle
into moving images.
lights, and
needles.

Early television The picture on the
screen is made up of
The first television sets thousands of tiny
were big boxes with small colored squares,
screens. They showed called pixels.
programs in black and
white. By the 1950s, color
televisions became more
common in homes.

Televisor (1930)
251

Temperature SEE ALSO

▸▸ Changing states
p.57

Temperature is a measurement of how hot or cold ▸▸ Gases p.117
▸▸ Human body
something is. We measure temperature in degrees of
p.130
Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). We can use a thermometer ▸▸ Liquids p.148
▸▸ Measuring p.159
to measure the temperature of the air, liquids, ▸▸ Solids p.234

or the human body. °C °F
100 210

90 200 Thermometer Digital
190 A thermometer is an thermometer

80 180 instrument that measures
170 temperature. We read the
temperature off it in degrees.

70 160
150

60 140

130
50 120

Water boils Body 40 110
temperature 30 100
When liquid water reaches a 20 90
temperature of 212°F (100°C),
it boils and changes from a liquid 80
into a gas called water vapor. 70
60

Room temperature 10 50
We use the term “room
temperature” to describe 40 Water freezes
normal conditions. The 0 30
average temperature of When the temperature of the air
a room is 68°F (20°C). -10 20 around us gets to 32°F (0°C), liquid
10 water freezes and becomes a solid
Body called ice.
temperature 0
-20 -10
A healthy body
temperature is -30 -20 The red Lightning is
about 98.6°F (37°C). -30 liquid goes
Doctors can check up or down 53,540°F
body temperature by -40 -40 to show the (29,727°C),
putting an electric temperature.
thermometer in our which makes it the
mouth or ear. hottest natural
thing on Earth.

Thermometer
252

Theater SEE ALSO
▸▸ Ancient Greece
People have acted out stories for thousands of years.
These stories are plays, and the theater is the exciting p.18
place in which they are performed. Theater performers
try to make you believe that the characters in a play are ▸▸ Books p.44
real, and that the events they show are
actually happening. ▸▸ Buildings p.48

On stage ▸▸ Clothing pp.62–63

The area where plays are ▸▸ Film p.100
performed in a theater
is called the stage. ▸▸ Music
Many actors can be pp.176–177
on stage at the same
time. Music, sounds,
and lighting on stage
make the play
more exciting.

British author
Agatha Christie’s play

The Mousetrap

has been performed
more than

25,000 times!

Actor Costume Stage Prop
The people in plays The clothing an actor wears The stage is usually in Props are things used in
who pretend to be is called their costume. front of the audience. plays to make them more
characters are lifelike, such as weapons.
called actors.
These Chinese
Ancient plays Tragedy Puppets puppets cast
mask shadows onto
The first plays were Models controlled by strings a screen.
written in ancient or rods are called puppets.
Greece, around 700 bce. Comedy They are given voices by
Greek playwrights mask performers and tell
mainly wrote sad plays, stories on small stages.
called tragedies, Puppet shows have
and funny plays, been performed for at
called comedies. least 3,000 years.

Greek theater masks 253

Tides SEE ALSO
▸▸ Day and night
Tides are daily changes in the level of the sea on the
coast. They are mainly caused by the moon’s gravity, p.77
which is an invisible force that pulls on the Earth. When
the water is high up the coast, it is called high tide, and ▸▸ Gravity p.125
when it falls it is low tide.
▸▸ Moon p.171

▸▸ Oceans and seas
p.187

▸▸ Seashore p.220

▸▸ Sun p.247

Low tide High tide

When the pull of the moon is weak, water levels When the pull of the moon is strong, water levels
fall and the tide goes out. rise and the tide comes in.

The moon and tides A high tide happens Living between tides
around the parts of Earth
The moon pulls the Earth’s closest to the moon. The part of the coast that is covered up and
oceans on the side facing it. then uncovered between the tides is called the
This makes sea levels rise, Earth intertidal zone. Many living things are found
creating a high tide. Because here. They have to be tough to cope with
the Earth turns, tides rise Moon battering waves at high tide, and air
and fall as parts of Earth and sunlight at low tide.
turn toward and then away Low tide occurs
from the moon. where the moon’s Mussels live on
pull is at its weakest. rocks. They shut
High tides happen their shells when
on both sides of the the tide is out.
Earth at the same time.

254

Time zones SEE ALSO
▸▸ Aircraft p.13
Clocks do not show the same time all over the world. ▸▸ Clocks p.61
If they did, it would be dark at noon and light at midnight ▸▸ Day and night
in some places. To avoid this, the world is divided into
24 areas called time zones. There is a difference of one p.77
hour between time zones that are next to each other. ▸▸ Maps p.155
▸▸ Sun p.247
▸▸ World p.275

Times around the world ndon 12 noo Paris 1 p.m. Berlin 1 p.m Beijing 8 p.
m. m.
Time zones are based on the time in Greenwich,
in London, which is known as Greenwich Mean .
Time. The time in the zones to the west .m. ro 2 p.m.
of Greenwich are earlier, and the times in the wn 2 p.m.
zones to the east are later.
Los Ang n
Marra New York 7 a.m. neiro 9 a.m.

Lo Moscow 3 p

eles 4 a.m. kesh 12 noon

Sydney 10 p.

Russia is such a Cai

big country Rio de Ja Cape To

that it stretches The pointer’s Jet lag
shadow shows
across 11 time the time. Traveling quickly across several
zones. time zones can confuse our bodies,
which still think they are in the
Sundials original time zone. This state,
called jet lag, can cause tiredness,
Before time zones were invented, headaches, and problems sleeping.
people worked out the local time
from the position of the sun in
the sky using a sundial.
The shadow cast by
a pointer on the
dial showed
the time.

255

Touch SEE ALSO
▸▸ Body cells p.41
Touching is how we feel the world around us. When we ▸▸ Brain p.45
touch something, sensors in our skin send information ▸▸ Human body
to our brain. We can tell if things are rough or smooth,
hot or cold, and how much something pushes against us. p.130
▸▸ Muscles p.173
Feeling things ▸▸ Skin p.229
▸▸ Temperature
There are tiny sensors in our skin called
cells or neurons. These neurons collect p.252
information about what we touch and
send electrical signals to the brain. Hot and cold
We can detect if
Hard and soft things are hot or
We can feel how hard cold. If something
things are by how much is too hot, our skin
they push back against tells us to move
our touch. away quickly.

Blind people can Smooth
read by touching a and rough
series of tiny bumps We are able to feel
on a page called very small bumps
and differences
braille. in texture.

Pain Wet and dry
We can tell the
The neurons in difference between
your skin can also wet, sticky, and dry
detect damage. If things just by
we cut or burn touching them.
ourselves, the
neurons send a
message to our
brain that we
feel as pain.

256

Trade SEE ALSO
▸▸ Farming p.98
Trade is buying and selling. We trade raw materials, ▸▸ Governments
like metal, to make things, as well as trading the things
they are made into, like phones. Everything we eat, p.123
wear, and use is the result of trade. You can also buy ▸▸ Materials p.157
and sell services, which are jobs people do, such as ▸▸ Money p.169
computer coding. ▸▸ Transportation

Vegetables, fruit, animals Aircraft carry Factories turn raw pp.258–259
for meat, and other products some products materials, such as ▸▸ Work p.274
are farmed to be sold. overseas quickly. iron and copper, into
finished products, Products are sold
such as computers. in stores and
markets.

Trucks transport things
that are ready to be sold.

At the port, containers Border controls Clothes Rice
of goods are loaded check what goes
onto ships to be in and out of
sent abroad. the country.

Imports Exports Computers
Goods and raw materials coming into Furniture
a country are known as imports. These Goods and raw materials that
are often items that cannot be made are sent overseas are known Spice trade
or grown in that country. as exports. Most exports go
by boat. Some go by plane, One of the oldest trades
train, or road. in the world is the spice
trade. Cinnamon, turmeric,
Pineapples Cocoa beans Cars and other spices are grown
in Asia and used around
Lemons and limes Bananas Steel the world to flavor food.
When the trade began,
International trade Coastguards spices were carried by
make sure that land across Asia.
Countries all over the world send goods to one ships make it to
another. They can make money by charging the land safely. Cinnamon
other country tax (money) for the right to sell
its goods within their borders.

257

The story of... Green travel

Transportation The bicycle is one of the most
environmentally friendly (green)
Humans have been inventing new ways of moving forms of transportation, because it
from one place to another for thousands of years. has no engine to release harmful
At first, people used animals for transportation on gases into the air. Other forms of
land. Later, the wheel was invented, then engines.
People started crossing water using rafts and simple green travel include electric
dugout canoes, while air travel began with hot-air cars and buses that run on
balloons. We have even traveled into space!
clean hydrogen gas.

Horse and cart

Cyclists and their
passengers wear a
helmet to keep their
head protected
if they fall.

Animals Ancient boats
were powered
Animals were our first by people
type of transportation other using oars.
than walking. At first, people
rode on them. In 3500 bce the

wheel was invented, and
carts and carriages were
pulled by horses, oxen,

and other animals.

Model of a boat,
from ancient Egypt

Crossing water Turning the
pedals makes
The first boats were log boats, a bicycle’s
carved out of tree trunks, and wheels go
basic rafts made from reeds around.

and sticks. People used
them to travel around and

also for fishing.

258

Model T Ford Air travel

Cars for all A few decades after
the first powered flight
In 1908, the Model T Ford
became the first car that was in 1903, aircraft were
cheap enough for many people developed to take people
to buy. More than 15 million were
around the world faster
built. Most cars at the time than ever before. Today,
cost nearly $3,000, but
the Model T Ford was the longest nonstop
only $850. flight takes 17 hours
and 27 minutes from
There are
more than New Zealand
to Qatar.
one billion
Video camera Poster for Korean
bikes on the records moving Air Lines
planet. color images of
the moon. Only three

lunar rovers

were built. They
are all still on
the surface of
the moon.

Moon buggy

Lunar Rover

The Lunar Roving Vehicle
was designed to transport
astronauts on the moon’s
surface. Three of these battery-
powered craft drove on the
moon. They could transport
two astronauts at speeds

of up to 8 mph
(13 kph).

259

Trains SEE ALSO
▸▸ Asia p.29
Trains are vehicles that move along tracks. The first trains ▸▸ Engines p.92
were powered by steam, but modern trains use diesel, ▸▸ Inventions
electricity, or even magnets. They are a fast way for
passengers to travel and for goods to be transported. pp.136–137
▸▸ Magnets p.151
There are three Each train can ▸▸ Trade p.257
types of seating, carry more than ▸▸ Transportation
the most luxurious 900 passengers
being “Gran Class.” in 12 cars. pp.258–259

The driver uses levers Bullet train
and computer screens
to control the train. The Shinkansen is also known
as a bullet train. It travels long
distances between Japanese
cities at speeds of up to
199 mph (320 kph).

Shinkansen The nose is
angled so the
train can move
faster through
the air.

The world’s Shinkansen trains
longest train had operate on special
high-speed tracks.
eight engines
and 682 cars!

In the cab, coal is fed into a fire.
This heats water in a boiler to
create steam that powers the train.

Aerolite, 1902 The large, powered wheel Underground
is called the driving wheel. trains
Steam engine
Many cities have
The earliest trains used steam for power. Water was underground trains
known as subway, or
heated by a coal fire in the engine. The first working metro, systems.
train, Stephenson’s Rocket, was built in 1829. Avoiding the busy
traffic above, these
trains can quickly move
people around a city.

The Paris metro

260

Trees SEE ALSO
▸▸ Forests p.109
A tree is a plant with a woody stem called a trunk.
Trees are found all over the world, except in ▸▸ Fruit and seeds
Antarctica. The two main types of tree are p.115
deciduous and evergreen.
▸▸ Habitats p.126
Deciduous trees
▸▸ Materials p.157
These trees have leaves
that die and drop off in the ▸▸ Photosynthesis
autumn. In the spring, their p.191
leaves grow back again.
▸▸ Plants p.194

Leaves
Leaves make the food
a tree needs to grow.
They come in all
shapes and sizes
depending on the
type of tree.

Bark
The tree trunk is
covered in bark, a
rough covering that
protects the tree.

Oak tree

Needles Tree rings
Needles are leaves that
are curled up into a tough You can tell how
pointed shape. old a tree is by
counting the rings
Evergreen trees in its trunk. Each
ring shows a year
These trees keep their leaves all in the tree’s life.
year round. They have flat, hard
Sicilian fir leaves called needles or scales.

261

Turkish Empire SEE ALSO
▸▸ Africa p.12
For hundreds of years, the Ottoman Turks ruled one of ▸▸ Asia p.29
the largest empires the world has ever seen. It stretched ▸▸ Buildings p.48
from North Africa across the Middle East to the Indian ▸▸ Crafts p.75
Ocean. The Ottomans were Muslims, but they ▸▸ Europe p.94
ruled over many different people. ▸▸ Flags p.102
▸▸ Religion p.208

Ottoman leader The famous Blue Mosque
in Istanbul, Turkey, was
In 1299, a Turkish leader, Osman I, completed in 1616.
founded what was to become a new
Turkish empire—the Ottoman Empire.
The same family of sultans ruled
this empire for 600 years.

Osman I led the Turks
from 1299 to 1323.

Religious empire

The Ottomans were Muslims, which
means they followed the religion of
Islam. They built grand buildings called
mosques to pray in. Many of their
mosques are still in use today.

The capital
of the Ottoman

Empire was

Constantinople,

which is now known

as Istanbul.

Flower patterns The republic Flag of Turkey
were often used to
decorate Iznik pottery. The Ottoman Empire
ended in 1922, and the
Turkish art sultans were no longer
in charge. The next year,
The Turks made beautiful Turkey became a republic,
pottery in the town of Iznik with its people voting to
in northwest Turkey. They choose the leaders.
also wove wool carpets
and tapestries.

262

Universe SEE ALSO
▸▸ Atoms p.34
The universe is everything around us: matter, energy, and ▸▸ Big Bang p.37
space. This means the Earth, the solar system, the Milky ▸▸ Earth p.83
Way, and other galaxies are part of the universe. The ▸▸ Galaxies p.116
universe is very big and is always changing. ▸▸ Milky Way p.167
▸▸ Solar system

p.233

Where are we? Universe
The universe is made
The universe is so huge that it is up of billions of galaxies
hard to understand. This diagram that cluster together,
shows how Earth fits with the with huge empty spaces
rest of the universe. between them.

The universe has The Milky Way
no center, and is The solar system
orbits the center
filled with galaxies in all of our home
galaxy, which is
directions—it goes known as the
on forever. Milky Way.

The solar system Scientists thought the
The sun and its Milky Way was the only
family of planets galaxy until the early
are known as the 20th century.
solar system.
Dark matter
The Earth
Our planet is one Scientists think that dark matter is made of
of eight planets particles smaller than atoms. Dark matter
that move around is invisible to us, but we know it exists
the sun. because its force of gravity pulls nearby
space objects toward it.

Earth was thought Visible
to be the center of matter
the universe until 20
the 16th century. percent

City landscape Dark
Our planet is home to 7 billion matter
people living in towns, cities, 80
and the countryside. percent

263

Uranus SEE ALSO
▸▸ Atmosphere p.33
Uranus is the third largest planet in the ▸▸ Elements p.90
solar system, after Jupiter and Saturn. ▸▸ Gases p.117
It is the second farthest planet from the ▸▸ Mixtures p.168
sun. From Earth, Uranus looks like a ▸▸ Neptune p.183
very faint star. ▸▸ Solar system

p.233

Ice giant The atmosphere of
Uranus is mostly
Uranus is an "ice giant"—it has made of hydrogen
a rocky core that is surrounded and helium gas. It
by a mixture of liquid ices. is very cold.
Uranus has no solid surface.

Rolling planet

Most planets spin like tops on their
axis, but Uranus spins on its side like
a rolling ball. Its tilt was probably
caused by a giant crash with another
planet-sized body.

Earth is slightly
tilted and spins
from west to east.

Earth s
Uranu

Uranus is very tilted
and spins from east
to west.

Few features Uranus is the

The spacecraft Voyager 2 visited the coldest planet in
Uranus system in 1986. Images sent back
to Earth revealed 10 new moons and two the solar system, with
new rings but few other features. temperatures as low as

–371°F (–224°C).

Voyager 2 Uranus has thin,
dark rings that
are hard to see.

264

Venus SEE ALSO
▸▸ Atmosphere p.33
Venus is a rocky planet that is only slightly smaller ▸▸ Earth p.83
than Earth. It is the second planet away from the sun, ▸▸ Gases p.117
and sits between Mercury and Earth. Venus spins very ▸▸ Mercury p.161
slowly and has the longest day of all the planets in ▸▸ Solar system p.233
the solar system. ▸▸ Temperature p.252
▸▸ Volcanoes p.268
Harsh planet
Venus has
Venus’s rocky surface is extremely hot. thousands
Temperatures can reach more than of volcanoes
878°F (470°C), which is hot enough on its surface.
to melt metal.

Maat Mons is the biggest
volcano on Venus. It is
245 miles (395 km) wide.

Atmosphere Sulphur gas in Much of Venus’s
the clouds surface is covered
Venus is surrounded by a makes Venus with solid rock that
thick layer of poisonous gases. appear yellow. used to be liquid.
This atmosphere makes it
hard for scientists to see Sun
Venus’s surface.
Venus
Transit of Venus

Venus is closer to the sun than
the Earth is. We sometimes see
Venus moving in front of the
sun. It looks like a small, dark
disk moving across the bright
Sun. This is called the transit
of Venus.

265

Vertebrates SEE ALSO
▸▸ Amphibians p.15
Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. ▸▸ Birds p.39
The skeleton is a frame that helps the body move ▸▸ Fish p.101
around. Mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and ▸▸ Invertebrates p.139
birds are all vertebrates. ▸▸ Mammals p.154
▸▸ Reptiles p.210
▸▸ Skeleton p.228

The skull protects the The small, linked-up
soft brain inside. bones in the back are
called vertebrae.

Mammals Having lots of
little bones in
All mammals have a the tail means
similar skeleton. Only it can be moved
mammals have a lower around easily.
jawbone that is joined
to the skull by a hinge. Strong bones in the
legs let the tiger
The ribcage holds jump a long way.
the tiger’s lungs
in place. Birds

Tiger skeleton Most birds have light
bones, to let them
Frog Fins let the fish fly. Penguins have
skeleton swim smoothly heavier bones so
through water. they can dive
Amphibians deep in the
Fish skeleton water.
Frogs and toads don’t have
ribs. They have strong leg Fish Penguin
bones for jumping. skeleton
Only some fish have Bird skeletons
The jaw have bony skeletons. Others, such are full of holes.
extra bones. as sharks, have skeletons This helps them
made from a bendy to be as light as
substance called cartilage.
possible.

There are more Reptiles
rib bones.
Reptiles have more bones
Lizard skeleton in their skeletons than other
animals. This makes them
very bendy.

266

Vikings SEE ALSO
▸▸ Crafts p.75
Starting in the year 800, people from Norway, Sweden, and ▸▸ Europe p.94
Denmark set out to travel long distances and explore the ▸▸ Explorers p.96
world. We call these people Vikings. At home they had been ▸▸ Myths and
farmers and craftspeople. On their travels, Vikings traded
with or sometimes stole from others. legends p.178
▸▸ Oceans and seas
Viking longship In 1004,
p.187
Longships were fast ships Viking woman ▸▸ Ships p.224
Vikings used to travel across Gudrid
the Atlantic Ocean and up Viking longhouse
rivers in Europe. They were Thorbjarnardóttir
powered by oars and a sail. Vikings built houses using wood.
led a voyage The roofs were either wooden
Some Viking warships or thatched (woven using straw
had an animal head from Greenland or other soft materials). Inside
carved on the front. to Canada. were several different rooms for
the family, slaves, and animals.
The square The mast could be
sail was rolled taken down in a storm. Roof decorations helped
up in shallow to identify the owner.
waters.
Straw or
wool filled
gaps in the
planks.

The strong
keel was
made from
oak wood.

Overlapping Ropes Helmets were
planks made controlled worn by most
a strong, the sail. Viking warriors.
light ship.
Shields Swords were
Oars could protected expensive
change the the crew weapons.
direction of from
the ship. spray. A belt pouch
was a good
place to
keep coins.

267

Volcanoes SEE ALSO
▸▸ Earth’s surface
A volcano is a mountain or crater that forms when melted
rock, called magma, breaks through the Earth’s surface. p.84
As soon as the magma breaks through, or erupts, from,
a volcano, it is known as lava. Every year around the ▸▸ Earthquakes p.85
world, between 50 and 70 volcanoes erupt.
▸▸ Inside Earth
p.135

▸▸ Rock cycle p.213

▸▸ Rocks and
minerals p.214

Volcanic eruption Gas in the magma can Types of volcano
make it blast high into
Volcanoes erupt in different the sky, forming a lava Volcanoes come in all shapes
ways. In some eruptions, lava fountain. and sizes. Some are small,
gently flows out or spurts cone-shaped hills formed in
like a fountain. In other About a single eruption. Others are
eruptions, gas, giant mountains built up by
ash, and rocks 80 percent many eruptions.
explode out of of volcanic
the volcano. eruptions take

Small pieces of place under
lava fall around the sea.
the crater, forming
a cone-shaped Lava flows are slow- Caldera
mountain. moving rivers of melted The biggest volcanic eruptions
rock that can bury or leave behind an enormous crater
destroy everything known as a caldera. Some craters
in their path. fill with water and become lakes.

Cinder cone
Built of fragments of cooled lava
called cinders, cinder cones are
the smallest and most common
type of volcano.

Stratovolcano
This type of volcano is made up of
layers of ash and lava from many
eruptions. Stratovolcanoes are
steep-sided and cone-shaped.

268

Volume SEE ALSO
▸▸ Ancient Greece
In math, volume is the amount of space inside
a shape. The volume of a shape is measured in p.18
”cubed” units, such as cubic inches (in3) or cubic ▸▸ Human body
centimeters (cm3).
p.130
3-D shapes Cone ▸▸ Measuring p.159
Cones have a circular ▸▸ Numbers p.185
Three-dimensional (3-D) base and a curved ▸▸ Science p.217
shapes have length, width, ▸▸ Shapes p.222
and height. While 2-D shapes side that ends
such as squares are flat, 3-D in a point. Cylinder
shapes have volume. A cylinder has
circular ends
and a long
middle section.

Cuboid
These shapes have
six flat, rectangular
sides of any size.

Finding volume Sphere Cube
A sphere is shaped Cubes have six
The volume of any like a ball. If you equal-sized,
object can be found cut it in half, the square sides.
by putting it in water. sliced face would
The volume of the be circular.
water is measured
first. The object is 50 50
added, then the water 45
is measured again. 40 45
35
Carefully measure 30 40
the volume of the 25
water. Then add 20 } 35 Eureka!
your object. 15 30
10 An ancient Greek
The amount mathematician called
5 Archimedes realized
the water 25 that the amount of
water he pushed out
level changes when he got in the bath
was the same volume as
is the volume 20 his body. He shouted
"Eureka!," which means
of the object. "I have found it!"

15

10

5

Archimedes in the bath

269

Water cycle SEE ALSO
▸▸ Clouds p.64
The Earth always has the same amount of water, but ▸▸ Water
it is constantly moving between the oceans, rivers,
underground reservoirs, ice caps, and the atmosphere. pp.120–121
This continuous movement is called the water cycle. ▸▸ Glaciers p.122
▸▸ Lakes p.143
Moving water ▸▸ Oceans and seas

The amount of water in p.187
the atmosphere, the ▸▸ Rivers p.211
oceans, and on land is
always changing. When clouds
contain enough
water they
produce rain,
snow, or hail that
falls down to Earth.

Water in the atmosphere
comes together in
masses of tiny droplets
to form clouds.

Water evaporates from the sea Some rainwater and Rainwater and
into the atmosphere. Plants snowmelt soak into snowmelt find their
release water in a process the ground, forming way into rivers, which
called transpiration. underground lakes eventually carry them
known as aquifers. to the sea.
Water of life
Breaking
Without water there the cycle
would be no life on
Earth. Even plants and Humans break the water
animals that live in very cycle in several ways. We
dry places, such as dam rivers, suck up water
deserts, need some from underground, and
water to stay alive. use water for washing
and drinking.

270

Weather SEE ALSO
▸▸ Atmosphere p.33
The weather is what is happening in the atmosphere, or air ▸▸ Changing world
and sky, outside. It could be sunny or cloudy, windy or calm,
rainy or dry, or foggy or clear. In tropical parts of the world, pp.50–51
it is hot and sunny most of the time. Further north or ▸▸ Clouds p.64
south, the weather can be different every day. ▸▸ Seasons p.221
▸▸ Storms p.246
▸▸ Water cycle p.270

Sunny
When there is bright
sunshine, it is often
warm with clear blue
skies. Plants grow well
in this kind of weather.
If it is too hot and dry,

however, they
might die.

Windy
The wind is the
movement of the air.
Winds may be warm or
cold, depending on the
direction they blow in
from. Very strong winds
can damage buildings
and blow down trees.

Rainy
Water droplets that fall
from clouds are called
rain. Plants need rain to
grow, but too much rain
can cause floods. When
it is very cold, rain falls

as snow.

Foggy
Fog and mist are made
up of water droplets.

They are clouds at
ground level. Fogs are
thicker than mists. People
driving in fog need to be
very careful as it is hard

to see ahead.

271

The story of... Madrasa Students take ten
billion trips every
School In parts of the Islamic
world, children go to a year on school
A school is where children go to school known as a madrasa. buses in the United
learn subjects, such as reading Here they learn more about
and writing, that help them to their religion by studying States and Canada.
understand the world. Going to
school gives us the knowledge and the Quran. Extra flashing
skills that help us to get a job. lights help children
see that the school
bus is coming.

First schools

Boys first started to go to
school in ancient Greece,
Rome, China, and India. Later, in
Europe, church schools were
set up. Girls were not always

sent to school.

A school in School buses have
ancient extra mirrors to
Rome help the driver
spot children.

Education for all

Today, both boys and girls
go to school from around
the age of five. They learn
math, reading, and writing.
Older children study other
subjects, too.

272

College Graduation Almost
cap
A college or university two million
is where people over 18
can study a subject in children are
great detail for three or home-schooled
four years. They are awarded
in the US.
a degree when they
graduate. Getting to school

Degree certificate Many students walk to
school, others are taken there
in special school buses or by

car or train. In the US,
school buses are painted

bright yellow.

Home school

Some children stay at home
during the day and are given
lessons by their parents. They get
to study all the subjects they would
learn at school. Children that live
a long way from the nearest

school join in lessons over
the Internet.

Victorian
desktop
blackboard

Tools for school

In the past, children wrote out
their lessons using chalk on a
small blackboard. Today, some
schools use computers and
tablets, although tests and

homework usually have to
be written out on paper.

273

Work SEE ALSO
▸▸ Farming p.98
Work provides people with money to pay for the things
they need, such as food and somewhere to live. There are ▸▸ Inventions
lots of different types of work you can do. Many jobs need pp.136–137
special skills that you must train for. Some people stay
doing the same work all their lives. Others learn new skills ▸▸ Law p.145
and change jobs.
▸▸ Medicine p.160

▸▸ Money p.169

▸▸ School
pp.272–273

Jobs Factory workers Pilot flying Farm workers
Workers in factories produce a plane Farmers use land to grow and
The type of work a person does is everything from washing sell crops like wheat. They
called their job. Different jobs require machines to cars and phones. raise animals such as cows,
different skills. People might work on Machines and computers help sheep, and chickens.
a building site, in a hospital, or at them to do this work.
a school.

Truck driver

Computer coder Office workers Teacher Construction workers
Lawyer Some people work in Teachers help young Construction workers build new
buildings called offices. people learn new buildings and repair old ones. They
Help center They do different jobs skills and information build roads, dig ditches for pipes
and often use computers, at school. and cables, and lay train tracks.
phones, and books.

Street sweeper Bus Scientists
driver Scientists invent new products
and medicines. They test Police
everything from bridges to
how healthy your blood is.

Shop assistants Creative work Medical staff Market traders
Shop workers sell Some people use their Doctors, nurses, and surgeons Many people sell
things to people in imaginations to create in clinics and hospitals try to fruit, vegetables,
stores, such as food, websites, design books cure you if you’re ill. Carers plants, flowers, and
clothes, shoes, books, and posters, and make look after people who need household goods in
and music. music and films. extra help. market stalls.

274

World SEE ALSO
▸▸ Changing world
The Earth and everything that lives on it make up
the world. We often show the world as a map. Just pp.50–51
over one-quarter of it is land, which is divided into
seven huge areas, called continents. The rest of ▸▸ Climate change
the world is covered in water, or oceans. p.60

▸▸ Earth p.83

▸▸ Earth’s surface
p.84

▸▸ Maps p.155

Where we live The world’s smallest The world’s biggest country
country is Vatican is Russia. It stretches from
We live on all of the world’s City. It is contained Eastern Europe across Asia
seven continents. Apart from within the city of to the Pacific Ocean.
Antarctica, the continents Rome, in Italy.
are divided into areas
called countries.

Europe

North America Asia

Africa The world’s The world’s
richest country biggest city is
About the South America is Qatar in Tokyo, in Japan.
world Western Asia. More than 36
The world’s million people
Population: poorest country live there.
7.5 billion is the Central
African Republic, Oceania
in Africa.

Highest point: Antarctica
Mount Everest
There are more City life
Lowest point:
Mariana Trench than 7.5 billion Half of all the people on
people in the world, Earth live in cities. Many
Biggest desert: live in one of the world’s
Sahara Desert (hot) living in about 35 megacities, each of
or Antarctica (cold) which has more than
200 countries. ten million people.
Longest river:
Nile 275

This nighttime photograph of the megacity
Paris, in France, was taken from space.

World War l SEE ALSO
▸▸ Europe p.94
In 1914, war broke out in Europe and spread across the ▸▸ Factories p.97
world. In this war, planes and tanks were used for the first ▸▸ Flags p.102
time. The fighting lasted for four years and millions of ▸▸ Work p.274
soldiers were killed. Peace was declared in 1918. ▸▸ World p.275
▸▸ World War II p.277
Trench warfare ▸▸ War pp.278–279

In Western Europe, the opposing armies Soldiers went
defended the land they held by digging over the top of
lines of deep trenches. Trenches the trench to
protected the soldiers from enemy fire fight the enemy.
but were dangerous and very dirty.

Sand bags Barbed wire
protected kept enemy
against soldiers out.
rifle fire.

A bayonet on Women at war
the end of a gun
was used to With the men away fighting,
stab the enemy. women worked in factories to
make weapons and ammunition
(bullets and shells). They also
worked on farms.

Heavy-duty Allies and Central
boots were Powers
worn.
The warring countries formed
Rats ran everywhere two groups, with the Allies
in the trenches, fighting the Central Powers.
spreading disease. Allies:

Trenches were Britain France Italy
very muddy
and often filled Russia USA
with water. Central Powers:

Gas masks could be worn Germany Austria- Ottoman
if the enemy attacked Hungary Empire
using poisonous gas.

276

World War ll SEE ALSO
▸▸ Aircraft p.13
In 1939, Germany invaded Poland and a war broke out in ▸▸ Europe p.94
Europe. Fighting spread across the world, with massive ▸▸ Religion p.208
battles on land, at sea, and in the air. The war lasted six ▸▸ Ships p.224
years and was the most violent conflict in history, ▸▸ World p.275
with more than 60 million people killed. Peace was ▸▸ World War I p.276
restored in 1945. ▸▸ War pp.278–279

A single pilot sat in
the cockpit. He also
fired the guns.

British fighter plane
British Spitfire fighter aircraft
brought down many German planes
during the Battle of Britain in 1940.

The turret rotated to
point the main gun at
the enemy.

Kindertransport German tank
Germany made thousands of
Almost 10,000 mainly Jewish powerful, well-armed tanks to
children who were threatened with attack both Western Europe
persecution were brought to safety and the Soviet Union (Russia).
in Britain from mainland Europe.
This was called the Kindertransport, The ship was painted
or “children’s transport.” in different colors to
confuse the enemy.
Allies and Axis Main Allies: Aircraft were
kept on the US ship
deck ready to The US Navy fought a series of fierce
take off. battles in the Pacific Ocean against
the Japanese Navy.
The four main Allies Britain France USA Soviet
faced the three Axis Axis: Japan Union
nations of Germany,
Italy, and Japan. Fighting
between them took
place in Europe, Africa,
Asia, and Oceania.

Germany Italy

277

The story of...

War

Throughout history, people have fought each other for
land, money, and power. They have fought to defend a
religion or overthrow a ruler or a government. Wars are
expensive and kill thousands of people. They can last
for years. Many don’t agree with war, believing it is
always wrong to kill people.

Early warfare A full suit of
armor weighed up
Men fought the first wars armed
with battle-axes, wooden clubs, to 90 lb (40 kg),
knives, spears, and shields. They
didn’t have uniforms, so it was which is about
sometimes difficult for them to
know if they were fighting their the same as 40
dictionaries.
enemies or their friends.
Horses wore
armor to
protect their
head, neck,
and sides.

The Trojan War Knight on
horseback
ended when Greek
soldiers tricked their
way into the city of
Troy, by hiding inside a

wooden horse.

Long wars Knights in armor

War can last a long time. The Trojan In medieval Europe, knights rode into
War lasted for ten years, while the battle on horseback, wearing suits of
Greeks and Persians fought each other
for 50 years in the 400s bce. The Hundred metal armor. The armor protected
Years’ War between England and France them from arrows and spears, but
lasted for 116 years, from 1337 to
was heavy to wear and meant
1453, although fighting did not they couldn’t see very well.
take place every day.

278

The Spanish War at sea
Armada was made
Many battles take place
up of 130 ships that at sea. Sea battles can be
carried 2,500 guns very dangerous as ships can
and 30,000 soldiers quickly sink, killing everyone
on board. If rival boats get
and sailors. close together, soldiers can

A painting of the Spanish scramble across onto
Armada in 1588. an enemy ship.

This flag was used by Civil wars The first official flag of the
the rebel states during USA had 13 stars and 13
the Civil War. Most wars are fought stripes to represent each
between countries, but wars of the colonies in 1777.
can also break out between
groups within a country—these
are known as civil wars. The US
fought a war against Britain to win
its independence in 1783, and
then fought a bitter civil war

from 1861 to 1865.

1,200 bulletsA modern submachine gun can fire
a minute, which is 20 every second.

Gunpowder Cost of war War graves

Gunpowder is an explosive Soldiers are killed or die of their
material that was first invented wounds, and civilians caught up in
the fighting can be killed by accident.
in China in the 800s. It can be If a person refuses to fight in a war
used in guns to propel bullets because they don’t believe in killing
and shells very fast and over
people, they are known as a
long distances against conscientious objector.
an enemy army.

Prussian soldier

279

Writing SEE ALSO
▸▸ Storytelling
Writing is putting the words we speak down on paper or on
a screen. We do this using sets of characters, such as the pp.42–43
letters in an alphabet. Characters represent the different
letters or words of a language. The many different ▸▸ Books p.44
languages in the world have different systems of writing.
▸▸ Bronze Age p.47

▸▸ Codes pp.66–67

▸▸ Language p.144

▸▸ Philosophy
p.189

Writing systems Cuneiform Have a
Used in ancient Iraq, nice day
Written characters can be this was one of the first
joined together to form writing systems. Have a nice day
words, or sometimes form Cuneiform means Have a nice day
words on their own. Different “wedge-shaped.” Have a nice day
systems are written left to
right, right to left, or
downward.

Writing tools English
The English alphabet has 26
The first words were letters. These letters are used
carved into soft clay using a by many languages across
hard reed or piece of wood. the world.
Today we write with
pencils, crayons, and pens. Chinese
Brushes can be used to These characters are formed
paint beautiful characters. of pictures that often show an
object. A character forms one
word or part of a word.

Cyrillic
This alphabet is used to
write Russian and other
Eastern European and
Central Asian languages.

Hindi
The Hindi language of India
is written in the beautiful
Devanagari alphabet. It
has 47 different letters.

Calligraphy brush Some Chinese Emojis
Fountain pen dictionaries list
Emoji means “picture
Pencil more than character” in Japanese.
Emojis are used on mobile
40,000 phones and computers as
a quick way to show
characters! feelings or words.

280

Zoo SEE ALSO
▸▸ Animal families
Zoos are home to animals from all over the world.
Scientists work in zoos to learn about the animals, and p.21
how animals live in the wild. The oldest zoos have been ▸▸ Conservation
around for hundreds of years. Millions of people visit
zoos to see animals and learn more about them. p.72
▸▸ Farming p.98
Natural spaces ▸▸ Pets pp.152–153
Zoos try to keep animals in ▸▸ Mammals p.154
spaces that are like where ▸▸ Work p.274
they would be in the wild. This
is good for the animals and Zoo visit
helps people learn about
Here are some things
these places. to bear in mind if you
visit a zoo.

Zoo people Don’t feed the animals
Lots of different people Feeding animals food that
work in zoos. Zookeepers is not part of their diet can
look after the animals every
make them sick.
day; zoologists are
scientists that study the
animals; and vets keep the

animals healthy.

Conservation Don’t make loud noises
Zoos protect animal Loud noises scare the animals,
numbers in the wild and
work to stop animals from so try not to shout.
becoming extinct. For
example, California zoos
have set up breeding
programs to save the
endangered California

condor.

Bad zoos Listen to the zookeepers
Not all zoos are good. Some The keepers know a lot. You can
don’t look after their animals learn about animals by listening
properly or keep them in the to them and reading the signs.
right spaces. Good zoos are
part of zoo organizations

that make sure they
keep animals safe
and healthy.

281

Reference John Constable (1776–1837)
English landscape painter known for his everyday countryside scenes.
In this section you’ll find a useful His famous paintings include The Hay Wain and The Cornfield.

collection of lists and diagrams packed Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863)
French painter of the Romantic period, when art, writing, and music
with helpful information. focused on emotions. He chose dramatic subjects, deliberately painting
so that his individual brushstrokes could be seen.
Artists
Paul Cézanne (1839–1906)
An artist is someone who creates art by painting, French painter, sometimes called the father of modern art. He mainly
sculpting, or making. Even early humans made cave painted landscapes and still lifes (objects like flowers and fruits), building
paintings. Many artists are famous for inventing new up his pictures with large blocks of color.
styles of art and ways of painting.
Claude Monet (1840–1926)
Giotto (around 1266–1337) French landscape painter who invented the Impressionist style of art,
Italian painter who started painting in a more lifelike way. His pictures which tried to paint the overall effect of a moment in time.
mark the start of the Renaissance style of painting, which was more
realistic than what had been before. Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890)
Dutch painter who developed a unique style featuring bright colors and
Jan van Eyck (around 1390–1441) dramatic brushstrokes. He was not well known until after he died.
The first great painter to develop the use of oil paints. He came from
what is now Belgium. Edvard Munch (1863–1944)
Norwegian painter who had a tragic childhood and painted many works
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) expressing fear and anxiety. His most famous painting is The Scream.
Italian painter, inventor, and thinker who painted people with natural
expressions. His most famous works are the Mona Lisa and the wall Qi Baishi (1864–1957)
painting The Last Supper. Popular Chinese artist whose many works include a variety of subjects
such as paintings of individual animals and plants.
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564)
Italian painter, sculptor, architect, and poet, often called simply Henri Matisse (1869–1954)
”Michelangelo.” His large religious paintings on the ceiling and walls of French painter. His brightly colored, usually cheerful works are
the Sistine Chapel in Rome are among the most famous of all artworks. sometimes abstract, but usually he painted recognizable objects in a
simplified style.
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio, 1483–1520)
Italian painter of religious works and portraits. He used Leonardo’s and Abanindranath Tagore (1871–1951)
Michelangelo’s techniques to make paintings that influenced art for Indian painter and author who helped develop Indian art that was less
hundreds of years. dependent on British influence (Britain ruled India at the time). His uncle
was the poet Rabindranath Tagore (see “Writers” list).
Titian (around 1488–1576)
Painter from Venice, Italy, whose works include mythological scenes and Pablo Picasso (1881–1973)
realistic portraits of people, and are well known for their bright colors. Spanish artist, probably the most famous painter of the 20th century.
He painted in a variety of modern art styles and helped invent Cubism,
Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) which includes lots of geometric shapes such as squares and triangles.
Artist and diplomat who lived in what is now Belgium. He was the most
famous painter of the Baroque style, which came after the Renaissance Edward Hopper (1882–1967)
and features dramatic situations and emotions. American painter of realistic scenes, often city streets or buildings,
either deserted or with lonely-looking people in them.
Claude Lorrain (around 1600–1682)
French landscape painter who mainly worked in Italy. His landscapes Diego Rivera (1886–1957)
often include ancient ruins, and inspired the fashion for landscape Mexican painter best known for his colorful, action-packed wall
gardening, where people tried to make their land look like his paintings. paintings which often have a political message. Husband of Frida Kahlo.

Rembrandt (Rembrandt van Rijn, 1606–1669) Mark Rothko (1903–1970)
Dutch painter whose great skill as an artist helped him paint people’s American abstract artist whose work features rectangular blocks of
emotions. Many of his best paintings are self-portraits. color painted without sharp edges.

Francisco Goya (1746–1828) Salvador Dalí (1904–1989)
Spanish artist who became official painter to the King of Spain, but Spanish painter and sculptor who belonged to the art movement called
whose works also include nightmare scenes and paintings of the Surrealism, which created made-up subjects. His work features
horrors of war. dreamlike impossible scenes, painted in a highly realistic way.

Katsushika Hokusai (1760–1849) Frida Kahlo (1907–1954)
Japanese artist who excelled in painting scenes from everyday life and Mexican painter known for her self-portraits. She had a complex life,
landscapes. Many of his works feature the snow-capped Japanese affected by an accident and illness as a child. Wife of Diego Rivera.
volcano, Mount Fuji.
Jackson Pollock (1912–1956)
J. M. W. Turner (1775–1851) American painter best known for his “action paintings”—abstract works
English landscape painter whose works show his interests in travel, created by dribbling swirls of paint on a canvas.
the sea, history, and literature. In his later paintings the scenes are
sometimes almost completely hidden by mist, rain, or snow. Andy Warhol (1928–1987)
American founder of Pop Art, which takes everyday images such as soup
cans or celebrities’ faces and uses them as the basis for artworks.

Antony Gormley (born 1950)
British sculptor whose works include the huge outdoor winged figure
the Angel of the North near Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

282

Writers Charles Dickens (1812–1870)
English author of many famous novels including Oliver Twist, David
People have written things down for thousands of years. Copperfield, and A Tale of Two Cities.
Writing can include books, poems, or plays. It can tell a
story or record facts. Charlotte Brontë (1816–1855)
English author of Jane Eyre and other novels. Her sisters Emily (1818–
Homer (around 800 bce) 1848, author of Wuthering Heights) and Anne (1820–1849) are also
Legendary blind author of the Greek epic poems the Iliad and the well-known writers.
Odyssey, set at the time of the Trojan War.
Charles Baudelaire (1821–1867)
Sappho (around 630 bce) French poet whose subjects include city life and the unhappy side of
Greek poet famous for her passionate love poetry. Only a small amount emotions. He was a big influence on later poets.
of her work now survives.
Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)
Qu Yuan (around 340–278 bce) Russian author of the famous novels Anna Karenina and War and Peace.
Ancient Chinese poet and public servant. His most famous poem is called
The Lament. Emily Dickinson (1830–1886)
American poet whose deeply felt, personal poems only became well
Virgil (70–19 bce) known after her death.
Roman author of the epic poem the Aeneid, which tells the legendary
story of the creation of the city of Rome. Lewis Carroll (1832–1898)
English author and mathematician. His real name was Charles Lutwidge
Imru’ al-Qais (around 500) Dodgson. He wrote the stories Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and
Arabian poet whose works are full of passionate feeling. He is Through the Looking-Glass.
sometimes called the father of Arabic poetry.
Mark Twain (1835–1910)
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) American author, whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. His
Italian author of the Divine Comedy, a three-part epic poem describing many works include the novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The
hell, heaven, and purgatory (a place in between heaven and hell). Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Geoffrey Chaucer (around 1343–1400) Oscar Wilde (1854–1900)
English author of The Canterbury Tales, entertaining stories told in the Irish author whose works include the play The Importance of Being
voice of different pilgrims (people traveling to a sacred place). Earnest and his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray.

Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616) Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941)
Spanish writer whose comic book Don Quixote, about the adventures of Indian poet, novelist, composer, and thinker who wrote mainly in the
a well-meaning but silly knight, is often described as Europe’s first novel. Bengali language. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.

William Shakespeare (1564–1616) H. G. Wells (1866–1946)
English playwright and poet whose many famous plays include Hamlet, English author and thinker. He wrote works of science fiction such as
Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds.

Molière (1622–1673) James Joyce (1882–1941)
Famous French actor and author of funny comic plays. Molière was his Irish author of famous novels including Ulysses and Finnegans Wake.
stage name, his real name was Jean-Baptiste Poquelin.
Virginia Woolf (1882–1941)
Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694) English novelist whose works feature a style of writing called stream-of-
Japanese poet, a master of the short type of Japanese poem called a consciousness where you read a person‘s thoughts as they think them.
haiku, which contains just 17 syllables (single sounds in words).
T. S. Eliot (1888–1965)
Voltaire (1694–1778) American–English poet whose works include The Waste Land. His
French writer and thinker, whose real name was François-Marie Arouet. humorous poems about cats became the inspiration for the musical Cats.
He attacked old-fashioned ideas in his funny and controversial writings. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961)
German writer, poet, and thinker, whose wide-ranging works include American author whose books include A Farewell to Arms and For Whom
Faust, a long drama finished just before his death. the Bell Tolls, both set in wartime. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature
in 1954.
Robert Burns (1759–1796)
Scotland’s national poet. He wrote or revised the words for hundreds of George Orwell (1903–1950)
Scottish songs including Auld Lang Syne. English novelist and essay writer. He wrote the famous political novels
Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four.
William Wordsworth (1770–1850)
English poet who used nature as a source of inspiration. Gabriel García Márquez (1927–2014)
Colombian author whose novels, originally written in Spanish, include
Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) One Hundred Years of Solitude and Love in the Time of Cholera. He won
Scottish writer and poet. He was the first great historical novelist, with the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982.
works including Ivanhoe, Old Mortality, and The Heart of Midlothian.
Wole Soyinka (born 1934)
Jane Austen (1775–1817) Nigerian playwright, poet, and novelist whose works often deal with
English author whose funny and clever novels, including Emma and African political and social issues. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature
Pride and Prejudice, are still popular today. in 1986.

Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875) J. K. Rowling (born 1965)
Danish writer best known for his children’s stories including The Ugly British author of the hugely successful Harry Potter series of books
Duckling, The Little Mermaid, and The Snow Queen. about a young wizard.

283

Alphabets and Ancient Greek
writing systems
alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta eta theta
An alphabet is a set of ksi
marks that each means a chi
sound. It is used to write
down the words of a
language.

Ancient Greek iota kappa lambda mu nu omicron pi
letters
The ancient Greeks rho sigma tau upsilon phi psi omega
used an alphabet with
24 letters. The Latin
alphabet is based on it.

Latin letters Latin (Roman)
The Latin alphabet
is still used today Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm
in many European
languages. Three Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
letters have been
added since ancient
times: J, U, and W.

Arabic letters Arabic
The Arabic alphabet
has 28 letters. It reads
from right to left and
does not have separate
capital letters. Some
vowels have their own
letters, but some are
added to the
consonants.

Chinese characters Chinese (Mandarin)
Chinese writing does
not have an alphabet; woman man child head hand foot sun moon
instead, symbols metal
called characters
represent whole
words. More than one
language is spoken in
China. Mandarin is the
most common.

earth water fire tree mountain cloud dragon

dog cat horse bird north south big small

knife fork hot cold spring summer autumn winter

284

Scientists Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
English biologist whose 1859 book On the Origin of Species argued that
For thousands of years, scientists have made all sorts of new species can evolve from existing ones by natural selection.
important inventions and discoveries. Today, they are still
answering important questions about the universe. Ada Lovelace (1815–1852)
English mathematician who put together the world’s first computer
Aristotle (384–322 bce) program. She wrote it for a never-completed mechanical computer built
Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist. His ideas on physics are out of by the inventor Charles Babbage.
date but he was a good biologist, pointing out many facts about animals
for the first time. Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)
Austrian science teacher and monk. He carried out careful experiments
Aristarchus of Samos (around 310–230 bce) on plants to show how features such as flower color and seed shape are
Greek astronomer who first suggested that the Earth goes around the passed on to the next generation.
sun, instead of the other way round, as was thought before. Copernicus
came up with the same idea much later on. Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
French chemist who proved that tiny living things cause rotting and
Zhang Heng (78–139 ce) decay. He also showed how people could be protected from diseases
Chinese scientist and mathematician who invented a device that would by immunizing them.
detect earthquakes up to 310 miles (500 km) away.
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907)
Galen (around 129–200) Russian chemist who created the first periodic table of elements. He
Greek doctor who studied the parts of the human body. Although many arranged the elements in increasing size of their atoms and whether
of his ideas were later proved to be wrong, people treated his writings they have similar properties.
on medicine very seriously for more than 1,300 years.
Marie Curie (1867–1934)
Alhazen (around 965–1039) Polish–French physicist. Along with her husband Pierre, she was one of
Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He was probably the the first people to research radioactivity, and discovered the radioactive
best scientist of medieval times, writing a major work on the theory of elements radium and polonium. She won Nobel prizes in 1903 and 1911.
light and vision.
Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) New Zealand physicist who discovered that all atoms have a tiny central
Polish astronomer who showed both that the Earth was not standing nucleus containing most of their mass (weight). He won the Nobel Prize
still, but instead spinning on its axis once a day, and that it orbits the sun for Chemistry in 1908.
once a year, instead of the sun orbiting the Earth.
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) German-born physicist best known for his theories of relativity,
Italian physicist and astronomer. He was the first person to use a including that matter and energy can be turned into each other
telescope in astronomy, discovering among other things that Jupiter (described by his famous equation E = MC2). He won the Nobel Prize
had moons. for Physics in 1921.

Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) Alfred Wegener (1880–1930)
German astronomer who improved Copernicus’s theory that the Earth German weather scientist who suggested that the Earth’s continents
and other planets moved around the sun, by showing that their orbits slowly move over time (continental drift).
are ellipses (oval shapes), not circles.
Neils Bohr (1885–1962)
William Harvey (1578–1657) Danish physicist who added to Ernest Rutherford’s ideas to suggest that
English doctor who discovered that the heart pumps blood around the electrons move around an atom in fixed orbits. He won the Nobel Prize
body, pushing it outward through arteries and back through veins. for Physics in 1922.

Isaac Newton (1642–1727) Dorothy Hodgkin (1910–1994)
English physicist and mathematician who explained gravity for the first English chemist who worked out how to discover the shapes of
time. In physics, he introduced his famous “three laws of motion,“ which complicated molecules in the body, such as penicillin and insulin. She
explain how objects move and interact with each other. won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1964.

Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) Alan Turing (1912–1954)
Swedish biologist who introduced the idea of naming living things by English mathematician and founder of computer science. During World
giving them a name in Latin, for example Homo sapiens for humans. War II he helped crack German military codes, and later he was involved
with some of the first practical computers designed for general use.
James Hutton (1726–1797)
Scottish geologist whose work showed that the Earth’s rocks formed Francis Crick (1916–2004) and James Watson (born 1928)
over a huge time period as a result of very slow changes. Crick (an English physicist) and Watson (an American biologist)
co-discovered the spiral (double helix) shape of DNA in 1953. With a
Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) third scientist, they won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1962.
French chemist, often called the father of modern chemistry. He
introduced the idea of a chemical element, and named the gas oxygen. Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958)
English chemist who provided much of the evidence that Francis Crick
Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) and James Watson used in discovering the spiral shape of DNA.
Italian physicist who in 1800 invented the electric battery, which first
allowed a steady electric current to be produced. The unit of electricity, Lynn Margulis (1938–2011)
the volt, is named in his honor. American biologist who developed the theory that the complicated cells
of animals and plants came from smaller bacteria-sized cells that started
Michael Faraday (1791–1867) to live inside each other.
English physicist and chemist. He showed that a moving magnet creates
an electric current in a wire and invented the theory of electric and Stephen Hawking (born 1942)
magnetic fields to explain his discoveries. English physicist who has helped us to understand black holes, the origin
of the Universe, and the nature of time.

285

Tree of life Origins of life

The tree of life shows how Plants Bacteria
closely related different Fungi
groups of living things are.
You can follow the branches Animals
to see, for example, that
sharks evolved before Sponges
amphibians.

10

million species are
thought to live on

the Earth.

Jellyfish

Vertebrates Starfish

Mollusks Roundworms Sharks Jawless
Earthworms Arthropods Amphibians fish

Lizards and Bony fish
snakes

Crocodiles Tortoises and
turtles

Mammals

Birds Dinosaurs
286

Multiplication Find the second number
(2) on the top row and
If you times two numbers follow the column down
together you are multiplying to where it meets the row
them. You can use this table to
quickly work out the answer 1 2 3 for the first number.
to multiplying any two
numbers between 1 and 20. 11 2 3

When we multiply a To work out what 22 4 6
number by itself, we say 3 x 2 equals, find the
it has been “squared.” first number (3) on By following down the
the lefthand column.
3 3 6 9 column across from 3 and
down from 2, you can see
that 3 x 2 = 6.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120
7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140
8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160
9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209 220
12 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240
13 13 26 39 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260
14 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252 266 280
15 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300
16 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320
17 17 34 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272 289 306 323 340
18 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 306 324 342 360
19 19 38 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228 247 266 285 304 323 342 361 380
20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

287

Flat shapes KEY Solid shapes
Equal angles
Flat, or 2-D, shapes have Right angle Solid, or 3-D, shapes have
length and width but no depth. Equal sides depth as well as length
Triangles have three straight Equal sides and width.
sides, and quadrilaterals have
four straight sides. Cube
A cube has 12
Equilateral triangle Scalene triangle edges of equal
All three sides and all three All three sides and all three length and six
angles in an equilateral angles in a scalene triangle faces of equal size.
triangle are equal. are different.
Pyramid
The right angle A pyramid can
is always have a triangular
opposite the base, as seen here,
longest side. or a square base.
A triangular-based
Isosceles triangle Right-angled triangle pyramid has
An isosceles triangle has two A right-angled triangle has four faces and
sides of equal length and one right angle, but the other six edges.
two angles of equal size. angles and sides vary.
Cone
Square Rectangle Cones have two
All four sides in a square are A rectangle has two pairs of faces and only one
of equal length and all four sides that are the same length edge. The point is
angles are right angles. and four right angles. above the center of
the circular base.

Cylinder
A cylinder has
three faces and
two edges. The
two circular faces
are opposite
each other.

Parallelogram Rhombus
A parallelogram has two pairs All the sides in a rhombus are
of sides that are equal length equal length and it has two
and two pairs of angles that pairs of angles of equal size.
are the same size.
288

Time The clock face is divided The hands move down
into 12 hours. There are on1t0h11e12rig1h2t and up on 11 12 11 12 1
We divide time into hours, 24 hours in a full day. 10 1 10
minutes, and seconds. A 2 9
clock or watch is used to The hour hand shows 84
tell what time of day it is. what hour of the day it is. 11 12 1 th9e left. We3 call this 9 3
10 2 765
dir8ection “4clockwise.” 8 4
93 11 12 1
765 765 10
9
11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1 84
2
8 410 102 10 2 2 10 E6a0911c00mh1213ihn192o1u0ut1er22is3s. div2 i1d0ed in1t0o2 10 2 765
39 39 9 131 12 3 3
7 59 48 9 1 2
hTohwe mmiannuytemhinanudte1ss1hion1wa21ns 1 11121 112 1 9 39 3 4
hour have pas1se0d. It1is0 10 2 2 68 8 4 8 4 10
longer than t9he hou9r ha9nd. 3 3 84 8 4 48 84 8 4
6 95 7 3 95 7 3
2 7 6 5 7 6 75 6 5 7 6 75 6 5 7 6 6 75 6 5

84 84

765 765

3

8 884 44 11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1
11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1
7 67 567 65 510 102 102
120 102 102 120 102 102 2 10 10 2 10 2 2 10 10 2 10 2 2 10 10 2 10 2 2

112 1 9 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 3 9 9 3 9 3 39 9 3 9 3 39 9 3 9 3 3
8 84 84 48 84 84 84 84 84 4
8 84 8 4 48 84 8 4 48 84 8 4 4

2 2 7 6 5 7 6 57 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 57 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 57 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 75 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 75 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 75 6 5

3 O3’clock Half past Minutes past Quarter past Quarter to Minutes to
When the minute When the minute When the minute
4 W4hen the minute When the minute When the minute hand points to 3, we hand points to 9 we hand is on the left
know it is quarter know it is quarter of the clock, we say
56 5 hand 1p1o12int1s1t1o12121 ,11 12 1 11h1a2n1d 1p1o1i2nt1s11to1261, 11 12 1 11h1a2n1d1i1s1o2n1the right past the hour. to the hour. how many minutes
the 1t0ime is1e02xact1l0y2 120 we k10n2ow i1t0i2s half120 102 of th10e2 clock2, we say are to the hour.
9 93 9 3 93 93 9 3 93 93 9 3 3
the 8hour sh8 o4 wn 8 4 48 past8t4he h8ou4 r. 84 8 4 how8 m4 any m4 inutes

by the7 h6ou5r 7ha6nd5. 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7ar6e 5pa7st6 th5 e hour.

The planets Planet Distance Width Orbit time Day Number
name from the sun around length of moons
There are eight planets in our the sun
solar system, but they are all Mercury 36 million miles 3,032 miles 59 days 0
very different. Here you can (58 million km) (4,879 km) 88 days
compare them—the days and
hours given are equal to the
time they take on Earth.

Venus 67 million miles 7,521 miles 225 days 243 days 0
(108 million km) (12,104 km)

Earth 93 million miles 7,926 miles 1 year 24 hours 1
(150 million km) (12,756 km)

243 Mars 142 million miles 4,220 miles 1 year 322 days 25 hours 2
(228 million km) (6,792 km) At least 67
Earth days in At least 62
a single day Jupiter 484 million miles 88,846 miles 11 years 315 days 10 hours At least 27
on Venus. (778 million km) (142,984 km) At least 14

Saturn 887 million miles 74,898 miles 29 years 163 days 11 hours
(1,427 million (120,536 km)
km)

Uranus 1,784 million 31,763 miles 84 years 6 days 17 hours
Neptune miles (51,118 km)
(2,871 million 163 years 289 days 16 hours
km) 30,775 miles
(49,528 km)
2,795 million
miles
(4,498 million
km)

289

US presidents Timeline of the Civil War

The president is the head of state and head of government The Civil War was a major conflict in American history.
for the United States of America. Alongside the name of It began when 11 southern states, unhappy that Abraham
each president is the party (political group) that they Lincoln had been elected president and concerned he
belong to. would outlaw slavery, seceded (broke away) from the
Union. They created their own Confederate States of
George Washington Federalist 1789–1797 America, also known as the Confederacy. The war between
John Adams Federalist 1797–1801 the North and the South that followed lasted four years
Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican 1801–1809 and caused the deaths of more than 600,000 soldiers.
James Madison Democratic-Republican 1809–1817 When it ended in April 1865, the Union was restored, and
James Monroe Democratic-Republican 1817–1825 more than four million slaves were freed.
John Quincy Adams Independent 1825–1829
Andrew Jackson Democrat 1829–1837 1850
Martin Van Buren Democrat 1837–1841 Compromise of 1850: New states are allowed to decide for themselves
William H. Harrison Whig 1841 • whether to be slave states or free states.
John Tyler Democrat 1841–1845
James K. Polk Democrat 1845–1849 1857
Zachary Taylor Whig 1849–1850 • The Supreme Court rules that slaves are not US citizens and are not
Millard Fillmore Whig 1850–1853 protected by the Constitution.
Franklin Pierce Democrat 1853–1857
James Buchanan Democrat 1857–1861 October 1859
Abraham Lincoln Republican 1861–1865 ◽ John Brown and his men raid a military arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia,
Andrew Johnson Democrat 1865–1869 hoping to arm a slave uprising. Brown is caught and hanged.
Ulysses S. Grant Republican 1869–1877
Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 1877–1881 November 1860
James A. Garfield Republican 1881 ◽ Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln wins the US presidential election,
Chester A. Arthur Republican 1881–1885 but without any support from the southern states.
Grover Cleveland Democrat 1885–1889
Benjamin Harrison Republican 1889–1893 December 20, 1860
Grover Cleveland Democrat 1893–1897 South Carolina secedes (breaks away) from the Union.
William McKinley Republican 1897–1901 ◽
Theodore Roosevelt Republican 1901–1909 February 1861
William H. Taft Republican 1909–1913 Representatives from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Woodrow Wilson Democrat 1913–1921 and South Carolina meet to form the Confederate States of America,
Warren G. Harding Republican 1921–1923 • with Jefferson Davis as president. Later they are joined by Virginia,
Calvin Coolidge Republican 1923–1929 Texas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas.
Herbert Hoover Republican 1929–1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt Democrat 1933–1945 • April 12, 1861
Harry S. Truman Democrat 1945–1953 Confederate forces attack and capture Union-held Fort Sumter in South
Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican 1953–1961 Carolina. The Civil War begins.
John F. Kennedy Democrat 1961–1963 ◽
Lyndon B. Johnson Democrat 1963–1969 July 21, 1861
Richard Nixon Republican 1969–1974 First Battle of Bull Run (Virginia): Confederate victory.
Gerald Ford Republican 1974–1977
Jimmy Carter Democrat 1977–1981 April 6–7, 1862
Ronald Reagan Republican 1981–1989 Battle of Shiloh (Tennessee): Union victory under Ulysses S. Grant, but
George H. W. Bush Republican 1989–1993 with heavy losses.
Bill Clinton Democrat 1993–2001
George W. Bush Republican 2001–2009 February 6, 1862
Barack Obama Democrat 2009–2017 Fall of Fort Henry (Tennessee): Union victory.
Donald Trump Republican 2017–
February 16, 1862
Assassinated ◽ Battle of Fort Donelson (Tennessee): Union victory.
Died in office •
March 9, 1862
Battle of the Monitor and the Virginia: Draw.

April 25, 1862
Union forces take New Orleans.

May 31–June 1, 1862
Battle of Seven Pines (Virginia): No clear winner.

June 26–July 2, 1862
The Seven Days Battles (Virginia): Confederate victory. This is a
hard-fought victory for the Confederates.

August 29–30, 1862
Second Battle of Bull Run (Virginia): Confederate victory.

September 17, 1862
Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg (Maryland): No clear winner.

290

September 22, 1862 Major religions
The Union’s Emancipation Proclamation declares all slaves in the
rebelling Confederate areas to be free. Religion is a set of beliefs and ideas about a god or many
gods. There are lots of different religions and they are
December 13, 1862 practiced all over the world.
Battle of Fredericksburg (Virginia): Confederate victory.
Baha’i
December 31, 1862–January 2, 1863 Founded in Iran in the 19th century, the Baha‘i religion seeks to achieve
Battle of Stones River (Tennessee): No clear winner. peace and togetherness for all humankind.

May 1–6, 1863 Buddhism
Battle of Chancellorsville (Virginia): Confederate victory. Buddhism was developed around 500 bce by an Indian prince who later
became called the Buddha (the “Enlightened One”). It teaches the need
May 18–July 4, 1863 for a spiritual journey to free people from wants and pain.
Siege of Vicksburg (Mississippi): Union victory.
Cao Dai
July 1–3, 1863 A modern religion founded in Vietnam in 1926 which believes in peace
Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania): Union victory. This battle is a and non-violence.
turning point in the war.
Christianity
September 19–20, 1863 A faith centered on the belief that Jesus Christ, who preached in
Battle of Chickamauga (Georgia): Confederate victory. Palestine around 2,000 years ago, is the son of God and came down to
Earth to rescue people from sin (doing wrong).
November 19, 1863
Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address. This famous speech was given Confucianism
at the dedication of a national cemetery for Union soldiers, close to the An ancient Chinese religious philosophy that began with the teachings
site of the Battle of Gettysburg. of the philosopher Confucius, who lived around 500 bce.

November 23–25, 1863 Hinduism
Battle of Chattanooga (Tennessee): Union victory. An ancient Indian religion that includes a belief that every person goes
through a cycle of life, death, and then rebirth in a future life. Hinduism
May 5–6, 1864 features many different gods and goddesses.
Battle of the Wilderness (Virginia): No clear winner.
Islam
May 8–12, 1864 Followers of the Islamic faith are called Muslims. They believe that
Battle of Spotsylvania (Virginia): No clear winner. the true word of Allah (God) was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad
around 607 ce and written down in the sacred text called the Quran.
May 11, 1864
Battle of Yellow Tavern (Virginia): Union victory. Jainism
Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence toward
June 3, 1864 people and animals.
Battle of Cold Harbor (Virginia): Confederate victory. This is the last
major Confederate victory. Judaism
The religion of the Jewish people, Judaism also influenced the
June 18, 1864 development of Christianity and Islam. Jews worship one God
Siege of Petersburg (Virginia) begins: Union victory. and their sacred text is called the Torah.

August 5, 1864 Shamanism
Battle of Mobile Bay (Alabama): Union victory. A system of belief common in small traditional societies. Shamans are
individuals who believe they have special access to the spirit world,
September 2, 1864 often by going into a dream, which they use to help their community.
Fall of Atlanta (Georgia): Union victory.
Shinto
November 8, 1864 The traditional religion of Japan, followers of Shinto believe that there
Lincoln is reelected as US president. are spirits called kami everywhere in the world.

November 15, 1864 Sikhism
The Union’s Savannah Campaign, or the “March to the Sea,” begins. A faith that developed in northern India around 1500 and encourages
tolerance between religions. Sikhs worship one God and Sikh men
November 30, 1864 traditionally wear a turban to cover their hair, which they leave uncut.
Battle of Franklin (Tennessee): Union victory.
Taoism
December 15–16, 1864 An ancient Chinese religion and philosophy that involves accepting, and
Battle of Nashville (Tennessee): Union victory. following, the natural power of the Universe.

February 1, 1864 Zoroastrianism
The Thirteenth Amendment, outlawing slavery, is proposed. Zoroastrianism is an ancient religion of Persia (modern-day Iraq) that
features the idea of an unending struggle between good and evil. It is
April 2, 1864 only a small religion today.
Fall of Petersburg and Richmond (Virginia): Union victory.

April 9, 1864
Robert E. Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, Virginia. This marks
the effective end of the Civil War, although fighting continues for a few
weeks afterward.

December 1865
The Thirteenth Amendment is ratified (made law). Slavery is outlawed.

291

The world ARCTIC OCEAN

Land covers about a Alaska Greenland
third of the Earth’s
surface. The land is (UNITED STATES) (DENMARK)
broken up into seven
large blocks called ICELAND
continents. The
continents are divided AT L A N T I C
into smaller areas called OCEAN
countries.

CANADA

NORTH
AMERICA

UNITED STATES

MEXIC BAH P E R U DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
Hawaii O C U B A AMAS Western Sahara
(UNITED STATES) HAITI Puerto Rico (UNITED STATES) (disputed)
BELIZE JAMAICA ST KITTS & NEVIS
PAC I F I C GUATEMALA HONDURAS ANTIGUA & BARBUDA CAPE SENEGAL
OCEAN DOMINICA VERDE

D ST LUCIA

EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA GRENADA BARBADOS THE GAMBIA
ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES
Europe TRINIDAD & TOBAGO GUINEA-BISSAU

This map shows Europe in COSTA RICA VENEZUELA SIERRA LEONE
more detail, as there is not
enough space to show all PANAMA GUYANA SURINAME
the European countries
on the main map. Galápagos Islands COLOMBIA French
Guiana
ICELAND (ECUADOR)
(FRANCE)

ECUADOR

BRAZIL

SOUTH
AMERICA

BOLIVIA

PARA

N O RWAY E GUAY
SWEDEN A

Faroe Islands FINLAN L URUG
(DENMARK) IN UAY AT L A N T I C
OCEAN
I
NT Falkland Islands
(UNITED KINGDOM)
ATLANTIC ESTONIA RUSSIAN H
OCEAN GE
IRELAND
LATVIA FEDERATION C
PORTUGAL AR

UNITED DENMARK Kaliningrad LITHUANIA

(RUSS. FED.)

KINGDOM BELARUS

NETHERLANDS POLAND

GERMANY
BELGIUM
CZECH UKRAINE
REPUBLIC
LUXEMBOURG

FRANCE E U R O P E SLOVAKIA
AUSTRIA HUNGARY MOLDOVA
LIECHTENSTEIN
SWITZERLAND SLOVENIA SERBIA ALBANIA
SAN ROMANIA
AMARINOCROATIA
IT
MONACO BOSNIA &
HERZEGOVINA
KOSOVO
ANDORRA LMONTENEGRO
VATICAN Y BULGARIA
SPAIN CITY MACEDONIA

GREECE TURKEY

Gibraltar MALTA
(UNITED KINGDOM)

AFRICA

292

Svalbard ARCTIC OCEAN
(NORWAY)

YFINLAND
A
W
N
O RUSSIAN FEDERATION
R

S W EDEN
ESTONIA ASIA
UNITED DENMARK
KINGDOM LATVIA
LITHUANIA

IRELAND POLAND BELARUS

GERMANY

FRANCE EUROPE UKRAINE K A Z A K H S TA N MONGOLIA

ROMANIA

I TA BULGARIA GEORGIA TURKUMZEBNEISKTISATNAN A
AZERBAIJAN N
C H I N AI R A NL Y
SPAIN ARMENIA KYRGYZSTAN NORTH
KOREA
OROCCO GREECE T U R K E Y TAJIKISTAN
NISTAN SOUTH
ALGERIA TUNISIA CYPRUSSYRIA KOREA P PAC I F I C
OCEAN
LEBANON AN I R A Q AFGHA J A
ISRAEL AN
JORD BHUTAN
PAKIST
MAURITANIA M L I B YA EGYPT BAHRAIN KUWAIT N E PA L
QATAR
L
IAFRICA SAUDI U.A.E. INDIA BANGLADESH TAIWAN
ARABIA MYANMAR
BENIN AN (BURMA) L A V

A NIGER D OM THAILANDI

S U DA N ERITRE Y E M E N E

A T
O

N
S

M BURKINA H A A PHILIPPINES
FASO MALAWI
GUI CAMEROON DJIBOUTI M

TOGO NIGERIA OC CENTRAL SOUTH NDA SRI LANKA PALAU MICRONESIA MARSHALL
GHANA AFRICAN SUDAN MALIA ISLANDS
NEA REPUBLIC ETHIOPIA
IVORY MALDIVES CAMBODIA
COAST BRUNEI

LIBERIA EQUATORIAL SO M A L AY S I A K
GUINEA SEYCHELLES SINGAPORE IRIB
GABON G UGA KENYA NAURU
SÃO TOMÉ C DEMOCRATIC RWANDA INDO SOLOMON TUVALU
& PRÍNCIPE N REPUBLIC BURUNDI ISLANDS

O OF THE CONGO NESIA AT

TANZANIA EAST TIMOR PAPUA I
NEW
GUINEA

ANGOLA COMOROS
IA SAMOA
M OZAM B I Q U E
ZAMB MADAGASCAR INDIAN FIJI

NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE VANUATU
BOTSWANA
MAURITIUS OCEAN TONGA

AUSTRALIA New Caledonia
(FRANCE)

SWAZILAND AUSTRALASIA
LESOTHO
SOUTH & OCEANIA
AFRICA

NEW
ZEALAND

SOUTHERN OCEAN
A N TA R C T I C A

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Glossary burrow cold-blooded
Hole or tunnel dug in the ground Animal with a body temperature
abstract atmosphere by an animal, to live in that goes up and down to match
Art that does not copy real life Layer of gas that surrounds the surrounding air or water
exactly, but may only look a bit like a planet calendar temperature
an object, or represent a feeling Breakdown of the year into
atom days and months; used to work colony
adaptation Smallest part of an element out the date Large group of animals that
Way in which an animal or a plant that can take part in a chemical live together
becomes better-suited to its reaction camouflage
habitat Colors or patterns that help comet
attract something appear to blend in Object made of dust and ice that
algebra When two things pull with its environment orbits around the sun, developing
Type of math that uses letters to toward each other a tail as it gets close to the sun
stand for numbers or amounts carnivore
avalanche Animal that eats only meat competition
amphibians Sudden movement of a large Contest between two or more
Cold-blooded vertebrates that amount of snow or rock down cartilage people, groups, or living things
start life in water before moving a mountainside Tough but flexible material where one is trying to win a prize
between land and water when found in animals that, among or resource
fully grown axis other things, makes up the
Imaginary line that passes human nose and ears, and the computers
ancestor through the center of a planet skeletons of sharks Machines that can perform
Ancient relative or star, around which it rotates difficult tasks by following
catapult programs
ancient bacteria Ancient war machine used to
Very old Tiny organisms that live hurl rocks over long distances condensation
everywhere on Earth, such as When a gas cools and becomes
antenna inside food, soil, or even in CE liquid. Often seen as droplets
One of two feelers found on an the human body Common Era, or all the years of water that form on cold
insect‘s head with which they can after year 0 surfaces, such as windows
sense their surroundings BCE
Before Common Era, or all the chemical conductor
appliance years before year 0 Substance used in, or made by, Substance that allows heat
Machine used for a certain job a reaction between particles or electricity to pass through
that is usually electrical, such as beliefs such as atoms it easily
a toaster Set of views that people hold
about the world, life, and the chemistry coniferous tree
aqueduct afterlife Study of chemicals and their Type of evergreen tree, usually
Channel or bridge built to reactions. Someone who studies with needlelike leaves
carry water biology chemistry is called a chemist
Study of living things and their conquer
architect relationship with their habitat. chrysalis Act of one country taking over
Person who plans and Someone who studies biology is Hard casing, often camouflaged, another country
designs buildings called a biologist that a caterpillar wraps itself in
during metamorphosis conservation
armor birds Trying to stop a plant or animal
Hard covering that Warm-blooded vertebrates with circuit from becoming extinct
provides protection a beak and feathers that can Loop that an electric current
usually fly. They lay hard-shelled travels around consumer
army eggs to produce young Animal that eats a producer or
Organized group of soldiers circulation other consumers
black hole Path that blood travels around
artificial Object in space with such a the body, out from the heart continent
Object that is made by humans strong force of gravity that through arteries and back to the One of seven large areas of land
and is not found naturally nothing can escape it, not heart through veins into which the world is divided:
even light Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe,
asteroid citizen North America, Oceania, and
Small, rocky object that orbits boil Someone who lives in a certain South America
the sun When a liquid is heated to a city or country is a citizen of
temperature at which it bubbles that place coral
asteroid belt and turns into a gas or vapor Hard outer skeleton of tiny sea
Area of the solar system between civil war animals, which can build up into
Mars and Jupiter containing a large boundary War between people who large coral reefs
number of asteroids The point where one area ends belong to the same country
and another begins. core
astronaut civilization Center part of a planet, star,
Someone who is trained to travel breed Society where people have built or moon
and work in a spacecraft Variety of a pet or farmed a complex city or country
animal; for example, a pug is country
astronomy a breed of dog climate Area of Earth that is governed
Study of space Weather that is usual for an area by the same leaders and has
over a long period of time the same flag

code court
Written commands, or language, Place where it is decided if
used in a computer program someone has broken the law

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crater eclipse exoskeleton fungi
Bowl-shaped dent on the surface When an object in space Hard outer casing of animals Group of living things, including
of a planet or other body in space, passes into the shadow such as arthropods that do not mushrooms and molds, that break
caused by a collision with a rock of another object have an inside skeleton down dead plants and animals to
make their food
crime election experiment
Activity that is against the law Event where people vote to Test to see how something galaxy
decide who will be part of works Huge group of stars, gas, and
crop the government dust held together by gravity
Group of plants that are grown explorer
as food electricity Someone who travels to gas
Type of energy that can be unmapped places to find State of matter with no fixed
crust used to power appliances such out what is there shape, such as air, that fills any
Outer layer of a planet as lights. It is also found space it is in
naturally as lightning extinction
culture When all of a particular animal or generation
Way of life and beliefs of the element plant species dies out and there Group of living things that are of
people of a region or country One of 118 chemical substances are none left in the world a similar age, and usually related;
that are made of the same type for example, brothers and sisters
deciduous tree of atom, such as gold, oxygen, factory are one generation and their
Type of tree that loses all its and helium. The elements are Building where products are parents are another
leaves at the same time during arranged on the periodic table made
the winter or the dry season genetics
emperor fertilize Study of the genes in DNA that
decomposer Ruler of an empire Process by which cells from a cause characteristics like hair
Living thing, often a fungus, that male and female join to create color to be passed from one
breaks down dead matter to empire offspring, such as male plant generation to the next. Someone
create nutrients Large area with different pollen and a female plant ovum who studies genetics is called a
peoples, ruled by a single joining to create a seed geneticist
deforestation government or person
Destruction of forests fins geometry
endangered Flattened limbs found on Type of math that deals with
democracy When an animal or plant species animals that live in water that solids, surfaces, lines, angles,
System of government where is in danger of becoming extinct help them swim and space
people outside the government
have a say in how the country is energy fish germs
run, usually by voting Source of power such as Cold-blooded vertebrates that Tiny life forms, such as bacteria
electrical energy or heat energy live underwater and have scales or viruses, that cause disease
desert
Dry region that gets 10 in (25 cm) environment flexible gills
or less of rainfall in a year. Deserts Surroundings in which Bendy Organs of fish and some
can be hot or cold something lives amphibians that allow them
float to breathe underwater
dictator equality Stay at the surface of a
Ruler with total power Equal rights for all people liquid, rather than sinking glacier
Huge, thick sheet of ice moving
dinosaur equator forage very slowly, either down the side
Group of reptiles, often very big, Imaginary line around the Searching for food in the wild of a mountain or over land.
that lived millions of years ago center of the Earth that is an Glaciers help to shape and
equal distance from the North force form the landscape
diplomat and South poles Push or pull that causes things
Person from one country who to start moving, move faster, government
travels to another to make sure erosion change direction, slow down, Group of people who run
the two countries have a good Gradual wearing away of rocks or stop moving a country
relationship due to water and weather
foreign grasslands
direction eruption Something or someone from Open land covered in grass and
Way in which an object is When lava, ash, rock, or gas a different country or place sometimes a few small bushes
traveling, such as up or down, or shoots or flows out of a volcano
right or left fossil gravity
ethical Remains of a dead dinosaur, Invisible force that pulls objects
disability Something that is done the right other animal, or plant, which has toward each other
Something that makes certain way, with thought as to how it been preserved in rock over time
activities difficult or impossible will affect others habitat
for a person to do fossil fuels Natural home environment
evaporation Fuels made from animals and of an animal or plant
disease When a liquid is heated and plants that died millions of years
Condition that makes a person ill, turns into a gas or vapor ago, such as coal and oil hardware
often caused by germs Physical parts of a computer,
evolution friction such as the keyboard and screen
drought Process where living things Force created when two
Period when there is little or no change, over many generations, surfaces rub or slide against hatch
rainfall to become new species each other Process by which an animal breaks
out of an egg
earthquake exoplanet fuel
Shaking of the Earth’s surface Planet that orbits a star other Substance that is burned to hemisphere
caused by moving tectonic plates than the sun create heat or power Top or bottom half of the Earth
or volcanic activity

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herbivore landfill manuscript mineral
Animal that eats only plants Place where garbage is buried Handwritten book, poem, or Natural substance that grows in
in the ground other document crystals, such as salt. Minerals can
herd be polished to make gemstones.
Group of animals, particularly landslide mate All rocks are made from minerals
hoofed mammals Sudden movement of a large When a male and female animal
amount of earth down a hill or produce young together mixture
hibernation mountainside Combination of more than
Period of inactivity that material one type of thing
some animals go through latitude Substance that can be used to
in the winter Horizontal line around the Earth make or build things. It can be monument
that tells you how far up or down natural or made by humans Statue put up to remember
holy the globe a place is a person or event
Something or somewhere mathematics
sacred to a religion lava Study of numbers and moon
Hot, melted rock on the equations. Someone who Object made of rock, or rock
hurricane Earth’s surface studies mathematics is called and ice that orbits a planet or
Violent storm with extremely a mathematician an asteroid
strong winds that can cause a light
great deal of damage Type of energy that allows matter navigation
humans and other animals to Stuff that all things are made of Way of finding a path from one
identical see, and plants to make food place to another
Two or more people or things melt
that look exactly the same light year When a solid is heated Nobel Prize
Distance traveled by light in a and becomes a liquid Special prize given to people for
imports year, equal to about 5.9 trillion different subjects in both science
Goods or services bought from miles (9.5 trillion km) memory and the arts, once a year
another country Ability to remember things
liquid that have happened, or where novel
incubation State of matter that flows and computers store their Story book
Keeping an egg warm until it takes the shape of any container information
hatches it is in, such as water nucleus
merchant Central part of an atom or cell
instruction longitude Person whose job is buying
Command that tells something Vertical line around the Earth and selling things, often from nutrients
or someone what to do that tells you how far east or a foreign country Food or substance that gives
west around the globe a place is a living thing the energy or
insulator metamorphosis chemicals that it needs to live,
Substance that does not allow lungs Process by which some grow, and move
heat or electricity to pass easily Breathing organs found inside animals transform themselves
through it the body of vertebrates into a different form from omnivore
youth to adulthood Animal that eats both plants
interact luxury and meat
When two or more things Expensive activity or item that is meteor
communicate or do something not neccessary but wanted Streak of light caused by a orbit
that affects the other meteoroid burning up as it Path an object takes when
machine enters Earth’s atmosphere, traveling around another object
Internet Something that is powered by sometimes called a “falling star” when pulled by its gravity
Network that links computers energy and carries out a task
across the world meteorite orchestra
magma Rock from space that lands on Group of muscians and their
invertebrate Hot, melted rock below the a planet or moon’s surface instruments playing together
Animal that does not have Earth’s surface
a backbone microscope organ
magnetic field Instrument that magnifies Body part that has a certain job;
jewel Area of magnetism things and is used to look at for example, the heart, which
A precious gemstone that surrounding a magnet or tiny objects pumps blood
has been cut and polished a planet, star, or galaxy
microscopic organism
joint magnetism Very small and only able to Living thing
Place in the body where two Invisible force that is created by be seen with a microscope
bones meet, such as the knee magnets, which pull certain particle
or elbow metals toward them migration Extremely small part of a
Regular movement of animals solid, liquid, or gas
king magnify over long distances, often to
Man who rules a country Make something appear feed or breed periodic table
larger than it is Set arrangement of elements
knowledge Milky Way into a grid
Understanding of a topic mammals Galaxy we live in
Warm-blooded vertebrates that persecution
laboratory have skin covered in hair and mine Bad treatment of people because
Place where scientific feed their young milk Place where naturally occurring of their beliefs
experiments are done resources such as coal, iron,
mantle copper, or gold, and gemstones philosophy
lake Thick layer of hot rock between such as diamonds and rubies are Study of how we live, such as
Large body of water the core and the crust of a dug out of the ground whether things are wrong or right.
surrounded by land planet or moon Someone who studies philosophy
is called a philosopher

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photosynthesis reptiles solidify transmit
Process that green plants use Cold-blooded vertebrates with When a liquid cools and Pass something, such as
to make food from sunlight scaly skin that usually reproduce becomes a solid information, between two places
by laying eggs
physics solution tropical
Study of the universe and forces. republic Mixture that is created Area or climate with hot
Someone who studies physics is State ruled by elected when a solid dissolves in a temperatures
called a physicist officials instead of a royal liquid and disappears
family or emperor tsunami
planet sound Giant wave created by an
Large, round object that robot Form of energy that is produced earthquake or a volcanic eruption
orbits a star Machine that is programmed by when objects vibrate, or shake
a computer to do different tasks turbine
poisonous space Wheel or rotor that is turned
Substance that may be deadly rock Place beyond Earth’s to make power
if touched or eaten Naturally occuring solid made atmosphere
from different minerals, such universe
pollen as granite. Rocks make up the spacecraft All space and everything in it
Powder that comes from surface of planets and moons Vehicle that travels in space
flowering plants and is used venomous
in pollination rover species Substance that may be deadly if
Robot used to explore Specific type of an animal or injected by an animal or plant,
pollination the surface of a rocky planet plant that can mate and produce through a sting or fangs
Transfer of pollen from one plant or moon young together
to another so those plants can vertebrate
reproduce reaction spectrum Animal that has a backbone
Effect when two chemicals Range of something; for
pollution cause a change in each other example, the range of vibrate
Harmful substances in the air, colors in a rainbow Moving back and forth small
soil, or water reflect amounts very quickly
When light or sound stalactite
power source bounces off a surface Piece of rock that hangs down volcano
Energy that is used to make a from the roof of a cave and looks Opening in the Earth’s crust,
machine work, such as electricity repel like an icicle usually in the shape of a
When two objects push mountain, out of which lava, ash,
predator away from each other stalagmite rock, and gas erupt, sometimes
Animal that hunts other Piece of rock that points explosively
living animals for food reproduce upward, slowly growing
Have young from the floor of a cave voyage
prehistoric A journey, often over water
Time before written history reservoir star
Large store of something, Huge, hot sphere of gas in space warm-blooded
prey usually water that releases energy from its Animal that keeps a constant
Animal that is hunted for food core and gives off heat and light body temperature
satellite
primate Any object that goes around sustainable weight
Type of mammal, which a planet, usually a moon or a Able to be supported for a long Amount of the force of gravity
includes monkeys and humans human-made machine time that acts on an object, making it
feel heavy. The more mass
prison scavenger tame something has, the larger the
Building where people who Animal that feeds on the Animal that is used to people, force of gravity on the object,
have broken the law are locked leftover meat of another such as a pet dog or cat and the heavier it feels
up as a punishment animal that has already died
technology wildlife
probe shadow Using scientific knowledge to Animals found in a certain area
Unmanned spacecraft designed Area of darkness formed create machinery and devices,
to study objects in space and send when light rays are blocked such as computers womb
information back to Earth by a solid object Organ in which baby
tectonic plate animals develop
producer shield Large, slow-moving piece
Living thing such as a plant that Object that protects something of the Earth’s crust worship
makes its own food and is eaten from damage or attack Praying to a god or gods
by animals telescope
society Instrument used to look at X-ray
program Organized group of people distant objects Radiation used to create shadows
Set of instructions a computer with a shared culture of bones and other organs in the
follows to complete a task temperature body. Images on an X-ray photo
software Measure of how hot or cold can reveal internal damage and
queen Programs and instructions things are disease
Woman who rules a country that are used by a computer
temple young
recycle solar system Home for a god or gods and a Babies, or not very old
Use something old to make The sun and all the objects that place for worshipping them
something new orbit it, including the planets zoo
traditional Place where wild animals are
renewable solid When something has been done kept, so people can see and
Type of energy that will not run State of matter that in the same way for a long time study them
out, such as solar power holds its shape

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Index animals continued Babylonians 145, 155 buoyancy 227
habitats 126 backbones 266 Burj Khalifa 48
Pages numbers in bold refer to hibernation 129 bacteria 38, 56, 165, 218, 225 buses, school 272–273
main entries. homes 23, 55 Baird, John Logie 251 butterflies 134, 163, 166
insects 134 balanced forces 108
3-D printing 91, 245 invertebrates 139 ball game (Maya) 154, 240 Cc
3-D shapes 222, 269, 288 mammals 154 ball sports 241
metamorphosis 163 ballet 76 cactuses 78
Aa migration 166 balloons 117 caecilians 15
mythical creatures 178 banks 169 calcium 90
aboriginal people 186 pets 54, 152–153 bark 261 calderas 268
acid 225 reptiles 210 the Bastille 113 Callisto 141
actors 253 stories 42 bats 55, 129 camels 78
adults 146 tree of life 286 batteries 59, 71 cameras 190
aerials 203 vertebrates 266 beading 75 camouflage 54
Africa 12, 180 zoology 38 bears 129 carbohydrates 106
Age of Exploration 96, 180–181 zoos 281 beavers 23 carbon 195
air 117 beetles 134 carbon atoms 34
air pollution 198 animation 100 beryllium 199 carbon cycle 49
aircraft 13, 33 Anning, Mary 219 bicycles 36, 162, 258–259 carbon dioxide 49, 60, 117, 191
Antarctica 24, 197 Big Bang 37 carnivores 107, 154
air transportation 259 antibiotics 137, 218 big cats 54 carriages 258
engines 92 ants 21, 78, 134 biology 38, 217 cars 52, 92, 97, 259
solar-powered 181 apes 170 birds 22, 39, 78, 266 cartilage 266
World War II 277 apples 115 carts 258
algebra 185 aqueducts 20 display 26 cash machines 150
allergies 105 Arabic 144, 284 eggs 86 Cassini-Huygens spacecraft 216
alligators 210 arachnids 139 flightless 186 castles 53, 244
alphabets 280, 284 Archimedes 269 migration 166 caterpillars 163
aluminum 90 architecture 245 nests 23 cats 54, 152, 153
Amazon rain forest 204, 236 Arctic 25, 197, 245 birds of prey 39 cave dwellings 244
American West 14 Aristotle 218 black holes 40 cave paintings 28, 243
ammonites 95, 202 art 28, 131, 179, 209, 243, 262 Blackbeard 193 caves 55
amphibians 15, 22, 86, 266 arteries 128 blind people 256 cells 56
Amundsen, Roald 24 artists 282 blood 128, 149
ancient civilizations Asia 29 blood cells 41, 225 human 41
ancient China 16 assembly lines 97 blood vessels 229 cell phones see mobile phones
ancient Egypt 18 asteroids 30, 164, 200 Blue Mosque 262 Central Powers 276
ancient Greece 18 astronauts 31, 83, 171, 237 blue supergiant stars 242 ceratopsians 80
ancient India 19 astronomy 19, 32, 73, 167, board games 240 cereal crops 98
ancient Rome 20 boats see ships Charon 196
Aztecs 35 218–219 body systems 130 cheetahs 154
Incas 132 athletics 239 Bollywood 76 chemical engineering 91
Maya 158 atmosphere bones 82, 127, 228, 266 chemistry 58, 217
Native Americans 179 books 43, 44, 201 chess 240
Andes 51, 172, 236 Earth 33, 49, 50, 83, 164, 270 botany 38 children 133, 146, 277
Andromeda galaxy 167 planets 183, 264, 265 Brachiosaurus 80 chimpanzees 170
angles 222 atoms 34, 37, 58, 90, 192 braille 256 China 29, 42, 102, 188,
animals auroras 33, 247 brain 45, 99, 127, 148, 231,
amphibians 15 autumn 221 279, 280
animal families 21 avalanches 93 232, 256 ancient 16, 178, 272
animal groups 22 axes 136, 243 brass instruments 188 Chinese New Year 206–207
birds 39 axolotls 15 breathing 130, 149 chloroplast 56
cells 56 Aztecs 35 bridges 46 Christianity 208
colors 26 broadcasting 251 Christmas 206
conservation 72, 281 Bb bronchi 149 chrysalises 163
evolution 95 bronchioles 149 cinder cones 268
farming 98 babies Bronze Age 47 circles 222
fish 101 animals 21, 154 bubbles 117 circuits 59
food chains 107 human 146 Buddhism 208 circulation 128, 130
budgies 153 cities 275
buildings 48 civil engineering 91
bullet train 260 civil wars 279
classical music 176

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