ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization

INDEX

Acceptance, limits of, i i 6 ; zone of, 12, Barnard, Chester I., 1, l i , 16, 51 n.,

18,116, 131, 133, 150,204 i n n . , ii3n., I32n., I33n., 134"-,

Adequacy, 212 155 n., 190 n., 202, 203, 221 n.

Adjudication, 143 Behavior, 3; integration of, 94, 96-108;

Administration, 249; definition, i; pol- knowledge and, 68-70; relation of

icy and, 52-60; theory of, 38, 44, 61, value, experience to, 74-77; time
240-245. See also Principles of ad- and, 67-68

ministration Behavior-initiating mechanisms, 94

Administrative activity, nature of, 8 Behavior-persistence, 94; mechanisms

Administrative analysis, 169 of, 95-96

Administrative decision, 245. See also Behavior possibilities, scope of, 84. See
also Alternatives
Decisions

Administrative discretion, 52, 55 Benson, George C. S., 35, 240

Administrative duties, 24s Bentham, Jeremy, 47

Administrative experiments, 42 Budget, efficiency and, 192-197; pro-
Administrative law, 55 cedures, 214
Administrative man, 39
Business organization, 113, 119

Administrative objectives, 5, 32, 39-41, Centralization, 35, 38, 160; and decen-
42, 50, 185, 187, 189 tralization, 234-240

Administrative organizations, defini- Choice, 3i 4, 61, 6y\ empirical limita-
tion, 72 tions on, 74

Administrative principles. See Princi- "Clearance" rules, 158

ples of administration Cliques, i6r

Administrative questions, 45, 53 Closed system of variables, 83

Administrative regulation, 52
Administrative situations, description Command, definition, 125. See alsc
Authority
of, 37-38; diagnosis of, 38-41
Administrator, legislator and, 56-59; Communication, 40, 86, 106, 107-108,
154-171, 243, 244; channels of, 103,
qualities of, 217-218; role of, 245
221; formal, 157-160; informal, 157,
Advice, 14; information and, 58 160; lines of, 15. 94". personal motiva-
Alternative ends, 65 tion and, 162-163; relation to train-
Alternatives, 99,173, 179, 241-242; and ing, 169; specialized organs of, 165-
169
consequences, 66-73; behavior, 4, 67,
98; group versus individual, 105
Anticipated reactions, rule of, 129, 234 Community values, 58, 69. See also So-

Anticipation, difficulties of, 83 cial value, Values

Artificial memory, 87 Competitive activity, 73

Attention, 90; area of, 9 1 ; focus of, Composite decision, 221

210, 231; framework of, 98 Compromise, 6, 114

Authority, 11-12, 22-28, 124, 128, 160, Conscious motives, 63

223; definition, 125; of ideas, 138; Conscious rethinking of decision, 88

limits of, 133-134; fole of, 123-153; Consciousness, 90

psychology of, 149; of sanctions, 138; Consequences, 61, 67; alternatives and,

uses of, 134-140; zone of, 25 66-73; indirect, 82

2SS

2S6 INDEX INDEX 257

Conservation objective, 173 Effort, 188 Group mind, 107,124; theories, 17 Liaison, 167
Conservation values, 117 Emerson, Harrington, i8i Group plan, 107 Limits to rationality, 39-41
Contributions, 112 Empirical limitations on choice, 74 Gulick, Luther, 22, 24, 31, 33 n., 35, 240 Logical positivism, 45
Control arrangements, 112 Empirical meaning, 46 Long-term budget, 194
Controlling group, 118 Employee participation, incentives for, Habit, 88 Loyalties, 40,115,198-219. See also Or-
Conviction, 127 Hamilton, Sir Ian, 237
Cooperation, 72 115-117 Harris, Sir Charles, 235 ganizational loyalties
Coordination, 9-10, 72, 124, 139-140, Employees, 16, i i i , 131 Hierarchy, of authority, 22, 103, 141, Lynd, Robert S., 250
Ends, 62. See also Means and ends
238; procedural, 10, 140; process of, Entrepreneurs, 16, 111, 117 147; of decisions, 5; of ends, 63; of Machinery of Government Committee,
103-108; substantive, 10, 140 Environment of decision, 92,96,211,24? functions and objectives, 190. See also British, 33
Correctness of decisions, 45, 224, 233, Equilibrium, organization, l6-l8, i i o - Authority
248; criterion of, 204; definition, 53; MacMahon, Arthur W., 24
internal criteria of, 56 122 Identification, 231, 244; and adequacy, Management policy, 59
Cost element in decision, 174-175 Ethical element in decision, 46, 184, 248 212; definition of, 205; modifying, Manuals.. 160
Customers, 16, i i i , 120 Ethical statements, character of, 49,248 214-218; psychology of, 208-212. See Means and ends, 62, 183, 184
Evaluation of decisions, 47-49 also Organizational loyalties Means-ends chains, 62
Decentralization, 35, 157, 234-240 Expectations, 68, 72, 100, 104, 105, 124, Means-ends relationships, 52, 74, 190
Decision centers, organization of, 165- Imperatives, 47 Means-ends schema, limitations of, 64-
251-252 Incentives for employee participation,
166 Experience, behavior, value, relation 66
Decision-making function, allocation of, I15-117 Memoranda and letters, 158
of, 74-77 Indifference curves, 73 Memory, 87
215-217 Experimental control, 42 Individual alternatives, 105 Merriam, Charles E., 54
Decisions, 4, 46, 50-51; administrative, Expertise, 10, 23, 57, 136-139, 230 Inducements, 17, 110-112 Mobile individuals, 116
Influence, 2, 3, 220; and authority, dis- Money cost, 188
245; allocation of, 38; composite, 221- Fact and value in decision-making, 45- Mooney, James D., 240
228; correctness of, 45, 53, 56, 204, 60 tinction between, 126-218; degrees of, Murray, Sir Oswyn, 229
224, 233, 248; cost element in, 174- 222-225; internal, 226; internaliza-
175; environment of, 92, 96, 2ii, 243; Factual elements, 50, 66, i86,248 tion of, 103; modes of, 11, 38, 226; of Non-profit organizations, equilibrium
organizationally and socially correct, Factual judgments, 4-7 time, 97; organization, 102-103 in, 121
200; positive values in, 175-178; ra- Factual premises, 223 Informal organization, 147-149; defini-
tionality of, 240; scientific discovery Factual propositions, 249 tion, 148 Objective environment of decision, 61
and, 70; types of, 97-99 Factual questions, 14. See also Ques- Information, 154, 156, 242; a mode of "Objectively" rational, 76. 243
influence, 14; and advice, 58; ac- Objectives, definition of, 175-177. See
Democratic decision-making process, 57 tions counting, 168; external, 167; internal,
Democratic institutions, 57 Final values, 52 167 also Administrative objectives, Or-
Democratic responsibility, 59 Fixed costs, 66 Inspection, 168 ganization objective
Determinants of psychological environ- Formal organization, 147-149 Integrated chain of values, 64 Operational definition, 37
Freud, Sigmund, 204 Integration, 63,64, l o i ; of behavior, 94, Opportunism, 118, 121
ment, 92 Freund, Ernst, 55 96-108; of goals, 6 Oral communications, 157. See also
Dickinson, John, 55 Friedrich, Carl J., 129 Intermediate values, 53 Communication
Direction, 3 Functional authority, 146. See also Internalization of influence, 103 Organization, anatomy of, 220-227; and
Discretion, 224, 234; area of, 204 Investigatory facilities, 167 efficiency, 118-122; divides work,
Discretionary action, 56 Authority "Isolated" systems, 70 102; establisnes standard practices,
Distributive values, 178 Functional foremanship, 140 102.; formal and informal, 147-149;
Division, of authority, 141, 142-145; of Functional supervision, 24,226 James, William, 80 n., 90 types of, 113. See also Specialization
Functionalization, 190-192. See also Judgment, role of, in decision, 5&-51 Organization decisions, impersonality
work, 58, 102. See also Authority, Jurisdictional disputes, 143,145 of, 202
Specialization Specialization Organization equilibrium, 110-122; and
Functions, allocation of, 37 Knowledge, 39. 98; and behavior, 68- efficiency, 118-122
Docility, 85, 90; characteristics of, 86- 70; incompleteness of, 8 1 ; limits of, Organization goals, 241, 242: and in-
Gardner, Burleigh, 116 242. See also Information ducements, 112-115
S7 Goals, 4; intermediate, 176; organiza- Organization influence, mechanisms of,
Le^slation, 101 102-103; on individual, 100
Efficiency, 14, 20-21, 36, 65, 120, 172- tionally determined, 198 Legislative policy, 59 Organization membership, 110
197, 212, 246, 253; a common de- "Good" administration, 62 Legislator and administrator, 56-59 Organization memory, repositories of,
nominator for value, 178-180; crite- Goodnow, Frank J., 53, 54, 55 Letters, memoranda and, 158 166-167
rion of, 122, 172-197; criticism of cri- Goodwill, 120
terion of, 182-186; history of the Government agency, 113; equilibrium
term, 180-181; limits of, 39; organi-
zation equilibrium and, 118-122; in, 120-121
principle of, 39 Group alternatives, 105
Group behavior, 70

2S8 INDEX INDEX 259

Organization objective, 16-17, So. 73, Purpose, 4,132; organization by, 28-32, for, 33-35; modes of, 215; vertical, Ultimate ends, 63
112, 173. 175, igS; adaptation of, 114 Unity of command, 22-26,140-147
63 9, 135 Utility surfaces, 73
Organization participants, types of, i i a purposes of organization, 246 Staff, 135; nonoperative, 2; operative, Utopian plans, 106
Organization routine, 88 Purposive behavior, 5, 84-96, 253
Organization size and growth, values 2, 3 Valuation, 83; defined, 73
Questions of fact, of law, $6, See also Standard practices, 102 Valuational bias, 185-186
derived from, i'i7-ii8 Factual questions Status as a value, in Value, and possibility, 73-75; experi-
Organization survival, 18 Stene, Edwin O., 88
Organizational environment, 200, 240- Rank, 145 Stimuli, organizations and institutions ence, behavior, relation of, 74-77;
Rational behavior, 41 fact and, in decision-making, 45-60
241 Rationality, 189, 2n ; in administrative as, 100; positive, role of, 89-92 Value elements, 66, 184
Organizational identification. See Or- Strategy, 67 Value-indices, 75
behavior, 61-78; area of, 41, 241; Subjective rationality, 76, 243 Value judgments, 4-7, 45-60; in private
ganizational loyalties definitions, 7S--y7; deliberate, 76; and Subordinate, 125 management, 51-52
Organizational influence, 123 expectations, 105; group, 243; limits Substantive planning, 96 Value premises, 223
Organizational levels, 26 of, 39741, 80-84; objective, 76, 243; Suggestion, 127 Value question, 13,177
Organizational location, 244 of decisions, 240; organizational, 76; Sunk costs, 66, 95, 120 Values, 98,176; derived from organiza-
OrganJzationalloyalties, 12-13, Ji5. personal, 77; subjective, 76, 243 Superior, 125 tion size and growth, 117-118; dis-
tributive, 178; final, 52; integrated
118, 185, 204-214 Receptivity to communications, 163-164 Taylor, Frederick W., 24, 39, 43, 140, chain of, 64; intermediate, 53; reori-
Organizational value, 204. Set also Records, 159 i8i entation of, 242; system of, 73-74
Recruitment, 227 Volimteer organizations, 113
Social value Reiley, Alan C, 240 Theory of administration, 38, 44, 61,
Organizationally correct decision, 200 Reports, 159 240-245. See also Administration, Wallace, Schuyler, 35, 240
Organizationally rational, 7& Research, administrative, 42 Principles of administration Western Electric experiments, 43
Organizations, 100 Responsibility, lo-ri, 52, 135-136 Work program, 194
Organized activities, no Results, 184, 188, ig6, 231; definition, Time element in behavior, 65-68 Working policy, 59
Tolman, Edward C, 80 n., 84 n., 85 n.,
Paper flow, 159 175
Performance, 188,231 Review, functions of, 232-234; methods 86 n., 90
Personal goals, n o , i n , 161 Training, 15, 225, 227, 247; and com-
Personal inducements, ni of, 231-232; process of, 15, 231-234
Personal motivation, 16 Rule .of anticipated reactions, 129, 234 munication, 169-171; by organiza-
Personal rewards, in tions, 103
Personal values, 209 Salary, as incentive, 115
Personally rational, 77 Sanctions, 12, 25, 57, 136, 233; applica- '%
Persuasion, 127
Planning, 3, 244; procedural, 96; sub- tions of, 146, 147; of authority, 13a-
133; social, 131
stantive, 96; Utopian, 106 Science of administration, 44, 248, 255.
Planning process, 99-100,228-331 See also Principles of administration
Plans, acceptance of, 108 Sciences, practical, 248; theoretical, 248
Policy, 195; and administration, 52-60; Scientific discovery and decision, 70
Self-coordination, 104
determination of, 177; meanings of Service adequacy, 194
term, 59; questions of, 45, 5Z Service goals of the organization, 198
Politics and administration, 54 Skills, 39-41
Positive stimuli, role of, 89-93 Social organization, function of, 100
Positive values in decision, 175 Social relationships, 161
Possibility, value and, 73-75 Social sciences, 250
"Practice," definition, 59 Social value, 199, 200
Principles of administration, 20-44, 240, Socially correct decisions, 200
248, 253, See also Administration Span of control, 26-28
Problem magnitude, 194, 196 Specialization, 20-26, 28-35, 238; ad-
Procedural planning, 96 vantages of, 137; by clientele, 29, 32-
Production functions, 188 33,178,192; by function, 21; by place
Psychological environment of decision, or area, 21, 28, 32-33, 178, 192; by
96; determinants of, 92 process, 28-32, 138; by purpose, 28-
Psychology of administrative decisions, 32, 63; horizontal, 9; lack of criteria
79-109
Public or community values, 69