Ocean_ A Visual Encyclopedia

Radiolarian A single-celled oceanic Siphon tube A tube used by a clam, Trade wind A wind that blows steadily GLOSSARY
organism that feeds like an animal and squid, or other mollusk to draw water from east to west over a tropical ocean.
drifts as part of the zooplankton. into its body or pump it out.
Tsunami A destructive sea wave usually
Reef A ridge of submerged rock, Solar system The system of planets, produced by an earthquake, but which
often created by marine animals moons, and asteroids orbiting the Sun. can also be caused by volcanic eruptions
called corals. and submarine landslides.
Southern hemisphere The region of
Reptile One of the group of animals Earth south of the equator. Tube feet Tubular, water-filled, mobile
that includes turtles, lizards, crocodiles, projections from the body of an
snakes, and dinosaurs. Subduction The process of one plate echinoderm animal such as a starfish.
of Earth’s crust diving beneath another,
Rift A crack in rocks or Earth’s crust, creating an ocean trench, causing Tube worm A type of marine worm
caused by the rocks pulling apart. earthquakes, and fueling volcanoes. that lives in a protective tube.

Rift valley A region where part of Earth’s Temperate A climate that is neither Turbine A rotor driven by a flow of
water or air, which can be used to turn
crust has dropped into the gap formed very hot nor very cold, or a region that an electricity generator.

by the crust pulling apart. has such a climate.

Rorqual A type of large filter- Tentacle A long, boneless extension Unicorn A mythical horse with a single
feeding whale with an expandable of an animal’s body, sometimes armed horn in the middle of its forehead.
throat that can hold a lot of water with stinging cells.
containing food. Upwelling zone A part of the ocean
Thermocline The boundary between where deep water that is rich in plant
Satellite Something that orbits a planet, deep, cold, dense water and a layer of nutrients is drawn up to the surface.
such as Earth, in space. warmer, less dense water that floats
at the surface of oceans. Venom Poison that a biting or stinging
Scavenger An animal that eats animal uses for hunting or defense.
the remains of dead animals and Tidal To do with the tides.
other scraps. Water vapor The gas that forms when
Tidal race A fast-moving tidal current liquid water is warmed and evaporates.
School A group of fish that live that has chaotic waves and whirlpools.
together and sometimes swims in Westerly wind A wind that blows
perfect formation. Tidal stream A horizontal flow of water from west to east.
created by the rise and fall of the tide.
Seamount An ocean-floor volcano, Zooplankton Animals that mainly
active or extinct, that does not break Tidewater glacier A glacier that flows drift in the water, although
the ocean surface to form an island. all the way to the coast and out to sea, some swim actively.
so that its end floats on tidal seawater.
Sediment Solid particles such as sand,
silt, or mud that have settled on the Tissue In biology, living material such as
seabed or ocean floor. bone, muscle, or plant material.

Shelf sea A shallow sea covering
a continental shelf.

Shellfish A term for marine
animals with either hard shells
or external skeletons.

Silica A mineral made
of oxygen and silicon,
the main ingredient.

Single-celled Consisting
of just one living cell.
Plants and animals
have many cells.

Index

INDEX A birds 65, 96–97, 162–165, 173, 175, 177, continents 24, 25, 26, 28, 36–37
acid, carbonic 241 181, 201 convergent boundaries 31
albatrosses 96, 97, 201 nests and colonies 166–167, 194, 195 Cook, James 135
Aleutians 34 copepods 74, 75, 90, 126, 192
algae 61, 64, 72, 73, 78, 132, 133, 141, bivalves 120, 121 coral bleaching 241
black smokers 31, 225, 229 corals 78, 130, 131, 132–133, 135, 241
182, 192, 205 coral reefs 17, 50, 78, 113, 132,
alligators 175 life on 104–105
Alvin 224, 225, 227 blowholes 150 138–139, 142
ammonites 46 blue-footed boobies 65, 96 animals of 131, 132–133, 136–139,
amphipods 102 blue whales 91 169, 184
anchovies 109 boats 18, 57, 215, 218 barrier reefs 134–135, 142
ancient oceans 36–37 body temperature 82
anemones 130, 131, 155, 156 Brazil Current 61 cormorants 96
angelfish 136 breeding 166–167, 168, 169, 170, 171, Cousteau, Jacques 222
anglerfish 100, 118 crabs 63, 75, 78, 104, 110, 112, 126, 127,
animals 51, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 70–105, 179, 185, 192, 194, 195, 200, 201,
210–211, 244 155, 157, 170–171, 179
108–141, 154–169, 173, 175, 177, buoyancy 95, 117, 122 as prey 79, 122, 123, 162, 163, 169
178, 179, 180–185, 192–201, butterflyfish 136
208–213 crocodiles 169, 179, 184, 185
Antarctica 18–19, 51, 66, 97, 188, 189, C cruise ships 237
191, 193, 194–195, 198–201, 203, camouflage 63, 86, 118, 122, 137, 156, crust, oceanic 24, 30, 32, 34, 40
205, 240 crustaceans 74, 126–127, 138
archaea 104 157, 170, 183, 211, 212 curlews 163
archaeology, underwater 221 canoes 218 currents 17, 50, 62, 63, 185, 191
arches 150, 151 canyons 45, 46
Arctic Ocean 9, 10–11, 44, 29, 188, 189, Caribbean 12, 132 deepwater currents 66–67
191, 212, 213, 240 Gulf Stream 60, 61, 62, 67, 231
animals 90, 95, 208–209, 210, 211 animals of 138, 181, 183 power from 231
peoples 214–215 cartilage 87 surface currents 60–61, 66
Ascension Island 41 caves 142, 150, 151 turbidity currents 45
Atlantic Ocean 9, 12–13, 37, 62 Central America 227 cuttlefish 122
animals 62, 63, 96, 104, 118, 169, 183 cephalopods 122–123, 124 cyclones 54–55
currents 60, 66, 67 Challenger Deep 33
exploration 218 chemicals 31, 48, 64, 78, 104, 105, 108 D
food web 79 chimaeras 102 dark zone 70, 100–101
islands 40, 41 chlorophyll 73 Darwin, Charles 219
atolls 15, 142–143 chloroplasts 73 deep-sea anglerfish 100
atoms 48 clams 75, 104, 120, 141, 161, 169, 173 Deepsea Challenger 225
auks 97 cleaner wrasses 137 deltas 174–175
cliffs 149, 150, 166 desalination 228
B climate 50, 51, 67 detritivores 102
bacteria 71, 72, 73, 78, 100 climate change 10, 67, 203, 240–241 diamonds 229
bait balls 85 clownfish 131 Dias, Bartolomeu 218
baleen 90 cnidarians 130 diatoms 73
barnacles 127, 155 coal 175 dinflagelattes 73
barracuda 136 coasts 46, 51, 144–185 divergent boundaries 31
Barton, Otis 224 diving 33, 198, 222–223
basalt 12, 24, 25, 30, 40, 42 animals of 96, 130, 154–163, 170–171, dog sleds 215
basins 10, 25 208 doldrums 51
basket stars 103 dolphins 64, 71, 85, 94, 135, 199
bathysphere 224 erosion 44, 45 downwelling 65
bays 18, 150, 158, 169 fishing 232–235 drilling 220, 221, 230
beaches 44, 146, 150, 158–159, 160, 169, tides 146–147 dugongs 183
coccolithophores 73
170, 200 cod 79 E
Beebe, William 224 Columbus, Christopher 219 Earth 24
Benguela Current 61 comb jellyfish 77 earthquakes 15, 17, 35, 37, 38, 39
bioluminescence 89, 98, 100, 130 comets 25 Easter Island 41, 218
billfish 83 cone shells 139 echinoderms 128–129, 138
conservation 242–243 echolocation 95
250 construction 229 eels 62, 101, 110, 118
continental drift 36
continental shelves 28, 44–45, 46, 108

Ekman transport 60, 65 Gulf of Mexico 183, 239 J INDEX
El Niño effect 65 Gulf Stream 60, 61, 62, 67 Japan 29, 35, 39
electricity 119, 230–231 gurnards 118 Java Trench 15
erosion 44, 45 gyres 52, 60 jellyfish 76, 98, 130–131
estuaries 169, 172, 173, 176
exoskeletons 126, 127 H as prey 168, 169
exploration 33, 218–219, 224 hatchetfish 99
Hawaii 26, 40, 42, 59, 221 K
F He, Zheng 218 kayaks 215
fat 209 headlands 150, 151, 158 kelp 114–115, 117
filter feeders 77, 79, 80, 88–89, 111, 120, heart urchins 160 krill 74, 75, 79, 91, 97, 192, 194
heat 50–51 Kuril Trench 33
138, 173 herrings 80, 81, 83, 109
fins 82, 83, 89, 118, 119, 199 holdfasts 114 L
fish 63, 64, 70, 71, 75, 78, 79, 80–89, 131, hotspots 12, 40–41, 42 lagoons 134, 142–143, 159, 163,
human activity 158
135, 155, 156, 157, 160, 175, 177, 178, Humboldt Current 61 169, 176
179, 193 hurricanes 55, 57, 174, 220, 241 landslides 38
hydrogen 48 lantern fish 98
coral reefs 136–137, 138, 139 larvae 75, 126
dark zone 100–101 I lava 26, 30, 40
on the ocean floor 102–103, 118–119 ice 10, 18, 38, 46, 47, 49, 51, 66, 188, 189, levees 174
as prey 82–85, 95, 96, 97, 139, 167, lichens 155
190–191, 194, 210 limestone 46, 132, 135
177, 184 ice fish 193 limpets 78, 113, 154
twilight zone 98–99 icebergs 18, 202, 204–205, 207, 227 lionfish 137
fish farms 231 icebreakers 191 lizards 155, 184, 185
fishing 109, 232–235, 242, 243 Iceland 40 lobsters 110, 126, 157
overfishing 83, 109, 238 igloos 214 longshore drift 158, 159
fjords 47 Indian Ocean 9, 14–15, 132
flamingoes 177 M
flatfish 119, 161 animals 122, 136, 137, 139, 162, 168, 171, mackerel 80, 85
floats 112, 114 183, 184, 185 Maelstrom of Saltstraumen 147
floor of the oceans 24, 25, 28–29, 30, Magellan, Ferdinand 219
36–37, 45 currents 67 mammals 94
exploration 218
life on 102–103, 110–119 islands 40 see also Arctic fox, dolphins, dugong,
food chains 78–79 trenches 29 manatee, polar bears, sea lions,
food webs 79 tsunamis 38 sea otters, seals, walruses, whales
fossils 46, 49 ink 123 manatee 183
Inuit people 214–215 manganese 229
fossil fuels 230 invertebrates 120–121, 138–139, 192 mangroves 178–179, 239
fracture zones 16, 17 island arcs 34 manta rays 79, 89
frigatebirds 97, 167 islands 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 51, 142–143, 151, mantle 24, 34, 36
fur 117, 209, 211 171, 185, 200 maps 29
Mariana Trench 32–33, 225
G and birds 166, 167
Galápagos Islands 41, 155, 185, 219 creation of 26, 34–35, 40, 41,
gannets 96, 166
gases 25, 105, 173, 175 142–143, 151
and tsunamis 39
as fuel 230
gastropods 120, 121
Geldermalsen 227
gill rakers 80, 88
gills 80, 82, 88, 104, 105, 170

parasites 137
glaciers 18, 47, 202–203, 204
glass-making 229
global conveyor 66, 67
global warming 67, 240
glow-in-the-dark animals 89, 98,

100, 130
gold 227
granite 24
gravel 229
gravity 146, 147
Great Barrier Reef 134–135
great white sharks 86–87
guano 167
guillemots 97, 166

INDEX marine iguanas 155 exploration 218 protozoans 74
marine reserves 243 islands 40, 41 prawns 100, 126, 169
marlin 83 trenches 29, 32, 33, 35 puffins 97, 167
Mary Rose 226 volcanoes 26, 29, 34–35, 40
Mediterranean Sea 8, 120 waves 56, 59 R
melon 95 Pacific Ring of Fire 34–35 razorbills 97
meltwater 47, 240 parasites 137 rays 79, 89, 119, 161
methane 105 parrotfish 113 Red Sea 8, 15, 132
microbes 104, 105, 173, 238 pelicans 175 reefs 110, 111
Mid-Atlantic Ridge 12, 29, 40, 104 penguins 97, 190, 194–197, 198, 201
migration 62, 98, 164, 171 peridotite 24 see also coral reefs
minerals 31, 49, 61, 64, 71, 73, 108, 109, petrels 97 reptiles 184–185
photophores 98, 99 Réunion 40
132, 189, 228–229 photosynthesis 73, 112 ridges 12, 28, 30–31, 36, 37
Mir 225, 227 phytoplankton 64, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, rifts 13, 15, 17, 30
molecules 48, 49, 66, 190 109, 189, 192 rivers 45, 48, 49, 108, 174, 175, 243
mollusks 111, 120, 141, 161, 173 Piccard, Jacques 33 rock pools 156–157
monsoons 15 pirates 237 rocks 24, 26, 37, 44, 46, 49, 148, 149
Moon 146, 147 plankton 45, 61, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 80, 88, ruffs 163
mountains 28, 29, 30, 34, 202 102, 126, 188
mud 29, 45, 109, 172–173, 176 plants 159, 175, 176, 178, 182 S
mudflats 172–173, 176 plates 24, 31, 32, 34, 38 sailboats 18
mudskippers 179 plovers 162 sailfish 82, 83
mussels 104, 120, 154, 232 pods 199 salps 77
polar bears 78, 79, 212–213, 240 salts 9, 49, 66, 176, 182
N polar regions 186–215
Namibia 229 Antarctica 18–19, 51, 66, 97, 188, edible sea salt 228
Nansen, Fridjtof 191 salt marshes 176–177
nautiluses 122 189, 191, 193, 194–195, 198–201, sand 45, 110, 111, 149, 158, 159,
North Pole 10, 188, 191, 241 203, 205, 240
nutrients 64, 65, 67 Arctic Ocean 9, 10–11, 29, 44, 188, 189, 160, 229
191, 208–209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 240 sand dunes 158, 159
O currents 60, 61, 66, 67 sandstone 46
oceanography 219, 220–221 people 215–215, 221 sardines 109
octopods 101 temperature 50 Sargasso Sea 62–63
octopuses 79, 110, 115, 123, 124, 157 winds 50, 51 sargassum fish 63
oil 175, 230, 239 pollution 243 sargassum weed 62
orcas 79, 199 dead zones 239 satellites 221
oxygen 48, 67, 71, 80, 82, 104, 154 oil spills 239 scallops 121
oystercatchers 163, 164 rubbish 63, 238, 242 scarlet ibis 181
sewage 238 scavengers 102, 115, 122
P Polynesian settlers 218 schooling 80, 81, 82, 83, 122
Pacific Ocean 9, 16–17, 23, 36, 132, 139 polyps 132 scuba diving 222–223
Portuguese man-of-war 76, 77 sea cows 183
animals of 75, 90, 99, 104, 115, 117, 122, proteins 49, 73 sea cucumbers 102, 129
136, 137, 139, 168, 169, 183, 184, 185 protists 112 sea fans 103
sea ice 10, 66, 188, 189, 190–191
currents 67 sea levels 15, 46–47, 142, 143, 240
sea lions 111, 209
sea otters 115, 117

sea pens 103 storm surges 55 U INDEX
sea slugs 77, 121 storms 45, 54–55, 109, 149, 241 upwelling 64–65
sea snails 120, 121, 139, 173, 177, 183 streamlined bodies 80, 82, 122, 168, 197
sea snakes 184, 185 subduction zones 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 V
sea squirts 138, 156 submarines 10 venom 123, 131, 137, 139, 161, 185
sea stacks 150, 151, 153, 166 submersibles 33, 220, 224–225, 227 Vasa 226
sea urchins 113, 115, 128 summer 10, 188, 189 Vikings 218
seagrasses 133, 168, 169, 182–183 Sun 22, 48, 52, 147, 188 viperfish 99
seahorses 183 sunlight 50–51, 70, 72, 78, 108, 110, 112, volcanoes 12, 17, 25, 26–27, 29, 30, 34–35,
seals 78, 79, 111, 155, 190, 193, 194, 198,
114, 132, 188 38, 40–43, 142, 200, 201
199, 200, 208–211, 212, 213 sunlit zone 67, 70, 71, 72–77, 108
dangers to 238 surfing 59, 158, 172 W
surgeonfish 136 walruses 208
seamounts 17, 28, 29, 40, 41, 65 surveying 221 Walsh, Don 33
seashells 46 swordfish 83 water cycle 48
seawater 22, 48–49 symbiosis 132 water, sea 48–49, 222

color of 50, 72 T color of 50, 72
freezing point of 193 temperature 10, 50, 104, 105 freezing point of 193
seaweeds 62, 72, 73, 78, 110, 112–115, 156, tentacles 76, 77, 98, 103, 111, 122, 123, waves 38–39, 56–59
162, 168, 183, 185 energy from 231
129, 130, 131, 132, 156, 161 erosion 44, 148–149
giant kelp 114–115, 117 thermocline 71 weevers 161
sediments 29, 46, 65, 110, 129, 174, tidal bores 172 whales 51, 67, 71 79, 127, 135, 201
tidal power 231 baleen whales 90–93
175, 176 tidal races 147 beluga whales 189, 221
shadow zones 71 tides 113, 146–147, 156, 157, 172, 176, blue whales 91
shale 46 bowhead whales 90
sharks 64, 71, 79, 86–87 177, 178 Bryde’s whales 79
high tide 38, 147, 161 gray whales 90
filter-feeding sharks 88–89, 109 low tide 160 humpback whales 91, 93
reef sharks 137 neap tide 147, 176 minke whales 91
spring tide 147, 176 narwhals 95
shellfish 104, 154, 161, 232, 241 pygmy right whales 91
as prey 139, 162, 163, 169, 173, 181 Titanic 202, 224, 227 sperm whales 94, 95, 101
tourism 158, 202, 239, 243 toothed whales 94–95
shingle 44, 149 trade 18, 218, 219, 227, 236–237 whaling 201
Shinkai 6500 225 trenches 12, 15, 28, 29, 32–33 whirlpools 147
shipping 191 Trieste 33 whiskers 208
ships 18, 39, 51, 57, 135, 191, 203, 218, tripodfish 103 wind 15, 18, 50–51, 52, 65, 158, 159
tropical oceans 15, 71, 178–179 and currents 60
219, 236–237 and trade 236
cruise ships 237 animals of 96, 97, 131, 132, 136–139, and waves 56, 57
fishing 232–233 169, 171 wind power 230
research ships 219, 220 winter 10, 18, 50, 61, 71, 188, 189, 195
shipwrecks 45, 110, 111, 221, 225, currents 61 worms 104, 105, 111, 160, 161
226–227 temperature 50
shrimp 51, 71, 104, 139, 157 winds 50, 55 Z
as prey 96, 163, 168, 181 tsunamis 15, 38–39 zones of the ocean 70–71
silt 45 tubercles 91 zooplankton 74–75, 78, 192
sliding boundaries 31 tuna 82, 83
sonar 221 turbines 230
sounds 51 turnicates 138
Southern Ocean 9, 18–19, 51, 153, 188, turnstones 162
200–201 turtles 63, 133, 168–169, 175, 182–183,
184, 244
animals 74, 75, 91, 96, 97, 194–195,
198–201 dangers to 238, 242
tusks 95, 208
currents 67 twilight zone 70, 71, 75, 98–99, 224
waves 57 typhoons 55
spermaceti 95
spits 159
sponges 138, 139
spoonbills 163
squid 71, 98, 99, 122, 195
giant squid 101
as prey 94, 96, 97, 111
starfish 128–129, 139
stargazers 118
stilts 163
stingrays 110
stings 76, 77, 130, 131

253

Acknowledgments

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Smithsonian Institution: 10 Alamy Images: Danita Delimont Lanting (b). 42 Getty Images: Liane Coombs / Reuters (crb); John Hyde /
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Library (b). 176 Corbis: Juan Carlos 193 Corbis: Norbert Wu / Minden Puddy / Crave (ca); Norbert Wu / Dreamstime.com: Ruth Peterkin
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com: Leung Cho Pan / Leungchopan Images: Paul Nicklen. 200 Corbis: Photo Library: NOAA (tr). 222 241 Alamy Images: Imagebroker /
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