SERI BANUN BINTI AHMAD TAJUDDIN 2022602554 NUSAIBAH AFFRA BINTI SALIM 2022602646 IMAN FAHMI BIN YUSOF 2022884072 ALIF IMAN BIN AHMAD 2022602582 ILLA MAISARA BINTI MOHD ZAINI 2022602588 HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC) PREPARED BY: PREPARED FOR: DR SYED AHMAD QUSOIRI SYED ABDUL KARIM CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR QUANTITY SURVEYING FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE,PLANNING AND SURVEYING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM) BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
Application and System Installation Process Funct 8 ion, Connection and Position 9 Space Implications and Principles 11 Recommendation for Future Improvement 10 Building Regulations 14 References TABLEOF CONTENTS 02 HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING Bene 6 fits P 7 roblems Introduction 3 4 5
Introduction Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are an essential part of modern buildings, especially in tropical countries like Malaysia, where the weather is hot and humid throughout the year. In such a climate, air conditioning (AC) is necessary to provide thermal comfort, especially in commercial buildings (Daghigh, 2015). The Exchange TRX building, located in the heart of Kuala Lumpur's financial district, is a prime example of a modern commercial building that utilizes HVAC systems to provide a comfortable indoor environment for its occupants. The Exchange TRX building is a 106-storey tower designed to be a sustainable and energy-efficient building, and its HVAC system plays a crucial role in achieving this goal (Atthajariyakul & Leephakpreeda, 2004). HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING This report will use the HVAC system of the Exchange TRX building as a case study to analyse the sustainability and energy efficiency of HVAC systems in Malaysian commercial buildings. The report will examine the energy consumption, environmental impact, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality of HVAC systems (Asim et al., 2022). The year-long exposure of buildings to high temperatures and humidity, as well as high-intensity solar radiation, is the usual climatic condition of Malaysia, which has led to an increase in AC installations and energy consumption (Toosty et al., 2022). The report will provide an overview of HVAC systems, their significance, and their environmental and social impact. In addition, the report will discuss the various parameters that researchers examine to enhance the sustainability and energy efficiency of HVAC systems in buildings (Asim et al., 2022). 03
HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING Smart HVAC uses sensors that are connected to your building control system, just like other types of smart building technology. These sensors find out what is going on in your building. Some of the parts are listed below: APPLICATION & SYSTEM 04 Placement of thermal sensors at appropriate points around the space may reveal conditions that vary from one area to the next. It can get quite warm in a crowded conference room, yet quite cool in an open office with high ceilings. A smart HVAC system would use this data to adapt to varying conditions as the day or week progresses. Modern buildings are being built to let in more light from outside. But the difference in light from morning to night and from one part of the house to another can make it hard for the HVAC system to work. Because of this, you need devices that can tell how much light is in a room and adjust your smart HVAC and lighting accordingly. LIGHT SENSORS SMART THERMOSTAT VARIABLE SPEED FAN OCCUPANCY SENSORS Traditional motors for HVAC fans only have one speed: full blast. Variable speed motors can change fan speeds to the right levels based on the number of people in the room or the current conditions. Variable frequency drive kits can also be added to fans that only have one speed. Occupancy sensors can tell if someone is in a certain spot in an office by detecting motion, which is generally how they work. This information can be used to change the temperature based on how much power is being used, saving you money.
HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING 05 INSTALLATION PROCESS OF A SMART THERMOSTAT Make sure your HVAC system is compatible Turn off the electricity to your thermostat and look at the wiring Set up the smart thermostat bracket Connect the smart thermostat to the wire Fix the smart thermostat faceplate in place Connect your smart thermostat to Wi-Fi and turn it on
HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING Intelligent Automation These systems can learn occupancy patterns, weather forecasts, and user preferences to automatically adjust settings. They can adapt to changing conditions and maintain optimal comfort levels while minimizing manual interventions. Improved Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Smart HVAC systems often feature advanced filtration, ventilation, and humidity control mechanisms. They can monitor air quality parameters and adjust settings accordingly to ensure a healthy indoor environment by reducing pollutants, allergens, and humidity levels. Sustainability and Environmental Impact By reducing energy consumption and optimizing performance, smart HVAC systems contribute to environmental sustainability. They help minimize greenhouse gas emissions, conserve resources, and align with green building initiatives. Cost Savings While smart HVAC systems may have a higher upfront cost, their energy efficiency and optimized operation can lead to long-term cost savings through reduced utility bills, lower maintenance expenses, and extended equipment lifespan. BENEFITS 06 Energy Efficiency Smart HVAC systems utilize advanced sensors and algorithms to optimize energy consumption based on realtime conditions. They can adjust heating, cooling, and ventilation settings dynamically, leading to energy savings and reduced utility costs.
HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING Installation Costs a Lot of Money Smart HVAC systems typically involve higher upfront costs compared to conventional HVAC systems. It uses a wide range of electronic sensors and accurate technology, the Initial cots of installing a Smart HVAC is quite costly. Complexity and Technical Expertise Smart HVAC systems are complex and require technical expertise for installation, programming, and ongoing maintenance. Building owners and facility managers may need to invest in training or rely on specialized contractors to ensure proper installation and efficient system operation. Additionally, the integration of various components and controls may introduce compatibility issues. Maintenance and Support Smart HVAC systems require regular maintenance and software updates to ensure optimal performance. Building owners should establish maintenance contracts and ensure that service providers have the necessary expertise to handle the specific smart HVAC system installed in the TRX 106 tower. Prompt support and availability of spare parts are also important to address any issues or failures efficiently. Sensor Accuracy and Reliability Smart HVAC systems rely on sensors to collect data and make adjustments based on real-time conditions. However, sensor accuracy and reliability can be a concern. Malfunctioning or improperly calibrated sensors may provide inaccurate data, leading to inefficient or ineffective system operation. Regular maintenance and sensor calibration are essential to ensure reliable performance. PROBLEMS 07
HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING FUNCTION, CONNECTION & POSITION 08 CONNECTION Wi-Fi: The majority of smart HVAC systems are Wi-Fi-enabled, allowing users to access the internet and remotely manage and monitor the system via web-based or mobile applications. As it allows communication between the HVAC system and the user's smartphone, tablet, or computer, Wi-Fi connection offers ease and flexibility. POSITION Utility or Equipment Rooms: Skyscrapers may have designated utility or equipment rooms on different floors where HVAC systems can be installed. These rooms are typically strategically located to provide efficient distribution of conditioned air throughout the building. FUNCTION An smart HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system makes use of networked HVAC parts and other technologies (such as the internet of things). A building automation system (BAS) has evolved naturally in this way. In order to reach the appropriate degree of thermal comfort, a smart HVAC system aims to provide users very fine-grained control over their workspace's or room's temperature, as well as lighting, humidity, and fan speed.
SPACE IMPLICATIONS HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING 09 PRINCIPLES Air conditioning units are available in different forms and dimensions, yet they operate based on common principle. Their primary function is to extract heat and humidity from indoor air, thereby providing cool air within enclosed spaces. The compressor in air conditioning system increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas, which is then directed to the condenser coil where it undergoes a conversion into a liquid state. Space implications in air conditioning involve various considerations. Ductwork is often required to distribute cooled air throughout the space, impacting the building’s layout and design. Adequate space needs to be allocated for equipment such as condenser units or air handlers, which may be placed outdoors or in dedicated mechanical rooms. Proper ventilation components, including intake and exhaust vents and filtration systems, are important for fresh air supply and air quality maintenance. Additionally, energy consumption and efficiency should be considered, as they impact utility costs and environmental sustainability.
HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING BUILDING REGULATIONS System and equipment sizing (Clause 8.2) Air conditioning systems and equipment should be appropriately sized to meet the calculated space and system loads specified in clause 8.1. Air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion (DX) units with a capacity exceeding 35kWr for reciprocating compressors or 65kWr for scroll compressors should be equipped with either multiple compressors or single compressors equipped with step/variable unloaders. ACMV System equipment (Clause 8.10) The ACMV system equipment, whether in a single package or split system, offers the necessary components for air circulation, air purification, controlled temperature air cooling, and dehumidification. ACMV System Components (Clause 8.11) The ACMV system components come in one or multiple factory-assembled packages and provide the means to cool water to a controlled temperature. This chilled water is then delivered to terminal units that serve the conditioned space of the building. 10
HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING Recommendation for Future Improvement Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems play a crucial role in ensuring the comfort and safety of indoor air quality (IAQ) in buildings. However, these systems account for 40-60% of energy usage in buildings or 15% of the world's total energy consumption (Asim et al., 2022). In Malaysia, with increasing energy costs, it is crucial to choose an energy-efficient HVAC system (Importance of HVAC System Malaysia - Datum, n.d.). Proper ventilation systems are required to provide good IAQ, but unnecessary ventilation can consume a huge amount of energy (Daghigh, 2015). Therefore, it is essential to consider several factors for recommendations for future improvements in HVAC systems in Malaysia. 11
HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING 12 One factor that could improve HVAC systems in Malaysia is the use of smart air conditioning. Smart air conditioning systems are designed to optimize energy consumption and reduce energy waste. These systems use sensors to detect the number of people in a room and adjust the temperature accordingly. They can also detect when a room is empty and turn off the air conditioning to save energy. Smart air conditioning systems can also be controlled remotely, allowing users to adjust the temperature and settings from their smartphones or other devices. By using smart air conditioning, buildings in Malaysia can reduce their energy consumption and save money on energy bills. Smart Air-Conditioning System Recommendation for Future Improvement
HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING 13 Another factor to consider is the improvement of ventilation components in HVAC systems. Proper ventilation is essential to maintain good IAQ, but it can also consume a significant amount of energy. Therefore, it is crucial to design sustainable ventilation systems that are energy-efficient and provide good IAQ. One way to achieve this is by using variable speed drives (VSD) in HVAC systems. A case study of a large-scale hospital in Malaysia showed that using VSD in HVAC systems could save energy and reduce energy costs (Asim et al., 2022). Improvement of Ventilation Recommendation for Future Improvement
HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING 14 REFERENCES Asim, N., Badiei, M., Mohammad, M., Razali, H., Rajabi, A., Chin Haw, L., & Jameelah Ghazali, M. (2022). Sustainability of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems in Buildings—An Overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021016 Atthajariyakul, S., & Leephakpreeda, T. (2004). Real-time determination of optimal indoorair condition for thermal comfort, air quality and efficient energy usage. Energy and Buildings, 36(7), 720–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.01.017 Daghigh, R. (2015). Assessing the Thermal Comfort and Ventilation in Malaysia and the Surrounding Regions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 48, 681–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.017 Toosty, N. T., Hagishima, A., Bari, W., & Zaki, S. A. (2022). Behavioural Changes in AirConditioner Use Owing to the COVID-19 Movement Control Order in Malaysia. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 30, 608–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.01.001 Asim, N., Badiei, M., Mohammad, M., Razali, H., Rajabi, A., Chin Haw, L., & Jameelah Ghazali, M. (2022). Sustainability of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems in Buildings—An Overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021016 Daghigh, R. (2015). Assessing the Thermal Comfort and Ventilation in Malaysia and the Surrounding Regions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 48, 681–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.017 HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC). (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2023, from https://otc.com.my/public-programs/heating-ventilation-air-conditioning-hvac-112/ Importance of HVAC System Malaysia - Datum. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2023, from https://datum.my/importance-of-hvac-systems-malaysia/
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