The Presidents Visual Encyclopedia

Thomas Jefferson AARON BURR Elbridge Gerry

VP for John Adams Burr became vice president after losing the VP for James Madison
election to Thomas Jefferson. He killed his
political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel
and ended his political career in disgrace.

Aaron Burr George Clinton George Clinton

VP for Thomas Jefferson VP for Thomas Jefferson VP for James Madison

1801 1805 1809 1812 1813 1814 1817

John Tyler Millard Fillmore William R. King

VP for William Henry Harrison VP for Zachary Taylor VP for Franklin Pierce

George M. Dallas John C. Breckinridge

VP for James K. Polk VP for James Buchanan

1841 1841 1845 1849 1850 1853 1857 1861

(APRIL) Theodore
Roosevelt
Thomas Hendricks Garret A. Hobart
VP for William
VP for Grover Cleveland VP for William McKinley McKinley

Levi P. Morton Adlai E. Stevenson

VP for Benjamin Harrison VP for Grover Cleveland

1885 1885 1889 1893 1897 1899 1901 1901
(NOVEMBER)
(SEPTEMBER)

CHARLES DAWES

Dawes lobbied to limit the use of filibusters Harry S. Truman
(continuous speaking to block the passage
of a bill) in the Senate. VP for Franklin D. Roosevelt

Charles Dawes Charles Curtis John Nance Garner Henry A. Wallace

VP for Calvin Coolidge VP for Herbert Hoover VP for Franklin D. Roosevelt VP for Franklin D. Roosevelt

1925 1929 1933 1941 1945

Hubert H. Gerald Nelson WALTER MONDALE
Humphrey R. Ford Rockefeller A more powerful vice president than his
predecessors, Mondale had weekly luncheons
VP for Lyndon VP for Richard VP for Gerald R. Ford with the president to discuss key issues.
B. Johnson M. Nixon

Spiro T. Agnew Walter Mondale George H. W. Bush

VP for Richard M. Nixon VP for Jimmy Carter VP for Ronald Reagan

1969 1973 1974 1977 1981

JOE BIDEN Periods of time colored
in grey show when the
Biden oversaw measures to revitalize the vice presidential office
economy after the 2008 recession, and advised was vacant.
the president on many international issues.

Joe Biden Mike Pence

VP for Barack Obama VP for Donald Trump

2009 2017

199

POLITICAL PARTIES

The only independent president, George Washington, disliked political parties,
but they have since become an integral part of US politics. Since the 1796
elections, there have normally been two main parties, and candidates for
the presidency have stood on the platform of one of these.

FEDERALISTS WHIGS

DATE FOUNDED: 1790 DATE FOUNDED: 1834

PHILOSOPHY: Strong central government. PHILOSOPHY: The supremacy of Congress
over the presidency and high import tariffs.
DATE DISSOLVED: 1824
DATE DISSOLVED: 1856
The Federalists promoted strong economic
growth, supported by a powerful central The Whigs emerged after a split in
government. In power until 1801, the party the Democratic-Republican party. Often
faded after its leader Alexander Hamilton a divided party, they supported a wide
was killed, and put forward its last vice range of policies, but ultimately fell apart
presidential candidate in 1820. over disagreements on the expansion of
slavery into free territories.

DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS

Reference DATE FOUNDED: 1792 The Democratic-Republican party was
PHILOSOPHY: The rights of individual formed by supporters of Thomas Jefferson,
states over the federal government. who opposed strong powers for the central
government. They aimed to be antielitist
DATE DISSOLVED: 1825 and championed the interests of farmers
and the working class. The party split in
the 1820s, and a faction led by Andrew
Jackson became the Democrats.

200

DEMOCRATS REPUBLICANS

DATE FOUNDED: 1828 to date DATE FOUNDED: 1854 to date

PHILOSOPHY: Strong government, PHILOSOPHY: Limited government,
social and economic equality, and individual freedom, low taxation.
government involvement in welfare.
Founded by antislavery activists,
Emerging from the split in the the Republicans had their first
Democratic-Republicans, the president in Abraham Lincoln and
Democrats championed the poorer the Union’s victory in the Civil War
classes. They were dominant until gave them 70 years of almost
1860, when they split before the unbroken power. However, the Great
Civil War. This led to a period of Depression brought the Republican
Republican dominance until Franklin dominance to an end. Today's
D. Roosevelt’s popular New Deal Republican party is more socially
brought them back to power. The conservative with a powerbase in
modern Democrat party continues the south and midwest. It continues
to champion a greater role for to support American business
government and programs to interests and to advocate for
assist less privileged sections stronger national defense.
of American society.

INDEPENDENT CANDIDATES Political Parties

Although the United States has a two-party
system, minor parties and independents have
occasionally made their mark. The highest minor
party vote was gained by Theodore Roosevelt’s
Progressive party in 1912, but others, such as
the Anti-immigrant “Know Nothing” party in
1856, have also gained a significant percentage
of the vote. More recently, independent
candidates, such as Ross Perot (right) in 1992,
have achieved considerable support due to
voter disappointment with the main parties.

201

PRFEUSIDNENFTAIACLTS

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MwpcehhKWteiipsnDtitalalloleeriuoraygo“dmhYhtlaaetthnd.t”aokatee

fnmaeraJsaadirgmsehigheteshihmdtBeeuipadncdehitrnthamoeonatnaohnneteehwenleeytarlef,ystw.atnihldtichhis Millard Fillmore
stood for public
office from three
different parties.

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202

wJaapmsArtteeh5sseiMfdsthea4noditrin.ste,osnt Woodrow Wilson is Before becoming
ACahsooiawwpownplaedinoldllla,agpaabpeesybtawhs,li,araaaCvcosapikfnglyvlbgigiivoenmheaninysr, the only president president, Ronald Reagan

cubs by foreign to have a Ph.D. co-starred in a movie
dignitaries. with a chimpanzee

named Peggy.

Thomas Jefferson
invented the first

swivel chair.

JokhenpQt aausninaacplyleiAgt.daatomr s Franklin D. Roosevelt
was a stamp collector
and approved the design

of over 200 stamps.

ThweToahdseontraeemdRdeoydobsaeeftvaeerrlt. Abraham Lincoln was Barack Obama collected
the first president to Spiderman and Conan
have a beard, and was the Barbarian comics.
the tallest at 6 ft 4 in.
203

GLOSSARY oversees the national budget
and can also impeach the
Abolitionist Capitalism president for misconduct.
A person who called for An economic system where the
the abolition of slavery means of production (such as Constitutional
in the United States. businesses, factories, and farms) When something is allowed
are privately owned with a view by the Constitution. Any
Act to making a profit. acts or measures that
A law that has been passed are not permitted under
by Congress and has come Civil Rights the Constitution are referred
into effect. The right of citizens of a to as unconstitutional.
country to equal treatment
Amendment under the law, regardless of Executive
A change to the Constitution sex, race, or political beliefs. The branch of the US
of the United States. To come government responsible for
into effect, this must be passed Civil Service implementing and enforcing
by Congress, and then be The people who are employed laws, headed by the president.
ratified by three fourths of by the government to run its
all the states. various departments. Federal
Matters that are under
Anarchist Cold War the control of central
A person who believes that all The political confrontation government, as opposed
forms of central government between the United States to individual states.
are unjust and who is often and the Soviet Union (now
prepared to use any means to Russia), in 1947–1991. Founding Fathers
overthrow the government. The group of people who
Communism played an important role
Budget An economic system in which in the foundation of the
The spending plans of the means of production are United States—in particular,
a government for a set owned by the government and those who attended the
period of time, showing wealth is distributed by it. Constitutional Convention
how much it intends to of 1787.
spend and how much it The Confederacy
expects to raise in taxes. The 11 states that broke away Governor
from the Union and formed an The head of a state government
Cabinet independent country in 1861. within the United States.
The most senior government It was dissolved in 1865 at the
officials appointed by end of the Civil War. House of Representatives
the president. They are One of the two houses of
generally in charge of Congress the United States Congress.
government departments The two houses that make up Members are elected for
such as the Treasury. the legislative (law-making) a two-year term and the
branch of US government. It number representing each
state varies according to
the state’s population.

Impeachment then (together with those senators who are elected for
The process by which a from other states) select a a six-year term.
president or vice president can party’s candidate for the
be removed from office when presidential election. States’ rights
accused of misconduct. It Those rights and powers
involves a trial by members Ratification that are held by individual
of the Senate. The process by which an states as opposed to the
amendment to the Constitution federal government.
Inauguration must be accepted by three
The ceremony at which a newly fourths of all US states before Suffrage
elected president takes the it can come into effect. The right to vote in elections,
oath of office and begins his which was not given to all
or her presidency. Recession American men until 1870,
A period when the economy and to women until 1920.
Inflation of a country goes into decline.
The increase in the level Supreme Court
of prices in a country Reconstruction The highest court in the United
compared to the previous The period from 1865–77 States. Its nine justices hear
year. When inflation is high, during which the states that appeals from lower courts and
people have to pay far more had formed the Confederacy decide whether decisions made
for the same goods. were placed under military by them are constitutional
supervision by the federal or unconstitutional.
Legislation government, before being
Measures proposed by the admitted back into Tariff
government that are then the Union. A tax or duty placed by a
passed by Congress and government on imports or
become law. Secession exports, as a means to control
The act of withdrawing trade or raise money.
National Debt part of a country from
The total amount of money the control of the central Territory
owed by a government as a government, as done Historically, a region under
result of spending more than by the 11 southern states the control of the federal
it raises in taxation. who left the Union in 1861 government, but which is
and 1862. not yet a state.
Nationalist
A person who believes that Segregation The Union
the political and economic The practice by which people The group of states that came
interests of their own country of different races are forced together to form the United
are more important than to use separate schools, States, often used to refer to
others and who often opposes workplaces, restaurants, those that did not secede
international cooperation and transportation. during the Civil War.
between nations.
Senate Veto
Primary (or Caucus) One of the two houses of the The power of a president to
An election in a state by which United States Congress. Each reject any bill that has been
delegates are chosen who will state is represented by two passed by Congress.

INDEX veterans 50, 52, 54, 60 Florida 22, 23, 24, 33, 67, 195, 197
Cleveland, Frances 131 Ford, Betty 138
A Cleveland, Grover 58–59, 156, 195 Ford, Gerald R. 100–101, 138, 194,
Adams, Abigail 128 Clinton, Bill 9, 110–113, 157, 195,
Adams, John 14–15, 24, 128, 149, 195 199
Adams, John Quincy 24–25, 195, 203 202 Founding Fathers 152
Afghanistan 102, 114, 118, 119 Clinton, Hillary 125, 142 France 10, 14, 58, 71, 85
African Americans 46, 135, 144, 162 Cold War 88, 102, 109 Franklin, Benjamin 149
communism 82, 83, 84, 88, 109 Garfield, James A. 54–55, 195
abolition of slavery 162–163 Confederate States of America 160, Gettysburg 44, 160
segregration 86, 94 Grant, Ulysses S. 50–51, 160, 195
and voting 50, 92, 94, 164–165 161 Great Depression 76, 77, 78, 80, 133,
see also Obama, Barack; Obama, Congress 153, 155, 156–157
Michelle 197, 201
Air Force One 188 House of Representatives 24, 25, Ground Force One 191
Alabama 161, 195 49, 156, 157
Alaska 48, 194 H
American Revolution 11, 14, 126, Senate 49, 54, 71, 99, 156, 157, Hamilton, Alexander 150, 199, 200
148–149 198, 199 Harding, Warren G. 72–73, 195
Arizona 68, 194 Harrison, Benjamin 60–61, 195
Arkansas 86, 111, 195 Constitution 10, 20, 147, 150–151, Harrison, William Henry 30–31, 60,
Arthur, Chester A. 56–57, 195, 198 152, 156
assassinations 47, 55, 62, 91, 130 13th Amendment 162–163 195
attempted 26, 100, 104, 115 14th Amendment 162 Hawaii 58, 60, 194
atomic bomb 82 15th Amendment 50, 164–165 Hayes, Rutherford B. 52–53, 195, 196
18th Amendment 166–167 healthcare 110, 120, 122, 139, 142
B 19th Amendment 168–169 Hoover, Herbert 76–77, 133, 194,
banking 27, 28, 51, 77, 78 22nd Amendment 170
Berlin Wall 109 26th Amendment 171 197, 202
Bill of Rights 20, 158–159 Bill of Rights 20, 158–159 Hoover, Lou 77, 133
Blair House 180–181 House of Representatives 24, 25, 49,
Britain 10, 20, 21, 34, 37, 71, 148 Coolidge, Calvin 74–75, 195, 198, 203
Buchanan, James 42–43, 195, 202 Cuba 40, 63, 88, 89, 90, 121 156, 157
Bush, Barbara 125, 141
Bush, George H. W. 9, 108–109, 141, DE I
Davis, Jefferson 161 Illinois 118, 195
194, 202 Declaration of Independence 15, 16, immigration 53, 56, 61, 75, 122
Bush, George W. 9, 114–117, 143, impeachment 49, 99
147, 149 inaugurations 27, 62, 152, 154, 161
117, 194, 197, 202 Democratic-Republican party 200 Indiana 30, 195
Bush, Laura 125, 143 Democrat party 26, 197, 200, 201 Iran-Contra Affair 107
drugs 65, 108, 140, 158 Iraq 108, 114, 117, 118, 137
C economy 62, 74, 77, 80, 104, 119
Cadillac One 189 education 86, 115, 137, 141, 143, 145 J
California 35, 38, 77, 104, 171, 194 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 84–87, 182, Jackson, Andrew 21, 26–27, 195, 200
Camp David 102, 182 Japan 39, 64, 81, 82,
Carter, Jimmy 9, 102–103, 139, 182, 191, 194, 202 Jefferson, Thomas 16–19, 149,
Eisenhower Executive Office 179
195, 197 elections 154–155, 196–197 195, 203
Carter, Rosalynn 125, 139 Equal Rights Amendment 138 Johnson, Andrew 48–49, 195, 198
civil rights 86, 89, 94, 137, 162 Johnson, “Lady Bird” 137
Civil War 44, 50, 160–161, 162, 185, FG Johnson, Lyndon B. 92–95, 137, 178,
Federalist party 200
201 Fillmore, Millard 38–39, 195, 199, 202 194, 198
flags 17, 33, 180
K
Kansas 40, 41, 42, 194
Kennedy, Jacqueline 88, 91, 136
Kennedy, John F. 88–91, 98, 136,

188, 195

LM Oval Office, The 176–177 Texas 28, 35, 39, 50, 125, 194
Lewis and Clark expedition 18–19 Panama 66, 103, 108 Annexation 33, 34
Library of Congress 16 Pendleton Act 57 Kennedy’s assassination 91
Lincoln, Abraham 44–47, 130, 186, Pennsylvania 12, 44, 127, 168, 195
pets 202, 203 transportation, presidential 188–191
193, 195, 196, 201, 203 Pierce, Franklin 40–41, 195 Truman, Harry S. 82–83, 156, 181,
Lincoln, Mary 130 Polk, James K. 34–35, 195
Louisiana 17, 19, 195 Prohibition 70, 78, 166–167 195, 197, 199
Madison, Dolley 129 R Trump, Donald 122–123, 195
Madison, James 20–21, 129, 150, 158, Reagan, Nancy 140 Tyler, John 32–33, 195, 199
Reagan, Ronald 104–107, 108, 140, unemployment 51, 77, 80, 100, 102,
195, 203
Maine 23, 28, 195 194, 197, 203 108
Marine Force One 191 Republican party 164, 196, 197, 201 Union, the 48, 50, 68, 160, 161, 195,
Massachusetts 24, 74, 128, 195 resignations 96, 99, 198
McKinley, William 62–63, 195, 202 Rhode Island 150, 195 201
Mexico 33, 35, 40 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 78–81, 134, Utah 38, 194
Mississippi 50, 161, 195 V
Missouri 19, 22, 195 153, 156, 170, 176, 180, 182, 189, Van Buren, Martin 28–29, 31, 195,
Monroe, James 22–23, 195 195, 197, 201, 203
Montana 17, 194 Roosevelt, Theodore 64–67, 174, 198
Monticello 185 178, 186, 195, 196, 199, 201, 203 vetoes 156, 157
monuments 186–187, 193 S vice presidents 15, 32, 48, 65, 96,
Mount Vernon 184 Senate 49, 54, 71, 99, 156, 157,
198, 199 108, 153, 179, 183, 198–199
N slavery 22, 28, 32, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43, Vietnam War 92, 93, 95, 96, 101, 171
national parks 64, 67 44, 160 Virginia 11, 16, 22, 43, 50, 116, 160,
Native Americans 18, 26, 29, 45 abolition of 162–163
Nebraska 41, 194 South Carolina 26, 44, 160, 195 184, 185, 191, 194, 195
New Deal 78, 80, 134, 197, 201 South Dakota 186, 194 voting 50, 92, 94, 164–165, 168–169,
New Hampshire 151, 195 Soviet Union 108
New Mexico 35, 38, 39, 68, 194 Cold War 82, 84, 88, 90, 96, 97, 171, 196, 197
New York 58, 78, 80, 126, 142, 195 WXYZ
102, 106, 109 Wall Street Crash 77
Ellis Island 61 space race 87 War of 1812 21, 37, 129, 175
speakeasies 166 space race 87, 98 Washington, DC 16, 137, 193
terrorist attacks 112, 116 Spain 22, 24, 40,
visits to 69, 88, 134, 135 Spanish–American War 63, 65 assassinations in 47, 55
voters in 20, 168 speeches 65, 70, 79, 89, 133, 134 buildings 159, 179, 180–181, 183
Wall Street Crash 77 Gettysburg Address 44, 45
Washington’s inauguration 154 inaugural address 11, 30, 40, 152 see also White House
women’s rights 168 State of the Union Address 157 burning of 21, 175
Nixon, Richard 96–99, 100, 194, 202 strikes 51, 59, 74, conferences 73, 140
Nobel Peace Prize 64, 70, 103 Supreme Court 42, 86, 104, 120, 152, inaugural balls 129
nuclear weapons 82, 88, 90, 97, 106, 157, 171, 197 Washington, George 10–13, 126, 152,
117, 118 TU 156, 184, 186, 195, 200
Number One Observatory Circle 183 Taft, William H. 68–69, 195 Washington, Martha 126–127, 184
taxes 12, 25, 26, 60, 68, 74, 76, 104, West Wing, The 142, 178
OP 108, 148, 164, 167 Whig party 31, 200
Obama, Barack 9, 118–121, 157, 173, Taylor, Zachary 35, 36–37, 195 White House 174–178
terrorism marriage in 131
177, 189, 194, 203 in the US 112, 116 Oval Office, The 176–177
Obama, Michelle 125, 144–145 world 113, 114, 118, 119 updates to 129, 130, 136, 174, 175
Ohio 62, 72, 195 West Wing, the 142, 178
Oklahoma 29, 194 Wilson, Edith 132
Oregon 34, 194 Wilson, Woodrow 70–71, 132, 195,
196, 203
women’s rights 133, 134, 137, 138
suffrage 168–169
World War I 70, 71, 76, 132, 133
World War II 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 108

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Picture Archives. 50–51 Getty Images: VCG Wilson Images: Bettmann. 133 Getty Images: Bettmann. For further information see:
/ Corbis. 51 Alamy Stock Photo: Everett Collection 134–135 Getty Images: Bettmann. 134 Getty www.dkimages.com
Images: Bettmann (bc). 136 Getty Images:
Bettmann. 137 Alamy Stock Photo: CSU Archives
/ Everett Collection. 138 Rex by Shutterstock:
Everett Collection. 139 Getty Images: Bettmann.
140 Getty Images: Diana Walker / Time & Life