Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind, Research and Everyday Experience

Phoneme The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a
word. (11)

Phonemic restoration effect When a phoneme in a word is heard even though it is obscured
by a noise, such as a cough. This typically occurs when the word is part of a sentence. (11)

Phonological loop The part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and audi-
tory information. See also Central executive; Visuospatial sketch pad; Working memory. (5)

Phonological similarity effect An effect that occurs when letters or words that sound simi-
lar are confused. For example, T and P are two similar-sounding letters that could be con-
fused. (5)

Phonological store Component of the phonological loop of working memory that holds a
limited amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds. (5)

Physical regularities Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. For
example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than
oblique (angled) orientations. (3)

Placebo A pill or procedure that patients believe delivers active ingredients (usually pain
killers), but which contains no active ingredient. (3)

Placebo effect Decrease in pain from a procedure or substance that delivers no active ingre-
dient. (3)

Population coding Neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a large
number of neurons. (2)

Post-identification feedback effect An increase in confidence of memory recall due to con-
firming feedback after making an identification, as in a police lineup. (8)

Pragmatic inference Inference that occurs when reading or hearing a statement leads a
person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the state-
ment. (8)

Pragnanz, law of Law of perceptual organization that states that every stimulus pattern is
seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. Also called the law
of good figure and the law of simplicity. (3)

Preattentive stage The first stage of Treisman’s feature integration theory, in which an
object is analyzed into its features. (4)

Precueing A procedure in which participants are given a cue that will usually help them
carry out a subsequent task. This procedure has been used in visual attention experi-
ments in which participants are presented with a cue that tells them where to direct their
attention. (4)

Preinventive forms Objects created in Finke’s “creative cognition” experiment that precede
the creation of a finished creative product. (12)

Premise The first two statements in a syllogism. The third statement is the conclusion. (13)

Primacy effect In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced
memory for words presented at the beginning of the list. See also Recency effect. (6)

Priming A change in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the
same or a similar stimulus. See also Repetition priming. (6)

Principle(s) of good continuation, good figure, similarity, simplicity See inverted entries
(e.g., Good continuation, principle of).

Glossary 417

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Prior A person’s initial belief about the probability of an outcome. (3)

Prior probability See Prior. (3)

Proactive interference When information learned previously interferes with learning new
information. See also Retroactive interference. (5)

Problem A situation in which there is an obstacle between a present state and a goal state
and it is not immediately obvious how to get around the obstacle. (12)

Problem space The initial state, goal state, and all the possible intermediate states for a
particular problem. (12)

Procedural memory Memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills. Procedural mem-
ory is a type of implicit memory because although people can carry out a skilled behavior,
they often cannot explain exactly how they are able to do so. (6)

Process model A model that represents the processes involved in cognition. An example is
the flow diagram for Broadbent’s filter model of attention. (1)

Processing capacity The amount of information input that a person can handle. This sets a
limit on the person’s ability to process information. (4)

Propaganda effect People are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before
as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements. (6)

Propositional representation A representation in which relationships are represented by
symbols, as when the words of a language represent objects and the relationships between
objects. (10)

Prosopagnosia Condition caused by damage to the temporal lobe that is characterized by
an inability to recognize faces. (2)

Prototype A standard used in categorization that is formed by averaging the category mem-
bers a person has encountered in the past. (9)

Prototype approach to categorization The idea that we decide whether something is a mem-
ber of a category by determining whether it is similar to a standard representation of the
category, called a prototype. (9)

Psycholinguistics The field concerned with the psychological study of language. (11)

Radiation problem A problem posed by Duncker that involves finding a way to destroy a
tumor by radiation without damaging other organs in the body. This problem has been
widely used to study the role of analogy in problem solving. (12)

Reaction time The time it takes to react to a stimulus. This is usually determined by mea-
suring the time between presentation of a stimulus and the response to the stimulus.
Examples of responses are pushing a button, saying a word, moving the eyes, and the
appearance of a particular brain wave. (1)

Reactivation A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocam-
pus replays the neural activity associated with a memory. During reactivation, activity
occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cortex. This activity results in
the formation of connections between the cortical areas. (7)

Reasoning Cognitive processes by which people start with information and come to
conclusions that go beyond that information. See also Deductive reasoning; Inductive
reasoning. (13)

Recall Subjects are asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard. (5)

418 Glossary

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Recency effect In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced
memory for words presented at the end of the list. See also Primacy effect. (6)

Receptors Specialized neural structures that respond to environmental stimuli such as
light, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli. (2)

Recognition memory Identifying a stimulus that was encountered earlier. Stimuli are pre-
sented during a study period; later, the same stimuli plus other, new stimuli are presented.
The participants’ task is to pick the stimuli that were originally presented. (6)

Reconsolidation A process proposed by Nader and others that occurs when a memory
is retrieved and so becomes reactivated. Once this occurs, the memory must be con-
solidated again, as it was during the initial learning. This repeat consolidation is
reconsolidation. (7)

Recording electrode When used to study neural functioning, a very thin glass or metal
probe that can pick up electrical signals from single neurons. (2)

Reference electrode Used in conjunction with a recording electrode to measure the dif-
ference in charge between the two. Reference electrodes are generally placed where the
electrical signal remains constant, so any change in charge between the recording and
reference electrodes reflects events happening near the tip of the recording electrode. (2)

Regularities in the environment Characteristics of the environment that occur frequently.
For example, blue is associated with open sky, landscapes are often green and smooth, and
verticals and horizontals are often associated with buildings. (3)

Rehearsal The process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of
remembering it, that keeps the stimulus active in short-term memory. (5)

Release from proactive interference A situation in which conditions occur that eliminate
or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference. See the Wickens
experiment described in Chapter 6. (6)

Remember/know procedure A procedure in which subjects are presented with a stimulus
they have encountered before and are asked to indicate remember, if they remember the
circumstances under which they initially encountered it, or know, if the stimulus seems
familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it earlier. (6)

Reminiscence bump The empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced
memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of
their lives. (8)

Repeated recall Recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various
times after the event. (8)

Repeated reproduction A method of measuring memory in which a person is asked to
reproduce a stimulus on repeated occasions at longer and longer intervals after the original
presentation of the material to be remembered. (8)

Repetition priming When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person’s response
to the same stimulus when it is presented later. (6)

Representativeness heuristic The probability that an event A comes from class B can be
determined by how well A resembles the properties of class B. (13)

Resting potential Difference in charge between the inside and outside of a nerve fiber
when the fiber is at rest (no other electrical signals are present). (2)

Restructuring The process of changing a problem’s representation. According to the
Gestalt psychologists, restructuring is the key mechanism of problem solving. (12)

Glossary 419

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Retina A network of neurons that lines the back of the eye. The transformation of light into
electrical signals and the initial processing of visual information occur in the retina. (2)

Retrieval The process of remembering information that has been stored in long-term
memory. (7)

Retrieval cues Cues that help a person remember information that is stored in memory. (7)

Retroactive interference When more recent learning interferes with memory for some-
thing that happened in the past. See also Proactive interference. (5, 8)

Retrograde amnesia Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or
traumatic event such as a concussion. (7)

Risk aversion The tendency to make decisions that avoid risk. (13)

Risk aversion strategy A decision-making strategy that is governed by the idea of avoiding
risk. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of gains. See also Risk-taking strategy.
(13)

Risk-taking strategy A decision-making strategy that is governed by the idea of taking risks.
Often used when a problem is stated in terms of losses. See also Risk aversion strategy. (13)

Saccadic eye movements Eye movements from one fixation point to another. See also Fixation
(in perception and attention). (4, 11)

Saliency map Map of a scene that indicates the stimulus salience of areas and objects in
the scene. (4)

Same-object advantage Occurs when the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout
an object, so that attention to one place on an object results in a facilitation of processing at
other places on the object. (4)

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis The idea that the nature of language in a particular culture can
affect the way people in that culture think. (11)

Savant syndrome Occurs in people with autism or other mental disorders, who can achieve
extraordinary feats of memory or may have great artistic talent or mathematical ability. (12)

Savings Measure used by Ebbinghaus to determine the magnitude of memory left from
initial learning. Higher savings indicate greater memory. (1)

Savings curve Plot of savings versus time after original learning. (1)

Scene schema A person’s knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular
scene. This knowledge can help guide attention to different areas of the scene. For exam-
ple, knowledge of what is usually in an office may cause a person to look toward the desk
to see the computer. (3)

Schema A person’s knowledge about what is involved in a particular experience. See also
Script. (8)

Script A type of schema. The conception of the sequence of actions that describe a par-
ticular activity. For example, the sequence of events that are associated with going to class
would be a “going to class” script. See also Schema. (8)

Selective attention The ability to focus on one message and ignore all others. (4)

Self-image hypothesis The idea that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a per-
son’s self-image or life identity is being formed. This is one of the explanations for the
reminiscence bump. (8)

420 Glossary

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Self-reference effect Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self. (7)

Semantic category approach An approach to describing how semantic information is rep-
resented in the brain that proposes that there are specific neural circuits for some specific
categories. (9)

Semantic dementia Condition in which there is a general loss of knowledge for all concepts. (9)

Semantic network approach An approach to understanding how concepts are organized in
the mind that proposes that concepts are arranged in networks. (9)

Semantic regularities Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in differ-
ent types of scenes. For example, food preparation, cooking, and perhaps eating occur in
a kitchen. (3)

Semantic somatotopy Correspondence between words related to specific parts of the body
and the location of brain activity associated with that part of the body. (9)

Semanticization of remote memory Loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago
events. (6)

Semantics The meanings of words and sentences. Distinguished from Syntax. (11)

Sensory code How neural firing represents various characteristics of the environment. (2)

Sensory-functional (S-F) hypothesis Explanation of how semantic information is repre-
sented in the brain that states that the ability to differentiate living things and artifacts
depends on one system that distinguishes sensory attributes and another system that dis-
tinguishes function. (9)

Sensory memory A brief stage of memory that holds information for seconds or fractions
of a second. It is the first stage in the modal model of memory. See also Iconic memory;
Persistence of vision. (5)

Sentence verification technique A technique in which the participant is asked to indicate
whether a particular sentence is true or false. For example, sentences like “An apple is a
fruit” have been used in studies on categorization. (9)

Serial position curve In a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a
list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the
position of that word in the list. See also Primacy effect; Recency effect. (6)

Shadowing The procedure of repeating a message out loud as it is heard. Shadowing is
commonly used in conjunction with studies of selective attention that use the dichotic
listening procedure. (4)

Shallow processing Processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning. Shal-
low processing is usually associated with maintenance rehearsal. See also Deep processing;
Depth of processing. (7)

Short-term memory (STM) A memory mechanism that can hold a limited amount of infor-
mation for a brief period of time, usually around 30 seconds, unless there is rehearsal
(such as repeating a telephone number) to maintain the information in short-term mem-
ory. Short-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory. (5)

Similarity, principle of Law of perceptual organization that states that similar things appear
to be grouped together. (3)

Simple reaction time Reacting to the presence or absence of a single stimulus (as opposed
to having to choose between a number of stimuli before making a response). See also
Choice reaction time. (1)

Glossary 421

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Simplicity, principle of See Pragnanz, law of. (3)

Situation model A mental representation of what a text is about. (11)

Skill memory Memory for doing things that usually involve learned skills. See Procedural
memory. (6)

Social exchange theory An important aspect of human behavior is the ability for two people
to cooperate in a way that is beneficial to both people. According to the evolutionary per-
spective on cognition, application of this theory can lead to the conclusion that detecting
cheating is an important part of the brain’s cognitive makeup. This idea has been used to
explain the results of the Wason four-card problem. (13)

Source misattribution Occurs when the source of a memory is misidentified. See Source
monitoring error. (8)

Source monitoring The process by which people determine the origins of memories,
knowledge, or beliefs. Remembering that you heard about something from a particular
person would be an example of source monitoring. (8)

Source monitoring error Misidentifying the source of a memory. See Source misattribution. (8)

Source problem A problem or story that is analogous to the target problem and which
therefore provides information that can lead to a solution to the target problem. See also
Analogical problem solving; Target problem. (12)

Spacing effect The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by
breaks from studying. (7)

Sparse coding Neural coding based on the pattern of activity in small groups of
neurons. (2)

Spatial representation A representation in which different parts of an image can be described
as corresponding to specific locations in space. See also Depictive representation. (10)

Specific level In Rosch’s categorization scheme, the level below the basic level (e.g., “kitchen
table” for the basic category “table”). See also Basic level; Global level. (9)

Specificity coding The representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of neurons that
respond only to that stimulus. An example would be the signaling of a person’s face by the
firing of a neuron that responds only to that person’s face. (2)

Speech segmentation The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous
flow of the speech signal. (3, 11)

Spreading activation Activity that spreads out along any link in a semantic network that is
connected to an activated node. (9)

Standard model of consolidation Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippo-
campus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer
depends on the hippocampus. (7)

State-dependent learning The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same
state for encoding and retrieval. This principle is related to encoding specificity. (7)

Status quo bias Tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision. (13)

Stereotype An oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often
focuses on negative characteristics. See also Illusory correlation. (13)

Stimulus salience Bottom-up factors that determine attention to elements of a scene.
Examples are color, contrast, and orientation. The meaningfulness of the images,

422 Glossary

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which is a top-down factor, does not contribute to stimulus salience. See also Saliency
map. (4)

Stroop effect An effect originally studied by J. R. Stroop, using a task in which a person
is instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus, such as the color of ink that a word is
printed in, and ignore another aspect, such as the color that the word names. The Stroop
effect refers to the fact that people find this task difficult when, for example, the word RED
is printed in blue ink. (4)

Structural features (memory models) Types of memory indicated by boxes in models of
memory. In the modal model, the types are sensory memory, short-term memory, and
long-term memory. (5)

Structural features (problem solving) The underlying principle that governs the solution to
a problem—for example, in the radiation problem, needing high intensity to fix something
surrounded by material that could be damaged by high intensity. Contrast with Surface
features. (12)

Structural model Representation of a physical structure. An example is a model of the
brain or structures within the brain and their connections. (1)

Structuralism An approach to psychology that explained perception as the adding up of
small elementary units called sensations. (1)

Subgoals In the means–end analysis approach to problem solving, intermediate states that
move the process of solution closer to the goal. (12)

Subordinate (specific) level The most specific category level distinguished by Rosch—for
example, “kitchen table.” (9)

Subtraction technique The technique used in brain imaging in which baseline activity is
subtracted from the activity generated by a specific task. The result is the activity due only
to the task that is being studied. (2)

Superordinate (global) level The most general category level distinguished by Rosch—for
example, “furniture.” (9)

Surface features Specific elements that make up a problem. For example, in the radiation
problem, the rays and the tumor are surface features. Contrast with Structural features. (12)

Syllogism A series of three statements: two premises followed by a conclusion. The conclu-
sion can follow from the premises based on the rules of logic. See also Categorical syllogism;
Conditional syllogism. (13)

Synapse Space between the end of an axon and the cell body or dendrite of the next axon. (2)

Synaptic consolidation A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at syn-
apses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes. See also Consolidation; Systems
consolidation. (7)

Syntactic coordination Process by which people use similar grammatical constructions
when having a conversation. (11)

Syntactic priming Hearing a statement with a particular syntactic construction
increases the chances that a statement that follows will be produced with the same
construction. (11)

Syntax The rules for combining words into sentences. Distinguished from Semantics. (11)

Syntax-first approach to parsing The approach to parsing that emphasizes the role of syn-
tax. See also Interactionist approach to parsing. (11)

Glossary 423

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Systems consolidation A consolidation process that involves the gradual reorganization of
circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long time scale, lasting weeks, months,
or even years. See also Consolidation; Synaptic consolidation. (7)

Tacit knowledge explanation An explanation proposed to account for the results of some
imagery experiments that states that participants unconsciously use knowledge about
the world in making their judgments. This explanation has been used as one of the argu-
ments against describing imagery as a depictive or spatial representation. (10)

Target problem A problem to be solved. In analogical problem solving, solution of this
problem can become easier when the problem-solver is exposed to an analogous source
problem or story. See also Source problem. (12)

Temporal lobe The lobe on the side of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for
language, memory, hearing, and vision. (2)

Temporary ambiguity A situation in which the meaning of a sentence, based on its initial
words, is ambiguous because a number of meanings are possible, depending on how the
sentence unfolds. “Cast iron sinks quickly rust” is an example of a sentence that creates
temporary ambiguity. (11)

Testing effect Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the
material to be remembered. (7)

Theory of natural selection Darwin’s theory that characteristics that enhance an animal’s
ability to survive and reproduce will be passed on to future generations. (3)

Think-aloud protocol A procedure in which subjects are asked to say out loud what they
are thinking while doing a problem. This procedure is used to help determine people’s
thought processes as they are solving a problem. (12)

Top-down processing Processing that involves a person’s knowledge or expectations. This
type of processing has also been called knowledge-based processing. (3)

Topographic map Each point on a visual stimulus causes activity at a specific location on
a brain structure, such as the visual cortex, and points next to each other on the stimulus
cause activity at points next to each other on the structure. (4)

Tower of Hanoi problem A problem involving moving discs from one set of pegs to another.
It has been used to illustrate the process involved in means–end analysis. (12)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) A procedure in which magnetic pulses are
applied to the skull in order to temporarily disrupt the functioning of part of the brain. (9)

Transfer-appropriate processing When the type of task that occurs during encoding
matches the type of task that occurs during retrieval. This type of processing can result in
enhanced memory. (7)

Two-string problem A problem first described by Maier in which a person is given the task
of attaching two strings together that are too far apart to be reached at the same time. This
task was devised to illustrate the operation of functional fixedness. (12)

Typicality effect The ability to judge the truth or falsity of sentences involving high-pro-
totypical members of a category more rapidly than sentences involving low-prototypical
members of a category. See also Sentence verification technique. (9)

Ultimatum game A game in which a proposer is given a sum of money and makes an offer
to a responder as to how this money should be split between them. The responder must
choose to accept the offer or reject it. This game has been used to study people’s decision-
making strategies. (13)

424 Glossary

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Unconscious inference Helmholtz’s idea that some of our perceptions are the result of
unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment. See also Likelihood
principle. (3)

Unilateral neglect A problem caused by brain damage, usually to the right parietal lobe, in
which the patient ignores objects in the left half of his or her visual field. (10)

Units “Neuronlike processing units” in a connectionist network. See also Hidden units;
Input units; Output units. (9)

Utility Outcomes that achieve a person’s goals; in economic terms, the maximum mon-
etary payoff. (13)

Validity Quality of a syllogism whose conclusion follows logically from its premises. (13)

Viewpoint invariance The ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints. (3)

Visual cortex Area in the occipital lobe that receives signals from the eyes. (2)

Visual icon See Iconic memory. (5)

Visual imagery A type of mental imagery involving vision, in which an image is experi-
enced in the absence of a visual stimulus. (5, 10)

Visual scanning Movement of the eyes from one location or object to another. (4)

Visual search Occurs when a person is looking for one stimulus or object among a number
of other stimuli or objects. (4)

Visual world paradigm In experiments on language processing, determining how subjects
are processing information in a scene as they respond to specific instructions related to
the scene. (11)

Visuospatial sketch pad The part of working memory that holds and processes visual and
spatial information. See also Central executive; Phonological loop; Working memory. (5)

Voxel Small cube-shaped areas in the brain used in the analysis of data from brain scan-
ning experiments. (2)

Wason four-card problem A conditional reasoning task developed by Wason that involves
four cards. Various versions of this problem have been used to study the mechanisms that
determine the outcomes of conditional reasoning tasks. (13)

Water jug problem A problem, first described by Luchins, that illustrates how mental set
can influence the strategies that people use to solve a problem. (12)

Weapons focus The tendency for eyewitnesses to a crime to focus attention on a weapon,
which causes poorer memory for other things that are happening. (8)

Wernicke’s aphasia A condition, caused by damage to Wernicke’s area, that is characterized
by difficulty in understanding language, and fluent, grammatically correct, but incoherent
speech. (11)

Wernicke’s area Area in the temporal lobe associated with understanding language. Dam-
age to this area causes Wernicke’s aphasia. (2)

What pathway Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe, that is
associated with perceiving or recognizing objects. Corresponds to the perception pathway. (3)

Where pathway Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe,
that is associated with neural processing that occurs when people locate objects in space.
Roughly corresponds to the action pathway. (3)

Glossary 425

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Whole report method Procedure used in Sperling’s experiment on the properties of the
visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report all of the stimuli they saw in a
brief presentation. See also Partial report method; Sensory memory. (5)
Word frequency The relative usage of words in a particular language. For example, in
English, home has higher word frequency than hike. (11)
Word frequency effect The phenomenon of faster reading time for high-frequency words
than for low-frequency words. (11)
Word length effect The notion that it is more difficult to remember a list of long words than
a list of short words. (5)
Word superiority effect The idea that letters are easier to identify when they are part of a word
than when they are seen in isolation or in a string of letters that do not form a word. (11)
Working memory A limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of
information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning. (5)

426 Glossary

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Name Index

A Beecher, H. K., 61 C
Begg, I., 171
Adamson, R. E., 339 Behrmann, M., 289, 290 Cabeza, R., 145, 163, 208, 209, 210
Adderly, B., 292 Beilock, S. L., 16, 17, 146, 269 Cahill, L., 212, 213
Addis, D. R., 166, 167 Bell, K. E., 202 Cajal, Ramon y, 29–30
Adolphs, R., 381 Bender, D. B., 35 Calamante, F., 46
Adrian, E. D., 30, 32 Benedetti, F., 61, 62 Calder, A. J., 45
Aguirre, G. K., 42 Benton, T. R., 232 Campbell, F. W., 67
Alba, J. W., 337 Berntsen, D., 211, 217 Cappa, S. F., 267
Almeida, J., 268, 269 Birt, A. R., 173 Caramazza, A., 265, 266
Altmann, G. T. M., 300 Bisiach, E., 288, 289 Carell, S., 37, 38
Alvarez, G. A., 131, 132 Blakemore, C., 73 Carota, F., 269
Amedi, A., 286 Blanchette, I., 354 Carpenter, K., 172
Anderson, B. A., 96 Bliss, T. V. P., 194 Carpenter, P. A., 16
Anderson, J. R., 203, 226, 283 Blumenfeld, R. S., 161 Carpenter, S. K., 186
Angelergues, R., 40 Bock, K., 324 Carr, T. H., 16, 17, 146
Appelle, S., 67 Bohr, N., 358 Carrey, J., 173
Aristotle, 387 Bolognani, S. A., 169 Carrier, L. M., 202
Arkes, H. R., 223 Bonnici, H. M., 197 Carroll, D. W., 304
Ashcraft, M. H., 146 Bontempi, B., 195 Carson, S. H., 363, 364
Askew, C., 171 Boring, E. G., 64, 124 Cartwright-Finch, U., 105
Atkinson, R. C., 121, 122, 134 Born, J., 198 Cashdollar, N., 161
Awh, E., 132, 141 Boruff, B., 136 Castelhano, M. S., 97
Bowden, E. M., 337 Catrambone, R., 351
B Bower, G. H., 181, 182, 183, 224, 291 Cavanagh, P., 131, 132
Bradfield, A. L., 232, 234, 235 Chabris, C. F., 105, 106, 208
Baddeley, A. D., 16, 126, 133, 134, 136, 137, Brady, T. F., 132 Chalmers, D., 291
139, 141, 190, 293 Branigan, H. P., 324, 325 Chalupa, L. M., 39, 43
Bransford, J. D., 184, 185, 317 Chambers, C. G., 314
Bailey, M. R., 198 Brewer, W. F., 223, 224 Chan, J., 173
Ballard, D., 98 Broadbent, D. E., 13, 87, 88–89, 121 Chan, J. A., 236
Balsam, P. D., 198 Broca, P., 39, 299, 308 Chan, J. C. K., 223, 235
Bannister, R., 220 Brod, J. H., 363 Chapman, J. P., 373
Bar, M., 97 Brooks, L., 138, 139 Chapman, L. J., 373
Barrymore, D., 173 Brown, J., 127 Charman, S. D., 236
Barsalou, L. W., 268, 269, 319, 320 Brown, R., 213–214 Chase, W. G., 355, 356
Bartlett, F. C., 218–219 Browning, E. B., 120 Chatterjee, A., 269
Basadur, M., 359 Brown-Schmidt, S., 305 Chein, J., 102
Bayes, T., 70 Brunet, A., 201 Chen, V. J., 381
Bayley, P. J., 197 Buciarelli, M., 391 Cheng, P. W., 394
Baylis, G. C., 100 Buhle, J. T., 62 Cherry, E. C., 13, 88
Bays, P. M., 132 Burton, A. M., 40 Chi, M. T. H., 355, 356, 357
Bechtel, W., 14, 344 Butterworth, B., 130 Chi, R. P., 364
Becklen, R., 106
Bedard, J., 357

Name Index 447

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Chklovskii, D. B., 194 De Mestral, G., 358, 359, 360 Feeney, A., 396
Chomsky, N., 12, 299–300 Denes-Raj, V., 378, 379 Feynman, R., 336
Christensen, B. T., 354 De Neys, W., 397 Field, D. J., 37
Chun, M. M., 141 DeRenzi, E., 163, 288 Fine, A. B., 315, 316
Clare, L., 169 D’Esposito, M., 161 Fink, S. I., 106
Clarey, C., 276 Deutsch, D., 91 Finke, R. A., 281, 291, 359, 361–362
Clark, C., 231 Deutsch, J. A., 91 Finniss, D. G., 61
Clark, H. H., 300, 322, 323, 324 DeValois, R. L., 72 Fischer, M. H., 320
Coley, J. D., 255, 256 Devine, P. G., 236 Fischer, S., 198
Collins, A. M., 256–258 DeVreese, L. P., 288 Fischl, B., 39
Colloca, L., 62 Dewar, M. T., 193 Fisher, R. P., 237
Conrad, C., 259 DeYoe, E. A., 112, 113 Follet, M. P., 354
Conrad, R., 135, 159 Dick, F., 308, 309 Foreman, G., 318
Conway, M. A., 210 Dilks, D. D., 42 Forster, S., 92
Coons, P. M., 173 Dingus, T. A., 102 Foss, B., 393, 394
Cooper, G. G., 73 Dinstein, L., 268 Frank, J., 383
Coppola, D. M., 67, 72 Dolcos, F., 212 Frankland, P. W., 195
Corkin, S., 160 Donders, F. C., 6–7, 9, 398 Frase, L. T., 202
Cosmides, L., 395–396 Doolittle, B., 60, 83 Frazier, L., 306, 311
Cotton, R., 231–232 Douglass, A. B., 235 Fredrick, S., 397
Cowan, N., 89, 129, 130, 141 Downing, P. E., 42 Freedman, M. R., 223
Cox, C., 246, 267 Dravida, S., 269 Frenda, S. J., 239
Cox, J. R., 394 Driver, J., 100 Frensch, P. A., 357
Craik, F. I. M., 180, 181, 182 Duffy, S. A., 305, 306 Fried, I., 38, 285
Craver-Lemley, C., 283 Dunbar, K., 337, 344, 354 Fried, T., 79
Cree, G. S., 267 Duncker, K., 336, 339, 349 Friedman-Hill, S. R., 111
Crick, F., 360 Dunlosky, J., 202, 203 Fukuda, K., 132
Crook, T. H., 292 Duval, C., 167 Funahashi, S., 143, 144
Cunitz, A. R., 156 Duzel, E., 163 Furmanski, C. S., 72
Curci, A., 217 Fusella, V., 283
Curtis, C. E., 141, 145 E
Curtis-Holmes, J., 397 G
Ebbinghaus, H., 7–8, 9
D Egan, D. E., 357 Gais, S., 197
Egly, R., 100 Gallese, V., 268
Dale, A. M., 39 Eich, E., 190, 191 Galton, F., 277
Damon, M., 107, 172 Einarsson, E. O., 193 Ganis, G., 286, 287
Daneman, M., 16 Einstein, A., 276 Garcea, F. E., 269
Danzinger, S., 383 Elston, D., 292 Gardiner, J. M., 162
D’Argembeau, A., 166 Engel, S. A., 72 Garrod, S., 322
Darwin, C. J., 126 Engle, R. W., 17 Garry, M., 239
Datta, R., 112, 113 Epstein, R., 42 Gauthier, I., 73–74
Davidoff, J., 327 Epstein, S., 378, 379 Gazzaley, A., 141
Davis, G., 173 Ericsson, K. A., 131, 347 Geiselman, R. E., 237
DeCaro, M. S., 17 Esposito, M. D., 145 Geisler, W. S., 70
Deese, J., 225 Evans, J., 389 Gelbard-Sagiv, H., 79, 80
DeGroot, A., 355 Evans, J. St. B. T., 396, 397, 398 Gell-Mann, M., 336
Dell, G. S., 300 Gentner, D., 327, 353, 354
Della Sala, S., 137, 159 F Gerken, L. A., 302
Del Pero, L., 55, 56 Gibson, J. J., 79
Farah, M. J., 264, 283–284, 288, 290
Federmeier, K. D., 314

448 Name Index

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Gick, M. L., 349, 350, 351 Harrison, G., 220 J
Gigerenzer, G., 372, 375, 379, Harrison, S. A., 144, 145
Harsch, N., 214 Jacoby, L. L., 220, 221
396, 398 Harvey, K., 293 Jaeger, T. F., 316
Gilbert, A. L., 328, 329 Hassabis, D., 167 James, W., 8, 9, 13, 87, 112
Gilbert, D. T., 382 Hauk, O., 269, 320 Jansson, D. G., 338
Gilboa, A., 196 Haviland, S. E., 322 Jefferies, E., 271
Glanzer, M., 156 Haxby, J. V., 41, 45 Jenkins, J. J., 183
Glass, A. L., 259 Hayes, J. R., 342, 345, 348 Jobs, S., 166
Gleason, J. B., 300 Hayhoe, M., 98 Johnson, E. J., 383
Gleick, J., 336 Hebb, D. O., 193–194 Johnson, K. E., 255
Glickstein, M., 39 Hecaen, H., 40 Johnson, M. K., 141, 166, 184, 185, 219,
Glimcher, P. W., 386 Hegarty, M., 276
Gobbini, M. I., 45 Helmholtz, H. von, 63–64 220, 317
Gobet, F., 130, 355 Helson, H., 66 Johnson, T. C., 213, 232, 233
Godden, D. R., 190 Henderson, J. M., 96, 97, 98, 107 Johnson-Laird, P. N., 319, 389, 390,
Goldenberg, G., 285 Henkel, L. A., 220
Goldin-Meadow, S., 299, 327, Hetherington, M. M., 293 391, 396
Hickok, G., 268 Johnston, W. A., 103
353, 354 Hillis, A. E., 267 Jones, R. S. P., 169
Goldman, S. R., 318 Hinton, G. E., 264 Jonides, J., 141, 161
Goldman-Rakic, P. S., 142, 143 Hirsh-Pasek, K., 304 Joordens, S., 120
Goldreich, D., 71 Hitch, G. J., 16, 133, 134, 293
Goldstein, A. G., 231 Hoffman, D., 364 K
Goldstein, D., 383 Hoffman, H. G., 62
Goldstein, E. B., 106 Hoffman, P., 266, 267 Kahneman, D., 372, 373, 374, 375, 381, 384,
Goldstone, R. L., 270 Hoffrage, U., 375 385, 397, 398
Golgi, C., 29 Hollingsworth, A., 107
Gomez, R. L., 302 Holmes, G., 39 Kalinowski, Ian, 62
Goodale, M. A., 75, 77–78 Holyoak, K. J., 259, 349, 350, 351, Kamitani, Y., 145
Graesser, A. C., 318, 319 Kandel, E. R., 29, 30, 194
Graf, P., 170, 171, 182 352, 394 Kane, M. J., 17
Graham, G., 344 Horstman, J., 19 Kanwisher, N., 42
Grant, H., 190 Hubel, D. H., 34 Kaplan, C. A., 346, 347, 348
Grant, R., 104 Hug, K., 396 Karpicke, J. D., 186, 202
Gray, J. A., 89 Humphreys, G. W., 264 Katzner, S., 100
Greenberg, D. L., 209 Hupbach, A., 200, 201 Kaufman, J. C., 358
Griggs, R. A., 394, 396 Hurskainen, W., 66 Kekule, F. A., 276
Grill-Spector, K., 45 Husain, M., 132 Kemps, E., 292, 293, 294
Gross, C. G., 34, 35 Huth, A. G., 43, 44, 265 Kennedy, J. F., 213, 214
Guariglia, C., 288, 290 Hyman, I. E., Jr., 230 Keppel, G., 128
Guilford, J. P., 358 Keren, G., 398
Gurung, R. A. R., 202 I Keri, S., 253
Kermer, D. A., 381
H Ikkai, A., 141 Kersten, D., 70
Intons-Peterson, M. J., 276, 282 Kida, S., 194
Haigney, D., 103 Irish, M., 167 Kiefer, M., 246
Hamann, S. B., 212 Isaacs, E. A., 323, 324 Kim, A., 309
Hamilton, D. L., 373 Ishai, A., 45 Kindt, M., 201
Handford, M., 111 Itti, L., 96 King, M. L., Jr., 214
Hanna, J. E., 305 Izuma, K., 381 Kirk, E. P., 146
Hanowski, R. J., 104 Kleffner, D. A., 67
Hardt, O., 197 Klein, S. B., 167, 186
Kneller, W., 232
Koch, C., 38, 96, 285
Koffka, K., 67, 336

Name Index 449

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Koh, K., 351, 352 Lomo, T., 194 Meltzer, J., 278
Kohler, W., 337 Lorayne, H., 292 Melzack, R., 61, 62
Körding, K. P., 71 Lord, C. G., 376 Memon, A., 237
Kornell, N., 202 Lovatt, P., 136 Mervis, C. B., 250, 251, 252, 255
Kosslyn, S. M., 278–279, 280, 281, 282, Lovett, M. C., 336 Metcalfe, J., 190, 337, 338
Lowenstein, G., 385, 386 Metusalem, R., 320, 321
283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 291 Lubart, T. I., 358 Metzler, J., 136–137, 138
Kotovsky, K., 342, 345 Lucas, J., 292 Meyer, D. E., 258–259
Kounios, J., 337 Luchins, A. S., 340, 341 Miller, G. A., 14, 129, 130, 300
Krause, J. A., 146 Luck, S. J., 129, 130, 131, 132 Milner, A. D., 77–78
Kreiman, G., 38, 284, 285 Luka, B. J., 310 Milner, B., 160
Kruglanski, A. W., 398 Luminet, O., 217 Milstein, V., 173
Kuhn, T., 357 Luria, A. R., 225 Minda, J. P., 253
Kulik, J., 213–214 Luus, C. A. E., 235 Mishkin, M., 76, 77
Kuperberg, G. R., 321 Luzzatti, C., 288, 289 Misiak, H., 14
Kutas, M., 314 Mitchell, K. J., 220
Kyaga, S., 363 M Molaison, H., 160
Moore, A. M., 146
L Macdiarmid, J. I., 293 Moray, N., 87, 88, 89
Mack, A., 105 Morley, N. J., 389
LaBar, K. S., 212 MacKay, D. G., 91 Morris, C. D., 191, 192
Lafay, L., 292 Mahon, B. Z., 265, 266 Moscovitch, M., 40, 165, 196
Lakoff, G., 341 Maier, N. R. F., 339, 340 Mouchiroud, C., 358
Lamble, D., 103 Makco, K. A., 77 Mullen, B., 361
Lambon Ralph, M., 265, 266, 267 Malhotra, S., 79 Müller, G. E., 193
Land, M. F., 98 Malpass, R. S., 236 Mumford, M. D., 359
Lanska, D. J., 39 Malt, B. C., 253 Murdoch, B. B., Jr., 154, 155
LaPaglia, J. A., 236 Mandel, H., 379 Murphy, G. L., 259
Larkin, J. H., 355 Maner, J. K., 381 Murphy, K. J., 77
Lavie, N., 91, 92, 100, 105 Manktelow, K. I., 378, 396 Murray, D. J., 136
Lea, G., 279 Mantyla, T., 189
Le Bihan, D., 285 Marino, A. C., 99, 100 N
Lee, D., 385 Markman, A. B., 246
Lee, S.-H., 287 Markowitsch, H. J., 163 Nadel, L., 196
LePort, A. K. R., 226 Marsh, R., 221, 222 Nader, K., 193, 199, 200
Lerner, J. S., 382 Martin, A., 41 Nairne, J. S., 185
Lesgold, A. M., 357 Mast, F. W., 291 Nash, R. A., 238, 239
Levelt, W. J. M., 299, 309 Mather, M., 213 Neisser, U., 14, 106, 203, 214, 217
Levin, D. T., 107 McAuliffe, C., 214 Newell, A., 14, 341, 343, 345
Levine, B., 163, 164, 197 McCarthy, J., 13 Nichols, E. A., 161
Levy, I., 386 McCarthy, R. A., 267 Nicklaus, J., 276
Li, F. F., 108 McClelland, J. L., 257, 260, 261, Nobre, A. C., 141
Lichtenstein, S., 372, 373 Norman, D. A., 91
Limber, J. E., 202 263, 264 Noton, D., 97
Lindsay, D. S., 229, 239, 395 McDaniel, M. A., 186 Novick, J. M., 39, 309
Lindsay, R. C. L., 236, 237 McDermott, K. B., 223, 225 Nyberg, L., 145, 163
Lister, W. T., 39 McGaugh, J. L., 212, 226
Lockhart, R. S., 180 McKenzie, C. R. M., 376 O
Lodge, M., 376 McNeil, D. G., 358
Loewenstein, R. J., 173 McNeil, J. E., 40 O’Craven, K. M., 113, 114
Loftus, E. F., 227, 228, 231 McRae, K., 267 Odón, J., 358, 359, 360
Lomber, S. G., 79

450 Name Index

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Oliva, A., 59 Plaut, D. C., 264 Rocha-Miranda, C. E., 35
Olshausen, B. A., 37 Pobric, G., 271 Rock, I., 66, 105
Olson, A. C., 264 Pokorny, J., 62 Roediger, H. L., 171, 186, 225
Oosterhof, N. N., 268 Pollack, I., 302 Rogers, T. B., 182
Orban, G. A., 67 Porter, S., 173 Rogers, T. T., 246, 257, 261, 263, 264, 267
Osborn, A. F., 360 Posner, M. I., 98, 99, 100 Rogin, M. P., 220
Osherson, D. N., 281, 286 Post, T., 380 Roland, D., 304
Osman, M., 398 Prentky, R., 363 Rolls, E. T., 35
Ost, J., 217 Pulvermüller, F., 246, 269, 271 Romona, G., 231
Osterhout, L., 309, 310 Pylyshyn, Z. W., 279–280, 281, Roozendaal, B., 212
O’Toole, A. J., 55, 56 Rosch, E. H., 249, 250, 251, 252,
Over, D. E., 396 287, 290
254–255
P Q Rose, N. S., 161
Rosenbaum, R. S., 162
Paczynski, M., 321 Quillian, M. R., 256–258 Ross, D. F., 233, 234
Paivio, A., 277, 278 Quinlivan, D. S., 231, 232, 235 Rothkopf, E. Z., 203
Palmer, S. E., 66, 69, 228 Quiroga, R. Q., 37, 38 Rubin, D. C., 209, 210, 211, 215, 216, 217
Parker, E. S., 226 Rumelhart, D. E., 260
Parkhi, O. M., 55 R Rundus, D., 154–155
Parkhurst, D., 96, 97 Russell, W. A., 183
Parkin, A. J., 40 Racicot, C. I., 77
Patterson, K., 270 Ramachandran, V. S., 67 S
Pauling, L., 360 Ramirez, G., 146
Paulus, M. P., 381 Ranganath, C., 161 Sacchi, D. L. M., 239
Pavlov, I., 10 Raphael, B., 342 Sachs, J., 158
Payne, J. D., 198 Rathbone, C. J., 210 Saffran, J. R., 302
Pearce, G., 173 Ratner, N. B., 300 Saletin, J. M., 198
Pearl, M., 220 Rauchs, G., 198 Sandler, A., 174
Pearlstone, Z., 188 Rayner, K., 305, 306 Sanfey, A. G., 385, 386
Pearson, J., 283 Rayner, R., 10 Sapir, E., 327
Perfect, T. J., 171 Read, L., 103 Schacter, D. L., 167, 171, 292
Perky, C. W., 283 Reagan, R., 220 Scheck, B., 231
Perrett, D. I., 35 Reber, A. S., 378 Schenkein, J., 324
Peters, E., 382 Reddy, L., 38, 109 Schiller, D., 201
Peters, J., 104 Redelmeier, D. A., 103, 382 Schmidt, H., 110, 111
Peterson, J. B., 363 Reder, L. M., 203 Schmidt, N. B., 381
Peterson, L. R., 127, 128 Reeves, A., 283 Schmolck, H., 215
Peterson, M. J., 127, 128 Reicher, G. M., 303 Schneider, W., 101–102
Peterson, S. E., 203 Reisberg, D., 291 Scholl, B., 99, 100
Petrican, R., 166 Reitman, J., 357 Schooler, L. J., 226
Phelps, E. A., 212, 213, 217 Rensink, R. A., 107 Schrauf, R. W., 210, 211
Pickering, M. J., 322 Reyna, V. F., 229 Schul, Y., 398
Pickett, J. M., 302 Richards, R., 363 Schunn, C. D., 354
Piguet, O., 167 Richardson, A., 277 Schvaneveldt, R. W., 258–259
Pillemer, D. B., 209, 210, 212 Rimmele, U., 216, 217 Schwartz, B. J., 357
Pilzecker, A., 193 Rips, L. J., 259, 391 Schwarzenegger, A., 173
Pinker, S., 281 Ritchey, M., 213 Schweickert, R., 136
Pitt, B., 107 Rizzolatti, G., 268 Scoville, W. B., 160
Robbins, J., 62 Segal, S. J., 283
Roberson, D., 327 Seidenberg, M. S., 264
Robertson, L. C., 111, 112

Name Index 451

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Sexton, V., 14 T Viskontas, I. V., 166, 196, 197
Shafir, E., 382 Vo, M. L. H., 97, 98
Shakespeare, W., 166 Taber, C. S., 376 Vogel, E. K., 129, 130, 131, 132, 139, 140
Shallice, T., 160, 264, 265 Talarico, J. M., 212, 215, 216, 217 Voss, J. F., 357
Sharot, T., 213, 217, 381 Tanaka, J. W., 255
Shelton, J. R., 265 Tanenhaus, M. K., 312, 313, 314 W
Shen, O., 383 Tarkan, L., 349
Shepard, R. N., 136–137, 138, 278 Tatler, B. W., 98 Wade, K. A., 238
Shereshevskii, S., 225 Taylor, M., 255 Wagenaar, W. A., 189
Shiffrin, R. M., 101–102, 121, 122, 134 Tenenbaum, J. B., 70 Waldrop, M. M., 302
Shinoda, H., 97 Thagard, P., 351 Wall, P. D., 61, 62
Simon, H. A., 14, 341, 342, 343, 345, 346, Thompson, E., 173 Ward, T. B., 358
Thompson, J., 231–232 Warren, R. M., 301
347, 348, 355, 356 Thompson, W. L., 283 Warrington, E. K., 40, 160, 265, 267
Simonides, 291 Tibshirani, R. J., 103 Wason, P. C., 376, 393, 394
Simons, D. J., 105, 106, 107, 208 Tiggemann, M., 292, 293, 294 Waters, A., 293
Simonsohn, U., 382 Titcomb, A. L., 229 Watson, J. B., 9–10, 277
Simonton, D. K., 357 Todd, P. M., 372, 375 Wearing, C., 160, 168, 173
Simonyan, K., 55, 56 Tolman, E. C., 11–12 Wearing, D., 160
Singer, M., 318 Tong, F., 144, 145 Webb, D., 231
Sinha, P., 58 Tong, J., 71 Wedderburn, A. I., 89
Skinner, B. F., 10, 12, 299 Tooby, J., 395–396 Weingarten, H. P., 292
Slameka, N. J., 182 Tooley, V., 213, 232 Weisberg, R. W., 337, 359
Slovic, P., 384 Torralba, A., 59, 96 Weisenberg, M., 61
Smith, C. N., 174, 197 Tovee, M. J., 35 Wells, G. L., 232, 234, 235, 236, 237
Smith, E. E., 246, 250, 252 Traxler, M. J., 305, 306 Werner, J. S., 39, 43
Smith, J. D., 253 Treadeau, K., 292 Wernicke, C., 39, 299, 308
Smith, S. M., 203, 338, 358, 360 Treisman, A. M., 90, 109, 110, 111 Wertheimer, M., 64, 67, 71
Snyder, A. W., 364 Treyens, J. C., 224 West, R. F., 397
Soderlund, H., 197 Tsao, D. Y., 41 Westerman, S. J., 103
Solomon, K. O., 246 Tulving, E., 19, 46–47, 162, 163, 167, 181, Westmacott, R., 165
Son, L. K., 202 Wheeler, M. E., 162
Spence, C., 103 182, 188 Whitteridge, D., 39
Sperling, G., 124–126 Turner, M., 341 Whorf, B. J., 327
Spinnler, H., 288 Tversky, A., 372, 373, 374, 375, 381, Wickelgren, W. A., 135
Squire, L. R., 163, 197 Wickens, D. D., 157, 158, 159
Stanfield, R. A., 319, 320 384, 385 Wiebe, D., 337, 338
Stanny, C. J., 213, 232, 233 Wiech, K., 61
Stanovich, K. E., 376, 397, 398 U Wiemer-Hastings, K., 319
Stark, L. W., 97 Wiesel, T. N., 34
Steblay, N. K., 237 Underwood, B. J., 128 Wilding, J. M., 225
Sternberg, R. J., 357 Ungerleider, L. G., 41, 76, 77 Wilhelm, I., 197, 198
Stevens, K., 318 Wilkes-Gibbs, D., 323
St. Jacques, P., 208 V Wilmer, J. B., 265
Strayer, D. L., 103, 104 Wilson, T. D., 382
Stroop, J. R., 93 Valentine, E. R., 225 Winawer, J., 327, 328
Suddendorf, T., 160 Van den Broek, P., 318 Winfrey, O., 165
Suri, G., 383 Van der Linden, M., 166 Winslet, K., 173
Sutherland, K., 235 Van der Wege, M. M., 300 Winzenz, D., 181, 182, 291
Sutherland, M. R., 213 Van Dongen, E. V., 198
Svoboda, E., 197 Van Petten, C., 310
Venema, V., 358, 360
Violanti, J. M., 103

452 Name Index

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Wiseman, S., 203 Y Z
Wissman, K. T., 202
Wittgenstein, L., 248 Yamauchi, T., 246 Zevin, J. D., 264
Wolpert, D. M., 71 Yang, M.-H., 55 Zhang, W., 129
Wong, A. T., 167 Yang, S., 55 Zhu, Q., 265
Wood, N., 89 Yu, A. J., 381 Zola-Morgan, S., 163
Wundt, W., 7, 9, 64, 277 Yuille, A., 70 Zwaan, R. A., 319, 320

Name Index 453

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Subject Index

A Anterograde amnesia, 195 Auditory stimuli
Apparent movement, 64 coding of, 157, 159
Action Articulatory rehearsal process, 134 echoic memory of, 126
courses of, 378 Articulatory suppression, 136, 137
perception and, 74–79 Artificial intelligence, 13–14 Autobiographical memory (AM), 164,
Association techniques, 202 208–211
Action pathway, 78 Attention, 84–117
Action potentials, 31–32 definition of, 164, 208
Advertisements, 171 attenuation model of, 90 highly superior, 226
Algebra problems, 338 automatic processing and, 102 life events and, 209–211
Ambiguity binding problem and, 109 multidimensional nature of, 208–209
brain activity related to, 112–114 Automatic processing, 102
in sentence comprehension, 91 central executive and, 138–139 Availability heuristic, 371–373, 377
lexical, 305–307, 312, 316 cognitive factors and, 96–97 Axons, 29–32, 35
of image on the retina, 57–59, 63, 70 coherence related to, 109–112 connectionism and, 260
temporary, 311 covert, 94, 98–100 consolidation and, 193
Ambiguity effect, 316 definitions of, 86, 87
Ambiguous figure, 291 distracted, 87 B
Amnesia divided, 87, 100–104
anterograde, 195 early selection models of, 89–91 Back propagation, 262
graded, 195 eye movements and, 94, 95–98 Balanced dominance, 305
implicit memory and, 168–169, 170 eyewitness testimony and, 232 Balint’s syndrome, 111
retrograde, 195 feature integration theory and, 109–112 Base rates, 374, 377
Amygdala filter model of, 13, 87–89 Basic level of categories, 254
emotion and, 201, 212 inattentional blindness and, 105–106 Basis of Sensation, The (Adrian), 32
imagery and, 284 late selection models of, 91 Bayesian inference, 70–71
memory and, 142, 160 load theory of, 92–94 Behaviorism, 9
pain and, 19 location-based, 98–99
Analogical encoding, 353–354 misinformation effect and, 236 Skinner’s operant conditioning and, 10
Analogical paradox, 354 object-based, 100 Tolman’s cognitive maps and, 11–12
Analogical problem solving, 348–355 overt, 94, 95–98 Watson’s founding of, 9–10
analogical encoding and, 353–354 pain perception and, 61–62, 74 Belief bias, 388–389, 397
creative thinking and, 358 perceptual load and, 91–92 Bias
in vivo research on, 354–355 processing capacity and, 91–93 belief, 388–389, 397
radiation problem and, 349–353 research on the mind and, 13 confirmation, 376
transfer process in, 349 selective, 87 lexical ambiguity and, 305–307
Analogical transfer, 349 task demands related to, 97–98 memory and, 222
Analogies, 348, 349 visual perception and, 105–109 myside, 376
Analysis of problems, 357 William James quotation on, 8 status quo, 383
Analytic introspection, 7 working memory and, 135, 138–141 Biased dominance, 305
Anaphoric inference, 318 Attentional capture, 87, 96 Binding, 109, 111–112
Animal communication, 298 Attenuation model of attention, 90 Binding problem, 109
Anisomycin, 199, 200 Attenuator, 90 Blindness
Anterior temporal lobe (ATL) Auditory coding, 157, 159 change, 107
hub and spoke model and, 270–271 Auditory imagery, 276, 293–294 inattentional, 105–106
savant syndrome and, 364 Bottleneck model, 89
Bottom-up processing, 59
attention and, 96, 111

454 Subject Index

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object perception and, 71 neural mind reading and, 145 Cocktail party effect, 88
pain perception and, 61 visual imagery and, 285–287 Coding, 157
visual perception and, 290 working memory and, 144–145
Bourne Identity, The (film), 172–173 Brainstorming, 360–362 auditory, 157, 159
Brain Broca’s aphasia, 308–309 long-term memory, 157, 158–160
attention and, 112–114 Broca’s area, 39, 308 semantic, 157–159
color processing in, 328–329 short-term memory, 157–158, 159–160
concepts represented in, 264–270 C specificity, 35–36
connectionist networks and, 264 visual, 157, 159
consolidation of memories in, 193–201 Candle problem, 339 See also Encoding
decision making and, 385–386 Categorical syllogisms, 387–391 Cognition
distributed representation across, 44–45 Categories, 246 creative, 361–362
early studies of, 28–29 Categorization, 246, 247–259 definition of, 5
experience-dependent plasticity of, 73–74 evolutionary perspective on, 395–396
feature detectors in, 34 brain representation of, 265–266 Cognitive economy, 257–258, 259
geography of, 46 connectionist approach to, 260–264 Cognitive hypothesis for reminiscence
imagery neurons in, 284–285 definitional approach to, 247–249
language processing in, 299, 308–310, embodied approach to, 268–269 bump, 211
exemplar approach to, 253 Cognitive interviews, 237
320 hierarchical organization and, 254 Cognitive maps, 11–12
localization of function in, 39–41, 42–44 knowledge and, 255–256 Cognitive neuroscience, 25–48
memory represented in, 160–161 levels related to, 254–256 Cognitive psychology
microstructure of, 28–30 multiple-factor approach to, 266–267
representation in, 33–38 prototype approach to, 249–253 computers and, 12–13
syntax and semantics in, 308–310 semantic category approach to, 265 definition of, 4
visual imagery and, 284–291 semantic networks and, 256–259 early work in, 5–9
working memory and, 138–139, 141–145 sensory-functional hypothesis and, 265 first modern textbook on, 14
See also Mind; Neurons; Physiology usefulness of, 246 modern research in, 15–17
Brain ablation, 76 See also Concepts origin of term, 14
Brain damage Category-specific memory impairment, 265 rebirth of, 12–15
attention control and, 138–139 Causal inference, 318 role of models in, 17–20
categorization and, 267 Cell body, 29 timeline for development of, 15
double dissociations and, 40 Cell phone use, and driving, 103–104, 109, Cognitive Psychology (Neisser), 14
imagery problems and, 287–290 Cognitive revolution, 12, 14, 277–278
knowledge of concepts and, 270 226 Coherence, 318
language problems and, 308–309 Central executive, 135, 138–139 Color perception, 326–329
localization demonstrated by, 39–40 Central vision, 96 Common ground, 323, 326
memory impairment and, 47, 160, Cerebral cortex, 39 Computers
Chain problem, 338 cognitive psychology and, 12–13
162–163, 167, 209 Challenger study, 214–215 connectionist networks on, 260–264
savant syndrome and, 364 Change blindness, 107 flow diagrams for, 12–13
working memory and, 138–139, 142–143 Change detection logic theorist program for, 14, 341
Brain imaging, 41–45 perception represented by, 57–59
attention and, 112–114 attention and, 106–107 semantic networks on, 256–259
concept representation and, 269 short-term memory and, 129–130 vision systems based on, 55–57
embodied approach to categories and, 269 working memory and, 138–141 Concepts
emotions and, 212 Cheating, and reasoning, 395 connectionist approach to, 260–264
evidence for localization of function, Choice reaction time, 6 definition of, 246
Choking under pressure, 16–17, 146 represented in the brain, 264–270
42–44 Chunk, 130 semantic networks and, 256–259
experience-dependent plasticity and, Chunking, 130–131, 138, 203 See also Categorization
Circle problem, 337 Conceptual knowledge, 246
73–74 Circular reasoning, 181 Conceptual peg hypothesis, 278
fMRI method of, 41–42 Classical conditioning, 10, 172, 199–200
memory and, 161, 163, 164, 167, 196, 209,

210

Subject Index 455

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Conclusion of syllogism, 387 Control processes in memory, 122 judgments and, 378
Conditional syllogisms, 391–392 Conversations, 322–326 neural basis of, 385–386
utility approach to, 378–381
four major types of, 391 common ground in, 323 Decisions, 370
Wason four-card problem and, 393–396 given–new contract in, 322–323 Deductive reasoning, 387–396
Conditioning perception of words in, 302 categorical syllogisms and, 387–391
classical, 10, 172, 199–200 summary of factors involved in, 326 conditional syllogisms and, 391–392
operant, 10 syntactic coordination in, 324–326 mental models of, 389–391
Confirmation bias, 376, 377 Corpus, 304, 315 validity and truth in syllogisms and,
Conjunction rule, 374–375, 377 Cortex, 39–40, 195–196. See also Brain
Conjunction search, 111–112 Cortisol, 213 387–389
Connectionism, 260 Covert attention, 94, 98–100 Wason four-card problem and, 393–396
Connectionist networks, 260–264 location-based, 98–99 Deep processing, 181
back propagation in, 262 object-based, 100 Deep structure of problems, 357
characteristics of, 260–261 Creative cognition, 361–362 Definitional approach to categorization,
connection weights and, 260 Creative problem solving, 357–362
graceful degradation in, 264 analogical thinking and, 358 247–249
learning process in, 262–264 divergent thinking and, 358 Delayed partial report method, 126
representation of concepts in, 261–264 idea generation and, 360–362 Delayed-response task, 142–143
Consolidation, 193–201 process involved in, 359 Dendrites, 29
definition of, 193, 198 Creativity, 357–364 Depictive representations, 280
emotion linked to, 212–213 definitions of, 358 Depth of processing, 180–181
multiple trace hypothesis of, 196 language and, 298, 318 Dialogues. See Conversations
reconsolidation related to, 198–201 latent inhibition and, 363 Dichotic listening, 88
sleep and enhancement of, 197–198 memory and, 225 Dictionary unit, 90
standard model of, 195 mental illness and, 363 Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 46
synaptic, 193–194 open mind and, 363–364 Digital computers. See Computers
systems, 193, 195–197 practical, 358–359 Digit span, 129
Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis, Crime scene memories, 231–238 Direct pathway model of pain, 61
Crossword puzzles, 336–337 Dissociations
167 Crowding, 267
Constructive nature of memory, 218–227 Cryptoamnesia, 220 of episodic and semantic memory, 163
Cued recall, 188–189 of face and object perception, 40
advantages/disadvantages of, 225–226 Cues, retrieval, 183, 188–189 of imagery and perception, 288–290
false recall and, 225 Cultural life script hypothesis, 211 of STM and LTM, 160–161, 163
familiarity and, 220–221 Culture Distance and size perception, 282–283,
gender stereotypes and, 221–222 cognition influenced by, 211, 327
inferences and, 222–223 language and, 299, 327 288
schemas and scripts related to, 223–224 memory and, 219 Distraction, 87, 102–104
source monitoring and, 219–222 Distractors, 101
“War of the Ghosts” experiment, D Distributed practice, 203
Distributed representation, 44–45
218–219 Dead Again (film), 173
Context Deal or No Deal (TV show), 379–380, 381 dual systems approach and, 396–397
“Dear Aunt Jane” experiment, 89–90 of concepts, 264–270
conditional reasoning and, 396 Decay, 128 in connectionist models, 260–264
decision making influenced by, 382–383 Decision making, 378–387 of pain, 19
language comprehension and, 300, 302 Divergent thinking, 358
object perception and, 59–60, 69–70 brain activity in, 386 Divided attention, 87, 100–104
phonemic restoration and, 301 context affecting, 382–383 achieved with practice, 101–102
speech segmentation and, 61, 302 Donders’s experiment on, 6–7 distracted driving and, 102–104
Wason problem and, 396 emotions and, 381–382, 386 task difficulty and, 102
word meaning related to, 306–307 framing of choices and, 383–385 Diving experiment, 190
word superiority effect and, 303 Dominance, lexical, 305–306
Contingency strategy, 354 Double dissociations, 40, 47, 160–161, 163
Continuity errors, 107 Driver inattention, 102–104

456 Subject Index

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Driverless cars, 55 Errors in judgment, 377 Familiarity effect, 203
Dual systems approach to thinking, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, The Family resemblance, 248–249, 250
Fear conditioning, 199–200
396–398 (film), 173 Feature detectors, 34
Dual-task condition, 146 Event-related potential (ERP) Feature integration theory, 109–112
Feature search, 111
E language and, 309–310 50 First Dates (film), 173–174
story comprehension and, 320–321 Films
Early selection models, 89–91 working memory and, 138–140
Echoic memory, 126 Evolutionary perspective on cognition, continuity errors in, 107
Economic games, 385–386 memory loss depicted in, 172–174
Elaboration, 202 395–396 persistence of vision in, 124
Elaborative rehearsal, 180 Exemplar, 253 Filter model of attention, 13, 87–89
Embodied approach, 268–269 Exemplar approach to categorization, 253 Fixations
Emotions Expected emotions, 381 eye movement and, 96, 305
Expected utility theory, 378 problem solving and, 338–340, 362
amygdala linked to, 212 Experience-dependent plasticity, 73–74 See also Eye movements
decision making and, 381–382, 386 Expertise in problem solving, 355–357 Flashbulb memories, 213–217
expected, 381 Explicit memory, 168, 170 emotional events and, 215–217
eyewitness testimony and, 232 Extrastriate body area (EBA), 42, 43 everyday memories vs., 215, 216
flashbulb memories and, 215–217 Eye movements formation of, 213–214
incidental, 382 narrative rehearsal hypothesis and, 217
long-term memory and, 212–213 cognitive factors and, 96–97 repeated recall and, 214–215
predicting, 381–382 measurement of, 305 Flow diagrams, 12–13
Encoding, 20, 122, 180–187 overt attention and, 94, 95–98 for attention, 13, 88, 90
factors that aid, 184 reading studied through, 305 for memory, 19, 28, 123, 141
generation effect and, 182 stimulus salience and, 96 for perception, 28, 110
levels of processing theory and, 180–181 task demands and, 97–98 Focused attention stage, 111
matching conditions of retrieval and, visual world paradigm and, 312–314 Food craving, 292–294
Eye tracker, 305 Forest Has Eyes, The (Doolittle), 60, 83
189–192 Eyewitness testimony, 231–238 Forgetting
organizing information for, 182–185 correcting problems with, 236–238 Clive Wearing and, 160
paired-associate learning and, 181–182 errors associated with, 231–236 episodic and semantic memories,
procedures affecting retrieval, 187 familiarity and, 232–233, 234
rehearsal and, 180 postevent questioning and, 235–236 165–166
self-reference effect and, 182 suggestion and, 233–236 in movies, 172–174
survival value of, 185–186 proactive interference and, 128
testing effect and, 186 F reconsolidation and, 199
See also Coding selective, 173
Encoding specificity, 190 Face perception superior memory and, 225–226
Environment attention and, 113–114 time-course of, 7–8
predictions based on knowledge about, brain damage related to, 40 Fortress story, 350–351
distributed representation and, 44, 45 Four-card problem. See Wason four-card
314–315 finding faces in a landscape, 60, 83
regularities in, 67–70, 72–73 fusiform face area and, 42, 73–74 problem
Epileptic focus, 79 neural response and, 35 Fovea, 96
Epiphenomenon, 280 specificity coding and, 35–36 Framing effect, 384–385
Episodic buffer, 141 Free recall, 188
Episodic memory, 19, 46–47, 120, False memories, 225, 230–231, 238–239, Frontal lobe, 40, 142
241 Functional fixedness, 338–340
162–166 Functional magnetic resonance imag-
definition and example of, 164 Falsification principle, 393
interactions between semantic memory Familiarity ing (fMRI), 41–42. See also Brain
imaging
and, 164–165 conditional reasoning and, 396 Fusiform face area (FFA), 42, 73–74, 113
neuropsychological research on, 162–163 eyewitness testimony and, 232–233, 234 Future imagining, 166–167
semantic memory distinguished from, false memories and, 230–231
long-term memories and, 165
162–163 source monitoring and, 220–221
Error signals, 262

Subject Index 457

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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G in history of psychology, 277–278 Insula, 386
interactions of perception and, 282–283 Intelligence
Garden path sentences, 311 memory improvement using, 291–292
Gender stereotypes, 221–222 mental scanning and, 278–279 artificial, 13–14
Generalization of learning, 264 method of loci and, 291–292 creativity and, 363
Generation effect, 182, 202 neurons related to, 284–285 Interactionist approach to parsing, 312–316
Gestalt approach neuropsychological case studies on, Interference
proactive, 128–129, 157–158
perception and, 64–67, 71–72 287–290 retroactive, 128, 229
problem solving and, 336–341 organizational function of, 291 Intermediate states, 342, 343
Given–new contract, 322–323, 326 pegword technique using, 292 Interviews, cognitive, 237
Global level of categories, 254 perception and, 278–291 Inverse projection problem, 57, 71
Goal state, 341, 343 physiological experiments on, 284–291 In vivo problem-solving research, 354–355
Golgi stain, 29 propositional approach to, 279–282 Itzaj culture, 256
Good continuation, principle of, 65 sizing in the visual field, 282, 288
Good figure, principle of, 65–66 spatial approach to, 279–282 J
Graceful degradation, 264 transcranial magnetic stimulation and,
Graded amnesia, 195 Jelly bean experiment, 378–379
Greeble experiment, 73–74 287 Judgments, 370–377
Group brainstorming, 360–361 usefulness of, 276–277
Imagery debate, 279, 284, 290–291 availability heuristic and, 371–373
H Imagery neurons, 284–285 decision making based on, 378
Image-scanning experiment, 278, 280 inductive reasoning and, 370–371
Heuristics, 371 Immediate test, 220–221 preconceptions, attitudes, and, 376–377
availability, 371–373 Implicit memory, 168–172 representativeness heuristic and, 373–375
representativeness, 373–375 classical conditioning and, 172 sources of errors in, 377
priming and, 170–171 “Just in time” strategy, 98
Hidden units, 260 procedural memory and, 168–170
Hierarchical models, 257 propaganda effect and, 171 K
Hierarchical organization, 254 Inattentional blindness, 105–106
Hierarchical processing, 35 Incidental emotions, 382 Knowledge, 244–273
Highlighting, 203 Inductive reasoning, 370–371, 387, 399 categorization of, 246, 247–259
High-load tasks, 92 Inference conceptual, 246, 260–270
High working memory (HWM), 16–17 anaphoric, 318 experience affected by, 164
Hippocampus, 19, 79–80, 142, 160–162, Bayesian, 70–71 influence on categorization, 255
causal, 318 language and, 300
168, 195–197, 209–210 coherence and, 318 memory related to, 224
Hub and spoke model, 270–271 conceptual knowledge and, 246 problem solving and, 355–357
instrument, 318 visual imagery and, 281
I memory and, 222–223 See also Categorization
mental responses and, 6–7
Iconic memory, 126 in perception, 63–64, 70–71, 79 Korsakoff’s syndrome, 170
Idea generation, 360–362 pragmatic, 223
Illusions of learning, 203 schemas and, 224 L
Illusory conjunctions, 110 in text and stories, 317–318, 321–322
Illusory correlations, 373, 377 unconscious, 63–64 Landmark discrimination problem, 76, 77
Imageless thought debate, 277 Information-processing approach, 12–15 Language, 296–332
Imagery, 274–295 to problem solving, 341–348
Initial state, 341, 343 acquisition of, 300
brain damage and, 287–290 Input units, 260 brain and, 299, 308–310, 320
brain imaging experiments on, 285–287 Insight, 337–338 cognition influenced by, 327–328
debate on the nature of, 279–282, Insight problems, 338 color perception and, 326–329
Instrument inference, 318 conversations and, 322–326
283–284, 290–291 corpus of, 304
dissociations of perception and, 288–289, creativity of, 298
culture and, 299, 327
290
encoding information using, 181–182
food craving and, 292–294

458 Subject Index

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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definition of, 298 brain imaging evidence for, 42–44 Meaning
development of, 12 for categories, 43–44 attention and, 89–91, 96–97
effect of brain damage on, 308–309 of concepts, 264–265, 269 chunking and, 130–131
event-related potential and, 309 for face perception, 40, 42 encoding based on, 191–192
knowledge and, 300 neuropsychology demonstrating, 39–40 language and, 300–321
localization of function for, 39 for places and bodies, 42–43 lexical ambiguity and, 305–307
predictions based on knowledge of, recording from neurons demonstrating, memory and, 141, 153, 157–159, 180–184,
191–192, 202–203
315–316 40–41 perception and, 59–62, 68–70
sentences in, 308–317 for senses, 35, 39–40 problem solving and, 355
speech segmentation and, 61, 302 for speech, 39, 308–309 semantics and, 312
study of, 299–300 Location-based attention, 98–99 speech segmentation and, 302
text/story comprehension and, 317–321 Logical reasoning, 387 visual world paradigm and, 312–314
universality of, 298–299 Logic theorist computer program, 14, 341
words in, 300–307 Long Kiss Goodnight, The (film), 173 Meaning dominance, 305
Language summary tables Long-term memory (LTM), 19, 120, 121, Means–end analysis, 343
perceiving phonemes, words, and letters, Media coverage of events, 217
150–205 Medial temporal lobe (MTL), 209
303 amnesia and, 168–169, 170 Memento (film), 173
understanding words, 306 brain imaging and, 161 Memory
understanding sentences, 316 coding in, 157, 158–160
understanding text and stories, 321 consolidation of, 193–201 amnesia and, 168–169, 170
conversations, 326 definition of, 152 autobiographical, 164, 208–211
Large numbers, law of, 375, 377 emotion linked to, 212–213 brain damage and, 47, 160, 162–163, 167
Late closure, principle of, 311 encoding process for, 180–187 brain imaging and, 161, 163, 164, 167, 209,
Latent inhibition (LI), 363, 364 episodic, 162–166
Late selection models of attention, 91 explicit, 168 210
Law of large numbers, 375, 377 future imagining and, 166–167 consolidation of, 193–201
Law of pragnanz, 65–66 getting information into, 180–187 constructive nature of, 218–227
“Leaky filter” model, 90 impairments of, 160, 168–169, 170, 195 definitions of, 120
Learning implicit, 168–172 Ebbinghaus’s experiments on, 7–8
generalization of, 264 neuropsychology of, 160–161 emotion linked to, 212–213
illusions of, 203 procedural, 168–170 encoding process for, 180–187
paired-associate, 181–182, 277–278 reconsolidation of, 198–201 episodic, 19, 46–47, 120
state-dependent, 190–191 retrieving information from, 180, 187–192 explicit, 168
study techniques and, 202–203 semantic, 162–166 extraordinary, 225–226
Letters, perception of, 303. See also Words serial position curve and, 154–156 eyewitness testimony and, 231–238
Levels of analysis, 27 short-term memory vs., 152–161 false, 225, 230–231, 238–239
Levels of categories, 254–256 study methods and, 202–203 flashbulb, 213–217
Levels of processing theory, 180–181 time passage and, 165–166 future imagining and, 166–167
Lexical ambiguity, 305–307 types of, 19–20, 164 iconic and echoic, 126
Lexical decision task, 259, 304 working memory and, 141 impairments of, 47, 160, 162–163, 167,
Lexical dominance, 305–307 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 194
Lexicon, 300 Low-load tasks, 92 168–169, 170, 195
Lightbulb problem, 352–353 Low working memory capacity, 16–17 implicit, 168–172
Light-from-above assumption, 67 improving using imagery, 291–292
Likelihood of the outcome, 70–71 M inferences and, 222–223
Likelihood principle, 63, 67 knowledge related to, 224
Lineup procedures, 236–237 “Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, long-term, 19, 120, 121, 150–205
Listening, dichotic, 88 The” (Miller), 14 modal model of, 121–122, 123
“Little Albert” experiment, 10 perception and, 79–80
Load theory of attention, 92–94 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 41 procedural, 20, 120, 168–170
Localization of function, 39–41 Maintenance rehearsal, 180 process model of, 19–20
binding and, 109 Mapping analogical relationships, 351 recognition, 158–159
Math performance, 146–147 reconsolidation of, 198–201
retrieving information from, 180, 187–192

Subject Index 459

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Memory (Continued) Mood, state-dependent learning and, long-term memory and, 160–161, 162–163
schemas and scripts and, 223–224 190–191. See also Emotions See also Brain damage
semantic, 19–20, 47, 120 Neuroscience, cognitive, 27–28, 46–47
sensory, 19, 120, 121, 122–126 Morphemes, 301 Neurotransmitters, 32
short-term, 19, 120, 121, 126–132 Movement Nociceptors, 61
sleep and, 174, 197–198
source monitoring and, 219–222 apparent, 64 O
study methods and, 202–203 perception and, 74–75
suggestion and, 227–231 Movies. See Films Object-based attention, 100
survival value of, 185–186 Multiple-factor approach, 266–267 Object discrimination problem, 76, 77
time passage and, 165–166 Multiple trace hypothesis of consolidation, Object perception, 59–60, 63–72
working, 16–17, 120, 133–147, 153–154
196 Bayesian inference and, 70–71
Memory consolidation, 193–201 Mutilated checkerboard problem, 346–348, comparing approaches to, 71–72
emotions and, 212–213 Gestalt approach to, 64–67
sleep and, 197–198 349 regularities in the environment and,
Myside bias, 376–377
Mental approach to coding, 157 67–70
Mental chronometry, 278 N unconscious inference and, 63–64
Mental illness, 363–364 Oblique effect, 67, 72
Mental imagery, 276. See also Imagery Narrative rehearsal hypothesis, 217 Occipital lobe, 33, 39, 143–145, 285, 288,
Mental model approach, 389–391 Narratives, 317
Mental representations, 246, 279, 319–321 Natural selection, 73 290
Mental responses, 6–7 Neglect, unilateral, 288 Odón device, 358–359
Mental rotation, 137, 138, 278 Nerve fibers, 29–31, 36 Operant conditioning, 10
Mental scanning, 278–279, 280 Nerve impulses, 31, 32 Operators, 341, 343
Mental sets, 340–341 Nerve net, 29 Optimism, 381
Mental systems, dual, 397–398 Networks Opt-in procedure, 383
Mental time travel, 162, 208–209, 239, 276 Opt-out procedure, 383
Mental walk task, 282, 288 connectionist, 260–264 Organization
Method of loci, 291–292 neural, 45–46
Microelectrodes, 31 semantic, 256–259 hierarchical, 254
Mind, 4 Neural circuits, 30 long-term memory and, 182–185
Neural mind reading, 145 mental imagery and, 291
definitions of, 5 Neural networks, 45–46 perceptual, 64–67
early studies of, 5–9 Neural representation, 33–38 problem solving and, 355–357
flow diagrams for, 13 Neuroeconomics, 385–386 study and, 202–203
models of, 17–20 Neuron doctrine, 29 See also Distributed representation; Local-
modern research on, 15–17 Neurons, 28–38
problems represented in, 336–337 basic components of, 29–30 ization of function
rebirth in studying, 12–15 Cajal’s discovery of, 29–30 Organizational tree, 183–184
See also Brain; Cognition experience-dependent plasticity of, 73–74 Output units, 260
Mind reading procedure, 145 feature detector, 34 Overt attention, 94, 95–98
Mirror drawing, 169 imagery, 284–285
Mirror neurons, 268 mirror, 268 cognitive factors and, 96–97
Misinformation effect, 227–230 recording from, 31, 40–41, 79–80 stimulus salience and, 96
Misleading postevent information (MPI), representation by, 33–38 task demands and, 97–98
responsive to complex stimuli, 34–35
227–230, 395 responsive to horizontals and verticals, P
Modal model of memory, 121, 123
Models in cognitive psychology, 17–20 72–73 Pain matrix, 19, 45–46
sensory coding by, 35–38 Pain perception
process models, 19–20 signals traveling in, 30–33
structural models, 18–19 working memory and, 143, 144 attention related to, 62
Modus ponens syllogism, 391–392 See also Brain neural networks and, 45–46
Modus tollens syllogism, 392 Neuropsychology, 39, 76 pain matrix and, 19, 45–46
imagery and, 287–290 top-down processing and, 61–62
localization demonstrated by, 39–40 Paired-associate learning, 181–182, 277–278
Parahippocampal place area (PPA), 42, 43,

113

460 Subject Index

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) mod- Peripheral vision, 96 Priming, 170–171
els, 260 Permission rules, 396 prototypicality and, 251–252
Permission schema, 394–395 repetition, 170
Parietal lobe, 40, 77, 78 Perseveration, 138–139 syntactic, 324–326
Parsing, 310–316 Persistence of vision, 123–124
Personal semantic memories, 164 Principle of good continuation, 65
interactionist approach to, 312–316 Phonemes, 301 Principle of good figure, 65–66
syntax-first approach to, 311–312 Phonemic restoration effect, 301, 303 Principle of late closure, 311
Partial report method, 125 Phonological loop, 134, 135–136, 293 Principle of neural representation, 33
Pegword technique, 292 Phonological similarity effect, 135 Principle of similarity, 66
Perception, 50–83 Phonological store, 134 Principle of simplicity, 65–66
action and, 74–79 Photographs Principles of perceptual organization, 64–67
ambiguous objects and, 57 Principles of Psychology (James), 8
attention and, 105–109 flashbulb memories vs., 214–215 Prior probability, 70–71
Bayesian inference and, 70–71 own-photos vs. lab-photos, 209 Proactive interference
blurred objects and, 58 See also Pictures and memory
bottom-up processing in, 59 Physical regularities, 67–68, 72–73 release from, 158
characteristics of, 52–53 Physiological approach to coding, 157 short-term memory and, 128–129, 157–158
of colors, 326–329 Physiology Probability, prior, 70–71
computers and, 55–59 of the brain, 28–46 Problems
definition of, 52 of cognition, 27–28 definition of, 336
experience-dependent plasticity and, of imagery, 284–291 representing in the mind, 336–337
of memory, 45, 194 Problem solving, 334–367
73–74 of perception, 28, 59, 72–74, 76 analogical, 348–355
eyewitness testimony and, 232 See also Brain creative, 357–362
feature integration theory and, 109–112 Pictures and memory, 238–239 expertise in, 355–357
Gestalt approach to, 64–67, 71–72 Placebo, 61–62 fixations and, 338–340, 362
hidden objects and, 57–58 Placebo effect, 62 Gestalt approach to, 336–341
of horizontals/verticals, 72–73 Population coding, 36, 37 idea generation and, 360–362
imagery and, 278–291 Post-identification feedback effect, 235 insight and, 337–338
information for, 59–62 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 201 knowledge and, 355–357
language and, 326–329 Pragmatic inference, 223 mental sets and, 340–341
of letters in words, 303 Pragnanz, law of, 65–66 modern research on, 341–348
memory and, 79–80 Preattentive stage, 109–110 Newell and Simon’s approach to, 341–345
movement as facilitator of, 74–75 Precueing procedure, 98–100 obstacles to, 338–341
nature of, 52–57 Predictions open mindedness and, 364
neural representation and, 33–38 based on neural responding, 287 problem statement and, 345–348
object, 59–60, 63–72 of behavior, 9 process involved in, 359
organization of elements in, 64–67 emotion-related, 381–382 restructuring and, 337, 338
pain, 19, 45–46, 61–62 environmental knowledge and, 314–315 solutions to sample problems, 367
physiology of, 28, 59, 72–74, 76 inductive reasoning and, 371 think-aloud protocol for, 347–348
regularities in the environment and, language knowledge and, 304, 314–316 Problem space, 343, 344
neural mind reading and, 145 Procedural memory, 20, 120, 168–170
67–70, 72–73 situational knowledge and, 320–321 Processing capacity, 91–93
of scenes, 53–57 Prefrontal cortex (PFC) Process models, 19–20
of size and distance, 282–283, 288 decision making and, 381, 386 Propaganda effect, 171
speech segmentation and, 61, 302 working memory and, 142–144 Propositional mechanisms, 279
top-down processing in, 59–62 Preinventive forms, 361, 362 Propositional representations, 280–281
unconscious inference and, 63–64 Premises, 387 Propranolol, 201
viewpoint invariance and, 58–59 Premotor cortex, 268 Prosopagnosia, 40
of words, 300–303 Primacy effect, 154–156 Prototype, 249
Perception pathway, 78 Primary receiving areas, 40 Prototype approach to categorization,
Perceptual load, 91–92
Perceptual organization, 64–67 249–253
Peripheral stimulus, 108
Peripheral task, 109

Subject Index 461

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Prototypicality, 249–252 elaborative, 180 transfer-appropriate processing and,
family resemblance and, 250 flashbulb memories and, 217 191–192
high vs. low, 249 maintenance, 180
naming order and, 251 Release from proactive interference, 158 Retrieval cues, 183, 188–189
priming and, 251–252 Remember/know procedure, 165–166 Retroactive interference, 128, 229
summary of effects of, 252 Reminiscence bump, 210–211 Retrograde amnesia, 195
typicality effect and, 250 Remote memories, 166, 196, 197 Review questions/exercises
Repeated recall, 214–215
Psychogenic fugue, 172–173 Repeated reproduction, 219 on attention, 94, 104–105, 114–115, 116
Psycholinguistics, 300 Repetition priming, 170 on categorization, 256, 271, 272–273
“Psychology As the Behaviorist Views It” Representation, 33–38 on cognitive neuroscience, 38–39, 47, 48
auditory, 157 on decision making, 386–387, 400–401
(Watson), 9 of concepts in the brain, 264–271 on deductive reasoning, 399, 400
conceptual, 246 on imagery, 284, 294, 295
R connectionist network in, 260–264 on judgments, 377
deductive reasoning and, 390 on language, 307–308, 317, 329–330,
Radiation problem, 349–353 depictive, 280
Rain Man (film), 364 distributed, 44–45, 145, 260 331
Reaction time, 6 imagery, 279 on long-term memory, 161–162, 167–168,
language and, 300, 317, 319
attentional load and, 92–93 memory and, 80, 114, 157, 182, 186, 195 174, 175, 187, 192, 204, 205
cell phone use and, 103 mental, 279, 319 on memory characteristics, 218, 227, 239,
color categorization and, 328–329 mind and 5
Donders’s experiment on, 6–7 models and, 17–18 241
imagery and, 282–283, 287 neural, 33–38, 46 on perception, 63, 72, 80, 81–82
mental rotation and, 137–138 perception and, 59 on problem solving, 348, 364–365, 366
mental scanning and, 279–280 problem solving and, 336–341, 346–349 on short-term memory, 132–133
prototypicality and, 250–251, 253 propositional, 280 on working memory, 147, 148
semantic network and, 258–259 prototypical, 249 Rhyming-based encoding, 191–192
sentence comprehension and, 316 situation model and, 319–321 Risk aversion, 381
simple vs. choice, 6 spatial, 279–283 Risk aversion strategy, 384
situation models and, 319–320 visual, 137–138 Risk-taking strategy, 384
Reactivation, 195, 200–201, 236 Representativeness heuristic, 373–375 Robotic vehicles, 55
Reading base rates and, 374 Russian marriage problem, 348–349
illusion of learning and, 203 conjunction rule and, 374–375
word superiority effect and, 303 errors based on, 377 S
Reasoning, 370 sample size and, 375
deductive, 387–396 Research, progression of, 15–17 Saccadic eye movements, 96, 305
inductive, 370–371, 387, 399 Resting potential, 31 Saliency map, 96
Recall, 127 Restructuring, 337, 338 Same-object advantage, 100
Recall tests, 158, 235–236 Retina, 33, 55, 57–59, 63–64, 67, 70–71, 96, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 327–328
Recency effect, 156 Savant syndrome, 364
Receptors, 30 112, 286–287 Savings, 8
Recognition memory, 158–159 Retrieval, 20, 122, 180, 187–192 Savings curve, 8
Recollection, 165 Scanning. See Eye movements
Reconsolidation, 198–201, 236 cues used for, 183, 188–189 Scene perception, 53–57
Recording electrode, 31 encoding specificity and, 190 Scene schemas, 69–70, 97, 108
Recording from neurons, 31, 40–41, matching conditions of encoding and, Schemas, 223

79–80 189–192 memory and, 223–225
Reference electrode, 31 practicing using test questions, 186 permission, 394–395
Regularities in the environment, 67–70 procedures affecting, 187 scene, 69–70, 97, 108–109
reconsolidation and, 198–201 Scripts, 224
physical regularities, 67–68, 72–73 state-dependent learning and, 190–191 Selective attention, 87
semantic regularities, 68–69 attenuation model of, 90
Rehearsal, 122, 180 early selection models of, 89–91
filter model of, 87–89
late selection models of, 91

462 Subject Index

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Self-image hypothesis, 210–211 capacity of, 129–132 State-dependent learning, 190–191
Self-knowing, 162 change detection and, 129–130 Status quo bias, 383
Self-reference effect, 182 chunking and, 130–131 Stereotypes, 373
Semantic category approach, 265–266 coding in, 157–158, 159–160 Stimulus salience, 96
Semantic coding, 157–159 digit span and, 129 Story comprehension, 317–321
duration of, 127–129
in long-term memory, 158–159 impairments of, 160 ERP study on, 320–321
in short-term memory, 157–158 items vs. information in, 131–132 inferences and, 317–319
Semantic dementia, 270 long-term memory vs., 152–161 situation models and, 319–321
Semanticization of remote memories, neuropsychology of, 160–161 summary of factors involved in, 321
proactive interference and, 128–129, Stress
166 memory consolidation and, 212–213
Semantic memory, 19–20, 47, 120, 157–158 posttraumatic, 201
recall related to, 127 Stroop effect, 93
162–166 working memory vs., 133–134 Structural features
autobiographical significance and, 165 See also Working memory of modal model, 122
definition and example of, 164 Similarity, principle of, 66 of problems, 352–353
episodic memory distinguished from, Simple reaction time, 6 Structuralism, 7, 64
Simplicity, principle of, 65–66 Structural models, 18–19
162–163 Simulations Studying
interactions between episodic memory brain activity related to, 320 encoding specificity and, 190
mental representations as, 319–320 state-dependent learning and, 190–191
and, 164–165 Single neuron recordings, 79 techniques for improving, 202–203
neuropsychological research on, Situation models, 319–321 Subgoals, 343, 344–345
Size perception, 282–283, 288 Subordinate level of categories, 254
162–163 Skill memory, 168–170 Suggestion, 227–231
Semantic network approach, 256–259 Sleep eyewitness testimony and, 233–236
Semantic regularities, 68–69 false memory of words about, 225 false memories and, 230–231
Semantics, 68, 308 memory consolidation and, 197–198, misinformation effect and, 227–230
Superordinate level of categories, 254
brain areas for, 308–309 203 Surface features, 351–352, 353, 357
conversational speech and, 326 Social exchange theory, 395 Survival value, 185–186
electrical signals for, 309–310 Source misattributions, 220 Syllogisms, 387
sentence parsing and, 312 Source monitoring, 219–222 categorical, 387–391
Semantic somatotopy, 269 conditional, 391–392
Sensations, 7, 64 familiarity and, 220–221, 233 mental models and, 389–391
Sensory coding, 35–38 gender stereotypes and, 221–222 validity and truth in, 387–389
Sensory-functional (S-F) hypothesis, 265 misinformation effect and, 229–230 Synapse
Sensory memory, 19, 120, 121, 122–126 testing for, 221–222 consolidation and, 193–194
attention and, 88 Source monitoring errors, 219–220, defined, 30
persistence of vision and, 123–124 Synaptic consolidation, 193–194
Sperling’s experiment on, 124–126 229–230 Syntactic coordination, 324–326
Sentences, 308–317 Source problem, 349 Syntactic priming, 324–326
ambiguity of, 316 Spacing effect, 203 Syntactic Structures (Chomsky), 299
garden path, 311 Sparse coding, 36–37, 38 Syntax, 308
hearing words in, 60–61 Spatial representations, 279–280 brain areas for, 308–309
parsing of, 310–316 Specificity coding, 35–36 conversational speech and, 324–326
semantics of, 308, 312 Specific level of categories, 254 electrical signals for, 309–310
summary table on understanding, 316 Speech sentence parsing and, 311–312
syntax of, 308, 311–312 Syntax-first approach to parsing, 311–312
See also Words perception of words in, 60–61, 302 Systems consolidation, 193
Sentence verification technique, 250, 259 studying the production of, 300
Serial position curve, 154–156 Speech segmentation, 61, 302, 303
Shadowing, 88 Sperling’s experiment, 124–126
Shallow processing, 181 Spreading activation, 258
Shortcut strategy, 17 Standard model of consolidation, 195
Short-term memory (STM), 19, 120, 121,

126–132
attention and, 89

Subject Index 463

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

T TV coverage of events, 217 W
Two-string problem, 339–340
Tacit knowledge explanation, 281 Typicality effect, 250, 259 “War of the Ghosts” experiment, 218–219
Taking breaks, 203 Wason four-card problem, 393–396
Target problem, 349 U
Target stimuli, 101 controversy surrounding, 396
Task-irrelevant stimulus, 92 Ultimatum game, 385–386 evolutionary approach to, 395–396
Tasks Unattended message, 13 falsification principle and, 393
Unconscious inference, 63–64, 71, 317 permission schema and, 394–395
automatic processing of, 102 Unilateral neglect, 288 real-world versions of, 393–395
divided attention and difficulty of, 102 Units in connectionist networks, 260 Water jug problem, 340–341
dual, and working memory, 146 Utility, 378 Weapons focus, 232, 233
eye movements related to, 97–98 Utility approach, 378–381 Wernicke’s aphasia, 309
low-load vs. high-load, 92–93 Wernicke’s area, 39, 308
Temporal lobe, 39, 77–78 V What pathway, 76, 77, 78, 79
Temporary ambiguity, 311 Where pathway, 76, 77, 78, 79
Testing effect, 186, 202 Validity of syllogisms, 387–389 Who Am I? (film), 173
Text comprehension, 317–321 Valid trials, 99, 100 Whole report method, 124
inferences and, 317–319 Verbal Behavior (Skinner), 12, 299 Word frequency, 304–306
situation models and, 319–321 Viewpoint invariance, 58–59 Word frequency effect, 304–305
summary of factors involved in, 321 Vision Word length effect, 135–136
Theory of natural selection, 73 Words, 300–308
Theory of unconscious inference, 63–64 central vs. peripheral, 96 components of, 300–301
Think-aloud protocol, 347–348 computer-based, 55–57 images associated with, 292
Thinking occipital lobe and, 39 perception of, 60–61, 300–303
analogical, 358–359 persistence of, 123–124 understanding of, 303–307
creative, 361–362 See also Perception; Visual perception See also Sentences
divergent, 358 Visual agnosia, 289 Word superiority effect, 303
dual systems approach to, 396–398 Visual coding, 157, 159 Working memory, 16–17, 120, 133–145,
Thinking, Fast and Slow (Kahneman), 397 Visual cortex, 33, 143–145, 285, 288, 290
Top-down inhibition, 364 Visual icon, 126 153–154, 293–294
Top-down processing, 59 Visual imagery, 275–295 attention and, 135, 138–141
attention and, 96–97, 111 food craving and, 293–294 brain and, 138–139, 141–145
illusory conjunctions reduced by, 111 paired-associate learning and, 181–182 central executive in, 135, 138–141
mental imagery and, 290 visuospatial sketch pad and, 136–138 choking under pressure and, 16–17
object perception and, 59–60, 71 See also Imagery cognitive processes and, 133
pain perception and, 61–62 Visual perception definition of, 133
speech perception and, 60–61, 301 attention and, 105–109 episodic buffer in, 141
Topographic maps, 12 change detection and, 106–107 event-related potential and, 139–140
Total Recall (film), 173 eye movements and, 95–98 food craving and, 293–294
Tower of Hanoi problem, 341–345 imagery and, 278–284 frontal lobe damage and, 142–143
Trade-off strategy, 353–354 inattentional blindness and, 105–106 long-term memory and, 141
Traffic accidents, 102–103 See also Perception math performance and, 146–147
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), Visual scanning, 87 overview of components in, 134–135
Visual search, 111 phonological loop in, 134, 135–136
270–271, 287, 364 Visual system, 18 prefrontal neurons and, 143, 144
Transfer-appropriate processing, 191–192 Visual world paradigm, 312–314 short-term memory vs., 133–134
Traumatic experiences, 173, 201 Visuospatial sketch pad, 134, 136–138, 293 visual cortex and, 143–145
Triangle problem, 338 Vow, The (film), 172 visuospatial sketch pad in, 134, 136–138
Truth vs. validity, 387–389 Voxels, 42 See also Short-term memory

464 Subject Index

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