INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTION
TO CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY FORM 4 KSSM

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

1.1 Development of chemistry and its importance in daily life

1.2 Scientific investigation in Chemistry

1.3 Application, management and handling of apparatus and materials

1.1 Development of chemistry and its
importance in daily life

1.1.1 State the meaning of chemistry

1.1.2 State examples of chemicals commonly used in daily life

1.1.3 Generate ideas on the development of chemistry and the contributions of
chemical technology to mankind

1.1.4 State examples of careers related to chemistry

Meaning of Chemistry

Chemistry is a field of science that studies
the structures, properties, compositions &
interactions between matters

Origin of word chemistry:
Al-kimiya (Arabic word)

Chemicals in Daily Life

Food Medicine
• Preservative • Antibiotic
• Antiseptic
• Colouring • Vitamin
• Flavouring • Chemotherapy
• Antioxidant • Analgesic

• Stabiliser Industry
• Paint
Agriculture • Polymer
• Herbicide • Glass
• Pesticide • Ceramic
• Fungiside • Detergent
• Fertiliser • Colouring
• Hormone • Alloy

Development in Chemistry Field and
Contributions of Chemical Technology

01 Contribution of chemists 02 Development of chemical technology
03 Careers in the field of chemistry 04 Chemicals in daily life

Careers Related to Chemistry

Biotechnolgy Cosmetics
• Biotechnology researcher • Cosmetic chemist
• Biomedical engineer • Cosmetic consultant

Nanotechnology Green Technology
• Nanotechnology engineer • Green technology
• Food scientist
chemist
Pharmaceutical • Engineer
• Doctor
• Pharmacist



Test yourself 1.1 (pg. 8)

1. What is meant by chemistry?
Chemistry is one of the science fields that studies the structure,
properties, composition and interactions of matter.

2. List out five types of chemicals used in daily life
Preservative, vitamin, pesticide, paint, detergent (any other
acceptable answers).

3. Give one example of development of chemistry in industries
Technological development in food preservation (any other
acceptable answers).

4. List out at least three careers related to chemistry in th
e following situations:

(a) Searching for an antidote for dengue fever
(b) Producing palm trees with a high content of oil

(a) Researcher, doctor, pharmacist
(b) Biotechnology researcher, farmer, biotechnology engineer

(any other acceptable answers).

1.2 Scientific investigation in chemistry

1.2.1 Design an experiment to test hypothesis
1.2.2 Investigate the effect of temperature on the solubility of salt in water

using a suitable scientific method



Scientific Method



Experiment 1.1

To study the effect of temperature on solubility of salt in water

To study the effect of temperature on the
solubility of salt in water







Test yourself 1.2 (pg. 11)

1. What is meant by scientific method?
Scientific method is a systematic method used by scientists and
researchers when solving problems in science.

2. Why is a scientific method important in chemistry?
State your opinion.
Scientific method helps chemists to solve problems through
systematic scientific steps

3. You are given a bucket of ice cubes, a little sugar, a measuring
cylinder and a stopwatch. Plan an experiment to determine
whether sugar increases the melting rate of the ice.

(Student’s suitable answer)
Hypothesis: The addition of sugar will increase the rate of melting of ice
Manipulated variable: Mass of sugar used
Responding variable: Rate of melting of ice
Fixed variable: Surrounding temperature, type of sugar used, mass of ice
Procedure:
1. Weigh 200 g ice and put in a small pail.
2. Put the small pail in a shaded place for 5 minutes.
3. After 5 minutes, use a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of water formed

in the pail.
4. Record the reading in a table.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 by adding 10 g, 30 g and 50 g sugar.

1.3 Usage, Management and Handling of
Apparatus and Materials

1.3.1 Explain the types and functions of self protective equipments and safety in the laboratory
1.3.2 Demonstrate methods of managing and handling apparatus and materials
1.3.3 Communicate about emergency management procedure in laboratory



Personal Protective Equipment

Below include an image in each box of appropriate lab dress.

Laboratory coat Safety Glasses

Laboratory Shoe Chemical Resistant Face mask
Gloves



Fire Extinguisher Fume Chamber





1 To wash and clean the body when a chemical E A Laboratory shoes
accident occurs on parts of the body B Fire extinguisher
C Laboratory coat
2 To extinguish fire in the laboratory B D Gloves
E Safety shower
3 To protect the feet from injuries caused by chemical A F Fume chamber
spills and sharp objects G Safety glasses/goggles
H Face mask
4 Carry out experiment that release toxic vapours, F I Eyewash station
cause combustions or produce pungent smells

5 To wash and clean the eye when accidents occur on I
parts of the eye

6 To protect the respiratory organs from chemicals H
(powder/fumes)

7 To prevent dust/splashes of chemicals from getting G
into the eyes

8 To protect the body and clothes against chemical C
spills (acid/alkalis/organic solvent

9 To protect hands from injuries, chemicals or D
infection

Methods of Managing and Handling Apparatus
and Chemicals

01 Weighing and heating of solid 02 Filtration and distillation
http://bit.ly/2MzE6Do http://bit.ly/2pI0scC

03 Electrolysis, gas collection and gas 04 Titration
test http://bit.ly/2W3RLpl

http://bit.ly/2MzEMbU

Storage and Disposal of Chemicals

Storage of Chemicals Heavy metals and toxic
substances
Reactive substances
Toxic substances and hea
Reactive metals such as vy metals should be kept
lithium, sodium and in special labelled containe
potassium are stored rs and kept in a locked
in paraffin oil to prevent room which is heat free
reaction with the moisture
in the air. Substance that
Subdsetaconmcepsotsheaetadseilycompo
Hydrocarbons and Substance with pH <5 se easily in the presence
Volaotirlegaannicdsionlfvlaenmtms abl and pH > 9 of light, for example
e concentrated nitric acid,
liquids like hydrocarbon Corrosive chemicals hydrogen peroxide solutio
s (pH<5 and pH>9) are n,
and organic Usually stored in specia silver nitrate solution, liqui
solvents should be stor l d bromine and liquid chlor
ed in shady areas far fr storage cabinets that ar ine are stored in dark bottl
om e es.
sunlight and heat sourc kept locked.
e.

Disposal of Chemicals Organic solvents and Heavy metals and
hydrocarbon toxic substances
Hydrogen peroxide
Low conc. – sink Most are volatile and Kept in plastic bags and
Inflammable left to evaporate in the
High conc. – dilute with fume chamber. Then
water and added with Kept in special the bag is tied and put
sodium sulphite  sink containers made of into a container. Then it
is discarded according
glass or plastic to standard procedure

Solid wastes Substance with pH <5 Volatile substances
and pH > 9
Eg. glass, rubber – Stored in closed
disposed into special Strong acids and alkalis containers and kept
– kept in closed labelled away from sun and heat
container
containers

Emergency Management Procedure in the
Laboratory

1 2 3 45

1 Inform your teacher or the laboratory 4 Clean the chemical spill
assistant about the accident
immediately

2 Prohibit other students from entering the 5 Dispose of the chemical spill by
3 accident site following the correct procedure

Stop the spill from spreading to other
areas b using sand to border it

Mercury Spill

Steps to be taken the moment mercury
spills occurs

Inform your teacher or the laboratory assistant about the accident

Make the spill site as the prohibited area

Sprinkle sulphur powder to cover up the
spill

Contact the Fire and Rescue Department for further action



Test yourself 1.3 (pg. 18)

1. List out three safety steps while in the laboratory
– Do not play in the laboratory
– Wear protective equipment when carrying out experiments
– Do not bring food or drinks into the laboratory.
(any other acceptable answers).

2. Give the functions of the following equipment:
(a) Fume chamber, (b) Safety shower, (c) Laboratory coat

(a) A specially designed equipment to carry out experiments that
release fumes that are toxic, flammable or pungent.

(b) Used to wash and clean the body when accidents occur to the
body. This equipment is also used to put out fire that occurs o
n the body

(c) Used to protect the body and clothes from spillage of chemica
ls such as acid, alkali and organic solvent.

3. How would you manage solid wastes such has glass and
rubber in the laboratory?

Solid residue such as glass and rubber must be thrown in special
containers

4. Explain how would you test the presence of oxygen and
hydrogen gases
Oxygen gas – put a glowing wooden splinter into the test tube;
the glowing wooden splinter is rekindled.
Hydrogen gas – put a lighted wooden splinter at the mouth of
the test tube; a ‘pop’ sound is heard.

5. Explain how you can get the most accurate reading in
titration

Repeat the titration until the difference of two volume values does
not exceed 0.05 cm3

Achievement Test 1

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Thank you