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become an organiser as well as advo- cate of systematic In politics Spring Rice was a Whig reformer with liberal but not radical inclinations, whose support for the

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IICfjornas' gpring: %ice anb toe - Limerick.ie

become an organiser as well as advo- cate of systematic In politics Spring Rice was a Whig reformer with liberal but not radical inclinations, whose support for the

IICfjornas' gpring: %ice anb toe

he origins of the Sir Stephen Rice had become Chief Before his elevation in 1839 he rep-
Australian people Baron of the lrish Exchequer in 1687, resented Limerick City from 1820, and
cannot simply be while two years later Askeaton was Cambridge from 1832, serving in vari-
explained in terms of represented in the 'Patriot Parliament' ous Whig administrations as Under-
abstract economic by Edward Rice.c3)Three of the 1st Lord Secretary of State for Home Affairs,
forces propelling the Monteagle's sons became senior civil Treasury Secretary, Secretary of State
surplus population servants, while his grandson, Sir Cecil for War and the Colonies, and Chancel-
of the British isles towards the vacant Arthur Spring Rice, was Britain's con- lor of the Exchequer. As we shall show,
spaces of the New World. Such forces troversial ambassador in Washington his familiarity with the workings of
may help us understand migration in during the First World War. Westminster and Whitehall was to
general, without explaining the deci- serve him well when he set about
sion of a few hundred thousand lrish Thomas, alone of his line in modern removing his surplus peasantry to
emigrants to choose Australia. The time, achieved political distinction. Australia. Study of his political life may
lrish origins of nineteenth-century also illuminate the broader social
Australians were highly localised, preoccupations that prompted him to
depending upon the enterprise of scat-

tered organisers and pioneers who
menaged to persuade neighbours and
kinsfolk that the greater risks
associated with transplantation to
Australia were worth taking. Aus-
tralia's peopling had no unifying
theme, and its nairation requires study
of disparate local initiatives with
limited relevance to other periods or
places. One thread in Australia's story
is the migration from north Limerick of
several hundred settlers through the
ingenuity of Thomas Spring Rice, 1st
Baron Monteagle of Brandon.

The Spring Rices of Mount Trenchard, Bust of ThomasSpringRice, 1stLordMonteagleof Brandon, by ThomasKirk.
on the south bank of the Shannon
estuary near Foynes, were moderate
lanclownerswith an immoderate sense
of public duty. In the 1870s the 2nd
Baron Monteagle was returned as the
seventh greatest landlord in Co.
Limerick, with an estate valued at
E5046 per annum and covering 6,445
acres. Though he owned additional
property in Kerry, Monteagle was not
among the 305 landowners with lrish
estate of 10,000 acres or more.[') The
Spring Rices were a family of sub-
Stance rather than magnificence,
whose public prominence was
achieved by effort rather than birth-
tight. As Stephen Gwynn observed,
they were 'by no means the traditional
hardtiding, fox-hunting, convivial
Country gentry, whose sons have con-
stantly distinguished themselves in
war and not seldom in administration.
The Spring Rices were methodical
People, diligent officials, with a high
Se-nSa of public duty; and their tastes
were for the more cultivated plea-
SUres.'(P)

become an organiser as well as advo- Monument to ThomasSpring Rice, M.P. for the Cityof Limerick, 1820-1832,People'sPark, Limerick.
cate of systematic
peasantry capable of improvement, through our land but a century anda
In politics Spring Rice was a Whig and grateful for every benevolent
reformer with liberal but not radical assistance, look up to the landlord as to half back - insurrections i n 1798and
inclinations, whose support for the a protector and friend. He may not only
Union and for lrish reform was equally assist their distresses, but may enable 1803-partial outbreaks at later times
strong. He f i r ~ tachieved fame as a them to assistthemselves.@) -tithes collectedat the bayonet point
crusader against the malpractices of
the Limerick corporation, being pic- Yet all too often, Ireland's social har- - penal laws continued till '1829, and
tured by a local admirer in 1820, wand mony was disturbed by renewed acts
in hand, as trampling with his top boots of misgovernment, such as the obtuse then reluctantly repealed - these
upon the hydra of corruption.(5)He cen- measures of famine relief introduced things have destroyed our country -
sured abuses of the grand jury system, by Lord John Russell's administration
deplored proselytism with its tendency in late 1846. It was a raging lrishman have degraded our people, and you,
'to embitter the religious animosities English, now shrink from your res-
and *internal discord of Ireland', and their-rather than a cringing West Briton who ponsibilites; you keep gabbling
berated Lord Liverpool in 1827 for fail-
ing to grant Catholic Emancipation: berated CharlesTrevelyan of about the incompetency of the Celtic
'The refusal is that of England; the ury as follows: race and the injustice o f lrish land-
demand being that of the lrish
nation.'c6) Yet when charged with The sword o f conquest passed lords; ... remember a Wilberforce
opposing O'Connell's demand for
repeal of the Union in April, 1834, said that England owes us a debt for
Spring Rice spoke glowingly of Ire- the wrongs o f centuries; endeavour
land's economic and social advance to repay it, not b y pauperking us, but
since its releasefrom the old lrish parli-
ament, which 'of all Parliaments that
ever existed, ... was the most corrupt
and the most subservient.' His
enthusiasm bubbled over into a phrase
for which he was never forgiven, that 'I
should prefer the name of West Britain
to that of Ireland'.(7)Though his inten-
tion was to emphasise that Irelandwas
no more 'a province of Great Britain'
thara England, Scotland or Wales, his
adversaries in the debate made adroit
use of Spring Rice's fauxpas. Dominick
Ronayne (Clonmel) likened him to
Castlereagh, as 'an Irishman or West
Briton -as he chooses to call himself -
who is the first to propose that the
Union with England shall be main-
tained inviolable?. O'Connell expres-

sed his indignation with characteristi-
cally feline malice: 'l admit, as a proof
of the prosperity of Limerick, there is a

new square there - it has a statue in the

centre, too, but, then, I believe there is
not a single house in Rice's Square.
Upon the pedestal of that statue the
people ought to write "the wonderful

-West Briton". What a fortune he

would make if he could get that statue,
and bring it to every fair in Ireland, as a
show for a shilling.' Spring Rice won
the vote, but lost much of his
nationalist following.(*)

The lreland of his dreams would
have contained a contented people
guided by benevolent mentors such as
himself, backed up by reforming gov-
ernments dissociated from past mis-
rule. In 1815, when still in his twenties,
he wrote of 'the elevated duties of the

lrish country gentleman; ... It is a

sphere of personal privation, and of
personal exertion. But, when a mind is

.awake to that first of all delights, the

, power of becoming extensively and
permanently useful, all privations are
forgotten, all labour is well repaid. A

Mount Trenchard,home of the SpringRice family.

by raising us above our present con- those of my class; and in trying to fol- voked unrest on his own estate by

dition.(TO) low them in a spirit of loyal attachment refusing abatement of rent for the
The politician was appalled at the
thought of separation, but the lrish to the Queen and the empire at large, majority of his tenants, whose burden
gentleman was often more appalled by
the consequences of Union. In his the two classes from whom I receive had remained unchanged over the pre-
ambivalence and extravagance of
response, Thomas Spring Rice was a most opposition are the violent English ceding decade of prosperity. His
characteristic 'Anglo-Irishman'.
politicians, and the violent Irish. The response to agricultural crisis, which
The 1st Lord's quirky paternalism
and eruptive lrishness were as much meaner of the former sort deliberately he confidently predicted would never
family as personal traits. His eldest son
Stephen expressed his moral earnest- shut their eyes to the misgovernment again generate 'such a national disas-
ness not only in Wordsworthian son-
nets and conversations with his fellow- of centuries. ... In fact, we may say of ter as the potato famine', was to stimu-
Apostles from Cambridge, but also in
organising and administering Famine them, that they visit the sins of their late employment by initiating works of
relief. As indignant as his father at
English vilification of his class, he fathers upon our children.'(12) improvement.(l5)
asked rhetorically: 'What was the life
led by an lrish squire at that time? You Stephen's eldest son, Thomas, who Any one of these three Spring Rices
might have seen him leaving home
before daylight, that sunrise may find became 2nd Baron Monteagle, shared might have served as the model lrish
him within his relief district, into the
destitution of which he has to inquire. the vision of his forbears. He prayed gentleman depicted in Noblesse

... But he does not go home to rest. His that an enlightened upper class might Oblige by Horace Plunkett, with whom

whole night, and far intothe next morn- collaborate in local administration with the younger Thomas worked closely as
ing, is occupied in reducing into an
available form the rough memoranda a carefully nurtured middle class, so a founder and president of the lrish
of each case which he has collected in
the daytime.'(") In 1863 he upbraided averting social revolution. In 1883 he Agricultural Organisation Society.(l6J
the proprietor of the Saturday Review
for asserting that lrish society was defined that 'upper class' as 'a resident With his sister Alice and daughter
ruled by secret combinations rather
than by law. Stephen Spring Rice iden- gentry, bound by ties of common Mary, the 2nd Lord created an amazing
tifkd'himself as 'a resident lrish coun-
try gentleman. My occupations are interest, perso%al knowledge, and array of cooperative ventures at

mutual good feeling, to those around Foynes and Mount Trenchard, includ-

them, and at the same time enabled by ing industry, poultry and credit

their position to command a wider societies, sawmill, wheat-growing

range of vision, and to place at the ser- cooperative, wholesaling depot, lib-

vice of the public an intelligence rary, workmen's club and branch of the

trained by higher cultivation and attain- United Irishwomen. His colleague

-ments and by a deeper hold upon prin- Robert Anderson recalled that 'perhaps
he was not a man of outstanding abil-
ciples trusted stewards of public

interests in local affairs.'(I3J Like so ity, but he was a man of fine education,

many resident gentry, Monteagle of stainless integrity and honour, brave

advocated peasant proprietorship but a l w a y ~gentle and conciliatory. ...

rather than 'dual ownership', involving He used to remind me of a benevolent

-_progressive rent reductions which
eagle. Hewas very tall and slight.'(17)By

implied that landlords had 'universally_ - - " contrast, his grandfather was remem-
and systematically rack-rented their Bered as 'a nobleman of high intellec-

tenants'.(14)In 1879 Montedgle had pro- tual attainments' who was also 'short

in stature'to the point of inviting carica- Between 1881and 1883, CharlotteGraceOWien Roman Catholic Church in middle
ture.118) Short or tall, brilliant or merely conducted a licensed lodging house in
worthy, the Spring Rices laboured ear- Queenstown (Cobh)through which3,006intend- life, as were Edwin Wyndham-Quin
nestly to make Limerick and Ireland ingemigrantspassedinitsfirstyear ofoperation. (3rd Earl of Dunraven) and his brother-
more prosperous and more harmoni- in-law William Monsell (1st Lord
ous. The composition of the Spring Rice Emly).(24)Stephen Spring Rice rejected
set was not the product of shared ori- the 'formality' of the Newmanites and
The patrician mentality should be inter- gins, religion or party affiliation. The resisted conversion, but remained an
preted in its social as well as lineal set- engrossed Anglo-Catholic, glven to
ting. Not surprisingly, the Spring Rice Rices were early Tudor settlers in Kerry composition of sonnets with sbch titles
family intermarried with other north as 'Edification (On the Baptisry,of an
Limerick gentry of similar social, intel- who acquired property i n Limerick as Infant in St. Peter's)'.(25)Issue,drnf doc-
lectual and moral outlook. The accom- Elizabethan 'undertakers'; the O'Briens trine and church organisation pro-
panying chart illustrates the most per- proudly traced their genealogy to Brian voked earnest but friendly disputation
sistent of these entwinements, with the Boru; whereas the founder of the lrish among the Limerick literati: excited by
Curraghchase Hunts (ienamed de Vere Hunts was a Cromwellian officer des- common questions, they had wit
in 1832) and the O'Briens of Cahir- cended in a female line from the de enough to arrive at various answers.
moyle. Both seats were fairly close to Veres (Earls of Oxford). Fine distinct-
Mount Trenchard, being 11 miles east ions between Cromwellian, Old The same applied in politics. Mon-
and 8 miles south-east in turn. Neither English and Gaelic origins counted for teagle's brother-in-law, Sir Aubrey
family matched the Spring Rices as little in the social fabric of the Hunt, who stood unsuccessfully for
landowners, though the de Veres enlightened Limerick gentry. These Limerick County in 1820, identified
possessed 4,163 acres valued at f2,108, families shared a common fascination himself not as a Whig but as 'a Liberal
while the O'Briens owned 4,990 acres with religion rather than a common Tory, or a Canningite', who neverthe-
worth £3,630 per annum.(lg) As the orthodoxy, and were highly responsive less supported Catholic Emancipation
chart shows, Thomas's sister Mary to the debates and questionings and moderate parliamentary reform.(26)
married Sir Aubrey Hunt, his firstwife's associated with Newman's drift William Smith O'Brien, who rep-
cousin; while his grand-daughter Mary towards Rome. Two sons of Sir Aubrey resented Ennis between l 8 2 8 and 1831
was first wife t o Edward O'Brien, who de Vere and a daughter of William as well as Limerick County between
retained control of the Cahirmoyle Smith O'Brien were converted to the 1835 and 1849, was successively a
estate even after his father William Tory, Whig, Repealer and Confederate,
Smith O'Brien had returned home fol- a progression which alienated most of
lowing penal servitude in Van his kinsfolk, including his wife Lucy
Diemen's Land.cZ0T) hese three families and son Edward.Iz7)Thelast member of
were further enmeshed by two the circle to represent the county in par-
alliances between de Veres and liament was Stephen de Vere between
O'Briens, one of whose branches even- 1854 and 1859, when he satwith hisfel-
tually acquired both the surname de low-Liberal and fellow-corlvert, Wil-
Vere and the Curraghchase estate. liam Monsell. Yet their successors
remained politically active outside the
These three families of resident gen- House of Commons at both local and
try provided the core of a social set national level. The Spring Rice set
within which hospitality, good turns worked hard at the turn of the century,
and earnest talk were constantly when 'conciliation' of the classes
exchanged. The 1st Lord Monteagle's seemed for a moment possible, to pro-
portrait was hung a t Curraghchase, mote industrial regeneration and prove
where 'in advanced life' as in youth its their patriotism by practical effort.
subject was accustomed to play While the 4th Earl of Dunraven prom-
Mozart's flute sonatas to his sister's oted land purchase and devolution,
a c c ~ m p a n i m e n t . ( ~Al )t various times and the 2nd Lord Emly championed the
Foynes and its island provided homes
for members of all three families, so -Curraghchase, home of the de Veres, descr-/bre-d-% Samuel Lewis in 1837as 'the elegant residence of Sir
that when the young Douglas Hyde
toured the district in 1891 he paid suc- Aubrey de Vere, Baronet, in thecentre of a wide, fertile, and undulatingdemesne',
cessive calls on Charlotte Grace
O'Brien at Ard-an-oir, the Monteagles
at Mount Trenchard, and Stephen de
Vere on Foynes Island where Hyde 'kil-
led a white rabbit at forty yards, and a
row'.(^^) Naturally, the Spring Rices'
set was not restricted to de Veres and
O'Briens, extending to other hospitable
and cultivated Limerick families such
as the Quins of Adare and the Monsells
of T e r ~ o e . ' ~Fe~w) regions of Ireland
could have boasted of so dense a con-
centration of liberal-minded and edu-
'cated patrician families, so unlike the
common run of philistine Irishrentiers.

Portrait ofAubrey Thomasde Vere, hung in his study at Curraghchase. -ill at all and looks and is most useful',

Labour cause in Limerick City, Edward crows or white rabbits. Mary Spring and as 'so splendid such a help, such
O'Brien and his son Dermod worked Rice concocted the first plan for illegal a good sailor, so brave and unshrink-
with Monteagle and Plunkett to foster importation of arms from Germany, ing'. Mary had a jolly voyage, would
cooperative agriculture i n the using an old trading smack based at have been 'horribly disappointed' if the
county.(28) Foynes, though, after inspecting the Arms Proclamation had been rescin-
vessel, her friep-d Erskine Childers ded, and, after landing the weapons,
As social and political conflict inten- decided to use his own yacht, the capped her adventure with a sociabje
sified i nthe early twentieth century, the Asgard. The load was shared by the luncheon, and tea at the United & t s
questioning spirit of the Spring Rice cir- Kelpie, sailed by Mary's cousin Conor
cle generated unexpected and radical O'Brien (whom she considered 'use- /r
responses t o that challenge. William less at a crisis') with his sister Kitty and
Smith O'Brien's daughter Charlotte two sailors from Foynes. Mary, Conor Mid-way between the landings ,&
became a Parnellite as well as a Roman and his close kinsman Hugh Vere
Catholic in the 1880s, while her niece O'Brien all subscribed towards the Howth and Kilcoole, Hugh Vere O'Brien
Nellie O'Brien supported Sinn Fein, purchase of the arms landed at Howth was supervising the landing of 150
founded the lrish College at Carrigaholt and Kilcoole, while Mary herself cre- rifles smuggled to Foynes by the
in Co. Clare, and represented the Gaelic wed for Childers on the Asgard. Kitty Limerick and Claremen of New York.
League on the lrish Guild of the Church O'Brien was 'as good as a man', He was among the first gentlemen to
of Ireland.(*g) Common interests in perhaps the highest compliment that join the lrish Volunteers, and, having
yachting as well as militant nationalism her fellow-sailor Diarmid Coffey could two residences at Ballyalla (Ennis) and
brought members of all three families bestow upon a woman; while Mary Monare (Foynes), he helped drill the
togethgr in the summer of 1914, when Spring Rice was variously described by Volunteers of both counties.(31)Nine
runiEing guns for the lrish Volunteers her crew as 'a wonder' who 'was hardly days before the gun-running Hugh's
Provided better sport than Hyde's mother had expressed disquiet about
his activities: 'He had asked me if I
should mind the Volunteers coming
over to drill on the Island- adding as an
inducement that Monteagle had lent
them the Memorial Hall in Foynes. It
goes against my inclination to refuse
Hugh anything but I did not likethe idea
at all.'(32)Though Hugh protested that
the Volunteers to which he and his
cousin Conor belonged were 'not polit-
ical', involvement in the movement
was often a prelude to broader entang-
lements. Conor O'Brien was to become
an Inspector of Fisheries for the 2nd
Dail; while Mary Spring Rice lent a boat
to the West Limerick Brigade of the
I.R.A., carried its messages to Dublin,
and was rewarded at her funeral in
1924by a guard of honour representing
Labour, the I.R.A. and the Gaelic
Leag~e.1~~)

The political melodrama which
excited that generation of Limerick
gentry had its roots in the romantic and
backward-looking nationalism which
had so engrossed their nineteenth-cen-
tury predecessors. Sir Aubrey de Vere
composed an admirable if intermina-
ble 'Lamentations of Ireland', which his
son Aubrey mntched in his epic 'Inis-
fail' and other works treated with
respect by Auden as well as ye at^.'^^)
As the genealogical chart demonstrat-
es, a remarkable number of Spring
Rices, de Veres and O'Briens wrote
verse which was eventually published.
Much of that writing had no political or
lrish reference, while the best-known
work of Sir Cecil Spring Rice was that
sententious hymn written on the eve of
his departure from Washington in

-1918, '1 vow to thee, my country all

earthly things above'.'35) Even so,
amidst the confusion and inconsis-
tency expected within a broad circle of
thinking people, one may detect a
rough development of outlook which
had literary, political and social impli-
-6ati~ns. The confident paternalism of
the pre-famine gentry gradually gave
place to gritty attempts to pre-empt

social revolution through constructive 'Tell Uncle Monteaglethat Ihave a new ated by his exploits as a gentleman in
action, until at last the inexorable point for him to fight on in the need to the steerage was an unsuccessful cam-
approach of that convulsion drew have the law paign by William Monsell to secure him
many sons and daughters of the gentry the modest post of Lieutenant-Gover-
towards militant and sometimes illicit The de Veres responded likewise to nor of M~ntserrat.'~~'
pursuit of nationality. Even the Earl of the emigration issue. Aubrey Thomas
Dunraven, deaf and, in his eightieth de Vere regarded the provision of state Pre-eminent among Limerick's patri-
year, announced at dinner with Lord as well as landlord assistance to emig- cian advocates of state-assisted emig-.
French and other Dublin Castle rants as 'a debt of honour on the part of ration was Thomas Spring Rice himr
administrators at the height of the the State', arguing that 'a chronic pov- self. After participating in Wilmot Hop-
'Troubles' that 'he would declare him- erty weighed down a vast population
self a Republican if he wasn't afraid wholly out of proportion to the means ton's parliamentary select committees, .
t0'.(~6)Three-quarters of a century ear- of subsistence; a "heroic" measure of
lier Thomas Spring Rice had adopted a State-aided emigration could alone on emigration in 1826-7, Spring Ricer
similar ton? of alientation and defiance chaired a series of major committees
in his claim to Trevelyan that mis-gov- have met that evil, ... but the strong which urged state assistance as a par-
ernment had 'degraded our people, tial but vital remedy for lrish poverty.
and you, English, now shrinkfrom your head and the strong hand needed for His committee on the State of the Poor
responsibilities'. They, Irish, did not do such a work were not found.'(40' His in lreland reported in 1830that removal
so. brother Stephen contributed heavily to of Ireland's 'excess of population' to
the reform of passenger legislation as a the North American colonies 'would
It was a commonplace among the result of his own steerage passage to add to their wealth and power', and
enlightened gentry that properly con- Quebec in 1847. De Vere paid for the might be funded through state loans
trolled emigration was essential for the passages of 150 labourers and others repayable by the colonists.(47)Spring
regeneration of Ireland; though, as from Curraghchase, supervised the first Rice's tenure as Colonial Secretary in
Monteagle stressed in 1848, they 'con- batch himself and personally nursed summer 1834(in succession to Edward
templated no system of emigration them upon arrival in fever-ridden Stanley, another landlord with
that would not be advantageous to the Quebec. His chilling accounts of condi- Limerick tenants whom he had once
emigrant, acceptable to the colonies, tions on shipboard and on arrival at sought state assistanceto remove) was
and beneficial to the mother coun- Grosse Isle had a devastating public too brief to enable him to translate pre-
try.'(37) Although north Limerick was impact, skilfully fanned by the elder cept into practice. But he strongly
not amon+gIreland's most 'congested' Uncle Monteagle. As the secretary to backed the innovatory programme of
regions, the menace of poverty even Governor Bourke in Sydney, 'one of his
-b-efore .the famin-e .-pers-uade-d -t-he the Emigration commissioners ob- oldest and most valued friends', who
Spring Rices and their circle that effi- served, de Vere had 'made the dumb to introduced the 'bounty' system of
cient management of estates required speak'.(411 De Vere hoped not only to emigration ih 1835andsought to trans-
humane removal of 'surplus' popula- improve the conditions of passage, but form the colony from a penal settle-
tion. In his Confederate days William also to prompt 'a great effort by the ment to afree and open ~ 0 m m u n i t y . c ~ ~ )
Smith O'Brien reiterated his unpopular state, the counties, the landlords, and
view that 'to lay the foundations of an the people, in combination, to locate It was the famine emergency that
lrish colony in another hemisphere is elsewhere the hands that cannot here gave more urgency to Monteagle's
surely no ignoble task, even for an lrish be paid fortheir labour, andthe mouths longstanding advocacy of state-funded
patriot'. In January, 1847, he proposed that cannot otherwise be fed.'(421
that up to 50,000 families should be emigration, as he struggled to expl-
sent annually to the colonies, at the Support for state-funded colonisa- oit his remaining influencew with Lord
joint expense of the state, the colonists John Russell's Liberal ministry to apply
and the regions of origi~(38In, 1842and tion among the gentry of north the lessons of his own harrowing ex-
1847 his brother Sir Lucius and sister perience as an lrish landlord. In Oct-
Grace provided loans and outfit for Limerick is confirmed by the list of sig- ober, 1846, he sent the Colonial Sec-
emigrants from the Dromoland estate; retary a memorandum on emigration
while his daughter Charlotte Grace natories giving 'general Approval' to by his son Stephen, 'who has been
conducted a celebrated campaign dur- working very hard with me in these
ing the LandWar forthe better supervi- John Godley's elaborate plan for reset- most calamitous times'. This modest
sion and moral protection of female scheme proposed that emigration
emigrants leaving Queenstowrl. tlement of 1,500,000 lrish Catholics in should be facilitated by raising wages
Though 'utterly opposed to the English payable on relief works, so making 'the
policy of state-aided emigration', she Canada at the cost to the state of paymasters at once Emigration agents
set about facilitating voluntary move- and Savings Bank Managers'. Earl Grey
ment by opening and running an emig- f9,000,000 within four years. Among offered only lukewarm support, warn-
rant hostel at Queenstown, prompting ing against 'the mischievous effect of
an official inquiry into the vulnerability the signatories in March, 1847, were Sir keeping up what I believe to be the
to male intrusion of sleeping female entirely unfounded notion that lreland
passengers, touring America to Vere De Vere (brother of Aubrey and is over peopled' and objecting to any
organise reception facilities for lrish outlay of public money. Despite
girls, and exploiting social and family Stephen) and Monteagle's son slightly greater interest on the part of
conitacts to seek legislative reform. Trevelyan and Russell, the proposal
After a steeragejourney from Liverpool Stephen Spring Rice; supported by l a p ~ e d . ( ~A~ 1few months later both
to Oueenstown, she enlisted her Thomas and Stephen helped raise sup-
brother's children g& intermediaries: their friends or kinsmen the 2nd Earl of port for Godley's plan, and Monteagle
annotated Lord John Russell's view of
Limerick, Viscount Adare (later 3rd Earl 'any effort of emigration as a merely
subsidiary measure' by exclaiming:
of Dunraven), William Monsell and 'but an indispensable one'.@0)
The aovernment's immobilitv Dromw-
Richard Bourke of Th0rnfie1d.c~~)
ted I\jionteagle in June, 1847; to move
Bourke had assisted several of his dis- the creation of a select committee on
colonization from Ireland in the House
placed tenants from Limerick to

Australia after his retirement in 1838 as

Governor of New South Wales, and

was'sure they are much better off there

than they were in After the

famine, Stephen de Vere continued to

deplore the state's failure to shape and

control the flow of popplation from Ire-

land to the New World, and to praise

the private services of philanthropists

such as Caroline Chisholm of Sydney

('one of the most remarkable women of

modern timesf).(45'But political interest

in state assistance waned as voluntary-3

emigration waxed; and de Vere's prin-

cipal rewardfor the'great noise'gener-

TheChairing of ThomasSpringRice, M.P., 1820, oilpaintingby WilliamTurnerof Oxford (bypermission of theLimerick Chamber of CommerceII

of Lords. He declared that 'emigration In that month Monteagle's acrimoni- tion Commissioners in London).(55)
was now absolutely demanded by the ous altercation with Grey was resumed Clarendon pointedly replied 'that
present distressed state of the lrish when the Colonial Secretary intro- although as an lrish Proprietor you
population; and the question was sim- duced a brief debate on Australian would have no difficulty in advocating
ply, whether that stream of emigration emigration, without offering any prom- the Project you might hesitate to prop-
ought to be directed to the shores of ise of further state funding. Monteagle ose it if you were still Chancellor of the
this country, or towards our colonial zestfully lampooned Grey's 'small and Exchequer.'(56)
possessions?' After reminding Grey of miserable scheme', voicing the outlook
his past advocacy of state funding, of a Whig patrician rather than a mod- At first it seemed that Russell, upon
Monteagle rehearsed the benefits of ern Liberal by declaring that 'the laissez Clarendon's urging, might implement
colonization to both the colonies and faire system of his noble Friend was an some such scheme. Yet by January,
Ireland, which as all lrish landlords and absurdity'.(54) Thereafter Monteagle 1849, Treasury opposition had aborted
gentlemen agreed 'ought to be held directed much of his fire upon the Lord that hope, whereupon Russell sent
bound to furnish a reasonable portion Lieutenant, the Earl of Clarendon, Monteagle some fatuous words of
of the cost of that benefit'. Monteagle reminding him that the recent assisted commiseration: 'Do not despair of Irish
spoke mainly of British North America, emigration from the Crown estate at Emigration - Every plan is difficult, but
but added that 'the Australian colonies Ballykilcline, Co. Roscommon, had no plan is the most difficult of all. Yrs.
presented an almost unlimited field for 'transformed into c6nsumers of British truly J. Russell.' Clarendon was 'much
colonisation, and an encouraging manufactures abroad men, who would dispirited' at Russell's capitulation, not-
example of successful enterprise', only have been White Boys and Molly
despite recent financial crisis.c5')Grey Maguires without either principles or -ing that Grey's rival 'Canadian plan'
replied discouragingly that emigration breeches at home'. In a long memoran-
could only be 'subsidiary to other mea- dum Monteagle advocated incentive had also been ditched in response to
sures now in progress' as a palliative subventions rather than full state fund- colonial opposition.(57)The miniscule
for lrish poverty, while schemes like ing, so limiting the cost to an annual scale of state funding through the poor
Godley's should be let 'slumber upon charge of £180,000 on lrish land. He rates and colonial land fundscontinued
dusty shelves'. Colonisation might complained of discrimination against to disgust Monteagle, but his reiter-
benefit the colonies, but could not 'at Ireland in provision for emigration to ated protests met with ever cooler
once seriously diminish the pressure of Australia, since the expensive voyage responses from C l a r e n d ~ n . ( ~T~h)e
destitution in Ireland'.'52)Nevertheless, to Plymouth was unsubsidised, and moment for the 'heroic' solution for
Grey did not oppose formation of Mon- proposed the appointment of an lrish lrish poverty had passed.
teagle's select committee, which sub- emigration agent to act on behalf 'of
mitted fbur reports of which the last those excellent public servants Mur- 38.flonteagte'e Eluetralian
was dated August, 1848.(53) doch and his colleagues' (the Emigra- Cmigrante

-T9hough the political influence of Mon-
teagle and his circle proved insufficient

U for his passage if your ladyship cant

to sway state policy, it was-adeptly get him out at the usual sum 2E- his
exercised to direct much of the scarce
official funding actually provided Sister and Cousin would dreadgoing
towards the 'surplus'. population of
north Limerick. It seems that about 600 without him -he says their Relations
emigrants from the Spring Rice estate
were despatched to AusMalia between i n Australia have purchased 75-100 ,'
1837 and 1857, of whom a third appear
in the voluminous correspondence acres o f land -and want to get them
preserved in their benefactor's archive. all there - as they can spare the
These testimonials deserve more sys- money to send - Sydney is the place
tematic reproduction and analysis than
is attempted here.(59)Monteagle's man- they want to go.@')
ner of assisting his emigrants was
unusual in thaP he provided only mod- Through delicate handling of tenant 1
est subsidies or loans to supplement
the free passage that he arranged with susceptibilities and civil service /.
the Emigration Commissioners. By the
early 1850s his second wife was super- punctilio, the Monteagles managed to .'/'
vising allocations of these subsidies,
corresponding constantly with the prevent the Limerick estate from
Emigration Commissioners about par-
ticular candidates, and holding m w n - becoming a 'wretched pauper warren',
ing levees to prepare the emigrants for
their adventure.@O)The Monteagles without incurring the cry of 'inhuman-
had themselves become, in effect, the
Irish emigration agency which Thomas ity' as they consolidated farms.'62' As Betw
had called for in 1848. em&
Patrick O'Farrell remarks, 'he was prop- was
Funding Monteagle's emigrants was such
a highly personal process of coopera- erly believed a benevolent landlord,
emia
tion involving civil servants, landlord, but his motivation was not entirely The I
prospective emigrants and their clers
kinsfolk in both Limerick and Australia. altruistic'.(63) His aim, which he evi- chan

dently accomplished, was to reor- V~H

Portrait of ThomasSpringRice while member for ganise and improve his estate while the
fur
Limerick /1820-321, in studious pose. Thispaint- retaining the devotion and gratitude of the
In
ing by Sir MartinArcher Sheewascommissioned those who left it. de
ba
by the Limerick Chamber of Commercefor BOO, The evidence of laudatory letters m
n6
andhung in December, 1822. from emigrants, preserved and some- of
TI
- times printed for circulation by a politi- bi
tP
cian eager to document the popular

As Lady Monteagle's housekeeper demand for emigration to Australia,
reported in about 1853:
requires careful interpretation. Dis-
Cornelius [Sullivan] is most anxious
about getting out says they have 10f satisfied emigrants doubtless held
lately sent- that he could pay 5 or 6f
their peace, while those who wrote to

the Monteagles may have exaggerated

necessarily impugn his sincerity'; but £13 to hki 'poor remaining parent'.(66' ,
The generosity of the successful emig-
O'Farrell's reader is left It rants was illustrated by a letter from
Wollongong (which was soon to be fol-
would indeed be surprising to detect lowed by £5 towards the passage of the
writer's brother) which Monteagle
unblemished altruism and self-denial
showed to Nassau Senior in 1852: .
in either landlord or tenant at any
The comfort l can afford you is bread,
period, especially amidst the 'roars of
9butter and tea, honey, beef, pork an
anger and cries of suffering' which
cabbage, potatoes and milk; a hor e ,
Stephen Spring Rice associated with and cart to ride to Mass, or a hors$'
bridle and saddle, which you please.
the famine in F0yr1es.c~L~e)ss censori- If you come to me yourself and your
son, we shall never see a poor day
ously, one might marvel at the again. !@7)
Cornelius Sullivan's sisters in Gee-
ingenuity with which the Monteagles long sent home £10 without laying
down conditions as to the recipients,
manipulated a flawed system, and with merely expecting 'one of the boys or
two of them if they can come' and
which their beneficiariesforged a liveli- perhapsa girl:
Der brothers let nothing prevent ye to
hood in Australia and coaxed out their come out to thiss colony where you

kinsfolk to form family networks in would think no more of five pounds
than you would of one penny at
Between 1832 and 1836, state assistence for female unfamiliar surroundings.
emigrantstoNeFvSouth Walesand Vanbiemerl'Sland home ... We feel very lonesome to be
was supewised by voluntary emi ration committees, In March', 1848, Patrick Danaher, the
such as the Cork committee whic! issued this call for without a brother here in a foreign
emigrants in 1836 (co y in state Pap& Office, Dublin). correspondent whose sincerity O'Far- land Adieu farewell but not I hope for
The committeei n c l d d catholic as wellas Protestant ever.
clergymen, landowners, land agents, and Cork mer- retl has called into question, reported Like many of the correspondents, they
chents of manypoliticalgroupings(some withreformist bestowed blessings upon the Mon-
viewsakin to S~rinRaice'sl. that Monteagle's female emigrants teagles 'for sending us out to such a fer-
tile Contrary all with gold by far better
their success in order to encourage were 'all in respectable places' in Mel- than farming or any other trade in the
further emigration and exaggerated
their gratitude in order to curry favour. bourne, earning 25 or 26 shillings Their loneliness and munifi-
In his commentary on the correspon-
dence, O'Farrell has emphasised the weekly, while the men had found jobs
base motives of Monteagle's infor-
mants with their 'naked greed, selfish- in bricklaying or public works at 416 per
ness and the desire to restrict the spoils
of immigration to close relatives only'. diem. Those longer established in Port
The fact that one emigrant 'expressed
back to Monteagle a landlord's view of Phillip had done still better by marrying

the benefits of emigrations ... does not an hotel-keeper, saving enough 'as

exempts him from personal labour',

keeping a grocery or 'living indepen-

dently in the Country'. Five years later,

Danaher referred to several Monteagle

emigrants who had done moderately

well in the diggings, underlining his

own success by momentarily conceal-

ing his 'naked greed' in order to remit

S the)

did not like:
Sir FrancisBurden's radicalism,that was oncetoo muchfor the High Whigs, hasevaporatedwith age. Hetook offence at the allianceof t h e w h u i p i s t r y with O'Conndl, and ishere representedas DonQuixote.
cometo literate the Ministersfrom their enslavementto the Irishagitator. But Burden's attempt was not as successful as the Don's. Behind O'~on&llmarch Melbourne, Russelland Spring Rice: the fourth in
order of the capitivesis Sir John Cam Hobhouse, another old-time Radical, formerly Byron'sfriend and now Presidentof the Boardof Control [India].He was created Baron Houghtonin 1851.He is said to have

A genealogicalchartof the SpringRice, de Vere andsmithO'Brien families.

cence were echoed by Ellen Kenny, Bridget Barrett, whose sister had sent tic colonisation. The same spirit of
six pounds towards passages for her- paternalism suffused other aspects of
who sent £5 towards the passageof her self and two brothers, most humbly their estate management and local
petitioned Lord Monteagle that he enterprise, and remained detectable in
parents or else of Benjamin Kenny, a might 'be humanely pleased to exer- the support given in later generations
carpenter in Shanagolden: 'My Lady I cise your Lordship's powerful interest to cooperative activity and even
wish to let you know that Ihave not one on their behalf with the Emigration militant nationalism. It would be
belongingto me in this Country which I Commissioners to grant them a pas- absurd to infer that the Spring Rices
feel very lonely but I hop I will not be sage.'(71) James Raleigh received no and their set were characteristic of the
long when I will have my Parent with less than £60 from his brother-in-lawin resident gentry of Ireland, let alone of
your assistance.'(69) Melbourne, with which he asked Mon- the agents for absent landlords who
teagle to 'procure me a free pas- determined policy on emigration and
The effusive gratitude prevading the ~age'.(7~Li'kewise, John Culhane was 'improvement' for most of the great
correspondence should not be attri- seeking mediation rather than money estates. It would be equally absurd to
buted to the cunning of selfish peasants when he asked for his married daugh- dismiss Monteagle's benevolence as
wheedling cash from their secretly ter and her husband in London to veiled exploitation, or to deny his deli-
resented ex-masters and mistresses. accompany the residue of his family to cacy in minimising the fracturing of
Most of the later letters enclosed rather Australia, at his own expense: 'Do you social and familial networks caused by
than requested money, and sought the most respected Lady Mount Eagle lend estate reorganisation. At times Mon-
good offices of those 'trusted stewards' your knoble hand and hart to the good teagle despaired of his task, as in the
the Monteagles in putting their remit- cause and I presume to say that my midst of Famine when he ruefully
tances to good use and securing state famieley which consists of six in remarked to Aubrey de Vere that 'l once
assistance. Patrick Kelly and his wife in number will live and die together in knew a gentleman who was popular in
Melbourne would 'ever pray for the Melbourne'.(73)
Lady and your Lordship, for sending us this country - his name was Thomas
from a starved Country to where we The story of Thomas Spring Rice and
can have good earnings and enough to emigration to Australia offers hearten- Spring Rice.'(74Y' et it would be difficult
Eat. My Lord, I hope you will send out ing evidence that benevolence, self- to concoct a less appropriate epitaph
both my Brothers in laws for this order interest and communal benefit were for him than O'Connell's 'wonderful
not incompatible, even under the West Briton', unless perhaps that prop-
of Twelve pounds 8f for the two stress of famine. Spring Rice, in com- osed in an earlier issue of this journal
Michael and Richard Hartnett' and 4f mon with many of north Limerick's by Finbarr Crowe:

for my cousins in law Mary Forein and -resident gentry, responded hu-y Isee, butkeepm ystonysilence,
Who wouldheedmeifIspoke?-
. Johanna Forein'. The Hartnetts' and creatively to crisis, despite the fair 'Spring Rice, haughty LordMonteagle
widowed mother also besought Mon- lure of the state to undertake systema- What can heknowo fIrishf01k?q~~)

teagle 'to interfair with the Commis-
sioners to get the necessary papers for

the remainind. .a part of m y family.'(70'

Monteagle spoke a great deal, w a s to 1871, created Lord Emly in 1873)was Anna tively from Limerickto Canada in 1851:see Pap-
w i d e l y if i n s u f f i c i e n t l y h e e d e d , a n d
k n e w m u c h a b o u t l r i s h f o l k . In p a s s i n g , Wyndham-Quin, daughter of the 2nd Earl of ersrelativeto Emigration, HC 1852,xxxii (1474).
h e also made a distinctive contribution
t o the formation o f a n Australian folk. Dunraven. The Rev. Charles Monsell married 45. Stephen de Vere, lecture on emigration to

1. Thom'sMfcialDirectory(Dublin,1883),pp724- Harriet O'Brien, sister of Robert O'Brien (whose LimerickCatholicYoung Men's Society, TCD, MS
50, giving annual valuation as in 1873 but
excluding land leasedto others. connections with the Spring Rices and the de 5074.

2. Stephen Gwynn (ed.), the Letters and Veres are specified in the chart). 46. Letterto Stephen de Vere, 21st November 1853,
Friendships o f Sir Cecil Spring Rice (London, 24. Wilfrid Ward, Aubrey de Vere: a Memoir (Lon- in TCD, MS5053125.
19301, i,p. 4.
don, 19041, pp 183,198; Gwynn (1909), p. 103; 47. Reporto fSelect Committee on the State o f tfe
3. Maurice Aenihan, Limerick; its History and (4th) Earl of Dunraven, Past Times and Pas- Poorinlreland, HC 1830, vii (667),p. 49. .
Antiquities (Dublin, 1866),pp 115,238. times (London, 19221, i.passim; The Catholic
Who's Who (London, 1911), pp 119-120 (Lord 48. Third Report from the Select ~ommitteelon
4. See article by John Andrew Hamilton in Dictio- Emly). Emigrationfrom the UnitedKingdom, HC 183?, ,. '
naryofNationalBiography,xviii, pp 535-7. v (5501, evidence q. 4395-6 (Stanley); Hansah

5, Lenihan (1866), pp 444-8. 25. Ward (1904), pp 54,176; Aubrey de Vere, Antar (3rd Series), ci, col. 30; article by Hazel King on
6. Thomas Rice, An Inquiryinto the Effects o f the Bourke in Australian Dictionary o fBiography, i,
...andZara andotherPoems (London, l877), p.
lrish GrandJury Laws (London, 1815); (T.S.R.),
Catholic Emancipation, considered on Protes- 275 (one of several sonnets by Stephen Spring pp 128-33; C.M.H. Clark, A Historyo fAustralia, ii
tantfrinciples (London, 1827), pp i, 8.
Ricethere published). (Melbourne, 19681, p. 254.
...7. ThomasSpring Rice, Speech on theRepealof
26. De Vere (1897),pp 10,212. 49. Monteagle to Grey, 9th October 1846 and Grey
the Union with lreland(London, 1834).
8. Hansard(3rdSeries),xxiii, cols. 176,283-4; Leni- 27. See note 20. to Monteagle, 14thOctober, in NLI, MS1340011.

han (18661, pp 487-8. 28. Dunraven (1922), ii, passim; Lord Emly's 50. Annotated memorial by Lord John Russell on
9. Rice (18151, pp 23-4.
10, (Boardof Works, Ireland),Correspondencewith address to Land and Labour Association, Her- Godley scheme, NLI, MS13400.

LordMonteagle andHon. Stephen Spring Rice bertstown, 2nd July, 1899, in State Paper Office, 51. Hansard(3rdSeries), xciii, cols. 99,106-7.
(Dublin, 1846), p. 12 ( l October 1846).
11. RecollectionsofAubreyde Vere(London,18971, CSB, 1953s; Anderson (19351, pp 275-6. 52. Hansard(3rdSeries),xciii, cols. 108-9,117.
p. 246. 29. Gwynn (1909), p. 49; Michael Hurley (ed.),lrish 53. The reports subsequentto that cited at note 43
12. StephenSpring Rice,/rishCrime.ALeftertoAle-
xanderBeresfordHope, Esq. (Dublin,18631,p.4. Anglicanism 1869-1969 (Dublin, 1970), pp 106, may be found in HC 1847-8, xvii (415 and 593);
13. Lord Monteagle,'Address', JnLoftheStatistica1
andSociallnquirySocietyo fIreland, viii (1883), 117. HC 1849, xi (86).
pp 380-1.
14. Monteagle (1883), p. 395. 30. F.X. Martin (ed.), The Howth Gun-running and 54. Hansard(3rd Series), ci, cols. 20,36.
15. Monteagle, To m y Tenants in the County o f
Limerick (nap.,1879). the Kilcoole Gun-runniflg 1914 (Dublin, 1964), 55. Monteagle to Clarendon, 21st October, 1848, in
16. Horace Plunkett, Noblesse Oblige: an lrish
Rendering (Dublin, 1908); Patrick Bolger, The pp xiv-xv, 13-4,35-7, 718, 67, 106, 68-97 (Mary NLI, MS1340012.
Irish Co-operativeMovement (Dublin, 1977), pp
67,71,78,89-90. Spring Rice's diary of the voyage). 56. Clarendonto Monteagle, 30th October, 1848, in
17. Bolger (19771, pp 284, 286-7; R.A. Anderson,
With HoracePlunkett inlreland(London, 1935), 31. Clare Champion, 8th August, 1914; Saturday NLI, MS1340012.
p. 9.
18. Lenihan(18661,p. 760; DNB, xviii, p. 837. Record, 8th August, 1914; Monthly Confidential 57. Russell to Monteagle, 27th January, 1849, and
19. The chart shows extracts from the genealogies
of the three families, drawn from the standard Reports of County Inspectors, RIC, for Limerick Clarendonto Monteagle, 28th January, 1849, in
peeragesand baronetages. The parity of sons is
indicated by the numbers l.,and that of (July, 1914) and Clare (June, 1914), in Public NLI, MS1339912,6.

daughters by (11, etc. For size of properties see RecordOffice (London),CO 904194. 58. Clarendonto Monteagle, 26th October and 13th

note 1. 32. FlorenceVere O'Brien to her sister Frances,20th November, 1849, in NLI, MS1339916.
20. Stephen Gwynn (ed.), Charlotte Grace O'Brien:
July 1914, infrinity CollegeDublin, Mss5004-6. 59. S.C. O'Mahony, 'Monteagle Emigrant Letters',
Selections from her Writings and Correspon- 33. Martin (1964), pp 68, 108; Cuimhnionn Muim- paper to conference on Australia and Ireland,
dence with a Memoir (Dublin, 1909), pp 28,33;
Blanche M. Touhill, William Smith O'Brien and neach(Casg, 1966),pp 7-8. TCD, 22nd April, 1987. Relevant documentation
his Revolutionary Companions in Penal Exile
(Columbia,Missouri, 1981),pp 228-9. 34. Allan Wade (ed.), TheLettersofKB. Yeats(Lon- is available at the Mid-west Archives, Limerick,
21. DeVere (1897),p. 22.
22. Dominic Daly, The YoungDouglasHyde(Dublin, don, 19541, p. 232. Works by all three de Veres, in addition to the Monteagle Papers in the
19741, pp 145-6. Daly misconstruesthese diary
entries as evidenceof a 'contrast between Hyde William Smith andCharlotteGrace O'Brien were National Library.
the crusader for all things Gaelic and Hyde the
Anglo-Irish country gentleman': in fact, most of culled by Mrs. Elizabeth Murrin for her Ouota- 60. Nassau William Senior, Journals, Conversa.
his hosts in Foynes shared his Gaelic
enthusiasms. tions in Poetry and Prose (Baltimore, 1912), a tions and Essays relating to lreland (London,
23. Jhefirst wife of William Monsell (Gladstone's
Under-Secretaryof State for Coloniesfrom 1868 useful compendium of lrish clich6s. 1868),i,p. 303.

35. Cecil Arthur Spring Rice, Poems(London, l920), 61. Jane Headleyto Lady Monteagle, 5thApriL1853
p. 176. (?),in NLI, MS1340014.

36. Diary of Mark Sturgis, ii, p. 113 (3rd November, 62. Cf. Monteagleto Earl Grey, 9th October, 1846, in

19201, in PRO (London),PRO 3015912. NLI, MS1340011.

37. Hansard(3rdSeries), ci, col. 37. 63. Patrick O'Farrell, The lrish inAustralia (Sydney,

38. William Smith O'Brien, Reproductive Employ- l986), p. 69.

ment; a Series o f Letters to the LandedPlop. 64. O'Farrell(1986),pp 88,56.

rietors o f lreland (Dublin, 1847), pp 49-50; cf. 65. De Vere (18971, p. 247.

William Smith O'Brien, Emigration (London, 66. Patrick Danaherto Monteagle, 20th March, 1848

1840)., (printedtext) and 2nd February 1853(discussed

39. Devon Commission, HC 1845, xx (Cd.616), evi- by O'Farrell), in NLI, MS1340011.

dence 586136; Oliver MacDonagh,'lrish Emigra- 67. D. Downey to his brother, 2nd February, 1852,

tion during the meat Famine 1845-52' (M.A. quoted in Senior (1868), i, p. 304.

Thesis, NUI, 19461, p. 194; Gwynn (19091,pp 79, 68. Ellen and Mary O'Sullivan to parents and

72 etpassim. brothers, 7th October, 1852, in NLI, MS1340013.

40. De Vere (1897),pp 9,58. 69. EllenKennyto Lady Monteagle,27th November,

41. De Vere (1897), pp 252-4; correspondence of 1852, in NLI, MS1340013.

Stephen de Vere in de Vere Papers, TCD, Mss 70. Patrick Kelly to Lord Monteagle, 9 June 1853,

505314, 5075, 5075a; Monteagle Papers, and undated petition from Widow Hartnet and

National Library of Ireland, MS1340012. family, in NLI, MS1340013.

42. De Vere to Monteagle, 13th March 1847, in TCD, 71. Petition of Bridget Barrett to Lord Monteagle,

MS505314. 13thOctober, 1853, in NLI, MS1340013.

43. MacDonagh (1946), p. 68; Report o f the Select 72. James Raleighto Lord Monteagle, 18thOctober,

Committee o f the House o f Lords on Coloniza- 1853, in NLL MS1340013.

tion from Ireland, HC 1847, vi (737),evidence q. 73. John Culhane to Lady 'Mount Eagle', 8th Sep-

1627; (737-II),appendix 25. tember, 1856, in NLI, MS1340013.

44. Devon Commission, HC 1845. xx (Cd.6161. evi- 74. Ward (19041. D. 126.

dence614/44,48-9. The Earlof Dunravenandthe - -34: h b a r ~rowe';Spring Rice', in OldLimerickJnl.,

Earl of Limericksent 11and 5 emigrants respec- 12 (19821, p. 3 3


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