SELF-CHECK # 3-1
Fill up whatever is missing:
Fish Size Mesh Size Ply
< 10 cm ? 4
? 25 mm 18-24
25-32 cm ? 27-30
>32 cm 62.5 mm ?
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ANSWER KEY #3-1
Fill up whatever is missing:
Fish Size Mesh Size Ply
< 10 cm 8 mm 4
10-20 cm 25 mm 18-24
25-32 cm 37.5 mm 27-30
>32 cm 62.5 mm > 48
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QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY
MODULE : Construct Aquaculture Facilities
LEARNING OUTCOME #4 : Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blueprint for
Cages and Pens
: Determine materials available in the area and the cost
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Materials are identified based on the site selected
RESOURCES:
Equipment and Facilities Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials
1. list of materials available in
the area
2. price list
REFERENCES:
1. Abella, Tereso A. – Cage Culture of Tilapia ( Freshwater Aquaculture Center, CLSU,
Munoz, Nueva Ecija 2004 )
2. Gopalakrishnan, V. and A.G. Coche.1994. Handbook on small-scale freshwater fish
farming.FAO Training Series No. 24. ISSN 0259-2533 David Lubin Memorial Library
Cataloguing in Publication Data Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations. Rome
3. Kumar, Dilip, Abu Tweb Abu Ahmed S.B. Nandi And Andras Peteri.1993. Fish Seed
Rearing Manual. Institutional Strengthening In The Fisheries Sector. Ministry Of
Fisheries & Livestock, Department Of Fisheries, Government Of Bangladesh. United
Nations Development Programme.Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United
Nations.
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Learning Outcome #4: Determine materials available in the area and the cost
LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read and study the following information: •
• Information sheet # 4-1: “Plan and design
• Information sheet # 4-1: “Plan of a pen and cage: required materials”
and design of a pen and cage:
required materials” • Information sheet # 4-2: “Cage culture of
• Information sheet # 4-2: “Cage tilapia
culture of tilapia “
2. Perform job sheet # 4-1 • Job sheet # 4-1: “Preparing construction
materials for making pens and cages”
3. Do self-check
4. Check your answer • Self-Check # 4-1
• Answer Key # 4-1
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INFORMATION SHEET # 4-1
PLAN AND DESIGN OF A PEN AND CAGE: REQUIRED MATERIALS
Structural framework, Construction Materials and Specifications
The usual components of a fish pen unit are:
1. barrier structure (optional)
2. main fish pen enclosure or module; and
3. caretaker's hut/guardhouse.
These components are held together in place by a structural framework, nets and other
materials.
Framework. The barrier is an outside enclosure provided with strong framework and large-
meshed netting materials. The net does not extend to the bottom mud but only at mid-depth of
the water column. This is a design innovation which has been adopted to protect the inner main
fish pen enclosure against waves and flotsams. Although an added expenses, the operators
have recognized the significance of this structure.
The main pen enclosure impounds the fine-meshed fry/fingerlings nursery and grow-out
compartments. The bottom of netting enclosures for nursery and grow-out is embedded at least
one meter into the mud with appropriate anchoring materials. The upper side is provided with a
line of floats at about 800 g each to keep the net upright in case of accidental detachment of the
net from the posts and walings.
The framework for the barrier and pen enclosure consists of vertical posts supported with
horizontal walings, and transverse and longitudinal bracings. The most common material for the
framework is bamboo. However, among the many species of bamboo available, the one with
thorns, Bambusa spinosa, when matured is the most preferred because of its durability and
longer life in water. A piece of mature bamboo measures 10 to 13 cm in diameter at the base
and 2.5 cm or more in diameter at the end with a length of about 12 meters.
Wooden posts and trunks on palm tree, "anahaw" are also used either purely or in combination
with bamboo. A matured "anahaw" measures 20 to 25 am at the base and 15 to 18 at the end
with a length ranging from 12 to 13.5 m. The palm tree was claimed to last for up to 10 years or
more in water. Although it is more expensive than bamboo, much lesser number is required in
construction due to its larger size and longer durability, thus making it cheaper to use. It also
saves time in construction. However, the number of persons needed to erect an "anahaw" is 10
or twice as much in bamboo. In erecting "anahaw" the smaller end is the one being driven into
the mud. Hence, the base extends upward and beyond the water surface.
It is recommended that the spacing of bamboo post for barrier and pen enclosure are 2 and 5
m, respectively. Other pens, however, use closer spacing (as close as 30 cm) especially in
deeper waters and open areas.
The length of horizontal walings effectively cover four posts. Each span has three walings
(Figure 3). The pen enclosure has no walings, but instead the post are erected in tripod form.
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The span for longitudinal cross bracing covers four meters. There is a pair of transverse
supports every post of the barrier.
Netting Materials
The usual netting material for the pen enclosures and barrier are nylon, polyethylene, Kuralon
and polyester. Polyethylene and polyester are used such that the former is used in portion
submerged in water, while the latter is usually located in parts exposed to the sun.
An example of mesh size recommended for barrier net is 152 mm (stretched) or 3" x 3" (3
knots/6"); for pen enclosure 22 mm (stretched) or 1/2" x 1/2" (14 knots/6"); and for nursery 10
mm (stretched) or 3/16" x 3/16".
Anchoring Net Enclosure
There are some variations in the kind of anchoring materials:
1. A concrete cement which is circular but elongated and provided with central longitudinal
hole from one end up to the pointed tip. Each weighs 10 and 2 kg for the grow-out
compartment and nursery, respectively and is buried in the mud at least 1 m together with
the net.
2. Bamboo pegs 0.5 m long or more with longitudinal hole. When properly driven with the net
at spacing of 0.5 to 1 m into the mud, it has been claimed by some fishermen to withstood
against a typhoon. It is readily available and cheap. Its main disadvantage, however, is the
possibility of being uprooted, Once uprooted, other pegs will follow and mass escape of
the impounded fish usually occur.
3. Stones provided with hole for tying the net rope. This weighs 1-2 kg and is buried into the
bottom mud every 1.5 m. It is also readily available and cheap. The main advantage over
the bamboo peg is, it still sinks and pull down the net if accidentally uprooted. Thus fish
escape is minimized.
4. Others can simply tie the bottom end of the nets to the bamboo posts prior to staking.
Ropes, Twines and Ties
The size of rope (polyethylene or polyrope) for ribbing the surrounding edge of nets, including
joints is 6 mm. For the float line, the usual size is 10 mm. For stitching, 1 mm polyester twine is
used.
For tying the bamboo together, rubber strips, polyethylene or polyrope and high density
polypropylene are used.
Time and Sequence of Construction
Construction usually begins during the prevalence of calm and gentle winds. It is also timed
such that the enclosure is ready for stocking and culture period of the species to be cultured.
Some Required Skills in Construction
1. Erecting posts vertically and in straight line especially during windy or rainy days.
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2. Skill in stitching the corners and seams of nets, hanging and tying the nets and bamboo
together, under the water. When done carelessly, fish escape through the holes in corners
and seams.
Fish Pen Plan
Figure 1. Cluster Arrangement of Pens and Cages with Common Barrier (After BRI Consultants
Report)
Figure 2. Perspective of a Fish Pen Showing Nursery Pen within the Grow-Out Enclosure
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Figure 3. Isometric View of Common Barrier and Net Enclosure
Figure 4. Side Views of Common Barrier and Net Enclosure
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Figure 5. Plan View and Section A-A of Fish Cage
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Figure 6. Connection Between the Barrier and Pen Enclosure
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Fish Cage Plans
Figure 7. Cluster/Module of Fish Cages
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Figure 8. Perspective View and Parts of a Floating Cage
Figure 9. Perspective View of a Circular Cage
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Figure 10. Cylindrical Fish Cage Made of Bamboo and Rattan
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INFORMATION SHEET # 4-2
CAGE CULTURE OF TILAPIA
by Dr. Terso Abella
The Philippines has about 430,000 hectares of communal waters, which include rivers, lakes,
and dams. This is a vast area of water with great potential for cage culture. This is an
appropriate production system in bodies of water where conventional harvesting methods
cannot be conveniently used and this system can maximize the utilization of our communal
waters for fish production.
Raising tilapia, particularly Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in cages is the common
aquaculture production system used in lakes and reservoirs like in Laguna Lake and Magat
Reservoirs. The country produces 35,563 metric tons of tilapia in 1993 from freshwater cages
in lakes and reservoirs mainly in the Southern Tagalog Region. Bicol Region and Central
Mindanao, tilapia cage culture is an established industry and is still expanding.
Practical Considerations on Cage Culture
Generally, fish cage culture is the raising of fish stocks in a totally enclosed water volume
through which a freshwater circulation is maintained. Cage culture in subsistence/commercial
tilapia production has many advantages over other methods but the prospective culturist should
also be aware of the disadvantages.
Advantages
Several types of water can be used for cage culture including rivers, lakes, dams. Irrigation
canals and large ponds that cannot be seined, drained or otherwise readily harvested.
It also allows intensive production of fish and requires a low initial investment if an existing body
of water is available.
Harvesting is simple and with proper equipment, it is possible to lift the entire cage from the
water for harvesting. In addition, cages make it possible to harvest a portion of he fish crop
without seining or draining an entire pond.
Other advantages of cage culture are the possibility of controlling fish reproduction, production
of larger fish of a more uniform size, better control of predators, maximum use of fish food
thereby reducing the production costs through a more precise adjustment of the feeding rates
and lastly it is easy to handle.
Disadvantages
Vandalism can occur if cages are located in a readily accessible areas; therefore a cage culture
operation should be placed where it can be patrolled routinely.
The incidence of bacterial disease is high, but can be controlled if proper management and
constant care is exercised.
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Selection Criteria for Cage Culture Site
• Water depth must be at least a meter
• There must be moderate current flow
• The area must be protected from strong winds
• Sufficient supply of fingerlings of good quality must be available
Cage Design
Fish cages vary in size and number depending on the production goal and capital available.
They can either be floating or touching the bottom depending on the depth of water in the site.
Several designs are now commercially available.
Laguna de Bay Cages
Bamboo modules are commonly used in culturing tilapia in cages in Laguna Lake. Each
module is arranged such that the middle portion is kept vacant to prevent stunting of stock as
the center of the module tend to have a slow growth due to the flow of water that has been
depleted with dissolved oxygen and natural food grows in favorable conditions the modules
should be constructed along the perimeter of the occupied area. This module design not only
makes harvesting, inspection, repair and maintenance easier and convenient but also improves
access to the perimeter to maximize the security of the cage area.
Another arrangement is to space the parallel two-row bamboo modules 15-20 meters apart to
provide each cage whatever available natural food and unlimited amount of dissolved oxygen.
To take advantage of the water movement as influenced by wind direction, bamboo module is
constructed such that the cages are equally exposed to the availability of natural food and
dissolved oxygen. The cells of the modules are arranged diagonally to each other like the
shape of a diamond.
The bamboo module should be constructed such that the area of each cell is one-half to one
meter wider than the size of the new cage.
Both large and small cages have disadvantages and advantages.
The most important features of small cages are the following:
• More expensive because more materials are used per surface area;
• Susceptible to poaching because it can be easily carried away by one or two persons;
• Fish commands better price because few cages are harvested at one time and the fish are
still alive upon reaching the market;
• In case of cage destruction due to strong winds and other natural calamities, only a few
number of fishes are lost if one or two cages are affected;
• It is easily harvested by one or two persons.
Therefore, the size of the net cages depends on the convenience of the farmer. Tilapia farmers
who have small capital may start with cages measuring 6 x 5 x 3 m. However, for large-scale
cage production of tilapia, the ideal size per cage is 150 to 200 m. For this size of cages, the
outside perimeter of the module is staked with bamboos spaced one meter apart and braced
horizontally with bamboos approximately 1 to 2 meters above the water level depending upon
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he season of the year. The inner perimeter as well as the partition between the cells are staked
with bamboo similar to the outer perimeter but spacing between bamboos is two meters.
The cages may or may not be covered. If the cages are made of B-net, and covered, the cages
are installed such that the upper rim of the cage is at the same level of water. However, is the
B-net cages are covered with No. 22 or 17 nets, the upper rim of the covered cages could be
installed 6 to 12 inches above the water level because the cover offers less wind resistance.
The bottom of the cage is tied to the bamboo poles. It may or may not be touching the lake
bottom.
There are many kinds of nets that could be used for cage fabrication. The most common types
are the B-net (1/4” mesh), DD net (3/8” mesh) and CC-net (1/2” mesh). However, the most
popular is the B-net for cage fabrication because it has the following advantages over the
others:
• Stocking of smaller fingerlings does not need a nursery;
• Cheaper than the other types per unit area;
• It’s width is wider (108”) than the other net types; hence the labor cost in fabricating it is
much lower;
• The tearing of one or two meshes do not easily provide an escape route for bigger
fingerlings.
In case of cages measuring 6 x 10 x 3 meters or bigger, the upper portion across the length
must be provided with polyethylene rope spaced at a distance of 3 meters apart to prevent
strong winds from blowing the net cover especially if the cages are made of B-net.
Cages in San Pablo Lakes
Because these lakes are moderately deep, cages are of the floating types, suitable for depth
exceeding 5 meters. The usual dimensions are 50 m x 25 m x 5 m. Lead sinkers are attached
to the net flooring to stabilize the structure. The framework is held in place by concrete weights
at the lake bottom and fastened to each side of the structure with a nylon rope.
CLSU Design
This is a floating one cubic meter net enclosure suitable for moderately flowing and shallow
water system.
The cage is formed by a wooden frame to which layers of polyethylene netting material (3/4 in,
mesh) are nailed in place with split bamboo. It is provided with two styrofoam floats (100 cm x
15 cm x 75 cm) fastened by plain G.I. straps on opposite sides; 1 x 1 x 0.5 m x 0.5 m feeding
box fixed to one side of the cage; and a cover hanged in one side by old rubber tire strips. The
cages are held in place by tying or mooring them to bamboo stakes driven at the bottom.
Stocking Densities
Stocking densities in cages is dependent on the natural productivity of the water body and on
whether supplemental feeding is supplied or not.
One cubic meter cages may be stocked with 250 to as much as 1,000 fingerlings provided the
fish are fed with artificial diets. Only 50-100 fingerlings are stocked per cage when rice brain
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alone is given. For production of large sized fish of 100-200 g each, the density is reduced to
250 per m3.
Depending on the demand of the market, the stocking density in Laguna Lake should be
adjusted so that at harvest, the size of the stock is greatly in demand. With a stocking density
of 15 per m2, two-inch fingerlings should reach the size of 150 to 180 grams each in 70 to 90
days during the months of April to July without supplemental feeding. The same stocking
density could be applied when stocked from September to February. However, the growth rate
is a little bit slower because there is not much natural food in the lake and the water
temperature becomes lower. The growing period may take four to five months. During the
months of April to July, stocking density may increase to as high as 40 per m2 and expected
average production is 100 g per fish in three to four months. To produce bigger fish in the same
period, the stocking density of 30 per m2 is recommended. The stocking rates in different part
of the lake greatly affect the growing period of tilapia.
As a rule, intensive stocking will require feeding with artificial diets especially when natural food
in the water is not enough. Under Laguna de Bay conditions, however, it was found that culture
of fish at 50 m2 can yield harvestable sized fish without supplemental feeding during two
growing seasons: April to July and August to November. These are periods when peak
plankton populations are observed.
Supplemental Feeding
There are available commercial feeds for tilapia in the market, however small farmers may not
be able to afford this because of the cost involved in the use of commercial feeds. Farmers can
formulate their own fish diet consisting of 75% fine rice brain and 25% fish meat.
Feeding Rate
Fish weighing 50 g or less are fed daily at 5% of total fish weight. The amount of feed given is
reduced to 4% as the fish reach 50 – 100 g to 3% after fish weighs more than 100g. The
amount is adjusted every 2 weeks to keep up with fish growth.
Harvesting
The freshness of tilapia greatly influences the price of fish. In view of this, some restaurant
display live tilapia as part of their marketing strategy. Normally, the price of live tilapia, which is
maintained in aerated containers, is twice as expensive as preserved ones. The price is much
higher because of the assurance of freshness and high quality fish. The tilapias that reach the
consumers’ table in excellent condition can be attributed to improved harvesting, handling and
post-harvest methods.
Harvesting from Cages
Harvesting of tilapia from a few small cages is not a problem in insuring that the fish are still
alive upon landing in broker’s market. For harvesting tons of tilapia from several cages, one
method is to harvest all the cages immediately before bringing the fish to the market by putting
all the harvest in a holding net before the whole harvest is brought to the hold of the boat
containing ice. The purpose of chilling the tilapia in thawing ice is to preserve its natural quality
and to avoid the mangling of the flesh especially when they pile on top of the other for several
feet. The function of the chilled water is to cushion the impact of polling. However, harvesting
the fish and loading them in a boat that is leaking or containing water deteriorates the quality of
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the tilapia. The presence of water while the fish is being loaded increases the tendency of the
fish to become white and pale in color and becomes susceptible to bacterial multiplication
thereby shortening the freshness of the fish. To avoid this, the hull of the boat should be
provided with flooring made of bamboo slats or other materials that facilitates drainage.
Moreover, the fish should not be piled up more than one foot thick. The harvested fish should
be sprayed with water while in transit to increase the livability of the fish. This method could be
used also in case ice is not available.
It is not advisable to allow the overcrowded fish to stay in a holding net or cage for more than
six hours, otherwise, the crowded fish would be greatly stressed and may result to the
development of red spots/pigments on readily exposed ones. This condition will command a
lower price, hence, its “shelf life” is greatly shortened and the quality greatly reduced due to
missing and deformed dorsal and caudal fins.
In case of covered cages, harvesting is done by gradually raising one end towards the other
end having the opening where the fish is scooped. Cages without covers are harvested by
using either bamboo raft, bamboo poles or polyethylene rope placed across and under the net
by gradually raising the net towards the other end to confine the fish in one small area. Others
use wooden banca in harvesting small cages.
Budget for 8 m x 8 m x 3 m Cage
(in pesos)
Items Quantity Unit Cost Amount For 10 Cages
Gross Return First Year Second Year Third Year
Variable
531 kg 50 26,573 531,456 531,456 265,728
Fingerlings 3,840 pcs .03 1,152 23,040 23,040 11,520
Feeds 1,063 kg 14 14,881 297,616 297,615 148,808
1,200 24,000 24,000 12,000
Hired Labor 4 Man 3000
500 10,000
3000/mo/10 -no 17,733 354,655
cages
Miscellaneous 500 10,000 5,000
354,655 177,338
TOTAL VARIABLE COST
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Fixed Cost 0 ha 00000
Pond Lease 0 incl. Labor 0000
Maintenance cost)
0 per/yr borr. 0000
Interest capital
2,164 per crop 1 2,164 43,288 43,288 21,644
Depreciation
0000
Tax
(Sales Property, 0000
2,164 43,288 43,288 21,644
Income)
Insurance 19,897 397,943 397,943 108,972
TOTAL FIXED 6,676 133,513 133,513 66,756
COST
TOTAL COST 33.55%
NET RETURN
RETURN OF
INVESTMENT
Assumptions: 168 weight gain/culture period
10 number of cages
80% Recovery 2 FCR, conservative estimate
173 Average Size, grams/fish 2 crops per year for year 1 and 2
30 /m2, stocking density 1 crop per year for year 3
128 /m2, effective volume (8*8*2)
5 g/fish, initial weight
120 days culture period
1.4 g/day, weight gain/day/fish
Bill of Materials for 1 Unit of 8m x 8m x 3m Net Cage
(in pesos)
Materials Quantity Unit Cost Amount
Polyethylene 160 meter 20 3,200
Knotless Net
No. 17
Polyrope, ½” 100 pieces 6 600
Nylon Twine 5 rolls 32 160
Fine Mesh Net 25 meters 12 300
Total Material Cost 4,260
Additional Labor Cost of 30%
Construction
Total Net and Labor Cost for 1 5,538
Cage
Total Net and Labor Cost for 55,380
10 Cages
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Net Support and Catwalk for 10 Cages
Full Grown 250 Pieces 130 32,500
Rolls, 200m
Bamboo kilograms 1,600 6,400
Kilograms 20 1,000
Polyrope, ¾” 4 Pieces 18 270
256
G.I wire, No. 16 50 30% 32
40,426
Common Wire Nail, 3 15 12,173
and 4
Rubber Strips 8
(for tying concrete
block sinkers)
Total
Additional Labor Cost of
Construction
Total Material and Labor
Cost
Total Cost
Semi-Annual Depreciation
(2.5 years, 0 salvage value)
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JOB SHEET # 4-1
Title : Preparing construction materials for making pens and
cages
Purpose
: To gain skills in preparing and canvassing of
Equipment, tools and materials construction materials for making pens and cages
Precautions
: Pen, notebook, calculator
: None
Procedures:
1. Prepare a list of materials needed for pen and cage
2. Conduct a simple market survey and canvass of materials for pen and cage available
in the locality.
3. Prepare bill of Materials based on the canvass for pen and cage.
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SELF-CHECK # 4-1
Instructions: Fish cages vary in size and number depending on the production goal and capital
available. They can either be floating or touching the bottom depending on the depth of water
in the site. Several designs are now commercially available. Briefly discuss the on designs of
pens and cages being used on the following areas/places:
1. Laguna de Bay Cages
2. Cages in San Pablo Lakes
3. CLSU Design
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ANSWER KEY # 4-1
Instructions: Fish cages vary in size and number depending on the production goal and capital
available. They can either be floating or touching the bottom depending on the depth of water
in the site. Several designs are now commercially available. Briefly discuss the on designs of
pens and cages being used on the following areas/places:
1. Laguna de Bay Cages
Bamboo modules are commonly used in culturing tilapia in cages in Laguna Lake. Each
module is arranged such that the middle portion is kept vacant to prevent stunting of stock
as the center of the module tend to have a slow growth due to the flow of water that has
been depleted with dissolved oxygen and natural food grows in favorable conditions the
modules should be constructed along the perimeter of the occupied area. This module
design not only makes harvesting, inspection, repair and maintenance easier and
convenient but also improves access to the perimeter to maximize the security of the cage
area.
2. Cages in San Pablo Lakes
Because these lakes are moderately deep, cages are of the floating types, suitable for depth
exceeding 5 meters. The usual dimensions are 50 m x 25 m x 5 m. Lead sinkers are
attached to the net flooring to stabilize the structure. The framework is held in place by
concrete weights at the lake bottom and fastened to each side of the structure with a nylon
rope.
3. CLSU Design
This is a floating one cubic meter net enclosure suitable for moderately flowing and shallow
water system.
The cage is formed by a wooden frame to which layers of polyethylene netting material (3/4
in, mesh) are nailed in place with split bamboo. It is provided with two styrofoam floats (100
cm x 15 cm x 75 cm) fastened by plain G.I. straps on opposite sides; 1 x 1 x 0.5 m x 0.5 m
feeding box fixed to one side of the cage; and a cover hanged in one side by old rubber tire
strips. The cages are held in place by tying or mooring them to bamboo stakes driven at the
bottom.
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QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY
MODULE : Construct Aquaculture Facilities
LEARNING OUTCOME #5 : Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blueprint for
Cages and Pens
: Identify other farm facilities and laid-out
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Other farm facilities are properly identified and laid out
RESOURCES:
Equipment and Facilities Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials
1. List of farm facilities
None none
REFERENCES
---1978. A Report On An Assessment Of The Feasibility Of Introducingcage Culture Of Marine
Fish To Pulau Perhentian Besar And Kuala Setiu Lagoon On East Coast Of Peninsular
Malaysia.South China Sea Fisheries Development And Coordinating Programme:Cage Culture
Of Marine Fish In East Coast Peninsular Malaysia.Agriculture And Fisheries Department, Hong
Kong And And Division Of Fisheries, Ministry Of Agriculture, Malaysia.
---. 1984. Inland Aquaculture Engineering Adcp/Rep/84/21 Lectures Presented At The Adcp
Inter-Regional Training Course In Inland Aquaculture Engineering, Budapest, 6 June-3
September 1983 Aquaculture Development And Coordination Programme. United Nations
Development Programme. Food and Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations
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Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 73
Learning Outcome #5: Identify other farm facilities and laid-out
LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read the following information:
• Information sheet # 5-1: “Essential farm
• Information sheet # 5-1: equipment and facilities supportive of
“Essential farm equipment and culture module”
facilities supportive of culture
module” • Information sheet # 5-2: “Other facilities
relating to maintenance”
• Information sheet # 5-2: “Other
facilities relating to maintenance • Activity # 5-1: “Identifying and laying out
and monitoring” other farm facilities”
2. Perform activity # 5-1
3. Do self-check • Self-Check # 5-1
4. Check your answer • Answer Key # 5-1
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Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 74
INFORMATION SHEET # 5-1
ESSENTIAL FARM EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES SUPPORTIVE OF CULTURE MODULE
Supporting land-based facilities
For the storage of “trash” fish feeds, it has been proposed in the aforesaid that each of the two
sites should be provided with:
a. Two 25 cubic feet chest type deep freezers; and
b. A generator capable of serving as an adequate source of electric power for these
freezers and other domestic power requirements.
Sea transport
The recently acquired skiff with the twine Johnson outboard engines is expected to serve a
useful purpose principally in the efficient transport of “trash” fish feeds and personnel. It is
however contemplated that for the future development of fish culture in either the lagoon or the
island, there should be a definite need of an all purpose inboard diesel engine craft with inboard
live tanks.
Hydrographic equipment
a. A dissolved oxygen and temperature meter powered by rechargeable batteries (charger
for 220V A.C.) with a temperature compensated probe and 30 m of detachable cable
(portable);
b. A pH meter operated by mignon batteries (rechargeable battery-type two expensive) with
a rugged electrode and membrane (portable);
c. A PVC plastic water sampler of a 2-litre capacity and a revolving top messenger (light
weight, portable; thermometer not required, if required an ordinary one can be fitted); and
d. A salinity refractometer (portable).
Ideally, ammonia, orthophosphate and BOD should also be measured as they have frequently
been found to be responsible either directly or indirectly for adverse ecological stresses on the
confined fish stocks. Their measurement is, however, difficult involving much more
sophisticated techniques and instrumentation in the laboratory.
Miscellaneous stores
These primarily include the following:
a. A spare supply of nylon twines and ropes for the maintenance of the net cages and
occasional need for additional anchors to be rigged up;
b. Cylindrical lid-type thermos for the storage and transport of the sick fish to laboratories
for the examination/study of fish diseases (each of 2–3 litres);
c. Two aerators should be provided for the lagoon site in case of pronounced stratification
in the water column and therefore of potential threat of oxygen depletion during slack tide
conditions; such aerators should be the type designed to incur vigorous vertical
turbulence by forcing the surface water downwards;
d. Live fish tanks, portable, light-weight, round (not square or rectangular), either collapsible
PVC type or fibreglass, for the transport of live fish;
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e. One electric water pump (not compressor) for the transport of live fish in the tanks noted
under (c) above;
f. If a craft with inboard live tanks is available, items (d) and (e) would be the least
preferred in so far as transporting the captured or harvested live fish from point to point;
in which case, these two items can then be used on land for the quarantine of fish before
stocking and/or other purposes;
g. Mincer for producing small granules of feeds for the fry (but the mincing process must be
conducted on land, not over the raft); it can also be used for the blending of artificial
feeds;
h. Minor tools for rigging rafts, cutting wires, etc.
Connected facilities
Inside the hatchery besides the operational rooms the following compartments are needed:
store-room
laboratory
office social activities (dressing-room, shower, toilet).
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INFORMATION SHEET # 5-2
OTHER FACILITIES RELATING TO MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING
Equipment for monitoring and maintenance of water quality
Water circulation and aeration
Portable water pump is usually used to effect water movement whenever needed in the pond
system. This is often necessary when water circulation is needed and the tide condition is not
conducive for this operation such as in alleviating stagnation or lack of oxygen.
Fig. 7.11 The Thai-made paddlewheel aerator towed by tractor
(After Menasveta and Leeviriyaphanda, 1982)
Paddle wheels set in the ponds can remedy critical oxygen condition. These devices can be
powered by electricity or by small portable engines (Fig. 7.11). Better aeration of the pond water
may also be accomplished through the gates with the use of the closure slabs (Fig. 7.12).
Fig. 7.12 Aeration by manipulation of closure slabs
(After delos Santos, 1978)
Analysis kit
Water and soil analysis kits are now available in the market. For coastal fish farms a set that
could monitor dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH, are most essential. Additional useful observations
involve nutrient-content (N-P-K), depth of visibility (turbidity), etc. Simple visibility observations
can be done using the Secchi disc (Fig. 7.13). Direct salinity readings using refractometers is
easy to do but the equipment is quite expensive (Fig. 7.14). Improvised hydrometers may be
used after standardizing them with a salinometer (hydrometer) or refractometer (Fig. 7.15).
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Fig. 7.13 Measurement of depth of visibility by Secchi disc.
Fig. 7.14 Hydrometer and refractometer for measurement of salinity
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Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 78
Fig. 7.15 An improvised salinometer (After IFP, 1974)
Other facilities
Chilling chamber or box has become a standard facility in coastal fish farms. These are made of
concrete, wood or galvanized iron sheets forming shallow tanks, square or rectangular in form
scarcely 0.5 m deep set within the fishpond premises. It may be 2 to 3 m wide by 3 to 5 m long
by 0.4 m deep. During harvest, this is filled with clean water and some crushed ice. The
harvested fish or shrimp are placed in this box to wash and chill before packing them for the
market (Fig. 7.16).
Fertilizer platforms (Fig. 7.17) where the sacks of inorganic fertilizers are placed so that the
nutrient substances dissolve slowly into the water instead of chemically reacting with pond soil
are useful facilities of the fish farm.
Fig. 7.16 Chilling tank for newly harvested milkfish
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Fig. 7.17 Fertilizer platform (Source: Anonymous, 1976)
There are a number of devices designed to exclude predators and pests. The crab hook (Fig.
7.18a) is used to catch mangrove crabs that may have made burrows into the fishpond dike. Eel
hooks (Fig. 7.18b) are used on moist pond bottoms to catch the mud eels that may persist to
stay in the pond bottom after harvest. For predatory birds, various scaring devices are used.
Lines of white twines are usually set over milkfish nurseries. Scarecrows may be set or other
scares such as those using mirrors (Fig. 7.19), noise scares, moving scares, etc. A trap has
also been devised for the mound-forming mud lobster, Thallasina anomala (Fig. 7.20).
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Fig. 7.18 Devices used to get rid of pests
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Fig. 7.19 Bird scaring device (From Cook, 1977) Fig. 7.20 Bamboo trap for mound-building mud
lobster
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ACTIVITY # 5-1
IDENTIFYING AND LAYING OUT OTHER FARM FACILITIES
Instructions: Visit the areas with fish pens and cages. Identify and name the other farm
facilities that you will notice. Make a lay-out of where these facilities are located based from
your observation. You can use the attached plan as your example.
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SELF-CHECK # 5-1
Give the following:
1. Supporting land-based facilities
2. Hydrographic equipment
3. Connected facilities
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Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 84
ANSWER KEY # 5-1
Give the following:
1. Supporting land-based facilities
• Two 25 cubic feet chest type deep freezers; and
• A generator capable of serving as an adequate source of electric power for these
freezers and other domestic power requirements
2. Hydrographic equipment
• A dissolved oxygen and temperature meter powered by rechargeable batteries
(charger for 220V A.C.) with a temperature compensated probe and 30 m of
detachable cable (portable);
• A pH meter operated by mignon batteries (rechargeable battery-type two expensive)
with a rugged electrode and membrane (portable);
• A PVC plastic water sampler of a 2-litre capacity and a revolving top messenger (light
weight, portable; thermometer not required, if required an ordinary one can be fitted);
and
• A salinity refractometer (portable).
3. Connected facilities
Inside the hatchery besides the operational rooms the following compartments are needed:
• store-room
• laboratory
• office social activities (dressing-room, shower, toilet).
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PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
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EVIDENCE PLAN
Sector: AGRI-FISHERY
Unit of Competency: Construct Aquaculture Facilities
Module Title: Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blueprint for Cages and Pens
Ways in which evidences will be collected: Interview
Demonstration
(tick the column) with Questioning
Observation
The evidence must show that the candidate … with Questioning
Presentation of
1. Determine number, size of compartment, depth of Final Product
pen and cage, based on the area available and the Third Party
species to be cultured Report
• Factors to consider in constructing fish pen Portfolio
and cages
• Blue print reading of pen and cage X
2. Identify materials to be used as to production and X
capitalization X
• Materials for pen and cage construction X
X
• Budgetary/Financial requirements X
X
3. Plot markers as guide to the lay-out X
X
• Marking of construction area X
4. Determine number of farm facilities to be used
• Different farm facilities
Note: *Critical aspects of competency
Prepared by: Date:
Date:
Instructor
Supervisor
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PERFORMANCE TEST Date:
Learner’s Name: Test Attempt
Competency: 1st 2nd 3rd
Directions: OVERALL EVALUATION
Level
CALL INSTRUCTOR. Ask Achieved PERFORMANCE LEVELS
instructor to assess your 4 – Can perform this skill without supervision
performance in the following and with initiative and adaptability to
critical task and performance problem situations.
criteria below. 3 – Can perform this skill satisfactorily without
You will be rate based on the assistance or supervision.
overall evaluation on the
right side. 2 – Can perform this skill satisfactorily but
requires some assistance and/or
supervision.
1 – Can perform parts of this skill satisfactorily,
but requires considerable assistance and/or
supervision.
Instructor will initial the level achieved.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Yes No N/A
For acceptable achievement, all items should receive a “Yes”
or “N/A” response.
1. Pen and cages size are determined
2. Number of pen and cages to be constructed are identified as to the
available area
3. Quality framing materials are selected
4. Guide in choosing type of nets are explained
5. Materials selected are suitable to the area and the species cultured
6. Criteria in choosing appropriate size of nets are explained
7. Net mesh which suits to the species of fingerlings being cultured are
identified.
8. Materials are identified based on the site selected
9. Other farm facilities are properly identified and laid out
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DEMONSTRATION WITH QUESTIONING
Candidate’s name: Aquaculture NC II
Assessor’s Name:
Competency Assessment Title:
Qualification:
Date of Assessment:
Tome of Assessment:
Instructions for Demonstration:
Given the following material, tools and equipment, the candidate must be able to Review,
Design and Interpret Blueprint for Cages and Pens
Topography map, sample plan, tracing paper, ruler, calculator, listing, pencil, notebook
OBSERVATION Tick (9) to show if evidence is
During the demonstration of skills, did the candidate: demonstrated
1. Identify the materials needed for a cage/pen as Yes No ACTUAL
indicated in the plan 1.0 – 3.0 5.0
2. Show knowledge in evaluating the plan
3. Show knowledge of where to get the materials
4. Know alternative materials
5. Able to list down all the materials needed as
indicated in the plan
6. Came up with an acceptable Bill of materials based
on the plan being analyzed
The candidate’s demonstration was:
Rating ______________
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DEMONSTRATION (continued)
Questions Satisfactory Response
The candidate should answer the following questions: Yes No
1. What is the difference between cage and pen?
2. What are the two general designs of cages?
3. What are the different classifications of the design and
construction of pens,
4. How large should your pen be?
5. What is the purpose of constructing a nursery nets?
6. What is the most common nets used in fabrication?
7. Make an estimate expenses of constructing net support and
catwalk of 10 cages?
The candidate’s underpinning knowledge was:
Rating: _________
Feedback to candidate
The candidate’s overall performance was:
Rating: _________
Candidate’s signature: Date:
Date:
Assessor’s signature:
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Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 90
Record of Achievement
Module: Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blueprint for Cages and Pens
Learning Outcome # 1: Determine pen and cage size and number to be constructed as
to availability of the area
Performance Criteria:
1. Pen and cages size are determined
2. Number of pen and cages to be constructed are identified as to the available
area
COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….
Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………………….
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Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 91
Record of Achievement
Module: Module: Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blueprint for Cages and Pens
Learning Outcome #2: Selecting framing materials, type of nets to be used as to the
availability and suitability of the area and species cultured.
Performance Criteria:
1. Quality framing materials are selected
2. Guide in choosing type of nets are explained
3. Materials selected are suitable to the area and the species cultured
COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….
Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………………….
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Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 92
Record of Achievement
Module: : Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blueprint for Cages and Pens
Learning Outcome #3: Identify net mesh size base on the available size of fingerlings
Performance Criteria:
1. Criteria in choosing appropriate size of nets are explained
2. Net mesh which suits to the species of fingerlings being cultured are
identified.
COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….
Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………………….
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Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 93
Record of Achievement
Module: : Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blueprint for Cages and Pens
Learning Outcome #4: Determine materials available in the area and the cost
Performance Criteria:
1. Materials are identified based on the site selected
COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….
Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………………….
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Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 94
Record of Achievement
Module: : Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blueprint for Cages and Pens
Learning Outcome #5: Identify other farm facilities and laid-out
Performance Criteria:
1. Other farm facilities are properly identified and laid out
COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….
Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………………….
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Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 95
Learner’s diary
DIARY NOTES
Record important dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing further
details to your Assessor.
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TECHNICAL TERMS
1. Aeration adding oxygen to water by spraying or bubbling air through the
2. Aquaculture water
3. Bio-filter fishery operations involving all forms of raising and culturing
4. Biota fish and other fishery species in fresh, brackish and marine
5. Cage water areas. The rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled
6. Feeding or semi-controlled conditions
7. Fertilization device used to restore the quality of water
8. Fertilizer
9. Fine mesh net biological waste
10. Fingerlings an enclosure to hold fish in water
11. Fish
management technique practiced to provide needed nutrient to
12. Fish Cage the cultured organisms either through manual or mechanical
means
13. Fish culture
14. Fish farming management technique applied in fish culture to enhance
primary productivity
15. Fish fingerlings
16. Fish fry anything added to water to make it more productive
17. Fish pen
net with mesh size of less than three (3) cm measured
18. Fish pond between two (2) opposite knots of a full mesh when stretched
or as otherwise determined by the appropriate government
agency.
a fish larger than a fry but not of marketable table-size.
Fingerlings of different fish spp. varies in sizes
is defined as a cold-blooded animal typically with scales and
backbones and can breathe under water because of its special
respiratory organ, the gills.
an enclosure which is either stationary or floating made up of
nets or screens fastened together and installed in the water
with opening at the surface or covered and held in a place by
wooden/ bamboo posts or various types of anchors and floats.
breeding and cultivation of fish in bodies of water.
the business of producing, propagating, transporting,
processing and selling cultured fish or shellfish raised in a
private pond, raceway or tank.
a stage in the life cycle of the fish measuring to about 6-13 cm
depending on the species.
a stage at which a fish has just been hatched usually with sizes
from 1-2.5 cm
an artificial enclosure constructed within a body of water for
culturing fish and fishery/aquatic resources made up of poles
closely arranged in an enclosure with wooden materials,
screen or nylon netting to prevent escape of fish.
a land-based facility enclosed with earthen or stone material to
impound water for growing fish.
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Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 97
19. Fisheries refers to all activities relating to the act or business of fishing,
culturing, preserving, processing, marketing, developing,
20. Freshwater conserving and managing aquatic resources and the fishery
aquaculture areas, including the privilege to fish or take aquatic resource
thereof (RA 8550 – The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998).
21. Fry
fish propagation or culture using freshwater
22. Intensive
culture newly hatched fish exhibiting the external characteristics of the
adults
23. Natural food
24. Stress the rearing of aquaculture organism in extremely high densities
25. Turbidity with great measure of control in the hands of the culturist
the food that a fish eats in nature
any change that is not normal in the environment that creates
problems
degree which the penetration of light in water is limited by the
presence in the water of suspended or dissolved substances
Code No. Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blueprint for Date: Developed Date: Revised Page #
Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 98
REFERENCES
1. Abella, Tereso A. – Cage Culture of Tilapia ( Freshwater Aquaculture Center, CLSU, Munoz,
Nueva Ecija 2004 )
2. Cagauan, A. G. and Z. P. Bartolome, 2004.Fisheries Information Material:Tilapia cage
culture.College of Fisheries and Freshwater Aquaculture Center,Central Luzon State
University. Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120
3. Gopalakrishnan, V. and A.G. Coche.1994. Handbook on small-scale freshwater fish
farming.FAO Training Series No. 24. ISSN 0259-2533 David Lubin Memorial Library
Cataloguing in Publication Data Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Rome
4. Kumar, Dilip, Abu Tweb Abu Ahmed S.B. Nandi And Andras Peteri.1993. Fish Seed
Rearing Manual. Institutional Strengthening In The Fisheries Sector. Ministry Of Fisheries &
Livestock, Department Of Fisheries, Government Of Bangladesh. United Nations
Development Programme.Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations.
5. Müller, F. and L. Váradi. ---. Chapter 14: Freshwater Cage for Fish Fish Culture Research
Institute .Szarvas, Hungary .
6. SEAFDEC, 2001
7. ---1978. A Report On An Assessment Of The Feasibility Of Introducingcage Culture Of
Marine Fish To Pulau Perhentian Besar And Kuala Setiu Lagoon On East Coast Of
Peninsular Malaysia.South China Sea Fisheries Development And Coordinating
Programme:Cage Culture Of Marine Fish In East Coast Peninsular Malaysia.Agriculture And
Fisheries Department, Hong Kong And And Division Of Fisheries, Ministry Of Agriculture,
Malaysia.
8. ---. 1984. Inland Aquaculture Engineering Adcp/Rep/84/21 Lectures Presented At The Adcp
Inter-Regional Training Course In Inland Aquaculture Engineering, Budapest, 6 June-3
September 1983 Aquaculture Development And Coordination Programme. United Nations
Development Programme. Food and Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations
9. Pen culture (enclosure culture) as an aquaculture system3.htm
10. TILAPIA CAGE CULTURE http://www.da.gov.ph/tips/tilapia/fishcage.html#design
Code No. Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blueprint for Date: Developed Date: Revised Page #
Cages and Pens May, 2005 April, 2006 99
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CAF-Interpreting Blueprint for Cages
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