CAF-Interpreting Blueprint for Tanks

Learning Outcome #4 : Determine number of farm facilities to be used

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read the following information: • Information Sheet # 4-1: “Different farm
facilities”
• Information Sheet # 4-1:
“Different farm facilities” • Information sheet # 4-2:”Lay-out and plan
farm facilities”
• Information sheet # 4-2:”Lay-out
and plan farm facilities”

2. Field visits and observations of farm • Visit to farm site to observe practices in
practices in identifying different farm identifying different farm facilities
facilities

3. Do Self-Check # 4-1 • Self - Check # 4-1
4. Check your answer • Answer Key # 4-1

Information sheet # 4-2:”Lay-out and plan farm facilities”

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INFORMATION SHEET # 4-1

DIFFERENT FARM FACILITIES

Aquaculture systems can be as simple as a few tanks and a filter, or they can be large
commercial size operations. This page will give you some background information on the basic
components that you will need to set up your system. Here you will also find general ideas of
types of aquaculture facilities, as well as, examples of simple, easy to set-up systems and
schematics on how to construct them. Remember these drawings are just beginning set-ups,
once you have established your system, feel free to experiment on some aspects of it so it can
better suit your needs. In order to provide you with a better aquaculture background, you will
also find an introduction into water quality and management vital to success in your aquaculture
endeavors.

Necessary components for Aquaculture systems includes the following:

Tanks

Aeration Devices

Filtration

Pumps

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The different aquaculture facilities and equipment

Blowers, Air Pumps and Compressors

This page contains background material on many terms you will encounter when choosing
between blowers, air pumps, and compressors for your system. You may also click on any of
the following terms to get descriptions of each: blower, air pump, and compressor.

Oil-less air compressors. The primary difference between the names blowers, air pumps and
compressors is the pressure to which they can compress air. All air compressors used for
aquaculture purposes should be "oil-less".

Air pressure. First determine the pressure required. To form bubbles you must have enough
pressure to overcome the water pressure at the diffuser's depth, the piping friction loss and the
diffuser's resistance to air flow. Here is an example: With a water depth of 36 inches, a low-
restriction piping system, say 4 inches H2O and a low-resistance air diffuser, say 10 inches
H2O (just prior to cleaning). You will need air pressure of at least 50 inches H2O. This is equal
to about 2 psi. Regenerative blower type compressors are preferred in the aquaculture industry
because they are the most reliable and economical in this pressure range.

Air volume. Your next consideration is the volume of the air needed to accomplish the job. If
you have only one fish room for example, you may want one linear air pump compressor with
an additional one for emergency back up. In a larger facility, you might want two or more
primary blower compressors and one emergency back up.

Air flow. When using low pressure air, it's important that the air piping system and diffuser
offer little resistance to air flow.

Special situations. If you must go deep under the water or use a high-resistance diffuser,
you'll need to look at higher pressure compressors.

Key Terms:

cfm - cubic feet per minute
psi - pounds per square inch (the higher the pressure in the system, the lower the flow - cfm -
will be)
diffuser - attachment to air lines which emits extremely fine air bubbles into the water
increasing the surface area of the air bubbles, which increases the amount of air diffused into
the water

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Blowers

A manifold with four diffusers

Blowers are designed to provide large volumes of air at low pressures (less than 4 psi) and are
most commonly used in conjunction with air diffusers and air lifts. This combination adds
oxygen and removes CO2 with low power consumption. Typical applications include
recirculating fish systems, bait and lobster holding facilities, and shallow pond aeration.

Air Pumps

Fractional horsepower linear compressors fill the
gap between aquarium air pumps and blowers. Units
supply up to 4.8 cfm and can push down to 10 feet.
Many are outdoor rated, increasing their range of use.
These fit perfectly in applications such as Koi ponds,
bait shop tanks, classrooms, laboratories, etc.

Compressors

Oil-less rotary vane and piston compressors are the
tool to use where depths are greater than 8 feet such
as lake aeration, algae culture and lobster pounds.
These compressors allow airlines to be run thousands
of feet when electricity is not near the water body. As
little as a ¾ hp compressor can be used to aerate and
destratify a eutrophic 10 acre lake.

Filter

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In the world of aquaculture, filtration and biofiltration are very distinct and separate entities and
they must be treated as such. Filtration is the removal of solid waste, whereas biofiltration is the
biological process which eliminates toxic nitrogenous wastes. This page will cover these
differences, as well as delving into some of the numerous types of filtration devices.

Rotating Biological Contactor: A biofilter converting ammonia to nitrate

Bio Balls

Bio-Fill

Biofiltration media is merely a mass of surfaces serving as the attachment basis for micro-
organisms. The spacing between these surfaces is important, both for the passage of water and
to provide sufficient room for bacterial growth. The biggest cause of biofilter fouling is solid
waste, which grows heterotrophic bacteria. Always try to filter out all solids prior to your biofilter.
Bio Barrels, Bio

Balls, Bio Strata, Bio-FillTM, scrub pads, and even sand can be used as biofilter media. It is
recommended that you use approximately 300 sq. ft. of surface area per 100 lbs. of fish in a
warm water recirculating system. To give a general idea, these manufactured media range
from 26-370 square feet of surface area per every cubic foot of media. Another general rule of
thumb is having the volume of the biofilter to be around 15% of the total volume of the system.

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Other facilities and equipment use in removing solid wastes

Sedimentation - removal of solid wastes from the water

1. Do whatever is possible to allow fish feces to drop intact into the waste collection
area or self cleaning bottom with minimal damage. Minimize the use of pumps,
aerators and air diffusers wherever feces is present.

2. Do not pump the waste prior to separation. Design for gravity flow (or siphon) into a
sedimentation tank or basin. Splashing and turbulence can attach air bubbles and
break apart solids. Feces and food particles smaller than 40 microns may not settle
without chemical floculents.

3. Always locate your biofilter after the solids removal system. Solids provide carbon for
heterotrophic bacteria which can foul a biofilter and/or reduce its performance.

4. Clean both the settling area and filters at least once a day even if they contain little
waste.

5. If further filtration is required after sedimentation, pump the water to an affinity bead
clarifier or particulate filter.

Sedimentation Basin Design

Here is a good sedimentation basin design: Wide inlet (to reduce velocity), a surface area of
.7 to 1.4 sq. ft. of basin per gpm flow (for feces with a specific gravity of 1.01 or greater),
wide outlet weir (never a stand pipe), no baffles (which increase velocities) and a simple
waste drain. A depth of just a few inches is enough for most designs.

Degassing - removal of dangerous gasses from the water

Degassing is a process which is used to remove undesirable gasses, that are present in
greater concentrations in the water than would otherwise naturally be found. When they are
in this state, such gasses are called supersaturated gasses. A supersaturated gas has a
natural tendency, when exposed to an interface between air and water to escape out of the
water and into the surrounding air. (This is like in fizzy drinks, where while enclosed in a can

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and under pressure the gas stays in solution, but when the can is opened the pressure of
the liquid reduces suddenly. The ability of the drink to hold such an amount of gas is
reduced and the gas has a route to escape through the surface of the drink. The gas forms
bubbles in the glass as it tries to escape.) The main function of a degasser is to create a
large interface between the water and the air. This is achieved in a variety of ways. One
way is by heavy aeration, where the surface area of the bubbles creates a large interface as
they rise through the water. Aeration also creates a lot of turbulence, bringing water to the
surface where the gas can escape directly to the atmosphere. Another degassing method is
letting the water fall over weirs and cascades, where it is broken up
into droplets, thereby increasing the interface. Also commonly used
are packed columns, which are vessels filled with a type of media
over which the water runs.

A simple degassing column

Air is drawn through the column against the film of water which coats
the media. To achieve full degassing, as is desirable with
supersaturated nitrogen, it is necessary to create a vacuum at the air
water interface, this has the effect of "drawing" the supersaturated
gas out of the water at a faster rate than would otherwise be
achieved. These devices are known as vacuum degassers.

Protein Skimmers (Foam Fractionators)

Protein skimmers are helpful in removing dissolved organic material
from water, and are beneficial for improving water clarity, aeration
and redox potential in marine systems. These units are often used in conjunction with ozone
generators.

Facilities and equipment used in sterilizing and disinfecting tanks

Ozone Generators
The use of ozone is increasing in popularity for several reasons:

1. It is highly effective in removing organics, pesticides, color and nitrites.
2. It reverts back to oxygen quickly. Unlike chlorine, there are no detrimental

residuals (except in saltwater).
3. It is produced on site, with no electricity near the water.
4. It is economical and nonpolluting, when used correctly.
5. It can be used as a sterilizer, before, during and after water is used for

aquaculture.
6. Ozonization improves biological filtration and particulate filtration.
7. It can remove the biological oxygen demand in the water.
8. It oxidizes long chain molecules, which biofiltration cannot do.

Ozone is generated by passing air or oxygen through a reaction vessel, where either an
electric arc, corona discharge (CD), or an ultraviolet (UV) lamp "excites" the oxygen. In
this reaction oxygen molecules separate into atoms of oxygen which then temporarily
recombine with each other to form ozone. When ozone oxidizes organics only one atom
of oxygen is used, leaving one molecule of oxygen.

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Different Types of Ozone Generators

Ultraviolet lights with a specific ozone generating wave length are generally used to
produce low levels of ozone. The slower the gas moves through the reaction vessel, the
higher the percent of ozone.

The corona discharge (CD) type of uses an electric arc similar to sparks or lightning to
produce higher percentages of ozone by weight. A relatively small CD reaction vessel
can produce a relatively large volume of ozone. The greater the percentage of ozone,
the faster the oxidizing reactions take place.

Ozone can be used in a protein skimmer (foam fractionation device), where it helps the
process while the vessel allows capture of the off gas for venting or ozone destruction.
Ozone works very well in oxygen saturators for the same reasons.

UV Sterilization

Ultraviolet light can be very effective at eliminating viruses, bacteria, algae and fungi.
Since it is the intensity of light that is doing the killing, we must know how much light
energy to use and how much is reaching the target. Just as some sunglasses and
sunscreens reduce UV intensity, so does discolored water, temperatures, turbidity, dirty
quartz sleeves, and even some dissolved salts such as sodium thiosulfate. Old "run
down" lamps also affect the intensity. Even lamp temperatures can reduce output when
operated in cold water temperatures (110°F is maximum UV output).

To insure sterile water using UV light, you must first start with clear water, have a lamp
and flow rate that are sized to deliver the correct amount of irradiation for the target
organism (see an exposures list). If a UV light is flow rated for 15,000 mws and you want
30,000 you can either double the amount of lamps or reduce the flow by half.

Various types of water pumps

With the variety of water pumps available today, selecting the ideal model for your application
can be tricky. The following are a few useful definitions, helpful hints to aid you in your decision:

Centrifugal Pump: Medium- to moderate-pressure, flooded-suction or self-priming
pump. An impeller is used to "sling" water to the outside, pumping by centrifugal force.

Check Valves: Installed on pump outlet to prevent back siphoning when off.
Flooded Suction: Water must enter pump by gravity.

Foot Valve: Installed on a pump inlet to prevent the loss of prime during non-
operational periods.

Freshwater Pumps: Freshwater pumps can be used with salt water for brief periods
and experience only minimal corrosion. Rinse with fresh water after use.

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Head: The amount of pressure that a pump must work against during operation. Total
head equals feet of vertical lift plus friction. The amount of head is an important value
when sizing a pump correctly. One psi equals 27 inches of water.

Friction: The loss in pressure and volume that occurs when liquids travel through pipes,
fittings and other restrictive elements of a piping system.

GPM: U.S. gallons per minute.
Pedestal Pump: A self-supporting pump mounted above a long shaft with the motor
above water and the intake below the water level.

Pressure Curves: Motor overload can occur if pumps are operated below the lowest
pressures depicted by the curves shown in the pumps specifications. If your application
does not have sufficient head pressure to stay within the curve you should throttle the
outlet with a valve or other restriction. Use an amp meter for guidance.

Propeller Pump: A submersible pump with a propeller which draws water through a
housing. Propeller pumps are usually high volume low head.

Saltwater Compatible: Our saltwater-compatible pumps are
rated for long-term continuous duty with salt water. Little
corrosion should occur within 1 year.

Spherical Pump: A silent pump that has only one moving part
an induction driven impeller. Spherical pumps have no motor
shaft, seals or bearings, making them virtually maintenance
free.

Trash Pump: A centrifugal pump that can pass large objects,
including sand, gravel and mud. Often used for dewatering
ponds.

Vertical Pump: A centrifugal pump mounted in a vertical
direction. Vertical pumps usually have a long shaft with the
motor mounted above water.

Efficiency Tips

As efficiency relates to aquaculture, pumping and aeration are the two biggest consumers of
electricity. After feed costs and labor, electricity is probably your next highest overhead
expense. Be careful when selecting a pump. Do not compare them by their horse power alone.

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What is more important is their amp usage. Often, a cheap pump has an undersized motor that
must work very hard to do the job volume. This may be an appropriate pump selection for
temporary or noncritical applications, but not where the lives of your animals are concerned.
Often, pool type pumps when used for low pressure aquaculture applications, work with an
overloaded motor.

Operating an undersized motor in the duty range of its service factor is acceptable from the
pump manufacturers point of view, but not a fish farmer's point of view. It lowers the pump's
cost (which looks good to you), but it increases its energy consumption and operating
temperature. Higher operating temperature shortens pump life.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 4-2

LAY-OUT AND PLAN FARM FACILITIES

Figure 1. Required unit processes and some typical components used in recirculating
aquaculture production systems.

Source: ----------.FS No. 41/03: Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems-an overview of critical
considerations. Primary Industries and Resources SA.

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Schematic diagram of the closed (recirculating) system used to maintain unionid mussels in
captivity. The system consisted of two duplicate untis(only one is depicted). Each unit
continued eighteen 38 L aquaria arranged in a 3 x6 array (only 6 shown) and separate units for
filtration, temperature control and water quality monitoring. Arrows indicate the direction water
flow through the system.

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A typical plumbing layout for the conditioning room tanks

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Title JOB SHEET #4-1

Farm visit and observations on practices in identifying
different farm facilities

Purpose: To familiarize oneself to the different farm facilities and
Equipment, Tools and Materials how they are being laid-out in the area.

Pens, notebook, pencil, tracing paper, camera

Precautions Observe standard workplace procedure

Procedures:
1. Visit and aquaculture farm with tank system.

2. Observe and identify the existing facilities of the farm.

3. Take note of the places where these facilities are laid-up. Make an sketch of how the
system is set-up.

4. Confer with the farm technician for some details you want to gather.

5. As part of your activity, draw the lay-out plan of the farm facilities. In your report, make a
discussion regarding the farm lay-out. Be ready to report this to the facilitator.

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SELF-CHECK # 4-1

1. What are the four necessary components for aquaculture systems?

1. Tanks
2. Aeration
3. Pump
4. Filtration

2. What is the difference between Filtration and Biofiltration?

In the world of aquaculture, filtration and biofiltration are very distinct and separate entities and
they must be treated as such. Filtration is the removal of solid waste, whereas biofiltration is the
biological process which eliminates toxic nitrogenous wastes. This page will cover these
differences, as well as delving into some of the numerous types of filtration devices.

3. Define centrifugal pump?

It is a medium- to moderate-pressure, flooded-suction or self-priming pump. An impeller is
used to "sling" water to the outside, pumping by centrifugal force

4. What is freshwater pumps

Freshwater Pumps: Freshwater pumps can be used with salt water for brief periods and
experience only minimal corrosion. Rinse with fresh water after use.

5. Discuss about vertical pump

Vertical Pump: A centrifugal pump mounted in a vertical direction. Vertical pumps usually
have a long shaft with the motor mounted above water.

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ANSWER KEY # 4-1

1. What are the four necessary components for aquaculture systems?

1. Tanks
2. Aeration
3. Pump
4. Filtration

2. What is the difference between Filtration and Biofiltration?

In the world of aquaculture, filtration and biofiltration are very distinct and separate entities and
they must be treated as such. Filtration is the removal of solid waste, whereas biofiltration is the
biological process which eliminates toxic nitrogenous wastes. This page will cover these
differences, as well as delving into some of the numerous types of filtration devices.

3. Define centrifugal pump?

It is a medium- to moderate-pressure, flooded-suction or self-priming pump. An impeller is
used to "sling" water to the outside, pumping by centrifugal force

4. What is freshwater pumps

Freshwater Pumps: Freshwater pumps can be used with salt water for brief periods and
experience only minimal corrosion. Rinse with fresh water after use.

5. Discuss about vertical pump

Vertical Pump: A centrifugal pump mounted in a vertical direction. Vertical pumps usually
have a long shaft with the motor mounted above water.

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PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT

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EVIDENCE PLAN

Sector: AGRI-FISHERY

Unit of Competency: Construct Aquaculture Facilities

Module Title: Reviewing, Designing and Interpreting Blue Print for Tank

Ways in which evidences will be collected: Interview
Demonstration
(tick the column) with Questioning
Observation
The evidence must show that the candidate … with Questioning
Presentation of
Final Product
Third Party
Report
Portfolio

1. Determine number, size of compartment, depth of XX
tank, based on the area available and the species to
be cultured XX
• Factors to consider in constructing fish tank XX
XX
• Blue print reading

2. Identify materials to be used as to production and
capitalization
• Materials for tank construction
• Budgetary/Financial requirements

3. Plot markers as guide to the lay-out
• Marking of construction area

4. Determine number of farm facilities to be used
• Different farm facilities

Note: *Critical aspects of competency

Prepared by: Date:
Date:
Instructor
Supervisor

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PERFORMANCE TEST

Learner’s Name: Date:
Competency:
Test Attempt
1st 2nd 3rd

Directions: OVERALL EVALUATION

Level

CALL INSTRUCTOR. Ask Achieved PERFORMANCE LEVELS
instructor to assess your
performance in the following 4 – Can perform this skill without supervision
critical task and performance and with initiative and adaptability to
problem situations.

criteria below. 3 – Can perform this skill satisfactorily without
assistance or supervision.

You will be rate based on the 2 – Can perform this skill satisfactorily but
overall evaluation on the requires some assistance and/or
right side. supervision.

1 – Can perform parts of this skill satisfactorily,
but requires considerable assistance and/or
supervision.

Instructor will initial the level achieved.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Yes No N/A

For acceptable achievement, all items should receive a “Yes”

or “N/A” response.
1. Identifies the number and size of compartments

2. Determines tank depth

3. Lists and identified materials

4. Computes budgetary requirement properly

5. Bill of materials for tank

6. Plots markers to identified area of construction

7. Explains importance of markers

8. Determines number of farm facilities

9. Plan and lay-out other farm facilities

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DEMONSTRATION WITH QUESTIONING

Candidate’s name: Aquaculture NC II
Assessor’s Name:
Competency Assessment Title:
Qualification:
Date of Assessment:
Tome of Assessment:
Instructions for Demonstration:

Given the following material, tools and equipment, the candidate must be able to review, design

and lay-out blue print for tank

Pencil, tracing paper, lay out plan, calculator, ruler

OBSERVATION Tick (9) to show if evidence is
demonstrated

During the demonstration of skills, did the candidate: Yes No ACTUAL
1.0 – 3.0 5.0

1. Determine the number, sizes and depth of tanks ………

2. List needed materials ………

3. Canvass and make estimate of the price of the ………
needed materials

4. Plot markers to identify construction area ………

5. Identify other farm facilities ………

6. Plan and lay-out the plan for the farm facilities ………

………

The candidate’s demonstration was:

Rating ______________

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DEMONSTRATION (continued) Satisfactory Response
Yes No
Questions
The candidate should answer the following questions:

1. What is a circular tank?

2. What is a rectangular tank?

3. What is the difference between raceways and round tanks?

4. Name the type of materials used in constructing tanks?

5. What are the four necessary components for aquaculture
systems

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Record of Achievement

Module: Reviewing, designing and interpreting blue print for tank
Learning Outcome # 1: Determine number, size of compartments, depth of trucks,

base on the area available and the species for culture
Performance Criteria:

1. Number and size of compartments are identified
2. Tank depth is determined

COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.

Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….

Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..

Date: ……………………………………………………….

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Record of Achievement

Module: Reviewing, designing and interpreting blue print for tank
Learning Outcome #2: Identify materials to be used as to production and capitalization
Performance Criteria:

1. Materials are listed and identified
2. Budgetary requirement is properly computed
3. Bill of materials for tank

COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.

Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….

Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..

Date: ……………………………………………………….

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Record of Achievement

Module: Reviewing, designing and interpreting blue print for tank
Learning Outcome #3 : Plot markers as guide to the lay out
Performance Criteria:

1. Markers are plotted to identified area of construction
2. Importance of markers is explained

COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.

Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….

Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..

Date: ……………………………………………………….

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Record of Achievement

Module: Reviewing, designing and interpreting blue print for tank
Learning Outcome #4 : Determine number of farm facilities to be used
Performance Criteria:

1. Number of farm facilities are determined
2. Other farm facilities are planned and laid out

COMMENTS:
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.

Learner’s signature: ……………………………………….

Trainer’s signature: ………………………………………..

Date: ……………………………………………………….

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Learner’s diary

DIARY NOTES

Record important dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing further
details to your Assessor.
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TECHNICAL TERMS

1. Aeration adding oxygen to water by spraying or bubbling air through the
2. Aquaculture water

3. Bio-filter fishery operations involving all forms of raising and culturing
4. Brackishwater fish and other fishery species in fresh, brackish and marine
5. Cage water areas. The rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled
6. Dissolved or semi-controlled conditions

oxygen device used to restore the quality of water

7. Fish water mixture of freshwater and sea water

8. Fish culture an enclosure to hold fish in water
9. Fish farming
the amount of elemental oxygen present in a solution. In the
10. Fish fingerlings aquatic environment the DO is affected by temperature,
11. Fish pond salinity, altitude and is largely controlled by photosynthesis and
12. Fisheries respiration

13. Flood tide is defined as a cold-blooded animal typically with scales and
14. Freshwater backbones and can breathe under water because of its special
respiratory organ, the gills.
aquaculture
15. Fry breeding and cultivation of fish in bodies of water.
16. Intensive
the business of producing, propagating, transporting,
culture processing and selling cultured fish or shellfish raised in a
17. Natural food private pond, raceway or tank.
18. pH
19. Photosynthesis a stage in the life cycle of the fish measuring to about 6-13 cm
depending on the species.

a land-based facility enclosed with earthen or stone material to
impound water for growing fish.

refers to all activities relating to the act or business of fishing,
culturing, preserving, processing, marketing, developing,
conserving and managing aquatic resources and the fishery
areas, including the privilege to fish or take aquatic resource
thereof (RA 8550 – The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998).

refers to the incoming or rising tide

fish propagation or culture using freshwater

newly hatched fish exhibiting the external characteristics of the
adults

the rearing of aquaculture organism in extremely high densities
with great measure of control in the hands of the culturist

the food that a fish eats in nature

the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
expressed in gram equivalent

the elaboration of organic matter from carbon dioxide and

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20. Phytoplankton water in the presence of chlorophyll, light and certain enzymes

21. Plankton the plant constituent of the plankton community, tiny green or
22. Salinity brown plants that are microscopic, free-floating in water that
23. Stress are used as food by fish
24. Tank
aquatic organisms that are suspended in the water column and
are at the mercy of current

the measure of the total amount of dissolved salts in a sample
of water, in parts per thousand

any change that is not normal in the environment that creates
problems

a relatively small culture chamber. It may be round,
rectangular, square or another shape

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REFERENCES

1. Caldwell, James. 1998. Why Use Aquaculture as an Educational Tool? The Conservation
Fund’s Freshwater Institute. PO Box 1889 Shepherdstown, West Virginia .Conservation
Fund Version 3.0.

2. Losordo, Thomas M., Michael P. Masser and James Rakocy.1998. SRAC Publication
No. 451: Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production SystemsAn Overview of Critical
Considerations. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center.

3. Masser, Michael P. and John W. Jensen. 1991. SRAC Publication No. 103. Calculating
Area and Volume of Ponds and Tanks. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Alabama
Cooperative Extension Service

4. Miller. 2004. Chapter 1: Location of structure on site.pdf

5. Rakocy, James E.1989. L-2409 SRAC Publication No. 282.Tank Culture of Tilapia..
Southern Regional Aquaculture Center

6. Tankersley, Richard A. and Steven W. Butz.. 1998. Design, construction and evaluation
of a laboratory-scale recirculating aquaculture system for the captive care freshwater
mussels. In: Proceeding of the Conservation Captive Care and Propagation of
Freshwater Mussels Symposium. Ohio Biological Society.

7. ----------.FS No. 41/03: Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems-an overview of
critical considerations. Primary Industries and Resources SA.

8. http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/extension/Classroom/startup.htm

9. http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/extension/Classroom/Tanks.htm

10. http://www.ferrocement.com/tankBook/intro.en.html

11. http://www.ferrocement.com/tankBook/ch1.en.html

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The following learning materials for the Aquaculture Course was prepared for the Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority ( TESDA ) under the supervision of the primary
contractor, the State Alliance Enterprises, Inc.

The members of the writing theme from the University of the Philippines ( UP Diliman ) and the
Central Luzon State University ( CLSU ) were the following :

Team Leaders Dr. Tereso A. Abella
Members Executive Director
Fisheries and Aquaculture Center

Dr. Gavino C Trono Jr.
UP Marine Science Institute

Dr. Arsenia G. Cagauan
Fisheries and Environment

Prof. Rodora M. Bartolome Aquaculture

Ms. Janet O. Saturno
Agriculture

Engr. Zaldy Bartolome
Agricultural Engineering

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