Modul A+ Fizik Tg 4_Pan Asia Publications

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K


andungan











Bab 1 Pengukuran Bab 4 Haba
Measurement Heat

1.1 Kuantiti Fizik 4.1 Keseimbangan Terma
Physical Quantities......................................................1 Thermal Equilibrium .................................................87
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1.2 Penyiasatan Saintifik 4.2 Muatan Haba Tentu
Scientific Investigations ...............................................4 Specific Heat Capacity ..............................................92
4.3 Haba Pendam Tentu
Soalan Berformat SPM .....................................................10 Specific Latent Heat...................................................99
4.4 Hukum Gas
Gas Laws .................................................................105

Bab 2 Daya dan Gerakan I Soalan Berformat SPM ...................................................111
Force and Motion I

2.1 Gerakan Linear Bab 5 Gelombang
Linear Motion ............................................................16 Waves
2.2 Graf Gerakan Linear
Linear Motion Graph ................................................24 5.1 Asas Gelombang
2.3 Gerakan Jatuh Bebas Fundamental of Waves ............................................122
Free Fall Motion .......................................................34 5.2 Pelembapan dan Resonans
2.4 Inersia Damping and Resonance .........................................128
Inertia ........................................................................35 5.3 Pantulan Gelombang
2.5 Momentum Reflection of Waves ..................................................131
Momentum .................................................................40 5.4 Pembiasan Gelombang
2.6 Daya Refraction of Waves .................................................137
Force..........................................................................43 5.5 Pembelauan Gelombang
2.7 Impuls dan Daya Impuls Diffraction of Waves ................................................142
Impulse and Impulsive Force ....................................46 5.6 Interferens Gelombang
2.8 Berat Waves Interference ..................................................147
Weight ........................................................................49 5.7 Gelombang Elektromagnet
Electromagnetic Waves ............................................154
Soalan Berformat SPM .....................................................51
Soalan Berformat SPM ...................................................157



Bab 3 Kegravitian Bab 6 Cahaya dan Optik
Light and Optics
Gravitation
6.1 Pembiasan Cahaya
3.1 Hukum Kegravitian Semesta Newton Refraction of Light ..................................................169
Law of Universal Gravitation ...................................64 6.2 Pantulan Dalam Penuh
3.2 Hukum Kepler Total Internal Reflection ..........................................174
Kepler’s Law ..............................................................72 6.3 Pembentukan Imej oleh Kanta
3.3 Satelit Buatan Manusia Image Formation by Lenses ....................................179
Man Made Satellites ..................................................74 6.4 Formula Kanta Nipis
Soalan Berformat SPM .....................................................80 Thin Lens Formula ..................................................185
6.5 Peralatan Optik
Optical Instruments .................................................187
6.6 Pembentukan Imej oleh Cermin Sfera
Image Formation by Spherical Mirror ....................189
Soalan Berformat SPM ...................................................195
















00_Modul A+ Fizik Tg4.indd 3 26/07/2020 9:16 PM

Bab

1 Pengukuran

Measurement





1.1 Kuantiti Fizik
Physical Quantities



Nota
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1. Kuantiti fizik ialah kuantiti fizikal yang boleh diukur.
Physical quantity is a physical quantity that can be measured.
2. Kuantiti fizik dapat diwakili dengan simbol kuantiti, magnitud dan unit.
Physical quantity can be represented by the symbol of the quantity, magnitude and unit.

Contoh/Example
Jisim seorang lelaki ialah 75 kg. Magnitud
Mass of a man is 75 kg. Magnitude




Simbol kuantiti fizik
Symbol of physical m = 75 kg Unit
quantity


3. Kuantiti fizik boleh diukur menggunakan unit imperial atau unit metrik.
Physical quantities can be measured by using imperial unit or metric unit.

Contoh/Example

Kuantiti fizik Unit imperial Unit metrik
Physical quantity Imperial unit Metric unit
Panjang inci sentimeter
Length inches centimeter

Jarak batu kilometer
Distance mile kilometer

Pada masa kini, unit imperial ini jarang digunakan.
Nowadays, the imperial unit is seldom used.
4. Sistem Unit Antarabangsa, biasanya disebut sebagai unit S.I. merupakan unit pengukuran selaras yang
digunakan di seluruh dunia. Ianya dapat memudahkan kerja-kerja dalam bidang saintifik, perubatan,
perdagangan, sukan dan sebagainya. Contoh unit S.I. adalah seperti meter, saat, kilogram dan ampere.
International Unit System, usually known as S.I. unit is a standardise measuring unit used all over the world. This
standardised measurement unit make activities in scientific field, medical, commercial, sports and others more
convenient. Examples of S.I. units are such as meter, second, kilogram and ampere.

5. Kuantiti fizik boleh dikelaskan kepada dua kumpulan.
Physical quantities can be classified into two groups.
(a) Kuantiti asas/Base quantity
Kuantiti asas ialah kuantiti fizik yang tidak boleh diterbitkan daripada kuantiti fizik yang lain. Contohnya
seperti jisim, panjang dan masa.
Base quantity is a physical quantity that cannot be derived from other physical quantities. Example such as mass,
length and time.
(b) Kuantiti terbitan/Derived quantity
Kuantiti terbitan ialah kuantiti fizik yang diperolehi dengan menggabungkan kuantiti asas melalui
operasi pendaraban, pembahagian atau kedua-duanya. Unitnya diperolehi daripada kombinasi unit
asas yang digunakan. Contohnya seperti halaju, pecutan dan tekanan.
Derived quantity is a physical quantity which is obtained by combining base quantities by multiplication, division
or both these operations. Its unit is derived from the combination of the base unit used. Example such as
velocity, acceleration and pressure.


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(c) Rumus digunakan untuk memerihalkan kuantiti terbitan dalam sebutan kuantiti asas. Seterusnya dari
rumus tersebut unit kuantiti terbitan dalam unit asas boleh diperolehi.
Formulas are used to describe derived quantities in terms of base quantities. From the formulas unit for derived
quantities in base unit can be obtained.

Contoh/Example

Kuantiti terbitan Rumus Sebutan dalam Unit S.I.
Derived quantity Formula kuantiti asas S.I. unit
m
Ketumpatan ρ = — Terms in base kg m –3
Density v quantities
m
———–
l × l × l

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6. Kuantiti skalar: Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud tetapi tiada arah.
Scalar quantities: Physical quantity that have magnitude but no direction.
7. Kuantiti vektor: Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud dan arah.
Vector quantities: Physical quantity that have magnitude and direction.





A Kuantiti asas dan kuantiti terbitan
Base quantity and derived quantity
1. Jadual 1.1 menunjukkan kuantiti asas bersama simbol kuantitinya. Lengkapkan jadual untuk unit SI dan simbol unit
masing-masing.
Table 1.1 shows base quantities and their respective quantity symbols. Complete the table for the respective SI units and unit
symbols. TP 1

Kuantiti asas Simbol kuantiti Unit S.I. Simbol unit S.I.
Base quantity Quantity symbol S.I. unit S.I. unit symbol

Panjang / Length l metre m

Jisim / Mass m kilogram kg

Masa / Time t second s

Arus elektrik / Electric current I ampere A

Suhu mutlak / Absolute temperature T kelvin K

Keamatan berluminositi / Luminous intensity I v candela cd

Kuantiti jirim / Quantity of matter n mol mol
Jadual 1.1/Table 1.1

2. Jadual 1.2 menunjukkan beberapa kuantiti terbitan dalam sebutan kuantiti asas. Lengkapkan jadual tersebut.
Table 1.2 shows some derived quantities expressed in base quantities. Complete the table. TP 3
Hubungan dengan Sebutan dalam unit Unit S.I.
Kuantiti terbitan Rumus kuantiti asas (Jika ada)
asas
Derived quantity Formula Relation with base Terms in base unit S.I. unit
quantities (If any)
Luas, A
Area, A A = l 2 l × l m × m = m 2 –
Isipadu, V
Volume, V V = l 3 l × l × l m × m × m = m 3 –
Ketumpatan, ρ m m
Density, ρ ρ = — ———– kg m –3 –
V
l × l × l

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Hubungan dengan Unit S.I.
Kuantiti terbitan Rumus kuantiti asas Sebutan dalam unit (Jika ada)
Derived quantity Formula Relation with base asas S.I. unit
quantities Terms in base unit (If any)
l
Halaju, v l —
Velocity, v v = — t m s –1 –
t
ml
Momentum, p —–
Momentum, p p = mv t kg m s –1 –
Pecutan, a v —––
l
t
Acceleration, a a = — t × t m s –2 –
Daya, F ml
Force, F F = ma —–– kg m s –2 Newton, N
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t × t
Tekanan, P F m × l
–1
A
Pressure, P P = — —–———– kg m s –2 Pascal, P
t × t × l × l
Jadual 1.2/Table 1.2
B Kuantiti skalar dan kuantiti vektor
Scalar quantities and vector quantities

Berikan lima contoh kuantiti skalar dan kuantiti vektor.
Give five examples of scalar quantities and vector quantities. TP 1

Kuantiti fizik/Physical quantity



Kuantiti skalar/Scalar quantity Kuantiti vektor/Vector quantity


Luas/Area Daya/Force
Isi padu/Volume Sesaran/Displacement
Kerja/Work Halaju/Velocity
Ketumpatan/Density Pecutan/Acceleration
Suhu/Temperature Momentum/Momentum





Uji Kendiri 1.1


Kaji pernyataan berikut dengan teliti dan kemudian,
Study the following descriptions carefully and then, KBAT Mengaplikasi
(a) gariskan kuantiti fizikal yang terlibat.
underline the physical quantities involved.
(b) kelaskan kuantiti-kuantiti tersebut untuk melengkapkan jadual.
classify the quantities to complete the table.

Kuantiti
Pernyataan Kuantiti asas Kuantiti terbitan Kuantiti vektor
Description of events Base quantity Derived quantity skalar Vector quantity
Scalar quantity
(i) Sebiji bola dengan jisim 1.2 kg
dijatuhkan dari atas meja dengan
halaju
halaju
–1
halaju 2.0 m s . jisim velocity jisim velocity
mass
mass
A ball of mass 1.2 kg is dropped from a
table with a velocity of 2.0 m s .
–1



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Pernyataan Kuantiti asas Kuantiti terbitan Kuantiti Kuantiti vektor
skalar
Description of events Base quantity Derived quantity Vector quantity
Scalar quantity
(ii) Suhu secawan kopi ialah 65 °C.
suhu
suhu
The temperature of a cup of coffee is temperature – temperature –
65 °C.
(iii) Sebuah kereta dengan jisim
1 000 kg berhenti dengan pecutan
seragam –5 m s . Halaju awal pecutan, halaju pecutan, halaju
–2
kereta tersebut ialah 6 m s . jisim acceleration, jisim acceleration,
–1
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mass
mass
A car of mass 1 000 kg comes to a stop velocity velocity
with a uniform acceleration of –5 m s .
–2
The initial velocity of the car is 6 m s .
–1
(iv) Sebuah motor dengan kuasa
200 000 W digunakan untuk
menarik beban dengan jisim 450 kg. jisim kuasa kuasa, jisim –
A motor with a power of 200 000 W is mass power power, mass
used to pull a load with a mass of
450 kg.







1.2 Penyiasatan Saintifik
Scientific Investigations



Nota

A Taksiran bentuk-bentuk graf
Interpretation of the shapes of graph

y y y
c



c

0 x 0 x 0 x

Hubungan/Relationship: Hubungan/Relationship: Hubungan/Relationship:
y berkadar terus dengan x y bertambah secara linear y berkurang secara linear dengan
y is directly proportional to x dengan x x
Persamaan/Equation: y increases linearly with x y decreases linearly with x
y = mx Persamaan/Equation: Persamaan/Equation:
y = mx + c y = –mx + c
















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y y y y








1
0 x 0 — 0 x 0 x
x
Hubungan/Relationship: Hubungan/Relationship:
y berkadar songsang dengan x y bertambah dengan x
y is inversely proportional to x y increases with x
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Persamaan/Equation:
1
y = —
x
y
y
Hubungan/Relationship:
y berkurang dengan x
y decreases with x



0 x 0 x




B Menganalisis graf
Analysing graph
Perkara penting dalam menganalisis graf:
Important things in graph analysis:
(a) Mentafsir bentuk graf untuk mendapatkan hubungan antara dua pemboleh ubah.
Interpret shape of graph to determine the relationship between two variables.
(b) Menghitung kecerunan serta menentukan kuantiti fizik yang mewakili kecerunan.
Calculate the gradient and determine the physical quantity that represents the gradient.


Contoh/Example

Langkah untuk
2
T / s 2 menentukan
kecerunan graf Lukis segi tiga.
Draw a triangle.
Steps to determine
3.0 the gradient of the [saiz/size: > 8 cm × 8 cm]
graph
2.5
Menggantikan
2.0 nilai menggunakan
formula: Jawapan dengan
Substitute the value unit yang betul.
1.5 Answer with correct
using formula:
y – y unit.
1
2
m = ———–
1.0 x – x
2 1
0.5 2.5 – 0.25
m = ——–—–—
90 – 10
2
= 0.028 s g –1
0 20 40 60 80 100 m/ g





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(c) Menghitung luas di bawah graf serta menentukan kuantiti fizik yang mewakilinya.
Calculate the area under the graph and determine the physical quantity that represents it.
(d) Menentukan nilai kuantiti fizik secara interpolasi.
Determine physical quantity by interpolation.
(e) Meramalkan nilai kuantiti fizik secara ekstrapolasi.
Predict the physical quantity by extrapolation.

C Penyiasatan saintifik
Scientific investigation
1. Aliran kaedah saintifik untuk menyiasat suatu pernyataan masalah.
The flows of scientific methods to investigate a problem statement.
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Kaedah yang digunakan Mengenal pasti masalah
untuk menyiasat suatu [Kebiasaannya melalui Membuat inferens
pernyataan masalah pemerhatian] Making inference
Methods used to investigate a Identify the problems
problem statement [Usually through observation]


Ditulis sebagai:
(Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas) bergantung
kepada (pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan)
Written as:
(Responding variable) depends on (manipulated variable)






Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah Membentuk hipotesis
Identify the variables Form a hypothesis




Pemboleh ubah Pemboleh ubah Pemboleh ubah Ditulis sebagai:
dimanipulasikan bergerak balas dimalarkan Semakin tinggi/rendah (pemboleh
Manipulated Responding Constant ubah dimanipulasikan), semakin
variable variable variable tinggi/rendah (pemboleh ubah
bergerak balas)
Written as:
The higher/lower the (manipulated
variable), the higher/lower the
(responding variable)






Mereka bentuk Menganalisis data
dan menjalankan dan membuat Menulis laporan
eksperimen kesimpulan Write a report
Design and carry out Analysing data and
the experiment making conclusion


• Plot graf (pemboleh ubah bergerak balas) melawan (pemboleh
ubah dimanipulasikan)
Plot graph of responding variable against manipulated variable.
• Kesimpulan adalah berdasarkan graf.
Conclusion based on the graph





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2. Ciri-ciri penjadualan data
Characteristics of tabulating data

Contoh/Example
Jadual menunjukkan data yang diambil daripada satu eksperimen untuk menentukan hubungan di antara
jisim, m, dan tempoh ayunan, T.
The table shows the data taken from an experiment to determine the relationship between mass, m, and period of
oscillation, T.

Simbol untuk semua kuantiti fizik dan unitnya perlu ditulis dengan betul
Symbols of all the physical quantities and their units must be written correctly


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m (g) t (s) T (s) T (s )
2
2
10
20.0 7.4 0.74 0.55
40.0 10.5 1.05 1.10
60.0 12.9 1.29 1.66
80.0 14.9 1.49 2.22

100.0 16.6 1.66 2.76


Pemboleh ubah Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas. Data dalam setiap
dimanipulasikan (Tempat perpuluhan untuk data lajur harus mempunyai
Manipulated bergantung kepada kepekaan alat tempat perpuluhan
variable pengukur yang digunakan) yang konsisten.
Responding variable. Data in each column
(Decimal places for data is based on the should have consistent
sensitivity of the measuring instrument used) decimal places.



3. Ciri-ciri graf
Characteristics of graph
Tajuk graf
Label setiap paksi Graf T melawan m Title of the graph
2
dengan simbol kuantiti Graph of T against m
2
fizik dan unitnya T / s 2
2
dengan betul. • Saiz graf perlu cukup
Label each axis with besar:
the symbol of physical [> 10 cm × 8 cm
quantity and its unit 3.0 daripada titik pertama
correctly. ke titik terakhir].
Size of the graph should
2.5 be big enough:
[> 10 cm × 8 cm from
the first point to the last
2.0
point].
Skala yang dipilih • Garis penyesuaian
mestilah: 1.5 terbaik atau lengkung
The scale chosen must be: terbaik perlu dilukis.
• Skala genap: The best fit straight line
Even scale: 1.0 or the best curve must be
[1:1, 1:2, 1:5, 1:10, drawn.
1:100] • Garisan perlu jelas dan
• Seragam 0.5 licin.
Uniform The line must be sharp
and smooth.
0 20 40 60 80 100 m / g







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Soalan Berformat SPM




Kertas/Paper 1

1. Kuantiti fizik manakah adalah bukan kuantiti asas? P = ρgh
Which of the following physical quantities is not a base Apakah unit S.I. bagi tekanan, P?
quantity? What is the S.I. unit for pressure, P?
A Berat/Weight A kg m s C kg m s –2
2
–1
B Jisim/Mass B kg m s D kg m s 2
2
2
–2
–1
C Suhu/Temperature
D Panjang/Length 6. Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf hubungan antara
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KLON rintangan, R, dengan luas keratan rentas, A.
2. Antara pasangan yang berikut, manakah menunjukkan SPM Diagram 1 shows a graph of relationship between

kuantiti skalar dan kuantiti vektor dengan betul? resistance, R, and cross-sectional area, A.
Which of the following pairs shows a scalar quantity and KBAT Mengaplikasi
vector quantity correctly? R
Kuantiti skalar Kuantiti vektor
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
A Jisim Masa
Mass Time 1
B Suhu Frekuensi 0 —
A
Temperature Frequency Rajah/Diagram 1
C Ketumpatan Pecutan
Pasangan manakah yang betul?
Density Acceleration Which pair is correct?
D Voltan Arus
Voltage Current Pemboleh ubah Hubungan
bergerak balas Relationship
3. Antara alat pengukur berikut, yang manakah mengukur Responding variable
suatu kuantiti terbitan? A — R berkadar terus dengan —
1
1
Which of the following measuring instruments measures a A A
1
derived quantity? R is directly proportional to —
A C A
B — R bertambah secara linear
1
1
A dengan —
A
1
R increases linearly with —
A
C R R berkadar terus dengan —
1
B D A 1
R is directly proportional to —
A
D R R bertambah secara linear
1
dengan —
A
1
R increases linearly with —
A
4. Pasangan manakah mengandungi kuantiti skalar sahaja?
Which pair contains scalar quantities only? 7. Rajah 2(a) menunjukkan seorang budak menyelam di
A Jarak dan kerja/Distance and work dalam sebuah kolam renang. Telinganya mengalami
B Laju dan berat/Speed and weight sedikit kesakitan. Rajah 2(b) menunjukkan budak itu
C Daya dan momentum/Force and momentum menyelam di dalam laut dengan kedalaman yang sama.
D Sesaran dan luas/Displacement and area Telinganya mengalami lebih kesakitan. Satu eksperimen
dijalankan untuk mengkaji situasi yang diberikan.
5. Tekanan di dalam cecair, P, dipengaruhi oleh ketumpatan Diagram 2(a) shows a boy diving in a swimming pool. His
cecair, ρ, kedalaman, h, dan kekuatan medan graviti, g. ears experience a little pain. Diagram 2(b) shows the boy
The pressure in the liquids, P, depends on the density of diving in the sea with the same depth. His ears experience
liquids, ρ, the depth, h, and strength of the gravitational field more pain. An experiment was carried out to investigate the
strength, g. KBAT Mengaplikasi situation given. KBAT Mengaplikasi






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9. Seorang pelajar menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk
menyiasat hubungan antara jisim beban dan regangan
apabila satu spring diregangkan. Alat pengukur yang
digunakan ialah pembaris meter dan neraca tiga alur.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan catatan data yang diperolehi.
A student carries out an experiment to investigate the
relationship between mass and extension when a spring is
Rajah/Diagram 2(a) Rajah/Diagram 2(b) stretched. The measuring instruments he uses are ruler and
triple beam balance. Diagram 4 shows the draft of his data.
Antara pemboleh ubah-pemboleh ubah berikut, yang
manakah betul? KBAT Mengaplikasi
Which of the following variables are correct? Jisim/Mass, m/g:
20, 35.4, 42.2, 52.2, 65
Pemboleh Pemanjangan spring/Extension of spring, x / cm:
Pemboleh ubah ubah Pemboleh 4.0, 5, 7.4, 8.1, 9
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ubah
dimanipulasikan bergerak Rajah/Diagram 4
Manipulated balas dimalarkan Antara berikut, yang manakah betul untuk penjadualan
variable Responding Constant data?
variable
variable Which of the following is correct for tabulating the data?
A Ketumpatan air Tekanan Kedalaman
Density of water Pressure air A m/g 20 35 42 52 65
Depth of water x/cm 4 5 7 8 9
B Kedalaman air Tekanan Ketumpatan
Depth of water Pressure air B m/g 20 35 42 52 65
Density of x/cm 4.0 5.00 7.40 8.1 9.00
water
C Ketumpatan air Kedalaman Tekanan C m/g 20.0 35.4 42.2 52.2 65.0
Density of water air Pressure x/cm 4 5 7.4 8 9
Depth of water
D Tekanan Ketumpatan Kedalaman D m/g 20.0 35.4 42.2 52.2 65.0
Pressure air air
Density of Depth of water x/cm 4.0 5.0 7.4 8.1 9.0
water
10. Rajah 5 menunjukkan satu graf yang mewakili
pergerakan sebuah kereta.
8. Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu graf sesaran-masa. Diagram 5 shows a graph that represents the motion of a car.
Kecerunan graf mewakili halaju. KBAT
Diagram 3 shows a displacement-time graph. The gradient of v / m s –1 Menganalisis
a graph represents the velocity.
Sesaran (m) 10
Displacement (m)








2
Masa (s)
Time (s)
0 2 4 6 8 t / s
Rajah/Diagram 3
Kuantiti manakah adalah pemboleh ubah Rajah/Diagram 5
dimanipulasikan? Pernyataan manakah benar?
Which quantity is the manipulated variable? Which statement is true?
A Masa A Persamaan graf ialah v = t + 2
Time Equation of the graph is v = t + 2
B Sesaran B Kecerunan graf ialah 5 m s –2
Displacement The gradient of the graph is 5 m s –2
C Halaju C Apabila t = 8, v = 2
Velocity When t = 8, v = 2
D v berkadar langsung dengan t
v is directly proportional to t







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Kertas/Paper 2

Bahagian/Section A

1. Rajah 1 menunjukkan label pada sebuah termos.
Diagram 1 shows the label on a thermos flask. KBAT Mengaplikasi






JENAMA BAGUS JENAMA BAGUS
MODEL 3388
MODEL 3388 INPUT 220V/50Hz
POWER 800W(4.2A)
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INPUT 220 V / 50 Hz
KUASA 800 W (4.2 A)
Rajah/Diagram 1
(a) Berdasarkan Rajah 1,
Based on Diagram 1,
(i) Apakah kuantiti fizik yang ditunjukkan oleh 50 Hz?
What is the physical quantity that is represented by 50 Hz?

Frekuensi/Frequency
[1 markah/mark]
(ii) Nyatakan kuantiti-kuantiti fizik lain yang dinyatakan dalam label.
State other physical quantities stated in the label.

Voltan, kuasa dan arus/Voltage, power and current
[1 markah/mark]
(b) Nyatakan nilai 50 Hz dalam unit kHz dan berikan jawapan anda dalam bentuk piawai.
State the value of 50 Hz in unit kHz and give your answer in standard form.
5.0 × 10 kHz
–2
[1 markah/mark]
(c) Namakan jenis kuantiti fizik bagi jawapan dalam 1(a)(i). Tandakan (✓) jawapan yang betul dalam petak yang
disediakan.
Name the type of physical quantity for the answer in 1(a)(i). Tick (✓) the correct answer in the box provided.

Kuantiti asas Kuantiti terbitan
Base quantity Derived quantity ✓
[1 markah/mark]

2. Encik Ahmad membawa keluarganya bercuti dengan menggunakan van. Mereka bertolak dari Kuala Terengganu menuju
ke Kuala Lumpur pada jam 8.00 malam. Had muatan bagi van tersebut ialah 500 kg. Jisim van dan muatannya ialah
300 kg dan daya geseran purata antara tayar dan jalan raya ialah 5 000 N. Van tersebut bergerak dengan purata halaju
100 km j dari Kuala Terengganu sebelum berhenti rehat di stesen minyak pada jam 11.00 malam. Selepas setengah jam,
-1
mereka meneruskan perjalanan dengan purata halaju 90 km j dan sampai ke destinasi pada jam 5.00 pagi hari berikutnya.
–1
Mr. Ahmad brings his family for a vacation using a van. They move from Kuala Terengganu to Kuala Lumpur at 8.00 p.m. The load limit
for the van is 500 kg. The mass of the van with its load is 300 kg and the average friction between the tires and the road is 5 000 N. The
van moves with average velocity 100 km h from Kuala Terengganu before stop at petrol station to rest at 11.00 p.m. After half an hour
-1
-1
they continue the journey with average velocity 90 km h and reach their destination at 5.00 a.m. the next day. KBAT Menilai
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan kuantiti skalar dan kuantiti vektor?
What is meant by scalar quantity and vector quantity?
Kuantiti skalar: Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud tetapi tiada arah.

Scalar quantity: Physical quantities that have magnitude but no direction.
Kuantiti vektor: Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud dan arah.
Vector quantity: Physical quantities that have magnitude and direction.






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01_Modul A+ Fizik Tg4.indd 12 26/07/2020 9:17 PM

(b) Senaraikan semua kuantiti fizik yang terlibat di atas kepada dua kumpulan.
List out all the physical quantities involved in the situation above in two groups.
Kuantiti asas Kuantiti terbitan
Base quantity Derived quantity
Jisim / Mass Halaju / Velocity
Masa / Time Daya / Force
atau / or
Kuantiti skalar Kuantiti vektor
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
Jisim / Mass Halaju / Velocity
Masa / Time Daya / Force

©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
(c) Nyatakan nilai 100 km j dalam unit m s dan berikan jawapan anda dalam bentuk piawai.
-1
-1
State the value of 100 km j in unit m s and give your answer in standard form.
-1
-1
2.8 × 10 m s -1
[1 markah/mark]
3. Marina menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji hubungan antara panjang bandul dan tempoh ayunan. Susunan radas
bagi eksperimen tersebut adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.
Marina carried out an experiment to determine the relationship between length of the pendulum and period of oscillation. The
arrangement of apparatus for the experiment is shown in Diagram 3. KBAT Menilai
(a) Namakan P dan Q dan nyatakan kuantiti fizik yang diukur.
Name P and Q and state the physical quantity measured. Gabus terbelah
Split cork
Kuantiti fizik yang 0 cm
Radas Nama diukur 1 2
Apparatus Name Physical quantity Benang 3 4
Thread
measured 5 6 7
P Pembaris Panjang 8 9 10
Ruler Length 11 12
P
13
Q Jam randik Masa 14 15 16
Stopwatch Time 17 18 19
[2 markah/marks] 20 21
22
60 5
55
(b) Apakah fungsi pin optik? Bandul 24 25 45 50 10 15
23
What is the function of optic pin? Bob 26 27 40 35 30 25 20
Untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks/To avoid parallax error Pin optik 28 29 30 Q
Optic pin
[1 markah/mark] Rajah/Diagram 3
(c) Jadual 1 menunjukkan data yang diperolehi daripada eksperimen.
Table 1 shows the data of the experiment.
Tempoh,
Masa untuk 20 ayunan lengkap,
Panjang, Time for 20 complete oscillatiom, t / s Period,
2
Length, T / s T /s 2
l / cm Purata Tempoh,
t 1 t 2 Average Period, T / s
20.0 17.3 17.5 17.4 0.87 0.76
30.0 21.9 22.4 22.2 1.11 1.23
40.0 25.0 26.0 25.5 1.28 1.64
50.0 28.1 28.2 28.2 1.41 1.99
60.0 30.6 30.6 30.6 1.53 2.34
Jadual/Table 1
Kenal pasti/Identify:
(i) Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan/Manipulated variable:

Panjang/Length
[1 markah/mark]



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01_Modul A+ Fizik Tg4.indd 13 26/07/2020 9:17 PM

(ii) Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas/Responding variable:
Tempoh ayunan / Period of oscillation

[1 markah/mark]
(iii) Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan/Constant variable:
Jisim bandul/Mass of pendulum
[1 markah/mark]

(d) (i) Hitungkan nilai kuasa dua tempoh, T , bagi setiap nilai panjang bandul. Lengkapkan Jadual 1.
2
Calculate the value of period squared, T , for each length of the pendulum. Complete Table 1.
2
[1 markah/mark]
(ii) Pada kertas graf, plotkan graf T melawan l.
2
On the graph paper, plot the graph T against l.
2
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS


Lukiskan satu graf lengkap T melawan l
2
Draw a complete graph of T against l
2
Berikan satu tanda (✓) untuk yang berikut:
Give a tick (✓) based on the following:
• T berada pada paksi-y, l pada paksi-x ✓
2
T at the y-axis, l at the x-axis
2
• Unit untuk T ialah s dan l ialah cm ✓
2
2
Units for T is s and l is cm
2
2
• Skala untuk kedua-dua paksi adalah seragam dan seimbang ✓
Uniform and even scale at both axes
• 5 titik diplot dengan betul ✓✓
5 points plotted correctly
[Nota: 4 titik diplot dengan betul: ✓]
[Note : 4 points plotted correctly: ✓]
• Garis lurus yang paling sesuai dilukis ✓
Straight line of best fit is drawn
• Saiz graf yang minimum ialah 5 × 4 segi empat sama (1 segi empat ✓
sama: 2 cm × 2 cm)
Minimum size of graph 5 × 4 big squares (Big square : 2 cm × 2 cm)
Markah diberi jika/Marks is awarded if:
Jumlah tanda ✓ Markah
Number of ✓ Marks
7 ✓ 5
6 – 5 ✓ 4
4 ✓ 3
3 – 2 ✓ 2
1 ✓ 1 5


[5 markah/marks]
(e) Berdasarkan graf yang dilukis,
Based on the plotted graph,
(i) nyatakan hubung kait antara T dan l.
2
state the relationship between T and l.
2
Berkadar langsung / Directly proportional
[1 markah/mark]
(ii) Nyatakan satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diambil untuk memperbaiki keputusan eksperimen ini.
State one precaution that can be taken to improve the result of this experiment.

Kedudukan mata berserenjang dengan skala bacaan pembaris meter untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks
Position of eye must be perpendicular to the reading scale of meter rule to avoid parallax error
[1 markah/mark]


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01_Modul A+ Fizik Tg4.indd 14 26/07/2020 9:17 PM

Bab

3 Kegravitian

Gravitation





3.1 Hukum Kegravitian Semesta Newton
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation


A Daya graviti
Gravitational force
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
1. Dua jasad dalam alam semesta akan mengenakan daya antara satu sama lain yang dikenali sebagai daya graviti atau
daya semesta.
Two objects in the universe will put on force between each other known as gravitational force or universal force.
2. Daya graviti ini wujud secara berpasangan dengan magnitud yang sama.
Gravitational force exists in pairs with same magnitude.
3. Daya graviti boleh dijelaskan dengan hukum kegravitian semesta Newton.
Gravitational force can be explained with Newton’s Universal law of Gravitation.

Jasad 1 Jasad 2
Object 1 Object 2


m 1 F F m 2






r

Rajah/Diagram 3.1


Hukum Kegravitian Semesta Newton
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation




Menyatakan / Stated that: TP 2
Daya graviti, F, antara dua jasad berkadar terus dengan hasil darab jisim-jisim jasad dan berkadar songsang
dengan kuasa dua jarak antara pusat dua jasad tersebut.
Gravitational force, F, is directly proportional to the product of mass of the objects and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them.




Formula: F = daya graviti antara dua jasad
m m Gravitational force between two objects
1
2
F = G——–
r 2 G = Pemalar kegravitian semesta (6.67 × 10 N m kg )
2
-11
-2
Universal gravitational constant (6.67 × 10 N m kg )
-11
-2
2
m = jisim bagi jasad pertama
1
mass of first object
m = jisim bagi jasad kedua
2
mass of second object
r = jasad di antara pusat jasad pertama dan pusat jasad kedua
distance between the centre of two objects


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4. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi daya graviti
Factors that affect the gravitational force TP 2
Semakin bertambah jisim , semakin bertambah
Jisim jasad, m daya graviti.
Mass of object, m mass increases
As the , the gravitational force
Faktor-faktor yang increases .
mempengaruhi
daya graviti
Factors that affect bertambah jarak berkurang
gravitational force Semakin , semakin
Jarak antara jasad, r daya graviti.
Distance between distance increases
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
objects, r As the , the gravitational force
decreases
.

Uji Kendiri 3.1.1


m m
2
1
1. Dengan menggunakan rumus F = G——–, lengkapkan jadual di bawah.
r 2
Diberi nilai G ialah 6.67 × 10 N m kg .
–11
–2
2
m m
1
2
By using the formula F = G———, complete the table below.
r 2
Given the value of G is 6.67 × 10 N m kg . KBAT Mengaplikasi
-11
–2
2
Daya graviti antara dua
Jisim objek 1 Jisim objek 2 Jarak antara dua objek objek
Mass of object 1 Mass of object 2 Distance between objects Gravitational force
m / kg m / kg r / m between two objects
1 2
F / N
(6.67 × 10 × 45 × 30)
–11
F = ——————————
45.0 30.0 2.5 2.5 2
= 1.44 × 10 –8
(9.38 × 10 × 4 )
2
–11
m = —————–——
3.0 2 (6.67 × 10 × 3) 4.0 9.38 × 10 –11
–11
= 7.5
(1.35 × 10 × 5 )
2
8
m = —————–——
1 (6.67 × 10 × 67) 67.0 5.0 1.35 × 10 8
–11
= 75.8
r = ABBBBBBBB
(6.67 × 10 × 90 × 105)
–11
90.0 105.0 ————————–—— 3.94 × 10 –8
3.94 × 10
–8
= 4.0
(6.67 × 10 × 3.5 × 10
4
–11
× 2 × 10 )
3
3.5 × 10 4 2.0 × 10 3 3.5 × 10 2 F = —————––——–——
(3.5 × 10 )
2 2
= 3.81 × 10 –8
2. Dua jasad masing-masing berjisim 3.5 kg diletakkan pada jarak 4.0 m antara satu sama lain. Hitungkan daya graviti
antara kedua-dua jasad itu. (G = 6.67 × 10 N m kg )
2
–11
-2
Two objects with mass 3.5 kg are placed at 4.0 m from each other. Calculate the gravitational force between the objects.
(G = 6.67 × 10 N m kg ) KBAT Mengaplikasi
–11
–2
2
Penyelesaian / Solution:
6.67 × 10 × 3.5 × 3.5
–11
F = ——————————
4 2
= 5.11 × 10 N
–11
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3. Jisim bumi dan jisim bulan ialah 6 × 10 kg dan 7.4 × 10 kg masing-masing. Jika daya graviti antara bumi dan bulan
22
24
ialah 2.05 × 10 N, berapakah jarak antara bumi dan bulan? (G = 6.67 × 10 N m kg )
–2
–11
2
20
Mass of the earth and mass of the moon are 6 × 10 kg and 7.4 × 10 respectively. If the gravitational force between the earth and
22
24
20
moon is 2.05 × 10 N, what is the distance between the earth and the moon? KBAT Menganalisis
(G = 6.67 × 10 N m kg )
-11
2
-2
Penyelesaian / Solution:
r = ABBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(6.67 × 10 × 6 × 10 × 7.4 × 10 )
22
24
–11
———————————————
2.05 × 10 20
= 3.8 × 10 m
8
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
B Hubungan pecutan graviti, g, di permukaan Bumi dengan pemalar kegravitian semesta,
G
Relationship gravitational acceleration, g, on the surface of the Earth with the universal gravitational
constant, G
1. Menggunakan maklumat di bawah, lengkapkan rajah untuk menerbitkan hubungan antara g dan G.
Using the information below, complete the diagram to derive the relationship between g and G. TP 2
Objek
Object
M = jisim Bumi
mass of the Earth r
m = jisim objek
mass of object
r = jarak antara pusat bumi dengan pusat objek
distance between center of the Earth and centre of object.

Bumi
Earth
Rajah/Diagram 3.2


Hukum Gerakan Newton Kedua F = mg
Newton’s Second Law of Motion 1



GmM
Hukum Kegravitian Semesta Newton ———
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation F = r 2 2




GM
GmM
1 = 2 mg = ——— g = ——
r 2 r 2

2. Nilai pemalar kegravitian semesta dan jisim bumi adalah tetap, nyatakan faktor yang mempengaruhi pecutan graviti.
The value of universal gravitational constant and mass of the earth are constant, state the factors affecting the gravitational
acceleration. TP 2

Faktor-faktor Jarak antara pusat bertambah jarak berkurang
mempengaruhi bumi dan objek, r Semakin , semakin
pecutan graviti Distance between pecutan graviti.
Factors that affect center of the earth and As the distance increases , the gravitational
gravitational object, r. decreases
acceleration acceleration .









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3. Bentuk graf variasi nilai pecutan graviti, g, dengan jarak, r, dari pusat bumi ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah.
The shape of graph of the variation of the value of gravitation, g, with the distance, r, from the center of the earth shown in the
diagram below.

g

GM
g = —
R 2 r ≥ R
g berkadar songsang dengan r 2
2
r < R g inversely proportional to r
1
g berkadar terus dengan r g α —
g directly proportional to r r 2
g α r
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
0 R r
Jejari bumi
Radius of the earth
Rajah/Diagravm 3.3



Uji Kendiri 3.1.2


1. Rajah menunjukkan objek A berada di permukaan bumi dan objek B berada pada ketinggian h dari permukaan bumi.
R adalah jejari bumi, r ialah jarak objek dari pusat bumi dan M ialah jisim bumi.
The diagram shows object A on the surface of the earth and object B at height h from the earth. R is the radius of earth, r is the
distance of the object from the centre of the earth and M is the mass of the earth. TP 4

Objek A
Object A

r = R + h




R h Objek B
Object B







Bumi
Earth
(a) Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, terbitkan pecutan graviti dalam sebutan G, M, R dan h bagi:
Based on the information above, derive the gravitational acceleration in terms of G, M, R and h for:
(i) Objek A / Object A (ii) Objek B / Object B
r = R r = R + h
Gm
Gm
g = —— g = ————
R 2 (R + h) 2
(b) Diberi jisim bumi 5.97 × 10 kg, jejari bumi 6.37 × 10 m, pemalar kegravitian semesta 6.67 × 10 N m kg .
–2
2
6
–11
24
6
24
Given the mass of the earth is 5.97 × 10 kg, radius of earth is 6.37 × 10 m, universal gravitational constant is
2
–11
6.67 × 10 N m kg .
-2
Hitungkan / Calculate
(i) nilai pecutan graviti bagi objek A. (ii) nilai pecutan graviti bagi objek B jika berada pada
the value of gravitational acceleration of object A. ketinggian 345 km dari permukaan bumi.
6.67 × 10 × 5.97 × 10
–11
24
g = ——————————– the gravitational acceleration of object B at 345 km
height from the surface of the earth.
6 2
(6.37 × 10 )
6.67 × 10 × 5.97 × 10
24
–11
= 9.81 N kg –1 g = ——————————–
(6.37 × 10 + 345 × 10 )
6
3 2
= 8.83 N kg –1
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03_Modul A+ Fizik Tg4.indd 67 26/07/2020 9:18 PM

2. Rajah menunjukkan tiga buah satelit A, B dan C berada pada
ketinggian yang berbeza dari permukaan bumi. Dengan
menggunakan maklumat yang diberi, hitungkan pecutan C
graviti yang bertindak ke atas setiap satelit.
The diagram shows three satellites A, B and C with different 590 km
height from the surface of the earth. Using the information given, A
calculate gravitational acceleration acts on each satellite.
Pemalar kegravitian / Universal gravitational constant, 250 km
G = 6.67 × 10 N m kg –2 KBAT Mengaplikasi 370 km
–11
2
Jisim bumi / Mass of the earth = 5.97 × 10 kg B
24
Jejari bumi / Radius of the earth = 6.37 × 10 m Bumi
6
Earth
Penyelesaian / Solution:
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Pecutan graviti yang bertindak ke atas
Satelit
Satellite objek, g
Gravitational acceleration acts on the object, g
(6.67 × 10 × 5.97 × 10 )
–11
24
F = ———————————–
A (250 × 10 + 6.37 × 10 )
6 2
3
= 9.07 N kg –1
(6.67 × 10 × 5.97 × 10 )
–11
24
F = ———————————–
B (370 × 10 + 6.37 × 10 )
6 2
3
= 8.77 N kg –1
(6.67 × 10 × 5.97 × 10 )
–11
24
F = ———————————–
C (590 × 10 + 6.37 × 10 )
6 2
3
= 8.22 N kg –1
C Daya memusat dalam sistem gerakan satelit dan planet
Centripetal force in the motion of satellites and planets system
1. Apakah daya memusat?
What is centripetal force? TP 1
Daya memusat
Centripetal force
Daya memusat
Centripetal v
force
Takrif / Define: F r
Daya yang membolehkan suatu objek bergerak mengikut laluan
membulat dengan arah sentiasa menuju ke pusat bulatan.

A force that makes body to follow a circular path with direction always
towards the center of curvature. Rajah/Diagram 3.4




Formula: Di mana / Where;
mv
2
F = —— F = Daya memusat / centripetal force
r
m = jisim / mass
v = laju linear / linear speed
r = jejari bulatan / radius of the circle







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2. Nyatakan faktor yang mempengaruhi daya memusat.
State the factors that affect centripetal force. TP 1

Semakin bertambah jisim , semakin bertambah
Jisim jasad, m daya memusat.
Mass of object, m As the mass increases , the centripetal force
increases .


Faktor-faktor Semakin bertambah laju , semakin bertambah
mempengaruhi daya Laju linear, v daya memusat.
memusat Linear speed, v speed increases
Factors that affect As the , the centripetal force
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
centripetal force increases .

Semakin bertambah jejari , semakin berkurang
Jejari bulatan, r daya memusat.
Radius of the circle, r As the radius increases , the centripetal force
decreases
.


3. Rajah menunjukkan satelit buatan mengorbit bumi. Satelit sentiasa v
mengalami daya graviti yang bertindak ke arah pusat bumi. Daya graviti Satelit
Satellite
ini bertindak sebagai daya memusat ke atas satelit. F
The diagram shows a satellite move in an orbit around the earth. The satellite
always experiences gravitational force that acts toward the center of the earth. r
The gravitational force acts as centripetal force to the satellite.
Dengan menggunakan rumus daya, F = ma dan rumus daya memusat,
terbitkan rumus bagi pecutan memusat.
By using force formula, F = ma and centripetal force, derive formula of Bumi
centripetal acceleration. TP 2 Earth


Formula daya F = ma 1
Force formula
Rajah/Diagram 3.5


mv
2
Formula daya memusat F = —— 2
Centripetal force formula r

v
mv
2
1 = 2 ma = —— a = — 2
r
r
Uji Kendiri 3.1.3


1. Rajah menunjukkan seketul batu berjisim 0.5 kg diikat pada hujung benang dan dipusing mengikut bulatan mengufuk
berjejari 30 cm dengan kelajuan 4 m s .
-1
The diagram shows a stone with mass 0.5 kg is tied at the end of a string and spin horizontally with radius 30 cm and speed
4 m s . KBAT Mengaplikasi
–1
Batu
Stone

F





(a) Pada rajah, tandakan dengan anak panah arah daya memusat yang bertindak pada batu itu. Labelkan dengan F.
On the diagram, mark an arrow direction of centripetal force acts on the stone. Label with F.


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03_Modul A+ Fizik Tg4.indd 69 26/07/2020 9:18 PM

Soalan Berformat SPM



Kertas/Paper 1


1. Sebuah satelit mengelilingi bumi boleh berada dalam Daya F akan berkurang sekiranya
orbitnya dan tidak terlepas ke ruang angkasa kerana F will decrease if
satelit itu A m bertambah / m increases
1
1
A satellite moves around the earth in its orbit and does not B m bertambah / m increases
2
2
escape from the space because the satellite C r bertambah / r increases
A menjadi tidak berat.
becomes weightless. 4. Rajah 3 menunjukkan seorang budak lelaki
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
B bergerak dalam vakum. memusingkan seketul batu secara mengufuk.
move in a vacuum. Diagram 3 shows a boy whirling a stone horizontally.
C sentiasa ditarik oleh daya graviti bumi. KBAT
always pulled by the earth gravitational force. Menganalisis
D bergerak dengan kelajuan yang sangat tinggi.
move with highest speed.
2. Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebuah kereta mainan diikat
dengan tali dan dipakukan hujungnya pada lantai.
Apabila dipusingkan pada jarak yang sama dari paku,
didapati kereta itu membuat satu bulatan.
Diagram 1 shows a toy car tied with a string and fixed at one
end on the floor. When it swings at the same length from the
nail, the car moves in a circle. Rajah/Diagram 3
Apakah yang berlaku kepada batu itu jika benang putus
secara tiba-tiba?
What happen to the stone if the string suddenly breaks?
A Berpusing menjauhi budak lelaki itu.
Spiral away from his hand.
B Terbang terus menjauhi budak lelaki itu.
Fly directly away from the boy.
C Terbang terus mendekati budak lelaki itu.
Fly directly towards the boy.
D Terbang mengikut garis tangen lintasan bulatan.
Fly off and follow the tangent to its circular path.
Rajah/Diagram 1
Manakah antara berikut boleh menjelaskan tentang 5. Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada berat objek jika jisim
bumi berkurang menjadi separuh daripada jisim asalnya
situasi di atas?
tanpa perubahan pada jejarinya?
Which of the following can explain the above situation? What happen to the weight of the object if the mass of the
A Ada daya bertindak dalam arah bertentangan dengan Earth decreases one half from its original mass without
berat kereta.
There is a force acts in opposite direction with the car’s changing its radius? KBAT Menganalisis
A Tidak berubah
weight. Does not change
B Ada daya bertindak secara memusat. B Berkurang separuh dari berat asal
There is a force acts as centripetal. Decreases to one half from original weight
C Ada daya bertindak mengikut arah gerakan. C Berkurang satu per empat dari berat asal
There is a force acts in the direction of movement. Decreases to one quarter from original weight
D Ada daya bertindak keluar dari pusat bulatan. D Bertambah dua kali ganda dari berat asal
There is a force acts away from the center of circle.
Increases double from original weight
3. Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua jasad A dan B dengan jisim 6. Rajah 4 menunjukkan dua objek yang berada pada
m dan m masing-masing. Jarak antara pusat keduanya jarak, d. Daya graviti yang bertindak adalah F = 10 N.
2
1
ialah r dan daya graviti ialah F. Diagram 4 shows two objects at distance, d. Gravitational
Diagram 2 shows two object A and B with mass m and m force that acts is F = 10 N. KBAT
2
1
respectively. The distance between center of the objects is r Menilai
and the gravitational force is F. KBAT Mengaplikasi m 1 m 2
m m F F
1 2
r
d
A B Rajah/Diagram 4
Rajah/Diagram 2
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Berapakah nilai F jika isi padu kedua-dua objek Pernyataan manakah benar?
digandakan? Which of the following statement is true?
What is the value of F if the volume of each object doubles? A Daya graviti semua satelit adalah sama.
A 5 N C 20 N Gravitational force on all satellites are the same.
T
2
B 10 N D 40 N B Nisbah —– bagi tiap satelit adalah tetap.
R 3
7. Sebuah satelit buatan bergerak mengorbit bumi pada Ratio of —– for each satellite are constant.
2
T
ketinggian 265 km dari permukaan bumi dengan R 3
kelajuan 4 × 10 m s . Berapakah pecutan memusatnya C Semua satelit mempunyai tempoh edaran yang
3
–1
ketika ia mengorbit bumi? sama.
[Jejari bumi = 6 370 km] All satellites have same period.
A man-made satellite move orbiting the earth at 265 km D Daya yang bertindak ke atas tiap satelit berkadar
1
height from the surface of the earth with speed 4 × 10 m s . terus dengan —.
-1
3
What is the centripetal acceleration while its orbiting the R
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earth? [Radius of the earth = 6 370 km] Force that acts on each satellite directly proportional to
1
KBAT Menganalisis — .
R
A 2.4 m s C 50.5 m s –2
–2
B 2.5 m s D 60.4 m s –2 11. Rajah 7 menunjukkan orbit sebuah roket sepanjang
–2
lengkung R apabila ia begerak dengan laju linear v.
8. Satu objek mempunyai berat 2 N di permukaan bumi. Diagram 7 shows orbit of a rocket along curve R when it
Berapakah berat objek itu jika dibawa ke ketinggian moves with linear speed v. KBAT Menilai
1 500 km dari permukaan bumi? [Jejari bumi = 6 370
–1
km, g = 9.81 N kg ] T
An object has weight 2 N on the surface of the earth. What P R
is its weight if it is brought to the height of 1 500 km from Q
the surface of the earth? [Radius of the earth = 6 370 km,
-1
g = 9.81 N kg ] KBAT Menganalisis S
Bumi
A 0.13 N C 1.0 N Earth
B 0.8 N D 1.3 N Orbit roket
Rocket’s orbit
9. Rajah 5 menunjukkan dua buah satelit, S dan S Rajah/Diagram 7
1
2
mengorbit Marikh dengan jejari orbit R dan R masing- 1
2
1
masing. Jika tiba-tiba kelajuannya mengurang ke —v, mana
2
Diagram 5 shows two satellites, S and S are orbiting Mars satukah orbitnya yang baru bagi roket itu?
1
2
with radius R and R respectively. 1
1 2 If the speed suddenly decreases to — v, which is the new orbit
KBAT Menganalisis 2
for the rocket?
S 2 A P
B Q
R
2
C S
R D T
1 S
Marikh 1
Mars 12. P, Q, R, S dan T adalah lima kedudukan bagi sebuah
Rajah/Diagram 5 planet yang bergerak mengelilingi matahari M mengikut
satu orbit elips.
Berapakah nisbah bagi tempoh S dan S jika nisbah P, Q, R, S and T are five positions for a planet which is moving
2
1
jejari orbit S dan S ialah 4:9? around the sun M in an ellipse orbit.
2
1
What is the ratio of period S and S if the ratio of radius orbit KBAT
1
2
S and S is 4:9? T Mengaplikasi
2
1
A 64: 729 C 8: 27
B 16: 81 D 2: 3
M P
10. Rajah 6 menunjukkan kedudukan satelit S , S dan S S
1
2
3
mengorbit bumi.
[T ialah tempoh edaran dan R ialah jejari orbit]
Diagram 6 shows the position of satellite S , S and S orbiting Q
1
2
3
earth. [T is period and R is radius of orbit] R
Rajah/Diagram 8
KBAT Menilai
Halaju planet itu adalah maksimum di
The velocity of the planet is maximum at
A P
B Q
Bumi C S
Earth S 1 S 2 S 3
D T
Rajah/Diagram 6 81
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13. A F C F

P
O Q
R r
Marikh
Mars
Rajah/Diagram 9 r r
Jika kekuatan medan graviti di titik P di permukaan B F D F
planet Marikh adalah a, dan jejari planet itu adalah R
km, maka kekuatan medan graviti di Q sejauh r km dari
P ialah
If the gravitational field strength at point P on the surface
of Mars planet is a, and the radius of the planet is R km,
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therefore the gravitational field strength at Q at a distance of
r km from P is KBAT Menganalisis r r
r
(R + r)
2
2
A a—– C a———– 15. Antara berikut, yang manakah benar mengenai satelit
R 2 R 2 geopegun?
R 2 r 2 Which of the following is true about geostationary satellite?
B a———– D a———–
(R + r) 2 (R + r) 2 I Ia bergerak dalam arah yang sama dengan putaran
bumi.
14. Sebuah roket dilancarkan dari bumi. Di antara graf-graf It moves in the direction of the earth orbit.
berikut yang manakah terbaik sekali mewakili daya II Tempohnya putarannya satu hari.
Its period of rotation is one day.

graviti, F, pada roket itu bila jarak roket, r, daripada III Orbitnya sentiasa atas Khatulistiwa Bumi.
permukaan bumi semakin bertambah? Its orbit is always above the Earth Equator.
A rocket is launch from the earth. From the following graphs,
which is the best to represent gravitational force, F on the IV Ia tidak mengalami sebarang tarikan graviti.
rocket when the rocket distance, r, from the surface of the It does not experience any gravitational pull.
earth is increasing? KBAT Mengaplikasi A I, II dan III sahaja / I, II, and III only
B I dan III sahaja / I and III only
C IV sahaja / IV only
D II dan IV sahaja / II and IV only






Kertas/Paper 2
Bahagian/Section A


1. Rajah 1.1 menujukkan seorang atlet sedang memutar tukul besi berjisim 7 kg dalam satu acara sukan. Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan
pandangan atas putaran yang dibuat.
Diagram 1.1 shows an athlete spinning a 7 kg hammer in a sport. Diagram 1.2 shows top view of the spinning. KBAT Menganalisis





F
7 kg tukul 2.0 m
7 kg hammer



Rajah/Diagram 1.1 Rajah/Diagram 1.2

(a) Berdasarkan Rajah 1.2,
Based on Diagram 1.2,
(i) Namakan daya yang membuatkan tukul itu bergerak mengikut lintasan membulat. Tandakan (✓) jawapan yang
betul dalam petak yang disediakan.
Name the force that make the hammer move in circle path. Tick (✓) the correct answer in the box provided.

Daya graviti Daya memusat
Gravitational force Centripetal force ✓
[1 markah/mark]



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(ii) Tandakan pada Rajah 1.2 arah daya, F, yang anda nyatakan dalam (a)(i).
Mark on Diagram 1.2 the direction of force, F, you stated in (a)(i).
[1 markah/mark]
(b) Jika tukul itu bergerak dengan halaju seragam 25 m s , hitung daya yang dinyatakan dalam (a)(i) yang bertindak ke
–1
atas tukul itu.
If the hammer moves with constant velocity 25 m s , calculate the force stated in (a)(i) that acts on the hammer.
–1
7(25) 2
F = ———
2
= 21875.5 N
[2 markah/marks]
(c) Bagaimana pergerakan tukul itu apabila atlet tersebut melepaskan tali?
How does the movement of the hammer when the athlete releases the string?
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Bergerak dalam garis lurus pada arah tangen pada titik ia dilepaskan.
Move in straight line in direction of tangent at point released.
[1 markah/mark]


2. Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuah satelit berjisim 102 kg beredar mengorbit bumi pada ketinggian 3 500 km dari permukaan
bumi. Pecutan graviti di permukaan bumi ialah 9.81 m s dan jejari bumi ialah 6 370 km.
-2
Diagram 2 shows a satellite with mass 102 kg orbiting the earth at 3 500 km height from the surface of the earth. Gravitational
-2
acceleration at the surface of the earth is 9.81 m s and the radius of the earth is 6 370 km. KBAT Menilai

Satelit
Satellite

3500 km





Bumi
Earth

Rajah/Diagram 2
(a) Apakah maksud daya memusat?
What is centripetal force?
Daya yang membolehkan suatu objek bergerak mengikut laluan membulat dengan arah sentiasa menuju ke pusat

bulatan. / A force that make an object to follow a circular path with direction always towards the center of curvature.
[1 markah/mark]
(b) Berapakah jejari orbit satelit itu?
What is the orbital radius of the satellite?
r = 3 500 + 6 370
= 9 870 km
[1 markah/mark]
(c) Berapakah pecutan graviti pada kedudukan satelit itu?
What is the gravitational acceleration at the position of the satellite?
Pada permukaan bumi/At the surface of earth, (1) = (2)
3 2
3 2
g = 9.81 m s –2 g (9 870 × 10 ) = g (6 370 × 10 )
s
b
b
GM
9.81(6 370 × 10 )
3 2
g = —————— ...................... (1) g = ———————–
(6 370 × 10 )
b
3 2
(9 870 × 10 )
3 2
s
Pada kedudukan satelit/At the position of satellite, = 4.086 m s –2
GM
g = —————— ...................... (2)
3 2
s (9 870 × 10 )
[4 markah/marks]
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