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Published by Pan Asia Publications, 2021-11-02 23:21:08

Modul A+1 Kimia Tingkatan 5

©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS

©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS




5







DWIBAHASA
Kimia Tingkatan




Chemistry







Dr. Chua Kah Heng (Penulis Buku Teks)
Hairul Nizam Omar (Guru Cemerlang)
Dr. Chan S.G.








Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. Bonus Guru
199101016590 (226902-X) • PDF Manual Guru
No. 2-16, Jalan SU 8, • Rancangan
Taman Perindustrian Subang Utama, Seksyen 22, Pengajaran
40300 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Tahunan
Tel: +603-5614 4168
Faks: +603-5614 4268
E-mel: [email protected]
Laman web: www.panasiapub.com

© Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd.
Hak cipta terpelihara. Sebarang bahagian dalam buku ini tidak boleh diterbitkan semula, disimpan dalam
cara yang boleh dipergunakan lagi ataupun dipindahkan dalam sebarang bentuk atau cara, baik secara
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Cetakan Pertama 2022
MODUL A+1 KIMIA Tingkatan 5
ISBN 978-967-466-630-9
Dicetak oleh C. T. Book Makers Sdn. Bhd. (416129-H)

BAB 1 Keseimbangan Redoks 3.3 Aplikasi Tindak Balas Endotermik dan Eksotermik dalam
Redox Equilibrium
Kehidupan Harian
1.1 Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan Application of Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions in
Oxidation and Reduction ..................................................................1 Daily Life ......................................................................................135
1.2 Keupayaan Elektrod Piawai Soalan Berformat SPM .......................................................................137
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Standard Electrode Potential ..........................................................19
1.3 Sel Kimia Polimer
BAB 4
Voltaic Cell ......................................................................................22 Polymer
1.4 Sel Elektrolisis 4.1 Menerangkan Polimer
Electrolytic Cell ..............................................................................29 Explain Polymer ............................................................................143
1.5 Pengekstrakan Logam daripada Bijihnya 4.2 Getah Asli

Extraction of Metals from Its Ore ....................................................48 Natural Rubber ..............................................................................148
1.6 Pengaratan 4.3 Getah Sintetik
Rusting ............................................................................................51 Synthetic Rubber ...........................................................................157

Soalan Berformat SPM .........................................................................57 Soalan Berformat SPM .......................................................................158



BAB 2 Sebatian Karbon BAB 5 Kimia Konsumer dan Industri
Carbon Compound Consumer and Industrial Chemistry

2.1 Jenis-jenis Sebatian Karbon 5.1 Minyak dan Lemak
Types of Carbon Compounds ..........................................................63 Oils and Fats .................................................................................164
2.2 Siri Homolog 5.2 Bahan Pencuci

Homologous Series ..........................................................................66 Cleaning Agents ............................................................................167
2.3 Sifat Kimia dan Saling Pertukaran antara Siri Homolog 5.3 Bahan Tambah Makanan
Chemical Properties and Interconversion between the Homologous Food Additives ..............................................................................176
Series ................................................................................................76 5.4 Ubat-ubatan dan Bahan Kosmetik
2.4 Isomer dan Penamaan Mengikut IUPAC Medicines and Cosmetics ..............................................................177
Isomer and Naming Based on IUPAC ..............................................94 5.5 Aplikasi Nanoteknologi dalam Industri

Soalan Berformat SPM .........................................................................98 Application of Nanotechnology in Industry ..................................181
5.6 Aplikasi Teknologi Hijau dalam Pengurusan Sisa Industri

BAB 3 Termokimia Application of Green Technology in Industrial
Thermochemistry Waste Management. .......................................................................183

3.1 Perubahan Haba dalam Tindak Balas Soalan Berformat SPM .......................................................................186
Heat Change in Reaction ...............................................................106
3.2 Haba Tindak Balas Pentaksiran Bilik Darjah (PBD) .......................................MG1 – MG9

Heat of Reaction ............................................................................112
Jawapan ...............................................................................MG10 – MG16





i

BAB
1 Keseimbangan Redoks


Redox Equilibrium




1.1 Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan Buku Teks
Oxidation and Reduction m.s. 4-19



A Menerangkan Tindak Balas Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Describe Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
1. Pengoksidaan dan penurunan boleh dijelaskan dari segi: TP 2
Oxidation and reduction can be explained in terms of:

Pengoksidaan Penurunan
Oxidation Reduction

Oksigen Penambahan Kehilangan
Oxygen oksigen oksigen
Gain of oxygen Loss of oxygen

Hidrogen Kehilangan hidrogen Penambahan hidrogen
Hydrogen
Loss Gain
of hydrogen of hydrogen
Elektron Kehilangan Menerima
Electron elektron elektron
Loss of electrons Gain of electrons

Nombor pengoksidaan Pertambahan nombor pengoksidaan Pengurangan nombor pengoksidaan
Oxidation number
Increase Decrease
in oxidation number in oxidation number
2. Tindak balas redoks ialah tindak balas kimia yang melibatkan penurunan dan pengoksidaan yang berlaku secara
serentak. Contoh tindak balas redoks:
Redox reactions are chemical reactions involving reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously. Example of redox reactions:
(a) Pemindahan elektron pada suatu jarak/ Transfer of electron at a distance.
(b) Pertukaran ion ferum(II), Fe kepada ion ferum(III), Fe dan sebaliknya.
2+
3+
Change of iron(II) ions, Fe to iron(III) ions, Fe and vice versa.
2+
3+
(c) Penyesaran logam daripada larutan garamnya/ Displacement of metal from its salt solution .
(d) Penyesaran halogen daripada larutan halidanya/ Displacement of halogen from its halide solution.
3. Agen pengoksidaan ialah bahan yang menyebabkan pengoksidaan . Dalam tindak balas redoks, agen
pengoksidaan mengalami penurunan. TP 1
oxidation
The oxidising agent is the substance that causes . It is reduced in the redox reaction.
4. Agen penurunan ialah bahan yang menyebabkan penurunan . Dalam tindak balas redoks, agen penurunan
mengalami pengoksidaan. TP 1
The reducing agent is the substance that causes reduction . It is oxidised in the redox reaction.

Agen penurunan/ Reducing agent Agen pengoksidaan/ Oxidising agent


1. Menderma/ Donates hidrogen/ hydrogen 1. Menerima/ Accepts hidrogen/ hydrogen

2. Menerima/ Accepts oksigen/ oxygen 2. Menderma/ Donates oksigen/ oxygen

3. Menderma/ Donates elektron/ electron 3. Menerima/ Accepts elektron/ electron
4. Pertambahan nombor pengoksidaan 4. Pengurangan nombor pengoksidaan

Increase Decrease
in oxidation number in oxidation number
1

Eksperimen 1.1

Tujuan/ Aim:
Eksperimen Wajib To determine the voltage of a voltaic cell by using different pairs of metals. Bab 1
Menentukan nilai voltan dalam sel kimia dengan menggunakan pasangan logam yang berlainan.
Eksperimen
Pernyataan masalah/ Problem statement:
Bagaimanakah pasangan logam berlainan yang dicelup di dalam elektrolit mempengaruhi nilai voltan sel kimia?
How can different pairs of metals dipped into electrolytes affect the voltage of the voltaic cell?

Hipotesis/ Hypothesis: TP 3
Pasangan logam dengan perbezaan nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai yang lebih besar akan menghasilkan nilai
voltan yang lebih besar.
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
The pairs of metals with greater difference of standard electrode potential value will produce greater voltage readings.
Pemboleh ubah/ Variables: TP 3
(a) dimanipulasikan/ manipulated: Pasangan logam berlainan/ Different pairs of metals.
(b) bergerak balas/ responding: Nilai voltan sel/ The voltage reading of the cell.
(c) dimalarkan/ fixed: Isi padu dan kepekatan elektrolit/ Volume and concentration of electrolytes.

Bahan/ Materials:
Kepingan kuprum, Cu, paku besi, Fe, kepingan zink, Zn, pita magnesium, Mg, kertas pasir, larutan ferum(II) sulfat,
–3
–3
–3
Fe SO 1.0 mol dm , larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO 1.0 mol dm , larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO 1.0 mol dm ,
4
4
4
2
larutan magnesium sulfat, MgSO 1.0 mol dm –3
4
-3
Copper, Cu plate, iron, Fe nail, zinc, Zn plate, magnesium, Mg ribbon, sandpaper, 1.0 mol dm iron(II) sulphate, Fe SO solution,
2 4
-3
1.0 mol dm copper(II) sulphate, CuSO solution, 1.0 mol dm zinc sulphate, ZnSO solution, 1.0 mol dm magnesium sulphate,
-3
-3
4 4
MgSO solution
4
Radas/ Apparatus:
3
Voltmeter, bikar 250 cm , wayar penyambung dengan klip buaya, pasu berliang
Voltmeter, 250 cm beaker, connecting wires with crocodile clips, porous pot
3
Prosedur/ Procedure:
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
V
Kepingan Kepingan zink, Zn
kuprum, Cu Zinc electrode
Copper electrode
Pasu berliang yang berisi
Larutan kuprum(II) larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO
4
sulfat, CuSO4
Copper(II) sulphate,
CuSO4 solution
Rajah/Diagram 1.11
1. Semua kepingan logam dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir.
All metal plates are cleaned with sandpaper.
2. Pasu berliang diisi dengan larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO 1.0 mol dm sehingga dua per tiga penuh.
–3
4
A porous pot is filled with 1.0 mol dm zinc sulphate, ZnSO solution until it is two-third full.
–3
4
3. Kepingan zink, Zn direndam di dalam larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO 1.0 mol dm .
–3
4
A zinc, Zn plate is dipped into zinc sulphate, ZnSO solution.
4
4. Bikar diisi dengan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO 1.0 mol dm sehingga separuh penuh.
–3
4
A beaker is filled with 1.0 mol dm copper(II) sulphate, CuSO solution until it is half full.
–3
4
5. Kepingan kuprum, Cu direndam di dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO 1.0 mol dm .
–3
4
The copper, Cu plate is dipped into 1.0 mol dm copper(II) sulphate, CuSO solution.
–3
4
6. Pasu berliang diletakkan di dalam bikar.
The porous pot is placed into the beaker.
7. Litar dilengkapkan dengan menyambungkan kedua-dua kepingan logam kepada voltmeter seperti ditunjukkan
Rajah 1.11.
The circuit is completed by connecting both metal plates to a voltmeter as shown in Diagram 1.11.
8. Bacaan voltmeter direkodkan.
The reading of the voltmeter is recorded.
27

9. Langkah 2 hingga 8 diulang dengan menggantikan kepingan zink, Zn dan larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO
4
1.0 mol dm di dalam pasu berliang dengan:
–3
–3
Steps 2 to 8 are repeated by replacing zinc, Zn plate and 1.0 mol dm zinc sulphate, ZnSO solution in the porous pot with:
4
(a) paku besi, Fe dan larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO 1.0 mol dm .
–3
4
Bab 1 (b) pita magnesium, Mg dan larutan magnesium sulfat, MgSO 1.0 mol dm .
iron nail and 1.0 mol dm iron(II) sulphate, FeSO solution.
–3
4
–3
4
–3
magnesium, Mg ribbon and 1.0 mol dm magnesium sulphate, MgSO solution.
4
Keputusan/ Results: TP 3
Pasangan logam Voltan (V) Terminal negatif (anod) Terminal positif (katod)
Set
Pair of metals Voltage (V) Negative terminal (anod) Positive terminal (katod)
I Zink dan kuprum Zink Kuprum
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Zinc and copper 1.1 Zinc Copper
II Ferum dan kuprum Ferum Kuprum
Iron and copper 0.7 Iron Copper
III Magnesium dan kuprum 2.7 Magnesium Kuprum
Magnesium and copper Magnesium Copper
Kesimpulan/ Conclusion: TP 5

Hipotesis diterima . Pasangan logam dengan perbezaan nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai lebih besar akan
menghasilkan nilai voltan yang lebih besar .


The hypothesis is accepted . Pairs of metal with greater difference of standard electrode potential value will
produce greater voltage .

Perbincangan/ Discussion: TP 5
1. Set 1 : Zink dan kuprum/ Set I: Zinc and copper

Elektrod/ Electrodes Zink/ Zinc Kuprum/ Copper
Pengoksidaan atau penurunan Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation Penurunan/ Reduction
Oxidation or reduction
Setengah persamaan tindak balas Zn ➝ Zn + 2e – Cu + 2e ➝ Cu
2+

2+
Reaction half-equations
Persamaan ion keseluruhan Zn + Cu ➝ Zn + Cu
2+
2+
Overall ionic equation
Notasi sel/ Cell notation Zn(p/s) | Zn (ak/aq) || Cu (ak/aq) | Cu(p/s)
2+
2+
E 0 = E 0 – E 0
Nilai voltan sel (V) sel/cell katod/cathode anod/anode
Voltage value of the cell (V) = (+0.34 V) – (–0.76 V)
= 1.10 V
2. Set II: Ferum dan kuprum/ Set II: Iron and copper


Elektrod/ Electrodes Ferum/ Iron Kuprum/ Copper
Pengoksidaan atau penurunan Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation Penurunan/ Reduction
Oxidation or reduction
Setengah persamaan tindak balas Fe ➝ Fe + 2e – Cu + 2e ➝ Cu
2+

2+
Reaction half-equations
Persamaan ion keseluruhan Fe + Cu ➝ Fe + Cu
2+
2+
Overall ionic equation
2+
2+
Notasi sel/ Cell notation Fe(p/s) | Fe (ak/aq) || Cu (ak/aq) | Cu(p/s)
E 0 = E 0 – E 0
Nilai voltan sel (V) sel/cell katod/cathode anod/anode
Voltage value of the cell (V) = (+0.34 V) – (–0.44 V)
= 0.78 V
28

I Kesan Nilai E Terhadap Pemilihan Ion untuk Dinyahcas
0
The Effects of E Value on the Selective Discharge of Ions
0
A KTIVITI 1.7
Bab 1 Tujuan/ Aim:

Mengkaji elektrolisis larutan akueus kuprum(ll) sulfat, CuSO dan asid sulfurik, H SO cair dengan menggunakan
4 2 4
elektrod karbon.
To investigate the electrolysis of the aqueous solution of copper(ll) sulphate, CuSO and dilute sulphuric acid, H SO with
2
4
4
carbon electrodes. –3 –3
Bahan/ Materials:
Eksperimen Wajib Larutan asid sulfurik cair, H SO 0.1 mol dm , larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO 0.1 mol dm , kayu uji
4
4
2
0.1 mol dm dilute sulphuric acid, H SO , 0.1 mol dm copper(II) sulphate, CuSO solution, wooden splinter
–3
–3
4
2
4
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Radas/ Apparatus:
Sel elektrolisis, tabung uji, bateri, ammeter, elektrod karbon, wayar penyambung dengan klip buaya, suis
Electrolytic cell, test tubes, batteries, ammeter, carbon electrodes, connecting wires with crocodile clip, switch
Prosedur/ Procedure:
Tabung uji
Test tube
Elektrod karbon
Carbon electrodes
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO 4
solution
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO 4
Suis Ammeter
A
Switch Ammeter
Bateri
Battery
Rajah/Diagram 1.15
–3
1. Larutan kuprum(ll) sulfat, CuSO 0.1 mol dm dituang ke dalam sel elektrolisis sehingga setengah penuh.
4
0.1 mol dm copper(ll) sulphate, CuSO solution is poured into an electrolytic cell until half full.
–3
4
–3
2. Dua tabung uji diisi dengan larutan kuprum(ll) sulfat, CuSO 0.1 mol dm dan ditelangkupkan ke atas
4
elektrod karbon.
–3
Two test tubes are filled with 0.1 mol dm copper(ll) sulphate, CuSO solution and inverted onto the carbon
4
electrodes.
3. Elektrod karbon disambung kepada bateri, suis dan ammeter dengan menggunakan wayar penyambung
seperti ditunjukkan pada Rajah 1.15.
Carbon electrodes are connected to the batteries, switch and ammeter as shown in Diagram 1.15 using the connecting
wires.
4. Suis dihidupkan selama 15 minit.
The switch is turned on for 15 minutes.
5. Pemerhatian pada anod dan katod direkodkan.
Observations at the anode and cathode are recorded.
6. Gas yang terkumpul pada anod diuji dengan kayu uji berbara manakala gas yang terkumpul pada katod
diuji dengan kayu uji bernyala.
Gas collected at the anode is tested with a glowing wooden splinter while gas collected at the cathode is tested with
a burning wooden splinter.
–3
7. Langkah 1 hingga 6 diulang dengan menggunakan asid sulfurik cair, H SO 0.1 mol dm .
2
4
Steps 1 to 6 are repeated by using 0.1 mol dm dilute sulphuric acid, H SO .
–3
2 4
Pemerhatian/ Observation: TP 3
Elektrolit Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO Asid sulfurik cair, H SO
4 2 4
Electrolyte Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO solution Dilute sulphuric acid, H SO
4 2 4
Anod (+) Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Gas tidak Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Gas tidak
Anode (+) berwarna menyebabkan kayu uji berbara berwarna menyebabkan kayu uji berbara
menyala. menyala.
Gas bubbles are released. A colourless gas Gas bubbles are released. Colourless gas
ignites the glowing wooden splinter. ignites the glowing wooden splinter.






34

Katod (–) Pepejal perang terenap. Gelembung gas dibebaskan. Gas tidak
Cathode (–) Brown solid is deposited berwarna menghasilkan bunyi “pop”
dengan kayu uji bernyala.
Gas bubbles released. Colourless gas
produces a “pop” sound with the glowing Bab 1
wooden splinter.


Mentafsir data/ Interpreting data: TP 4

Elektrolit Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO Asid sulfurik cair, H SO
4 2 4
Electrolytes Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO solution Dilute sulphuric acid, H SO
4 2 4
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
(a) Ion yang hadir di dalam CuSO ➝ Cu + SO 2– H SO ➝ 2H + SO 2–
2+
+
4 4 2 4 4
+
elektrolit. H O H + OH – H O H + OH –
+
2
2
Ions present in the
electrolytes.
2–
2–
(b) Ion yang tertarik ke anod Anod/ Anode (+): SO , OH – Anod/ Anode (+): SO , OH –
4 4
dan katod. Katod/ Cathode (–): H , Cu 2+ Katod/ Cathode (–): H +
+
Ions attracted to the anode
and cathode.


(c) Ion yang dinyahcas Anod/ Anode: OH (H O) Anod/ Anode: OH (H O)
2 2
di anod dan di katod. Alasan/ Reason: Alasan/ Reason:

0

0
Nyatakan alasan. E bagi ion OH kurang positif E bagi ion OH kurang positif
2–
2–
Ions discharged at the berbanding ion SO . berbanding ion SO .
4 4
anode and cathode. State E of OH ion is less positive than E of OH ion is less positive than SO ion.
0


0
2–
4
the reason. SO ion.
2–
4
+
Katod/ Cathode: Cu 2+ Katod/ Cathode: H (H O)
2
Alasan/ Reason: Alasan/ Reason:
2+
0
E bagi ion Cu lebih positif –
+
berbanding ion H .
E of Cu ion is more positive than
2+
0
H ion.
+
(d) Setengah persamaan Anod/ Anode: Anod/ Anode:
tindak balas di anod dan 2H O ➝ O + 4H + 4e – 2H O ➝ O + 4H + 4e –
+
+
2 2 2 2
di katod.
Half-equations for reaction Katod/ Cathode: Katod/ Cathode: –

2+

at the anode and cathode. Cu + 2e ➝ Cu 2H O + 2e ➝ H + 2OH
2
2
Perbincangan/ Discussion: TP 5
1. Larutan akueus kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO terdiri daripada ion kuprum(II), Cu dan ion sulfat, SO .
2–
2+
4
4
2+
The copper(II) sulphate, CuSO aqueous solution comprises of copper(II) ion, Cu and sulphate ion, SO 2− .
4 4
(a) Apabila suis dihidupkan, ion kuprum(II), Cu dan molekul air, H O bergerak ke katod . Pada
2+
2
2–
masa yang sama, ion sulfat, SO dan molekul air, H O bergerak ke anod .
4 2
2+
When the switch is turned on, copper(II) ions, Cu and water molecules, H O move to the cathode .
2
At the same time, sulphate ions, SO 2− and water molecules, H O move to the anode .
4 2
0
(b) Pada anod , nilai E air, H O adalah kurang positif daripada ion
2
2–
sulfat, SO . Maka, molekul air, H O dioksidakan untuk membentuk
4 2
gas oksigen, O dan ion hidrogen, H +
2 .
0
At the anod , E value of water, H O is less positive than sulphate ion, SO 2− . Therefore,
2 4
water molecules, H O are oxidised to form oxygen gas, O and hydrogen ions, H + .
2
2
0
+

O + 4H + 4e  2H O E = +1.23 V
2 2

0
S O 2– + 2e  2SO E = +2.01 V
2–
2 8 4
35

BAB
2 Sebatian Karbon


Carbon Compound




2.1 Jenis-jenis Sebatian Karbon Buku Teks
Types of Carbon Compounds m.s. 64-70



A Memahami Sebatian Karbon
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Understanding Carbon Compounds
1. Sebatian karbon ialah sebatian yang mengandungi karbon sebagai salah satu unsur juzuknya. TP 1

Carbon compounds are compounds which contain carbon as one of its constituent element.
2. Sebatian karbon dapat dikelaskan kepada dua jenis: TP 2
Carbon compounds can be classified into two types:
(a) Sebatian organik/ Organic compounds
(b) Sebatian tak organik/ Inorganic compounds

3. Sebatian organik ditakrifkan sebagai sebatian yang berasal daripada benda hidup dan mengandungi unsur
karbon . Contoh-contoh sebatian organik ialah petroleum, gas asli, urea, kanji, glukosa, protein dan

etanol. TP 2 carbon
Organic compounds are defined as compounds originating from living things that contain element. Examples
of organic compounds are petroleum, natural gas, urea, starch, glucose, protein and ethanol.

4. Sebatian tak organik ialah sebatian yang berasal daripada benda bukan hidup . TP 2
Contoh-contoh sebatian tak organik yang mengandungi unsur karbon ialah karbon dioksida, CO , kalsium karbonat,
2
CaCO dan kalium sianida, KCN.
3
Inorganic compounds are compounds originating from non-living things . Examples of inorganics compounds which
contain carbon element are carbon dioxide, CO , calcium carbonate, CaCO and potassium cyanide, KCN.
3
2
B Hidrokarbon dan Bukan Hidrokarbon
Hydrocarbon and Non Hydrocarbon
1. Sebatian organik dibahagikan kepada hidrokarbon dan bukan hidrokarbon. TP 1
Organic compounds are divided into hydrocarbons and non hydrocarbons.
2. Hidrokarbon ialah sebatian organik yang mengandungi unsur hidrogen dan karbon

sahaja. Sumber utama hidrokarbon ialah arang batu, petroleum dan gas asli. TP 1
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon elements only. The most common
sources of hydrocarbons are coal, petroleum and natural gas.

3. Bukan hidrokarbon ialah sebatian organik yang mengandungi unsur-unsur lain seperti nitrogen, oksigen, fosforus
atau halogen selain daripada unsur hidrogen dan karbon . TP 1
Non hydrocarbons are organic compounds which contain other elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus or halogens
besides hydrogen and carbon elements.

4. Hidrokarbon dikelaskan kepada: / Hydrocarbons are classified into: TP 2
(a) Hidrokarbon tepu ; hidrokarbon yang mempunyai hanya ikatan tunggal antara atom karbon.
Saturated hydrocarbons ; hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between carbon atoms.
(b) Hidrokarbon tak tepu ; hidrokarbon yang mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya satu ikatan
ganda dua atau ganda tiga antara atom karbon.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons ; hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond or triple
bond between carbon atoms.

63

10. Sumber alternatif hidrokarbon:/ Alternative sources of hydrocarbons:
(a) Tenaga solar / Solar energy
(b) Tenaga nuklear / Nuclear energy
(c) Biodiesel daripada minyak sawit
Biodiesel from palm oil
(d) Bioetanol daripada tebu atau jagung
Bioethanol from sugar cane or corn
(e) Biogas (50% metana) daripada haiwan dan tumbuhan.
Biogas (50% methane) from animals and plants.

©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
A KTIVITI 2.1 Bab 2


Eksperimen Wajib Mengkaji penyulingan berperingkat petroleum.
Tujuan/Aim:
To investigate the fractional distillation of petroleum.
Bahan/Materials:
Petroleum, kapas
Petroleum, cotton
Radas/ Apparatus:
Kertas turas, silinder penyukat, kaki retort, termometer (0 °C − 360 °C), kelalang dasar bulat, kelalang kon,
tabung uji, kondenser Liebig, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, mangkuk penyejat, serpihan porselin, bongkah
kayu, penunu Bunsen
Filter paper, retort stand, thermometer (0 °C − 360 °C), round bottom flask, conical flask, test tube, Liebig condenser, wire
gauze, tripod stand, test tubes, evaporating dish, porcelain chips, wooden block, Bunsen burner

Prosedur/ Procedure:

Termometer
Thermometer

Air keluar
Water out Kondenser Liebig
Liebig condenser


Petroleum
Petroleum
Air masuk
Serpihan Water in
porselin
Porcelain Kelalang
chips dasar bulat Hasil sulingan
Panaskan Round-bottom Distillate
Heat flask Bongkah kayu
Wooden block
Rajah/Diagram 2.2
3
1. 50 cm petroleum disukat dan dimasukkan ke dalam kelalang dasar bulat.
50 cm petroleum is measured and poured into a round bottom flask.
3
2. Satu spatula serpihan porselin ditambahkan ke dalam kelalang dasar bulat.
One spatula of porcelain chips is added into the round bottom flask.
3. Susunkan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah 2.2 disediakan.
The set-up of apparatus as shown in Diagram 2.2 is prepared.
4. Petroleum dipanaskan secara perlahan-lahan dan pecahan petroleum dikumpulkan di dalam empat
tabung tabung uji berasingan yang dilabelkan 1, 2, 3 dan 4 pada julat suhu 30 °C − 80 °C, 80 °C − 120 °C,
120 °C − 160 °C dan 160 °C − 200 °C.
The petroleum is heated gently and the fractions of petroleum are collected into four separate test tubes labelled as
1, 2, 3, and 4 at a temperature range of 30 °C − 80 °C, 80 °C − 120 °C, 120 °C − 160 °C and 160 °C − 200 °C.
5. Warna dan kelikatan setiap pecahan petroleum yang dikumpulkan diperhatikan dan direkodkan.
The colour and viscosity of each fraction of petroleum collected is observed and recorded.
6. Sedikit kapas diletakkan ke dalam mangkuk penyejat.
Some cotton is placed into an evaporating dish.

65

7. Beberapa titik pecahan petroleum yang dikumpul di dalam tabung uji dititiskan pada kapas di dalam mangkuk
penyejat.
A few drops of the petroleum fraction collected in the test tube are placed onto the cotton in the evaporating dish.
8. Kapas dibakar. Warna nyalaan dan kuantiti jelaga diperhatikan dengan meletakkan kertas turas di atas nyalaan.
The cotton is ignited. The colour of the flame and the quantity of soot are observed by placing a filter paper above
the flame.
9. Langkah 6 hingga 8 diulang untuk pecahan petroleum yang dikumpul di dalam tabung uji 2, 3 dan 4.
Steps 6 to 8 are repeated for petroleum fractions collected in test tubes 2, 3 and 4.
10. Pemerhatian direkodkan.
The observations are recorded.
Keputusan/ Results: TP 3
o
Warna
Tabung uji Boiling point ( C) Colour Kelikatan Kebolehbakaran Kejelagaan
Takat didih ( C)
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Sootiness
Flammability
Viscosity
Test tube
Bab 2
o
1 30 – 80 Kuning pucat Cair Mudah terbakar. Tiada
Pale yellow Runny Easily burned. None
Kuning Agak cair Agak mudah terbakar. Sedikit
2 80 – 120
Yellow Fairly runny Quite easily burned. A little
Kuning gelap Agak likat Sukar terbakar. Sedikit
3 120 – 160
Dark yellow Fairly viscous Hard to burn. A little
Perang Likat Sangat sukar terbakar. Banyak
4 160 – 200
Brown Viscous Very hard to burn. Large quantity
Mentafsir data/ Interpreting data: TP 5
gelap
1. Apabila takat didih meningkat, warna pecahan petroleum semakin , kelikatan pecahan
meningkat sukar
petroleum semakin , pecahan petroleum semakin terbakar dan
banyak
nyalaan menghasilkan semakin jelaga.
When the boiling temperature increases, the colour of the fractions becomes darker , the viscosity
of the fractions increases , the fraction becomes difficult to burn and the flame produce
more soot.

mengelakkan percikan
2. Serpihan porselin dimasukkan ke dalam kelalang dasar bulat bagi
ketika petroleum dipanaskan pada suhu yang tinggi.
The porcelain chips are added into the round bottom flask to prevent splashing when the petroleum
is heated at a high temperature.




2.2 Siri Homolog Buku Teks
Homologous Series m.s. 71-79



A Menerangkan Siri Homolog
Explain Homologous Series
1. Siri homolog ialah kumpulan sebatian organik yang mempunyai formula am , sifat kimia
dan kumpulan berfungsi yang sama. TP 1

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have the same general formula , chemical properties and
functional group .

2. Ciri-ciri siri homolog:/ Characteristics of the homologous series: TP 2
(a) Setiap ahli mempunyai formula am yang sama.
Each member has the same general formula .
(b) Ahli yang berturutan berbeza sebanyak satu atom karbon dan dua atom hidrogen .
Consecutive members differ by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms.




66

(b) Asid metanoik digunakan dalam pembekuan lateks.
Methanoic acid is used for coagulation of latex.
(c) Asid lemak digunakan untuk membuat sabun.
Fatty acids is used to make soap.
4. Ester/ Esters TP 2
(a) Ester semula jadi terdapat dalam daun pandan, kulit buah-buahan, serai dan bunga-bunga yang wangi.
Natural esters are found in the screw pine, fruit skins, lemon grass and flowers of plants.
(b) Etil butanoat yang berbau seperti nanas digunakan sebagai perisa makanan.

Ethyl butanoate that smells like pineapple is used as food flavouring.
(c) Etil etanoat digunakan sebagai pelarut dalam losyen, varnis kaku dan gam.
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Ethyl ethanoate is used as a solvent in lotions, nail varnishes and glue. Bab 2


IMBAS SAYA
Uji Kendiri 2.4





SPM
Soalan Berformat SPM

Kertas 1 Paper 1


1. Antara sebatian karbon berikut, yang manakah boleh 3. Rajah 3 menunjukkan formula struktur suatu sebatian
terbakar dalam udara? organik.
Which of the following carbon compounds can burn in air? Diagram 3 shows the structural formula of an organic
I C H 4 compound.
2
II C H OH H
5
2
III CH COOH
3
IV C H COOCH 3 H C H
5
2
A I dan II H H
I and II
B II dan III H C C C C H
II and III H H H
C I dan III
I and III Rajah/ Diagram 3
D III dan IV Apakah siri homolog bagi sebatian organik?
III and IV What is the homologous series for the organic compound?
A Alkena/ Alkenes
2. Rajah 1 menunjukkan pembakaran hidrokarbon. B Alkana/ Alkanes
Diagram 1 shows the combustion of hydrocarbons. C Alkohol/ Alcohols
D Asid karboksilik/ Carboxylic acids
Kayu uji bernyala
Burning wooden splinter
4. Tindak balas di bawah menunjukkan bahan X yang
digunakan untuk menukarkan etanol kepada asid
etanoik.
Hidrokarbon
The reaction below shows a substance X that is used to
Hydrocarbon
convert ethanol to ethanoic acid.
Rajah/ Diagram 1
Apakah gas yang terbebas? C H OH + Bahan X/ Substance X → CH COOH + H O
5
2
2
3
What is the gas released? Apakah bahan X?/ What is substance the X?
A Oksigen/ Oxygen A Air klorin/ Chlorine water
B Hidrogen/ Hydrogen B Larutan kalium iodida/ Potassium iodide solution
C Karbon dioksida/ Carbon dioxide C Asid sulfurik pekat/ Concentrated sulphuric acid
D Karbon monoksida/ Karbon monoxide D Larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution




99

5. Rajah 4 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi ester yang Apakah nama bagi sebatian?
menghasilkan bau bagi nanas. What is the name of the compound?
Diagram 4 shows the structural formula of ester that A Propil butanoat / Propyl butanoate
produces the odour for pineapple. B Butil pentanoat/ Butyl pentanoate
C Butil propanoat/ Butyl propanoate
H H H O
D Pentil butanoat/ Pentyl butanoate
H C C C C H H
H H H O C C H 8. Rajah 7 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi sebatian
P dan sebatian Q.
H H
Diagram 7 shows the structural formula of compound P and
Rajah/ Diagram 4 compound Q.
Kenal pasti alkohol dan asid karboksilik untuk
menghasilkan ester. HH HH HH HH HH OO
Identify the alcohol and carboxylic acid used to produce the HH CC CC CC OHOH HH CC CC CC OHOH
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Bab 2 ester. Alkohol Asid karboksilik
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
Alcohol Carboxylic acid Sebatian P/ Compound P Sebatian Q/ Compound Q
A Etanol Asid butanoik Rajah/ Diagram 7
Ethanol Butanoic acid Reagen manakah yang boleh digunakan untuk
B Propanol Asid etanoik membezakan antara sebatian P dan Q?
Propanol Ethanoic acid Which reagent can be used to differentiate between
C Butanol Asid propanoik compounds P and Q?
Butanol Propanoic acid A Magnesium/ Magnesium
D Butanol Asid etanoik B Air bromin/ Bromine water
Butanol Ethanoic acid C Larutan natrium hidroksida
Sodium hydroxide solution
6. Rajah 5 menunjukkan beberapa siri tindak balas D Larutan kalium manganat(VII)
sebatian karbon. Potassium manganate(VII) solution
Diagram 5 shows a series of reactions of carbon compounds.
9. Antara yang berikut, yang manakah isomer bagi
Etanol II Etena butana?
Ethanol Ethene Which of the following is the isomer of butane?
A H C
I III H H H H
H C H
H H H H C C C C H
Asid etanoik Etana C C C C H
Ethanoic acid Ethane H H H H
H H H
B D
Rajah/ Diagram 5 H H
Antara padanan berikut, yang manakah betul bagi H H C H H H H C H H
proses-proses yang terlibat? C C C H
Which of the following matches is true for the processes H H H C C C H
involved? H H H
I II III 10. Rajah 8 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi sebatian
A Pengoksidaan Pendehidratan Penghidrogenan X.
Oxidation Dehydration Hydrogenation Diagram 8 shows the structural formula of compound X.
B Penukargantian Pengoksidaan Penambahan
Substitution Oxidation Addition H
C Pengoksidaan Pendehidratan Penukargantian H C H
Oxidation Dehydration Substitution H H
D Penghidrogenan Penukargantian Pengoksidaan H C C C C H
Hydrogenation Substitution Oxidation
H H H
7. Rajah 6 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi suatu Rajah/ Diagram 8
sebatian yang digunakan sebagai perisa pisang tiruan.
Diagram 6 shows the structural formula of a compound Apakah sebatian X?/ What is compound X?
used as an artificial banana flavouring. A 2-metilbut-2-ena/ 2-methylbut-2-ene
B 2-metilpent-2-ena/ 2-methylpent-2-ene
H H H O H H H H H C 3-metilbut-2-ena/ 3-methylbut-2-ene
D 3-metilpent-2-ena/ 3-methylpent-2-ene
H C C C C O C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H
Rajah/ Diagram 6

100

11. Sebatian karbon yang manakah terbakar menghasilkan A C H 6
3
paling banyak jelaga? B C H 8
3
Which of the following carbon compound burns to produce C C H OH
7
3
the most soot? D C H COOH
[Jisim atom relatif/ Relative atomic mass: H=1; O=16; 2 5
C=12]

Kertas 2 Paper 2


Bahagian A/ Section A

1. Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan situasi di dalam sebuah makmal sains sekolah.
Diagram 1.1 shows a situation in a school science laboratory. Bab 2

Propil etanoat.
Cikgu, sebatian itu berbau Propyl ethanoate.
seperti buah pir. Apakah
nama bagi sebatian?
Teacher, that compound smells
like pear. What is the name of
the compound?



Rajah/ Diagram 1.1
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1:/ Based on Diagram 1.1:
(a) (i) Nyatakan siri homolog bagi propil etanoat.
State the homologous series for propyl ethanoate.
Ester/ Ester
[1 markah/ mark]

(ii) Nyatakan satu sifat fizik lain bagi propil etanoat.

©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
State one other physical properties of propyl ethanoate.
Tidak larut di dalam air // Kurang tumpat daripada air
Insoluble in water // Less dense than water
[1 markah/ marks]

(iii) Propil etanoat boleh disediakan melalui pengesteran. Nyatakan nama alkohol dan asid karbosilik yang boleh
digunakan untuk menghasilkan propil etanoat melalui pengesteran.
Propyl ethanoate can be prepared by esterification. State the names of alcohol and carboxylic acid that can be used to
produce propyl ethanoate by esterification.
Alkohol/ Alcohol: Propanol/ Propanol
Asid karboksilik/ Carboxylic acid: Asid etanoik/ Ethanoic acid
[2 markah/ marks]

(iv) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak halas di(a)(iii).
Write the chemical equation for the reaction at (a)(iii).
CH COOH + C H OH → CH COOC H + H O
3
2
7
3
7
3
3
[2 markah/ marks]
(b) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan formula struktur suatu alkena
Diagram 1.2 shows the structural formula of an alkene.
H
H C H
H H
H C C C C H
H H H
Rajah/ Diagram 1.2

101

Kertas 3 Paper 3


1. Dalam eksperimen ini anda dikehendaki mengenal pasti hidrokarbon tepu daripada hidrokarbon tak tepu dengan
menggunakan air bromin, Br dan larutan kalium manganata(VII), KMnO berasid.
4
2
In this experiment you are required to identify saturated hydrocarbons from unsaturated hydrocarbons using bromine, Br water and
2
acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO solution.
4
Anda dibekalkan dengan bahan-bahan berikut:
You are provided with the following materials:
B1 - Cecair sebatian organik P/ Liquid organic compound P
B2 - Cecair sebatian organik Q/ Liquid organic compound Q
L1 - Air bromin/ Bromine water
L2 - Larutan kalium manganate(VII), KMnO berasid/ Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO solution
4
4
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Jalankan eksperimen berikut mengikut prosedur berikut:
Carry out the experiments using the following procedure: Bab 2
Eksperimen I/ Experiment I:
1. 2 cm sebatian organik P dituang ke dalam sebuah tabung uji.
3
2 cm of organic compound P is poured into a test tube.
3
2. Beberapa titis air bromin ditambah dengan menggunakan penitis sambil tabung uji digoncang sehingga tiada
perubahan lagi.
A few drops of bromine water were added using a dropper while test tube was shaken until there was no further change.
3. Warna sebatian organik P sebelum dan selepas tindak balas direkodkan.
The colour of organic compound P before and after the reaction was recorded.
4. Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan 2 cm sebatian organik Q.
3
The experiment was repeated using 2 cm of organic compound Q.
3
Eksperimen II/ Experiment II:
3
1. 2 cm sebatian organik P dituang ke dalam sebuah tabung uji.
2 cm of organic compound P is poured into a test tube.
3
2. Beberapa titis larutan kalium manganat(VII), KMnO berasid ditambah dengan menggunakan penitis sambil tabung
4
uji digoncang sehingga tiada perubahan lagi.
A few drops of acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO solution were added using a dropper while the test tube was shaken
4
until there was no further change.
3. Warna sebatian organik P sebelum dan selepas tindak balas direkodkan.
The colour of organic compound P before and after the reaction was recorded.
4. Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan 2 cm sebatian organik Q.
3
The experiment was repeated using 2 cm of organic compound Q.
3
Keputusan/ Results:
Pemerhatian
Eksperimen Observation
Experiment Sebatian organik P Sebatian organik Q
Organic compound P Organic compound Q
I
II
[4 markah/ marks]

Berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen/ Based on the results of the experiment:
(a) Kenal pasti/ Identify:
(i) Hidrokarbon tepu/ Saturated hydrocarbon
(ii) Hidrokarbon tak tepu/ Unsaturated hydrocarbon [2 markah/marks]

(b) Cadangkan nama bagi./ Suggest the name of:
(i) Sebatian P/ Compound P
(ii) Sebatian Q/ Compound Q [2 markah/marks]

(c) Apakah sebatian yang terbentuk daripada tindak balas:
What are the compounds formed from the reactions of:
(i) Eksperimen I/ Experiment I
(ii) Eksperimen II/ Experiment II [2 markah/ marks]

(d) Apakah jenis tindak balas dalam Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II?
What is the type of reaction in Experiment I and Experiment II? [1 markah/ mark]

105

Pentaksiran Bilik Darjah (PBD)




Bab 1 Keseimbangan Redoks 1
Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium

TP Tafsiran
3 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan mengenai tindak balas redoks untuk menerangkan kejadian atau fenomena alam dan dapat
melaksanakan tugasan mudah.
4 Menganalisis pengetahuan mengenai tindak balas redoks dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah mengenai kejadian atau fenomena
alam.
5 Menilai pengetahuan mengenai tindak balas redoks dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan untuk
melaksanakan satu tugasan.
6 Merekacipta menggunakan pengetahuan mengenai tindak balas redoks dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat
keputusan atau dalam melaksanakan aktiviti/ tugasan dalam situasi baharu secara kreatif dan inovatif dengan mengambil kira nilai
sosial/ ekonomi/ budaya masyarakat.

1. Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji tindak balas dalam tabung uji P dan Q.
Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up to study the reaction in test tubes P and Q.


Air bromin, Br
2
Bromine, Br water
2
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO Larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO
4 4
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO solution Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO solution
4 4
Pita magnesium, Mg
Magnesium, Mg ribbon
Tabung uji P Tabung uji Q
Test tube P Test tube Q
Rajah/ Diagram 1
(a) Namakan jenis tindak balas dalam: TP 3
Name the type of reaction in:
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
(i) tabung uji P/ test tube P
Penurunan// Penyesaran logam/ Reduction//Metal displacement
(ii) tabung uji Q/ test tube Q

Pengoksidaan / Oxidation

(b) Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas dalam: TP 4
Write the ionic equations for the reactions in:
(i) tabung uji P/ test tube P.
2+
Mg + Cu → Mg + Cu
2+
(ii) tabung uji Q/ test tube Q.
Br + 2Fe → 2Fe + 2Br –
3+
2+
2
(c) Nyatakan agen pengoksidaan dalam: TP 5
State the oxidising agent in:
(i) tabung uji P/ test tube P. Lembaran PBD
Ion kuprum(II), Cu / Copper(II) ion, Cu 2+
2+
(ii) tabung uji Q/ test tube Q.
Bromin, Br / Bromine, Br
2 2

(d) Berdasarkan tindak balas dalam tabung uji P, TP 4
Based to the reaction in test tube P,
(i) apakah perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bagi magnesium, Mg?
what is the change in oxidation number for magnesium, Mg?
0 → +2

MG-1

(ii) nyatakan pemerhatian yang dijangka.
state the observation expected.
Pita magnesium, Mg larut/ Magnesium, Mg ribbon dissolves


(e) Berdasarkan tindak balas yang berlaku dalam tabung uji Q, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menunjukkan
pemindahan elektron pada suatu jarak.
Based on the reaction in test tube Q, describe an experiment to show the electron transfer at a distance.
Huraian anda hendaklah mengandungi aspek-aspek yang berikut:
Your description should include the following aspects:
(i) Susunan radas yang berlabel/ Labelled set-up of apparatus


Galvabometer
Galvanometer
G

Elektrod karbon
Carbon electrodes

Larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO
4
Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO solution
4 Air bromin, Br
2
Bromine, Br water
Asid sulfurik cair, H SO
2 4
Dilute sulphuric acid, H SO
2 4
(ii) Prosedur eksperimen/ Procedures of the experiment
1. Tuang asid sulfurik cair, H SO ke dalam tiub-U sehingga separuh penuh dan apitkan secara menegak.
2
4
Pour dilute sulphuric acid, H SO into the U-tube until half-full and clamp it vertically.
2
4
2. Masukkan larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO 0.5 mol dm ke dalam lengan kiri tiub-U dengan menggunakan
–3
4
penitis sehingga lebih kurang setinggi 3 cm.
Insert 0.5 mol dm of iron(II) sulphate, FeSO solution into the left arm of the U-tube using a dropper until about 3 cm
–3
4
in height.
3. Masukkan air bromin, Br ke dalam lengan kanan tiub-U menggunakan penitis sehingga lebih kurang
2
setinggi 3 cm.
Insert bromine, Br water into the right arm of the U-tube using a dropper until about 3 cm in height.
2
4. Celupkan elektrod karbon ke dalam setiap lengan U-tiub.
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Place the carbon electrodes into each arm of the U-tube.
5. Sambungkan elektrod karbon kepada galvanometer dengan menggunakan wayar penyambung.
Connect the carbon electrodes to the galvanometer using the connecting wires.
6. Perhatikan arah pesongan jarum galvanometer dan perubahan warna pada kedua-dua larutan di dalam
tiub-U.
Observe the deflection of the galvanometer needle and colour change of both solutions in the U-tube.
Bab 2 Sebatian Karbon 1
Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
TP Tafsiran
3 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan mengenai sebatian karbon untuk menerangkan kejadian atau fenomena alam dan dapat melaksanakan
tugasan mudah.
4 5 Menganalisis pengetahuan mengenai sebatian karbon dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah mengenai kejadian atau fenomena alam.
Lembaran PBD 1. Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu siri perubahan yang berlaku antara beberapa ahli dalam siri homolog.
Menilai pengetahuan mengenai sebatian karbon dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan untuk melaksanakan
satu tugasan.



Diagram 1 shows a series of changes that occur between several members of the homologous series.

Propana + H 2 Alkena X Alumina Propanol
Propane Alkene X Propanol




Larutan kalium, KMnO 4
dikromat(VI) berasid
Asid propanoik Acidified potassium
Propanoic acid dichromate(VI), KMnO solution
4
Rajah/ Diagram 1
MG-2

3. Hitungkan haba pemendakan bagi magnesium karbonat, MgCO . TP 3
3
Calculate the heat of precipitation of magnesium carbonate, MgCO . 3
–3
–1
[Muatan haba tentu larutan/Specific heat capacity of solution: 4.2 J g-1 °C ; Ketumpatan larutan/ Density of solution: 1 g cm ]
27.0 °C 28.0 °C 25.0 °C
Termometer Kacau
Thermometer Stir
Cawan
polistirena
Polystyrene
cups
Larutan
campuran
Mixed
solution
50 cm larutan Na CO 50 cm larutan Mg(NO )
3
3
2 3 3 2
1.0 mol dm –3 1.0 mol dm –3
3
3
50 cm of 1.0 mol dm –3 50 cm of 1.0 mol dm –3
Na CO solution Mg(NO ) solution
2 3 3 2
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles, n
Mg + C O → MgCO
2–
2+
3 3
MV MV
n = 1 000 n = 1 000
(1)(50) (1)(50)
n = 1 000 n = 1 000
n = 0.05 n = 0.05
1 mol Mg + 1 mol CO → 1 mol MgCO 3
2–
2+
3
0.05 mol Mg + 0.05 mol CO → 0.05 mol MgCO
2–
2+
3 3
Perubahan haba/ Heat change, Q = mcθ
= (100)(4.2)(27.5 - 25.0) = 1050 J
Haba pemendakan/ Heat of precipitation, ΔH
0.05 mol MgCO membebaskan/ released + 1050 J
3
∴ 1 mol MgCO membebaskan/ released + 21000 J
3
Δ
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
H = + 21 kJ mol
–1
Bab 4 Polimer 1
Chapter 4 Polymer
TP Tafsiran
1 Mengingat kembali pengetahuan dan kemahiran asas mengenai polimer.
2 Memahami polimer serta dapat menjelaskan kefahaman tersebut.
3 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan mengenai polimer untuk menerangkan kejadian atau fenomena alam dan dapat melaksanakan
tugasan mudah.
4 Menganalisis pengetahuan mengenai polimer dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah mengenai kejadian atau fenomena alam.
5 Menilai pengetahuan mengenai polimer dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan untuk melaksanakan satu
tugasan.
6 Merekacipta menggunakan pengetahuan mengenai polimer dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan atau
dalam melaksanakan aktiviti/ tugasan dalam situasi baharu secara kreatif dan inovatif dengan mengambil kira nilai sosial/ ekonomi/
budaya masyarakat.

1. Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan kerusi yang diperbuat daripada bahan yang Lembaran PBD
mengandungi polimer P. Polimer P mempunyai formula struktur
seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah 1.2.
Diagram 1.1 shows a chair made of a material containing polymer P. Polymer
P has a structural formula as shown in Diagram 1.2. H Cl


C C

H H n

Rajah/ Diagram 1.1 Rajah/ Diagram 1.2


MG-5

BAB 1 (iii)
Soalan Berformat SPM Elektrod X/ Electrode X
Anod/ Anode (+)
Kertas 1/ Paper 1 SO , OH – [1]
2–
4
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C Ion tertarik OH dipilih untuk nyahcas sebab

6. B 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. B kepada kepekatannya lebih tinggi.
Ions attracted to OH is chosen for discharge because of its

Kertas 2/ Paper 2 higher concentration. [2]
Bahagian A/ Section A
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
1. (a) (i) Bikar B/ Beaker B Setengah 4OH → 2H O + O + 4e – [1]
persamaan

(ii) G 2 2
Half-equation
Elektrod karbon Elektrod zink Elektrod kuprum Pemerhatian Gelembung gas tidak berwarna
Carbon electrodes Zinc electrode Copper electrode
Observation Colourless gas bubbles [1]
3
(b)
A B
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Bahan Plumbum(II) bromida Naftalena
(iii) Keamatan warna biru berkurang. Kepekatan ion Substance Lead(II) bromide Naphthalene
Copper(II) sulphate solution
Cu berkurang kerana dinyahcas.
2+
The intensity of the blue colour decreases. The Keadaan Pepejal Leburan Pepejal Leburan
concentration of Cu ions decreases due to State Solid Molten Solid Molten
2+
discharge. Tidak Tidak Tidak
(iv) Oksigen. Menyalakan kayu uji berbara. mengkonduksi Mengkonduksi mengkonduksi mengkonduksi
Oxygen. Ignites the glowing wooden splinter. Inferens arus elektrik arus elektrik arus elektrik arus elektrik
(b) (i) Cu + 2e → Cu Inference Does not Conduct Does not Does not
2+

Zn → Zn + 2e – conduct electricity conduct conduct
2+
(ii) Gas hidrogen. Ion H daripada asid dinyahcas electricity electricity electricity
+
+
Hydrogen gas. H ions from acid are discharged. Ion tidak Ion bergerak Molekul Molekul
2. (a) (i) Kuprum/ Copper Penerangan bergerak bebas neutral neutral
(ii) Besi lebih elektropositif daripada kuprum. Besi Explanation bebas Ions are free Neutral Neutral
akan mengion terlebih dahulu membentuk ion Fe Ions are not moving molecules molecules
2+
yang menghasilkan warna biru tua dengan larutan free moving
kalium heksasianoferat(III).
Iron is more electropositive than copper. Iron will Bahagian C/ Section C
ionise first to form Fe ions which produce dark 4. (a) Apabila ditambah kepada larutan kalium iodida, KI, air
2+
blue colour with potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) klorin mampu menyesarkan iodin daripada larutan kalium
solution.
(iii) Besi/ Iron iodida, KI. Larutan tidak berwarna menjadi perang.
When added to potassium iodide, KI solution, chlorine
Fe → Fe + 2e – water is able to displace iodine from potassium iodide, KI
2+
(b) (i) Zink/ Zinc solution. Colourless solution turns brown. [1]
(ii) Zink lebih elektropositif daripada besi. Zink akan Cl + 2KI → 2KCl + I [1]
2
mengion terlebih dahulu dan menghalang besi Cl + 2e → 2Cl Penurunan. Terima elektron
2


daripada berkarat. 2 Reduction. Accepts electron [1]
Zinc is more electropositive than iron. Zinc will 2I → I Pengoksidaan. Buang elektron

ionise first and prevent iron from rusting. 2 Oxidation. Releases electron [1]
(iii) Zink/ Zinc (b) Apabila serbuk zink ditambah kepada larutan ferum(III)
Zn → Zn + 2e – sulfat, Fe (SO ) dan dipanaskan perlahan-lahan, larutan
2+
4 5
2
perang berubah menjadi hijau muda.
Bahagian B/ Section B When zinc powder is added to iron(III) sulphate, Fe (SO )
4 3
2
solution and heated gently, the brown solution turns pale
3. (a) (i) Jenis elektrod/ Type of electrode green.
(ii) [2]
Katod/ Cathode (–) Anod/ Anode (+) Zn → Zn + 2e Pengoksidaan. Nombor pengoksidaan
2+

Ion Cu dinyahcas Cu terbentuk bertambah daripada 0 ke +2
2+
2+
Oxidation. Oxidation number increases
Ion Cu discharged [1] Cu formed [1] from 0 to +2 [2]
2+
2+
Setengah Fe + e → Fe Penurunan. Nombor pengoksidaan
3+

2+
persamaan Cu + 2e → Cu [1] Cu → Cu + 2e [1] berkurang daripada +3 ke +2

2+
2+

Half-equation Reduction. Oxidation number decreases
from +3 to +2 [2]
Katod menebal Anod menipis
Pemerhatian Cathode becomes Anode becomes ATAU/ OR
Observation thicker [1] thinner [1] Apabila air klorin ditambah kepada larutan ferum(II)
sulfat, FeSO larutan hijau muda berubah menjadi perang.
Jawapan When chlorine water is added to iron(II) sulphate, FeSO 4
4
solution, the pale green solution turns brown.
[2]


Cl + 2e → 2Cl Penurunan. Nombor pengoksidaan


2
berkurang daripada 0 ke -1
Reduction. Oxidation number
decreases from 0 to -1. [2]
MG-10

Fe → Fe + e Pengoksidaan. Nombor pengoksidaan BAB 2

3+
2+
bertambah daripada +2 ke +3.
Oxidation. Oxidation number Soalan Berformat SPM
increases from +2 to +3. [2] Kertas 1/ Paper 1
(c) Rajah berlabel/ Labelled diagram: 1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A
6. A 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. A
G
11. A
Elektrod karbon
Carbon electrodes
Kertas 2/ Paper 2
Bahagian A/ Section A
Larutan ferum(II)
Larutan kalium dikromat(VI) 1. (a) (i) Ester/ Ester [1]
sulfat, FeSO
4 Potassium dichromate(VI) (ii) Tidak larut di dalam air, kurang tumpat daripada air
Iron(II) sulphate, solution
FeSO solution Insoluble in water, less dense than water [1]
4
Asid sulfurik cair, H SO (iii) Propanol/ Propanol
2 4
Dilute sulphuric acid, H SO Asid etanoik/ Ethanoic acid [2]
2 4
[2] (iv) CH COOH + C H OH → CH COOC H + H O
3
7
3
2
3
7
3
Prosedur/ Procedure: [2]
1. Asid sulfurik cair, H SO dimasukkan ke dalam (b) (i) 2-metilbut-2-ena/ 2-methylbut-2-ene [1]
4
2
sebuah tiub-U. (ii) Ikatan ganda dua antara atom karbon, C=C
Dilute sulfuric acid, H SO is added into a U-tube. Double bonds between carbon atoms, C=C [1]
2
4
2. Menggunakan penitis, secara berhati-hati larutan (iii) C H [1]
10
5
H
ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO ditambah ke dalam satu lengan H H H HH HH (iv) H H
4
manakala larutan kalium dikromat(VI) ditambah ke H C C HC CC CC CH C C H H
dalam lengan satu lagi tiub-u. H H H H H H H H H H H H C H
Using a dropper, carefully iron(II) sulphate, FeSO H H H H H H H H
4
solution is added into one arm and potassium H C C C C C H Atau H C C C C C H Atau H C C C C H
dichromate(VI) solution is added into the other arm of H H H Or H H H Or H H
a u-tube.
3. Kedua-dua elektrod karbon dimasukkan ke dalam H H H H
larutan masing-masing. H C H H C H H C H H C H
Both carbon electrodes are inserted into solutions H H H H H H H H HH H H
respectively. H H
4. Kedua-dua elektrod karbon disambung kepada H C C H C C C H C H C C H C H Atau H C C HC H CC C CH H C C H
Or
galvanometer dengan menggunakan wayar H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
penyambung. H 2. C(a) C H OH + 3O → 2CO + 3H O [2]
C
Both carbon electrodes are connected to a (b) C 2 C 5 H 2 H 2 C C 2 C C H
galvanometer using connecting wires. [4] H H H H
Pemerhatian/ Observation: Wul kaca rendam etanol Serpihan porselain
Porcelain chips
Glass wool soaked in ethanol
1. Galvanometer menunjukkan bacaan.

Galvanometer shows a reading.
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
Etena
2. Warna larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO berubah Ethene
4
daripada hijau pucat ke perang. Panaskan
Colour of iron(II) sulphate, FeSO solution changes Heat
4
from pale green to brown. Air
3. Warna larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berubah daripada Water [2]
jingga ke hijau.
Colour of potassium dichromate (VI) solution changes (c) Larutan jingga menjadi hijau.
from orange to green. [3] Orange solution turns green.
Kesimpulan/ Conclusion: (d) [2]
Tindak balas redoks menghasilkan tenaga elektrik. O
Redox reaction produces electrical energy. [1] CH C O CH CH
3 2 3
Kertas 3/ Paper 3 Bahagian B/ Section B
1. (a) 3. (a) (i) 1. Kedua-dua sebatian karbon P dan Q merupakan
Set Pasangan elekrod Bacaan voltmeter (V) hidrokarbon dengan 4 atom karbon.
Set Electrode pairs Voltmeter reading (V) Both carbon compounds P and Q are
I Kuprum dan magnesium hydrocarbons with 4 carbon atoms.
Copper and magnesium 2.7 2. Kedua-dua sebatian karbon terbakar dalam
udara membentuk karbon dioksida dan air.
II Kuprum dan zink Both carbon compounds burn in the air to form
Copper and zinc 1.1 carbon dioxide and water.
III Kuprum dan aluminium 3. Sebatian karbon P ialah hidrokarbon tak tepu
Copper and aluminium 2.0 manakala sebatian karbon Q ialah hidrokarbon
tepu.
[3] Carbon compound P is unsaturated
(b) Mg, Al, Zn, Cu [2] hydrocarbon while carbon compound Q is
(c) (i) 2H + 2e → H 2 saturated hydrocarbon.

+
(ii) Mg → Mg + 2e – [4] 4. Sebatian karbon P mengalami tindak balas
2+
penambahan manakala sebatian karbon Q
mengalami tindak balas penukargantian.
Carbon compound P undergo addition reaction Jawapan
while carbon compound Q undergo substitution
reactions. [4]
MG-11

(ii) H (c) C H + 19 O → 6CO + 7H O [1]
2
2
6
14
2
2
H C H Jisim molar/ Molar mass = 6(12) + 14(1) = 86 [1]
8.6
H H H H H H Bilangan mol/ Number of moles, n = 86 = 0.1 [1]
1 mol C H → 6 mol CO
H C C C C H H C C C H 6 14 2
1 mole of C H → 6 moles of CO 2
14
6
H H H H H H H 0.1 mol C H → 0.6 mol CO 2
6
14
0.1 mole of C H → 0.6 moles of CO
2-butena 2-metilpropena 6 14 3 2
2-butene 2-methylpropene = 0.6 × 24 = 14.4 dm [1]
[4]
(iii) 1. 2 cm larutan kalium manganat(VII), KMnO Kertas 3/ Paper 3
3
4
berasid dituang ke dalam dua tabung uji. 1.
2 cm of acidified potassium manganate(VII),
3
KMnO solution is poured into two test tubes. Pemerhatian/ Observation
4
2. Kedua-dua gas dialirkan ke dalam tabung Eksperimen Sebatian organik P Sebatian organik Q
uji yang mengandungi larutan kalium Experiment Organic compound P Organic compound Q
©PAN ASIA PUBLICATIONS
manganata(VII), KMnO 4 berasid secara
berasingan. Perang kepada
Both gases is flowed into separate test tubes I tidak berwarna Tiada perubahan
containing acidified potassium manganate(VII), Brown to colourless No change
KMnO solution.
4
3. Warna ungu larutan akan dinyahwarnakan oleh Ungu kepada
gas P. Tiada perubahan
The purple colour of the solution will be II tidak berwarna No change
decolourised by gas P. Purple to colourless
4. Gas Q tidak memberi kesan kepada warna ungu [4]
larutan. (a) (i) Sebatian Q/ Compound Q [2]
Gas Q have no reaction with the purple colour (ii) Sebatian P/ Compound P
of the solution. [4] (b) (i) Heksena/ Hexene [2]
(ii) Heksana/ Hexane
(b) (i) C H OH + 2[O] → C H COOH + H O [1] (c) (i) 1, 2-dibromoheksana/ 1, 2-dibromohexane [2]
9
7
2
4
3
Pengesteran/ Esterification [1] (ii) Heksan-1, 2- diol/ Hexan-1, 2-diol
(d) Tindak balas penambahan/ Addition reaction [1]
H
CH CH CH C O CH CH CH CH
3 2 2 2 2 2 3 BAB 3
Butil butanoat/ Butyl butanoate [2+1]
(ii) C H + 6O → 4CO + 4H O [1] Soalan Berformat SPM
4 8 2 4(12) 2 2
% C = 4(12) + 8(1) × 100% [1] Kertas 1/ Paper 1
= 85.7 % [1] 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. B
6. C 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. C
Bahagian C/ Section C
4. (a) Kertas 2/ Paper 2
Kumpulan Formula Bahagian A/ Section A
Formula am
Sebatian General berfungsi struktur Nama 1. (a) Eksotermik. Membebaskan haba ke persekitaran kerana
Compound Functional Structural Name ΔH mempunyai tanda negatif.
formula Exothermic. Released heat to surrounding because ΔH
group formula
has a negative sign. [2]
H H H Propanol (b) Ikatan kovalen H–H dan ikatan kovalen Cl–Cl./ Covalent
A C H 2n+1 OH –OH H C O C H C H H Propanol bond H–H and covalent bond Cl–Cl. [2]
n
H (c) Jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas lebih tinggi
berbanding jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas
Total energy content of the reactants is higher than total
H H H Propena
B C H C=C H C C C H energy content of the products. [2]
n 2n Propene
H 2. (a) Haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol kuprum, Cu
disesarkan daripada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO oleh
Asid zink, Zn. 4
H H O propanoik Heat released when 1 mole of copper, Cu is displaced from
C C H 2n+1 COOH –COOH H C C C OH Propanoic copper(II) sulphate, CuSO solution by zinc, Zn. [1]
n
H H (b) Eksotermik/ Exothermic 4 [1]
acid
(c) (i) θ = mcθ
(b) = 50 × 4.2 × 8
Serpihan porselain Propena = 1680 J
Porcelain chips Propene
= 1.68 kJ [1]
(ii) Bilangan mol CuSO / Number of moles of CuSO 4
4
= mv = 0.01
Panaskan 1000
Heat = 0.2 × 50 = 0.01 mol
Wul kaca direndam Air 1000
dalam propanol Water [3] Haba penyesaran/ Heat of displacement
Glass wool soaked = 0.01 mol = –168 kJ mol [2]
1.68 kJ
in propanol
–1
Jawapan C H OH → C H + H O [1] (d) Zn + CuSO → ZnSO + Cu ∆H = –168.0 kJ mol [1]
–1
4
4
2
3
3
7
6
MG-12

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DWIBAHASA

Judul-judul dalam 5
siri Modul A+1 sekarang! Kimia


Mata Pelajaran / Tingkatan 4 5 Kimia / Chemistry Tingkatan
Chemistry
Sejarah
Matematik

Matematik Tambahan Dr. Chua Kah Heng (Penulis Buku Teks)
Hairul Nizam Omar (Guru Cemerlang)
Kimia
Dr. Chan S.G.
Fizik
Pentaksiran
Perniagaan Tingkatan 5 Pentaksiran
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