CASE STUDY HIGHWAY

POLITEKNIK

SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CASE STUDY

COURSE HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE DCC 30103 CLASS DKA3D

NAME NURAZIEAN BINTI MUHAMMAD ROZI

MATRIX NO 08DKA20F1074

NAME MATRIX NO

AYU QHAIRUNNISA BINTI 08DKA20F1081
YAHYA

GROUP MEMBERS

TITLE INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC ( CASE STUDY )
30 DISEMBER 2021
DATE SUBMITTED RABEAH ADAWIYAH BINTI HASHIM

LECTURER NAME

LECTURER
COMMENT
MARKS

ABSTRACT

Road accidents are a major problem in Malaysia . Road accidents are caused by the attitude
of drivers who ignore road safety rules , causing road accidents in Malaysia to increase ,
causing road accidents in Malaysia to increase . Aside from that , a non – flat road structure ,
as well as a lack of damage in road maintenance , is a major cause of road deterioration . Poor
law enforcement also causes the public to commit traffic offenses repeatedly . According to
Ministry of Works statistics , the rate of road accidents is 548 598 cases and is increasing to
567 516 cases . An increase of 18 918 . According to media reports , approximately 12 cases
of accidents are caused by drunk drivers , which causes accidents and deaths . Shah Alam has
experienced approximately 233 road closures due to deteriorating road infrastructure . The
purpose of this study is to identify the definite causes of road accidents and provide the best
solution for reducing the rate of road accidents in Malaysia .

1.0 INTRODUCTION

According to the fourth edition of the Hall dictionary , an accident is produced by
difficulty . The road is a structure made of tiny stones . A road accident is defined under the
Road Transport Act as any occurrence that causes damage to any person , property , vehicle ,
building, or animal that happens on any public road , including bridges , tunnels , side stops ,
elevated highways , flyovers , toll plazas and so on .

According to Ministry of Works statistics , 548 598 instances were documented in 2018
and grew to 567 516 cases in 2019 . Many things contributed to the 18 918 rises . The attitude
of drivers who disobey road safety regulations , drivers who are inebriated and do not
exercise basic driving ethics are some of the causes that contribute to the rise in road
accidents . Furthermore , lousy road construction contributes to traffic accidents . Weak road
structures , such as potholes , stagnant water , weights carried by the road owing to high
traffic and building that necessitates massive trucks , all contribute to weak road damage ,
which finally leads to road erosion . Furthermore , lax law enforcement encourages repeat
offenders to commit infractions without considering the social effect on other road users .

The government and non – government organisations have made various attempts to
encourage the community to always follow excellent driving ethics while on the road .
Among these is road safety instruction , introduced from elementary through secondary
school . It was discovered . However , school instructors paid less attention to this topic since
the syllabus prepared did not satisfy the teachers to teach . Furthermore , different warning
signs have been installed to prevent drivers from falling asleep or being inebriated while
driving . A rest and treatment area ( R & R ) to allow the driver to recover before resuming
the voyage . Finally , various adjustments have been made to establish harsher penalties for
offenders who violate the law on the road .

The current research will look at the elements that contribute to road accidents and
measures to regulate them to minimise the number of accidents on the road . Traffic
management is a means of successfully controlling traffic movement on a running route
because of the many paths : the quicker a city , the faster traffic management . For example ,
Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia's capital city , is densely populated . Some people use public
transportation to work , while others drive themselves . Those who drive their cars contribute
to Kuala Lumpur's heavy traffic . According to the Head of the Kuala Lumpur Traffic
Investigation and Enforcement Department ( JSPT ) , there would be 260 accident cases in

April 2021 in Kuala Lumpur . As a result , proper traffic management will lower the number
of road accidents . Its purpose is to alleviate traffic congestion , reduce the number of
accidents and allow the vehicle to go at a predetermined pace .

Effective traffic management will have far – reaching consequences for road users .
Proper traffic management will also make it easier for cars to navigate the route . To maintain
the safety and well – being of drivers , traffic management must have a clear direction .

2.0 FACTORS CAUSING ACCIDENTS

In today's case study , three primary routes contribute to the incidence of road accident
instances . These include drivers' disregard for their duty as sensible drivers , poor road
infrastructure and ineffective law enforcement .

2.1 Driver Attitude

Car and motorcycle drivers are the ones that always utilise the road to get to their
destination . A total of 32 378 174 motor vehicles have been registered and overall , the
usage of motor vehicles on the highways is rising . However , drivers who ignore their safety
, passenger and other drivers cause more traffic accidents than other road users eventually
bear . According to a Berita Harian article , there were 191 incidents of intoxicated drivers
inflicting injury to themselves in 2018 , with 85 cases of death documented . Mental issues
cause drunk driving . Workplace stress , mental troubles and interpersonal problems are often
the root causes of these issues . Drivers will consume so much alcohol that they will become
oblivious to the speed they are driving . Drivers having an alcohol concentration of more than
1% are not permitted to operate in Malaysia because they harm other motorists . Penalty for
having alcohol in your system , such as a 3 year suspension of your driver's licence .

Furthermore , drivers who handle electronics while driving contribute to the incidence
of road accidents . According to a 2016 research done by the Institute of Road Safety
Research ( MIROS ) 43.4 per cent of drivers have used a cell phone while driving . They
often use mobile phones owing to job things that must be handled as quickly as possible ,
conversing with pals while driving and utilising navigation apps such as Waze and Google
Maps . Observations show that people who are continuously looking at their phones operate
e–hailing companies such as Grab , FoodPanda and Jom Makan . In the statement , the driver
will also use the phone while moving the steering wheel , causing instability while driving .
Consequently , the motorist will be irresponsible while going and the cerebral half of the
brain will ultimately be unable to operate correctly . The motorist will be involved in an
accident as a result of this .

2.2 Road Structure

Roads are sites often utilised by road users to go to their intended destinations . Road
conditions will have an impact on drivers . Good road conditions contribute to safe driving ,
while bad road conditions lead to accidents that may harm or even kill . According to Akhbar
Berita Harian , there were 233 accidents in Shah Alam due to inadequate road construction .
This is because too many people in Shah Alam use the road . Therefore the load sustained by
the road surface ( surface course ) cannot be distributed equally by the road's bottom layer (
Sub Base ).

Furthermore , the fast growth in Selangor causes potholes , cracks ( cracking ) ,
depression ( depression ) and erosion ( ravelling ) . This is due to enormous loads such as
cement trucks , bitumen trucks and lorries transporting boulders through the region up to the
building site . Furthermore , heavy loads are put in an area for an extended time because the
task is completed in three to four days . This erodes the road surface , requiring traffic to slow
down while travelling through the region . Next , the potholed road structure is caused by a
sewage plant in the centre of the road . Plant treatment work must be performed regularly .
As a result, this gap cannot be bridged . As a result , the road will constantly be potholed and
the motorist will ultimately have to be aware of the road conditions . There are sensitive
drivers and less sensitive drivers , leading to minor accidents .

2.3 Weak Law Enforcement

The law is highly significant in training society to be more disciplined in an issue and
when it has done an unforgivable sin until punished by law . Strict regulations may build a
decent society , whilst weak laws can allow a community to be readily ignorant to wrong
doing . The Road Transport Act 1987 ( Act 333 ) in Malaysia was gazetted on September 24 ,
1987 and was last revised in many sessions in 2020 . Some towns do not take the penalties
levied for traffic violations seriously enough . When the case is re – examined , the
compound rate imposed ranges between RM 70 - RM 300 , depending on the kind of
infraction committed . This low compound rate encourages road users to engage in traffic
violations regularly . Consumer – discipline laws should be strengthened to prevent repeat
offenders from achieving the same infractions . Violation of red lights is one of the most
common infractions perpetrated by drivers . They were making wrong turns , halting in an
emergency lane , exceeding a speed limit and so forth . These minor errors contribute to
major accidents , which might result in death . For example , the two vehicles collide if a car
driver disregards a red traffic signal while a motorcycle enters a junction because the light is
green . Things like these may lead to two outcomes , the rider was hurt or perhaps killed . The
momentum theory states that the higher the mass , the greater the momentum to be met and
the greater the rate encountered , the quicker the group . The motorist will be fined just

RM300.00 and justice for the biker is not being protected . Finally , a rigorous and equitable
penalty for both offenders should be implemented , so that road users are aware of their
behaviour .

3.0 EFFECTIVE WAYS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE ROAD
ACCIDENTS

3.1 Be Sensitive to the Driving Environment

Drivers who are reckless with the driving environment , both on highways and roads ,
cause road accidents . As a result , the driver must be aware of their surroundings when
driving . This is to make sure that the other drivers on the road are more comfortable . Drivers
should not drink alcohol while behind the wheel . This will impact both your mental and
physical well – being while driving . Driving under the influence of alcohol can also result in
car accidents since the brain will be unable to work correctly . This was told to drivers when
undergoing driving lessons and they were given an early warning that driving with 1%
alcohol would result in a fine and compounding . For P licensees , the licence will be
suspended indefinitely .

Furthermore , micro sleeping is frequently urged to pull over to the Rest and
Rehabilitation ( R & R ) or Stop ( P ) area . This permits the driver to take a break or relax for
a time before resuming the trip . Drivers who have micro sleeping may cause traffic accidents
because they are not attentive to their surroundings . Finally , drivers must constantly be
aware of their surroundings while driving for the sake of their own and other drivers' safety .

3.2 Installing Warning Systems on Traffic Routes and Roads

Road and traffic management relies heavily on warning and instruction signs .
Signboards must adhere to the Public Works Department's requirements ( JKR ) . In this
respect , authorities should constantly be wary of signboards that are out of date and have not
been fixed in a long time . This is done so that the driver can readily notice the pliers
instructions on the signboard . Authorities may also develop apps such as " Traffic Hotline "
to allow the public to file a complaint if there is damage to signs or road constructions .
Furthermore , authorities must regularly monitor road structures in urban and rural regions
and fix them as soon as possible so that traffic accidents caused by road structures may be
remedied .

3.3 Stricter Law Enforcement

The law is a way to educate traffic offenders . Strict laws will have a long – term
effect on any individual who commits an offense . The Road Transport Act 1987 ( Act 333 )
in sections 39 to 45A , has provided for several punishments such as if a person drives under
the influence of alcohol , then the individual will be convicted under section 44 and sentenced
to a fine of RM 8000 - RM 20 000 and imprisonment for more than 3 years and less than 10
years . The law needs to be stricter if this driving results in loss of life . For example ,
lawmakers ( MPs ) need to prescribe a stricter punishment such as imposing prison sentences
, fines and whipping on traffic offenders . The effect is not only on the offenders , but it
teaches a lesson to the public . In addition , a strict law against civil servants who delay work
on improving road structures should also be implemented so that these civil servants are more
disciplined towards the trust being exercised .

4.0 CONCLUSION

To summarise , traffic accidents are a serious subject that must be addressed by all
involved . Road accidents will have long – term consequences if they are not appropriately
treated . All parties have a vital role in ensuring environmental sustainability so that future
generations may benefit from its utilisation . Roads must be developed and maintained
because they are the only way to go from one place to another . Individuals who are not
aware of road safety will cause collisions with other drivers . Poor road construction will also
lead to road accidents , such as huge potholes causing cars to lose control and crashes on the
road's shoulder . Strict law enforcement will guarantee that road users drive safely .

7.0 REFERENCES

Press References
1) Norzamira Che Noh (2021, Januari 21). 223 Kemalangan akibat fizikal jalan raya.
Berita Harian. Diakses 24 November 2021 daripada:
https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2021/01/773051/223-kemalangan-akibat-fizikal-
jalan-raya

2) Mohd Firdaus Ibrahim (2018, Mac 2018), 6 Kesalahan utama pengguna jalan raya.
Harian Metro, diakses 25 November 2021 daripada:

https://www.hmetro.com.my/utama/2018/03/322201/6-kesalahan-utama-pengguna-jalan-raya

3) Shahrim Tamrin (2021, Januari 27). Sikap alpa pihak berwajib berkaitan penyelengaraan
jalan raya berakhir. Astro Awani. Diakses pada 25 November 2021 daripada:
https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/sikap-alpa-pihak-berwajib-berkaitan-
penyelenggaraan-jalan-raya-harus-berakhir-279942

4) Hasniza Hussain (2021, Jun 17). Trend kes pemandu mabuk meningkat. Sinar Harian.
Diakses pada 25 November 2021 daripada:
https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/88237/BERITA/Nasional/Trend-kes-pemandu-
mabuk-meningkat

5) Hafidzul Hilmi Mohd Noor (2021, Januari 4). Penghantar makanan maut langar jalan
berlopak. Harian Metro. Diakses 25 November 2021 daripada:
https://prebiu.com/2021/01/08/jalan-rosak-tuntut-keadilan-sama-rata-tidak-harus-timbul-
layanan-vip/

6) Neto (2020, Ogos 2020). Kes guna telefon semasa memandu perluu diselesaikan di
mahkamah- dikategorikan sebagai saman tidak boleh dikompaun. Techsemut.com. Diakses
25 November 202i daripada:
http://techsemut.com/kes-guna-telefon-semasa-memandu-perlu-diselesaikan-di-mahkamah-
dikategorikan-sebagai-saman-tidak-boleh-dikompaun/

The law
1) Road Transport Act 1987 (Malaysia) (Act 333)

QUESTION 2

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Paving is defined as cement , sand and other materials used to adhere to bricks in the
fourth edition board dictionary . Four materials are the primary sources of pavement
manufacture in road pavement . The materials are mortar , cement , reinforced steel and
bitumen . Following that , the material is blended according to the parameters established for
the pavement . Each pavement system has numerous layers , including subgrade ( subgrade ) ,
subbase base ( Sub base ) , base layer ( base ) and surface layer ( surface ) . Each pavement is
additionally subdivided into multiple pavements based on environmental factors . Rigid and
flexible pavements are two of the most common pavements in Malaysia .

However , after creating the pavement , road damage must be rectified for the
convenience of other road users . Several elements impact pavement deterioration . The
pavement must fulfil the Public Works Department's specifications ( JKR ) . This is because
the pavement generated can support a massive load at one time and a significant volume of
traffic flow in the long term . As a result , numerous tests must be performed before deciding
the manufacture of a pavement . Examples of tests are the thickness ( flakiness ) and length (
elongation ) tests of mortar and the temperature – dependent pressure test on bitumen . In
addition , a skid resistance test ( Skid Resistance Test ) is used to determine the state of the
road after manufacturing or to determine the cause of road accidents .

The research will be divided into three sections in this case study . The first is the sort
of damage to rigid and flexible pavements . Second , the reason for pavement degradation or
failure . Finally , choose the best way to remedy the ensuing pavement breakdown .

1.0 TYPES OF FAILURE TO PAVEMENT
1.1 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Figure 1 Alligator Cracking

A ) Alligator Cracking
( https://suresealpavement.com/repair-alligator-cracking-asphalt-driveway/ )

A failure of flexible pavement is alligator cracking . Alligator cracking refers to the
pattern on its skin that resembles crocodile skin . These fractures begin tiny and grow in size
until they reach a square , rectangle or one level with multiple sides . In terms of harm , it
might also be three – sided . Asphalt pavement is usually to blame for this kind of damage .
The wider the region of injury that will spread, the higher the severity . This is due to the high
volume of traffic consumed by users . Furthermore , it is regarded as structural stress (
structural stress ) measured in m2 . These fractures begin tiny and grow until they can no
longer take the weight , causing cracks to form around other regions . This photograph was
shot in front of the Kota Damansara Mosque and residential neighbourhoods where heavy
vehicles such as MRT buses and Rapid KL often utilise the route and the region of huge
trucks hauling items to construct the Damansara - Shah Alam Expressway ( DASH ) . There
are various options available for repairing this damage . Among them is the re – repair of
subgrade , which is meant to re – strengthen the road's strength . Because the issue is
entrenched in the asphalt site itself, repairing the asphalt surface is insufficient for the whole
route . There are additional temporary treatments , such as fracture filling and depositing .
This approach is intended to keep water from leaking into the basement .

Figure 2 Pothole

B ) Pothole

A pothole is one of the defects on the road surfacec. Potholes happen when a road is old and
not fixed promptlyc. The road surface wears when a route is not set because road users
continually cross it . Friction between automobile tyres and the road surface generates wear
and fissures in the road surface . The temperature factor also influences it since friction
creates heat on the road surface . When the conflict of the automobile is combined with the
warmth of the road , the road will expand and ultimately generate a few cracks , which , if not
corrected , will progress to more enormous potholes . Weather is another aspect that impacts
this sinkhole . Malaysia has an equatorial climate , which means that the weather may
become humid and hot at times . In 2017 , the average rainfall in Malaysia was 2000 mm -
2500 mm , driven by temperatures ranging from 25o to 31o Celsius . When the size of the
rain dispersion is so long , it will erode the road surface . Furthermore , due to rainfall , water
will leak into the subsurface structure ( subbase ) . Figure 2 depicts a residential area at
Carmila Apartment , Section 5 , Kota Damansara . The flow of numerous cars and the
intermediate route to the Damansara - Shah Alam Expressway ( DASH) construction site and
alternate routes to the Kota Damansara Toll Road were among the causes that led to its
establishment . The primary step that must be taken is to repair the hole by inserting tiny
stones into it and coating them with bitumen . That strategy is just temporary , and the most
effective option is to develop other highways for the convenience of other travellers . If a
pothole is discovered on the road, the public is also asked to share information about it .

Figure 3 Road Rutting

C ) Rutting
When perceived with the naked eye , rutting is a rough road condition . Furthermore , rutting
is a sort of indentation generated by shearing pavement that happens along the rut . A rut is a
long – line fracture created by the repetitive movement of the wheels of a vehicle . This
rutting is generally divided into three types mix rutting , density ( densification ) and
subgrade rutting . According to Figure 3 , the groove is classed as densification . This rutting
is caused by the heavy traffic flow and the load moving through the region being severely
laden . In theory , the stress on the road surface will be equally distributed up to the subbase ,
and when the subbase cannot support the load , cracks will emerge along that surface . The
road should be studied to establish the reason for the breakdown (e.g. insufficient compaction
, subgrade rutting , poor mix design or scattered tyre wear ) . Small roads ( depth 1/3 inch )
are often untreatable . Pavement with deeper cuts should be smoothed and covered .

Figure 4 Bleeding

D ) Bleeding

The movement of asphalt across the road surface is referred to as bleeding on the road surface
. This occurs as a result of too much asphalt material in the concrete . When the weather is
terrible , the content of the mortar particles between them is low , creating a lot of air space
against the road surface and lowering the asphalt quality . This bleeding is dangerous to
drivers , particularly those who drive at night since it reduces traction and affects the driver's
visual rate because it reflects light . According to Figure 4 , the photograph was shot at R & R
Pagoh . Asphalt binders bleed when they fill aggregate gaps during hot weather or traffic
compaction and subsequently extend to the pavement surface . Asphalt binder will collect on
the pavement surface over time since bleeding is irreversible during cold weather or low
loading times . As a result , the approach to restoring it is as follows . If the pavement area is
prone to bleeding , the fundamental problem cannot be quickly resolved but the bleeding will
typically slow down with time . In the near term , bleeding may be reduced by removing and
absorbing excess binding agents using sand . For a more extreme example , the pavement
may be graded or constructed to remove the original top layer of asphalt before overgrowth
and smoothing the previous surface .

Figure 5 Longitudinal Cracking

e) Longitudinal Cracking

Longitudinal cracks are cracks that appear along the road surface due to joint expansion and
contraction ( Joints ) . The connection is the most challenging area of the pavement section to
compress because it is difficult to position the roller . Longitudinal fractures in bitumen
pavements are often the result of weak failures under repeated traffic loads . Cracks in road
thickness begin at the bottom of the bitumen layer , where strain is most significant and
spreads to the surface from one section to influence the other . Also , fractures generally
originate from the top because of the tremendous tensile pressure from the tyre surface .
Longitudinal fractures form a pattern similar to Alligator Cracking after numerous traffic
passes . Picture 5 was shot in front of the Sian tan Cluster Apartment development and
showed the construction of the Damansara - Shah Alam Highway ( DASH ) , the primary
route for big goods to the building site . This impacts the road structure's condition , resulting
in the formation of an elongation fracture ( Longitudinal Cracking ). Cross stitching is one
approach that may be used . Cross stitching employs the use of a fastener strap bonded or
gripped into a fastener hole grasped into a slot cut at a joint or fracture . Each approach is
helpful in a particular context . The benefit of this procedure is that it strengthens the
longitudinal fissures in the slab , preventing slab deterioration and maintaining aggregate
interlock . The longitudinal shrinking of the joint causes the decrease in fastener rod
clearance due to construction faults . Strengthen the longitudinal connecting ties in the centre
of the line so that the locked connections can withstand large weights .

https://www.pavementpreservation.org/wcontent/uploads/2010/12/Cracks_Joints_Stitching.p
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