OFFSHORE PETROLEUM EXPLORATION ACREAGE RELEASE

OFFSHORE PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
ACREAGE RELEASE | AUSTRALIA 2014

Release Area AC14-1,
Vulcan Sub-basin, Bonaparte Basin,
Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Area AC14-1 Highlights
Bonaparte Basin
Work program bids close 2 April 2015
NORTHERN
TERRITORY • Adjacent to proven oil-producing province

QUEENSLAND • Development planned for nearby Cash/Maple
gas accumulation
WESTERN
AUSTRALIA • Shallow to deep water depths, 50–500 m

SOUTH • Release Area flanks Jurassic depocentre with
AUSTRALIA oil- and gas-prone source rocks

NEW • Potential for structural and stratigraphic
SOUTH plays in Jurassic–Triassic, Cretaceous and
WALES Paleogene sandstones

VICTORIA • Special Notices apply, refer to Guidance
Notes
TASMANIA

13-7724-1

Figure 1 Location of the 2014 Release Area in the
Vulcan Sub-basin, Bonaparte Basin

Release Area AC14-1 is located in the western Bonaparte Basin in the Timor Sea approximately 300 km offshore and
650 km from Darwin. It overlaps the western Vulcan Sub-basin and the northeastern Ashmore Platform.

The Vulcan Sub-basin is a northeast-oriented Mesozoic extensional depocentre in the western part of the Bonaparte
Basin. The sub-basin is flanked by the Permo–Triassic platforms of the Ashmore Platform and the Londonderry High.
The Vulcan Sub-basin is a proven Jurassic hydrocarbon province containing depleted oil fields, the producing Montara oil
field, and the Cash/Maple gas accumulation which is currently under development. Upper Jurassic fan delta/submarine
fan and Upper Cretaceous submarine fan sandstones are proven exploration targets. Structural traps containing Triassic
to Jurassic reservoir sandstones are sealed by Lower Cretaceous claystones. On the Ashmore Platform, up to 1500 m of
flat-lying Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata overlie up to 4500 m of heavily faulted and folded Permo-Triassic sediments.
Exploration of the Ashmore Platform has focused on Cretaceous and Triassic reservoirs and hydrocarbons sourced from
the adjacent Vulcan Sub-basin. However, Miocene and Lower Cretaceous reef structures, and Permo-Triassic and Lower
Cretaceous equivalents of proven source rocks in other areas of the Bonaparte Basin and Caswell Sub-basin could
represent elements of a petroleum system indigenous to the Ashmore Platform.

AUSTRALIA 2014 Offshore Petroleum Exploration Acreage Release 1

DISCLAIMER: This document has been developed as a guide only. Explorers should not rely solely on this information when making commercial decisions.
Image courtesy of BHP Billiton Petroleum Pty Ltd.

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Well symbol information is sourced either from "open file" data from titleholders where this is publicly available as at 1 November 2013 or from other public sources. Field outlines are provided by Encom

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*µ*'*'"*' +it is the responsibility of the Customer to ensure, by independent means, that those parts of the information used by it are correct before any reliance is placed on them.
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* + '2014 Offshore Petroleum »

Acreage Release Area Petroleum exploration well - Oil discovery
Petroleum exploration well - Gas discovery
*(work program bidding) Petroleum exploration well - Gas and oil discovery
*'2013 Offshore Petroleum Petroleum exploration well - Oil show
µAcreage Release Area Petroleum exploration well - Gas show
ª+"Oil field Petroleum exploration well - Dry hole
% Basin outline Petroleum exploration well - Not classified
Sub-basin outline
Gas field Major fault
Minor fault
% Seismic section figure location

Scheduled area boundary
(OPGGSA 2006)

Figure 2 Structural elements of the western Bonaparte Basin showing petroleum fields and discoveries, the location of
the regional seismic line and the 2014 Release Area

AUSTRALIA 2014 Offshore Petroleum Exploration Acreage Release 2

Age Period Epoch Stage Seismic Basin Hydrocarbon shows Vulcan Sub-basin Hydrocarbon shows Ashmore Platform
(Ma) horizons phases Warb 1A Barracouta Brown Gannet 1 Barracouta
Holocene Tarantian Shoal Shoal
Ionian (AGSO, 2001) Formation Formation
Pleistocene Oliver Oliver
Quaternary Calabrian Formation Formation
Pliocene Gelasian
Piacenzian lmio Oliver Sandstone Cartier
Zanclean Member (Oliver Formation
10 Neogene Messinian Formation)
Miocene Prion
Tortonian Prion Formation
20 Serravallian bmio Pollard 1 Formation Hibernia
molig Hibernia Formation
Langhian Elasmosaurus 1 ST1 Formation
Grebe Sandstone
30 Oligocene Burdigalian Grebe Sandstone Woodbine Group Member (Hibernia Woodbine Group
Member (Hibernia
Aquitanian Formation)
Formation)
Chattian Johnson
Johnson Formation
Rupelian Formation

Priabonian Puffin
40 Bartonian Formation
Paleogene Puffin 1 Fenelon
Eocene Lutetian Formation
Pituri 1
50 Jabiru 5A, Puffin 2, Snowmass 1 Gibson
Ypresian Birch 1 ST1, Puffin 1, Puffin 2, Puffin 3 Formation
beoc Puffin 5, Puffin 7, Puffin 8, Puffin 10 Woolaston
Formation
Thanetian Puffin 10 ST1, Puffin 10 ST2
60 Paleocene Selandian Puffin 11 ST2, Swallow 1 Upper
Skua 7A Jamieson
Danian bter Formation
Great Auk 1, Swan 1, Swan 2
70 Maastrichtian Swan 3, Swan 3 ST1 Lower Puffin
Challis 7, Parry 1, Puffin 4 Jamieson Formation
Puffin 6, Skua 2 Formation
80 Campanian East Swan 1
Skua 2 Echuca
Late Santonian Tahbilk 1 Shoals Brown
Montara 1 Formation Gannet
90 Coniacian tur Limestone Bathurst Island Group
Turonian Upper Jamieson
Vulcan Bathurst Island Group Formation
Cretaceous Formation Echuca
Lower Shoals
Sag dominated Vulcan Formation
Cenomanian Formation
100 Montara
Formation
Albian
110 Plover
Formation
Ponderosa 1A, Willeroo 1
Nome
120 Aptian Formation

Early apt Willeroo 1 Challis
Formation
Barremian Maret 1
Hauterivian Pollard
130 Katandra 1A, Tenacious 1 Formation
Tenacious 1 ST1, Tenacious West ST1
Osprey
Valanginian val Delamere 1, Keeling 1 Formation
140 Paqualin 1, Swan 1
Fishburn
Berriasian bcre Allaru 1 ST2, Capricious 1 Formation
East Swan 2, Octavius 1 Ascalon
Formation
150 Tithonian Leeuwin 1, Rainer 1 Mairmull Formation Swan Group Ashmore Volcanics
Elm 1, Vulcan 1B Penguin Lower Vulcan Fm
Hadrosaurus 1 Formation
Tern Formation Swan Group
Late Kimmeridgian Jabiru 1A, 3, 4ST, 5A, 6, 7, 7 ST
160 Oxfordian 8AST1, 9ST3, Jabiru 12, Montara 2 Dombey
Swift 1, Swift 1 ST1, Swift North 1 ST1 Formation
Cape Hay
Callovian call Vesta 1 Padthaway 1 Formation
Tahbilk 1 Maret 1
Bathonian Pearce
170 Jurassic Middle Bajocian Cash 1 ST1A Augustus 1 Formation

Aalenian Rainer 1 Eclipse 2 Torrens
Medusa 1 Formation
Fossil Head
Toarcian Octavius 2 Formation Troughton Group Troughton Group

180 Maret 1, Oliver 1 ST1, Skua 3
Skua 4, Skua 5, Skua 8
Skua 9 ST1 Ashmore
Volcanics
Early Pliensbachian Audacious 1, East Swan 1, Jabiru 1A
Swallow 1, Skua 2, Skua 7A, Skua 9 Undifferentiated
190
East Swan 1, Eclipse 1, Jabiru 2 Benalla
Sinemurian Jabiru 10, Rowan 1 ST1 Formation

200 Hettangian bjtt Bilyara 1, Bilyara 1 ST1, Cash 1 ST1A Undifferentiated
Eclipse 2, Montara 1, Montara 3 Osprey

RhaetianTriassic Inversion Pengana 1 Sahul Group Formation Sahul Group
210 (Fitzroy movement) Anson 1, Parry 1
Undifferentiated
220 Late Norian Cassini 1 ST1 Mount Goodwin
Challis 1, Challis 2A
230 Subgroup
Carnian Challis 3, Challis 4 Penguin
Challis 5, Challis 6 Formation
Challis 7, Challis 9 Tern Formation
Challis 10, Challis 12
Challis 13, Challis 14 Dombey
Talbot 1, Talbot 2 ST1 Formation
Cape Hay
Maple 1 Formation
Brontosaurus 1 ST1, Challis 15
Pearce
Challis 8, Challis 9, Challis 13, Challis 15 Formation
Fossil Head
mtri Mt Goodwin Formation
240 Ladinian Subgroup
13-7724-3
Middle
Anisian

250 Early Olenekian
Induan
tper Hyland Bay Subgroup Kinmore Group Hyland Bay Subgroup
Changhsingian
Kinmore Group
Lopingian Wuchiapingian Sag dominated
260

Capitanian

Guadalupian Wordian

270 Roadian
Permian Permian
Kungurian
280

Cisuralian Artinskian
290

Sakmarian

300 Asselian

Figure 3 Stratigraphy and hydrocarbon discoveries of the Vulcan Sub-basin and Ashmore Platform based on the Bonaparte Basin Biozonation and Stratigraphy Chart 34
(Kelman et al, 2014). Geologic Time Scale after Gradstein et al (2012). Regional seismic horizons after AGSO (2001)

AUSTRALIA 2014 Offshore Petroleum Exploration Acreage Release 3

Ashmore Platform AC14-1
Sahul Shoals 1
NW
Two-way time (s) Late Miocene
0 BMasiNdeedJalueVrraTTalosraipsBanisacPgsseiniercBmiaainsaneBEaMosiecoecneenCerCeatallcoev
2
4

6

8 Basement

Line 98r/02 0

10

Figure 4 Seismic line 98/r02 across the Ashmore Platform, Vulcan Su
Location of the seismic line is shown in Figure 2. Regional s

AUSTRALIA 2014

Vulcan Sub-basin Londonderry
High

Octavius 1 Jabiru 1A Challis 1 Osprey 1 SE

BasAe pTteiartniary Turonian

eous
vian

Late Carboniferous

13-7724-5

50 km

ub-basin and Londonderry High. Interpretation after AGSO (2001).
seismic horizons are shown in Figure 3

Offshore Petroleum Exploration Acreage Release 4

Figure 5 Seismic and well data in the vicinity of the Release Area on the Ashmore Platform, Londonderry High and in
the Petrel Sub-basin, Bonaparte Basin

AUSTRALIA 2014 Offshore Petroleum Exploration Acreage Release 5

Petroleum systems elements

Vulcan Sub-basin

Sources • Middle–Upper Jurassic transgressive marine shales of the Montara and lower Vulcan formations
Reservoirs • Lower–Middle Jurassic fluvio-deltaic Plover Formation
• Permo-Triassic marine-deltaic shales of the Kinmore Group including the Fossil Head and
Seals
Traps Ascalon formations

• Upper Cretaceous submarine fan sandstones of the Puffin Formation
• Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous submarine fan sandstones of the Vulcan Formation
• Middle–Upper Jurassic marine shoreface/barrier bar sandstones of the Montara Formation
• Lower–Upper Jurassic fluvio-deltaic Plover Formation
• Upper Triassic estuarine to intertidal Challis Formation and deltaic Nome Formation and equivalents
• Paleogene carbonates of the Oliver Sandstone Member, Oliver Formation and Cartier Formation

(Woodbine Group)

Regional seals

• Paleocene marine carbonates of the Johnson Formation
• Lower Cretaceous marine claystones of the Echuca Shoals Formation
• Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous marine claystones of the Vulcan Formation
Intraformational seals

• Paleogene–Neogene Woodbine Group carbonates

• Stratigraphic traps including submarine fan sandstones, reefs, pinchouts and unconformities
• Structural traps consisting of tilted fault blocks, horst blocks and anticlines

Infrastructure and markets

Release Area AC14-1 is proximal to the Cash/Maple gas accumulation currently being developed by PTTEP.
The closest fixed infrastructure are the Bayu/Undan and Ichthys pipelines approximately 200 km to the east and
southeast, respectively.

Critical risks

Structural complexity as a result of fault reactivation has meant adequately imaging trap and seal structures has proved
challenging. Significant erosion has also removed much of the Jurassic succession across the Ashmore Platform
portion of the Release Area, restricting the spatial extent of reservoir and seal units and reducing the likelihood of
widespread Jurassic reservoirs/source rocks as seen in the adjacent Vulcan Sub-basin. Improved 3D seismic data
coverage and processing is progressively improving knowledge of trap integrity, as well as source and reservoir potential.
Long‑distance migration pathways for Swan and Paqualin graben sourced hydrocarbons to the Ashmore Platform are
poorly understood and present risks for plays charged by Jurassic sources. Limited drilling in, and near, the Release
Area means that indigenous Ashmore Platform Permo-Triassic petroleum systems are poorly understood.

Datasets

For the Wells Data Listing go to
http://www.petroleum-acreage.gov.au/2014/support/geo.html

For the Seismic Surveys Listing go to
http://www.ga.gov.au/energy/projects/acreage-release-and-promotion/2014.html#data-packages

AUSTRALIA 2014 Offshore Petroleum Exploration Acreage Release 6

Geoscience Australia products

Regional geology and seismic

• 1996 Vulcan Sub-basin Airborne Laser Fluorosensor Survey Interpretation Report (WGC Vulcan Graben Survey
Number 1113). GEOCAT 31806

• Interpreted Horizons and Faults for Seismic Survey 98. Vulcan Basin, 2001. GEOCAT 35237
• Line Drawings of AGSO – Geoscience Australia’s Regional Seismic Profiles, Offshore Northern and Northwestern

Australia, 2001. GEOCAT 36353
• Vulcan Sub-basin Composite Well Log, 1999. GEOCAT 25307
• Vulcan Sub-basin, Offshore WA, 1989 (P556). GEOCAT 60009
• Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea Survey 97: High Resolution Seismic Reflection Profiling and Direct Hydrocarbon

Detection (Vulcan I): Post-Cruise Report: Project 121.19, 1991. GEOCAT 14503
• Vulcan Tertiary Tie (VTT) Basin Study, Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea, Northwestern Australia, 1996. GEOCAT 25189
• Basement and Crustal Structure of the Bonaparte - Browse Basins, 2003. GEOCAT 41976

Stratigraphy

• Geoscience Australia’s Basin Biozonation and Stratigraphy Chart Series: Bonaparte Basin Biozonation and
Biostratigraphy Chart 34, 2014. GEOCAT 76687

Petroleum systems and accumulations

• AGSO Marine Survey 176 Direct Hydrocarbon Detection North-West Australia: Yampi Shelf; Southern Vulcan
Sub‑Basin; Sahul Platform (July/September 1996) - Operational Report and Data Compendium. GEOCAT 33928

• Ashmore-Cartier prospectivity package: an analysis of the petroleum prospectivity of vacant areas overlying the
Ashmore Platform, Vulcan Sub-basin, Jabiru Terrace and northern Browse Basin, 1991. GEOCAT 14475

• Bonaparte Basin, Northern Territory (NT), Western Australia (WA), Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands Adjacent
Area (AC), Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA), 2004. GEOCAT 60865

• Characterisation of Natural Gases from West Australian Basins, 2012. GEOCAT 33569
• Light Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of the Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea: Rig Seismic Survey 97: Project 121.19, 1992.

GEOCAT 14570
• Oils of Western Australia II, 2005. GEOCAT 37512
• Source Rock Distributions and Petroleum Fluid Bulk Compositional Predictions on the Vulcan Sub-basin, Offshore

Western Australia, 2009. GEOCAT 69210
• Source Rock Time-slice Maps, Offshore Northwest Australia, 2004. GEOCAT 61179
• The Petroleum Systems of the Bonaparte Basin, 2004. GEOCAT 61365
• Vulcan Sub-basin – Hydrocarbon Shows Analyses, 2001. GEOCAT 37020
Contact Geoscience Australia’s Sales Centre for more information or to order these reports or products,
phone +61 (0)2 6249 9966, email [email protected]

AUSTRALIA 2014 Offshore Petroleum Exploration Acreage Release 7

Key references

AGSO, 2001—Line drawings of AGSO – Geoscience Australia’s regional seismic profiles, offshore northern and
northwestern Australia. Australian Geological Survey Organisation Record, 2001/36, 174pp.

AHMAD, M. AND MUNSON, T.J., 2013—Chapter 36: Bonaparte Basin. In: Ahmad, M. and Munson, T.J. (compilers),
Geology and mineral resources of the Northern Territory, Northern Territory Geological Survey, Special Publication 5.

BAXTER, K., COOPER, G.T., HILL, K.C. AND O’BRIEN, G.W., 1999—Late Jurassic subsidence and passive margin
evolution in the Vulcan Sub-basin, north-west Australia; constraints from basin modelling. Basin Research, 11, 97–111.

BEARDSMORE, G.R. AND O’SULLIVAN, P.B., 1995—Uplift and erosion on the Ashmore Platform, North West Shelf;
conflicting evidence from maturation indicators. The APEA Journal, 35(1), 333–343.

BOTTEN, P.R., ROSSER, J. AND GORTER, J., 1992—Comparisons in the structural and stratigraphic evolution of the
Vulcan Graben and basins in the eastern Timor Sea and ramifications for hydrocarbon exploration. Annual Meeting
Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists
1992, 11–12.

BOURDET, J., EADINGTON, P., VOLK, H., GEORGE, S.C., PIRONON, J. AND KEMPTON, R., 2012—Chemical
changes of fluid inclusion oil trapped during the evolution of an oil reservoir; Jabiru-1A case study (Timor Sea, Australia).
Marine and Petroleum Geology, 36, 118–139.

BOURNE, J.D. AND FAEHRMANN, P.A., 1991—The Talbot Oilfield, Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea; a Triassic oil
discovery. The APEA Journal, 31, 42–54.

CHEN, G., HILL, K.C. AND HOFFMAN, N., 2002—3D structural analysis of hydrocarbon migration in the Vulcan
Sub‑basin, Timor Sea In: Keep, M. and Moss, S.J. (eds), 2002, The Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia 3:
Proceedings of the Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia Symposium, Perth, WA, 2002, 377–388.

DAWSON, D., GRICE, K., ALEXANDER, R. AND EDWARDS, D., 2007—The effect of source and maturity on the stable
isotopic compositions of individual hydrocarbons in sediments and crude oils from the Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea,
Northern Australia. Organic Geochemistry, 38, 1015–1038.

EDWARDS, D.S., PRESTON, J.C., KENNARD, J.M., BOREHAM, C.J., VAN AARSSEN, B.G.K., SUMMONS, R.E. AND
ZUMBERGE, J.E., 2004—Geochemical characteristics of hydrocarbons from the Vulcan Sub-basin, western Bonaparte
Basin, Australia. In: Ellis, G.K., Baillie, P.W. and Munson, T.J. (eds). Timor Sea Petroleum Geoscience, Proceedings
of the Timor Sea Symposium, Darwin, 19–20 June 2003. Northern Territory Geological Survey, Special Publication, 1,
169–201.

FUJII, T., O’BRIEN, G.W., TINGATE, P. AND CHEN, G., 2004—Using 2D and 3D basin modelling to investigate controls
on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea, northwestern Australia. The APPEA
Journal, 44(1), 93–122.

GEORGE, S.C., LISK, M., EADINGTON, P.J., KRIEGER, F.W., QUEZADA, R.A., GREENWOOD, P.F. AND WILSON,
M.A., 1997—Fluid inclusion record of early oil preserved at Jabiru Field, Vulcan Sub-basin. Exploration Geophysics, 28,
66–71.

HIGGINS, R.I. AND O’BRIEN, G.W., 1998—Fault linkage across the Yampi Shelf-Vulcan Graben transition, Timor Sea.
Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 49, 210.

HILL, K.C., O’BRIEN, G.W., COOPER, G.T. AND GANG, C., 1999—2D and 3D structural restoration, trap integrity, and
fluid migration in the Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea, Australia. The APPEA Journal, 39(1), 725.

HILLIS, R.R., MILDREN, S.D., PIGRAM, C.J. AND WILLOUGHBY, D.R., 1997—Rotation of horizontal stresses in the
Australian North West continental shelf due to the collision of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. Tectonics 16,
323–335.

KENNARD, J.M., DEIGHTON, I., EDWARDS, D.S., COLWELL, J.B., O’BRIEN, G.W. AND BOREHAM, C.J., 1999—
Thermal history modelling and transient heat pulses: new insights into hydrocarbon expulsion and “hot flushes” in the
Vulcan Sub-Basin, Timor Sea. The APPEA Journal, 39(1), 177–207.

KIVIOR, T., KALDI, J.G. AND LANG, S.C., 2002—Seal potential in Cretaceous and Late Jurassic rocks of the Vulcan
Sub-basin, North West Shelf, Australia. The APPEA Journal, 42(1), 203–224.

AUSTRALIA 2014 Offshore Petroleum Exploration Acreage Release 8

LISK, M., BRINCAT, M.P., EADINGTON, P.J. AND O’BRIEN, G.W., 1998—Hydrocarbon charge in the Vulcan Sub‑basin.
In: Purcell P.G. & Purcell R.R. (eds). The sedimentary basins of Western Australia 2, Petroleum Exploration Society of
Australia, Perth, 287–303.

LIU, K., FENTON, S., BASTOW, T., VAN AARSSEN, B. AND EADINGTON, P., 2005—Geochemical evidence of multiple
hydrocarbon charges and long distance oil migration in the Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea. The APPEA Journal, 45(1),
493–509.

LORENZO, J.M., TANDON, K. & BOEHNE, R., 1994—Pliocene flexural extension over the Vulcan sub-basin (Timor Sea,
North West Shelf, Australia); observations and elastic modeling. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 75,
332.

MILDREN, S.D., HILLIS, R.R., KIVIOR, T. AND KALDI, J.G., 2004—Integrated seal assessment and geologic risk
with application to the Skua Field, Timor Sea, Australia. In: Ellis, G.K., Baillie, P.W. and Munson, T.J. (eds), Timor Sea
Petroleum Geoscience, Proceedings of the Timor Sea Symposium, Darwin, Northern Territory, 19–20 June 2003,
Northern Territory Geological Survey, Special Publication, 1, 275–294.

MORY, A.J., 1991—Geology of the Offshore Bonaparte Basin, Northwestern Australia. Geological Survey of Western
Australia Report 29, 47pp.

O’BRIEN, G.W., LISK, M., DUDDY, I.R., HAMILTON, J., WOODS, P. AND COWLEY, R., 1999—Plate convergence,
foreland development and fault reactivation: primary controls on brine migration, thermal histories and trap breach in the
Timor Sea, Australia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 16, 533–560.

PATTILLO, J. AND NICHOLLS, P.J., 1990—A tectonostratigraphic framework for the Vulcan Graben, Timor Sea Region.
The APEA Journal, 30(1), 27–51.

PERESSON, H., WOODS, E.P. AND FINK, P., 2004—Fault architecture along the southeastern margin of the Cartier
Trough, Vulcan Sub-basin, North West Shelf, Australia; implications for hydrocarbon exploration. In: Ellis, G.K., Baillie,
P.W. and Munson, T.J. (eds), Timor Sea Petroleum Geoscience: Proceedings of the Timor Sea Symposium, Darwin,
Northern Territory, 19–20 June 2003. Northern Territory Geological Survey, Special Publication, 1, 156–167.

PETKOVIC, P., COLLINS, C.D.N. AND FINLAYSON, D.M., 2000—Crustal structure across the Vulcan Sub-basin from
seismic refraction and gravity data. Exploration Geophysics, 31, 287–294.

SMITH, P.M., 1991—Discovery of salt in the Vulcan Graben; a geophysical and geological evaluation. The APEA Journal,
31(1), 229–243.

TOPHAM, B.D., LIU, K. AND EADINGTON, P.J., 2003—Relationships between V-shale, petrographic character and
petrophysical data from the Jurassic reservoir sandstones in the southern Vulcan Sub-basin. Petrophysics, 44, 36–47.

WANG, Z.X., ZHU, G.H., PANG, L.A. AND TANG, W.L., 2012—An oil and gas resource assessment of the Bonaparte
Basin, northwest shelf of Australia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 60(3), 218–226.

WELLMAN, P. AND O’BRIEN, G.W., 1991—Vulcan Graben, Timor Sea; regional structure from a magnetic survey.
Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 30, 87–88.

WOODS, E.P., 2004—Twenty years of Vulcan Sub-basin exploration since Jabiru; what lessons have been learnt?
In: Ellis, G.K., Baillie, P.W. and Munson, T.J. (eds), Timor Sea petroleum geoscience; proceedings of the Timor Sea
symposium, Darwin, Northern Territory, 2003 Northern Territory Geological Survey, Special Publication, 1, 88–93.

WOODS, E.P. AND MAXWELL, A.J., 2004—The significance of the Tenacious oil discovery, Vulcan Sub-basin, Australia.
In: Ellis, G.K., Baillie, P.W. and Munson, T.J. (eds). Timor Sea petroleum geoscience; proceedings of the Timor Sea
symposium, Darwin, Northern Territory, 2003 Northern Territory Geological Survey, Special Publication, 1, 471–482.

WORMALD, G.B., 1988—The geology of the Challis oilfield - Timor Sea, Australia. The North West Shelf, Australia.
In: Purcell, P.G. and Purcell, R.R. (eds), Proceedings of the North West Shelf Symposium, Perth, Western Australia,
10–12 August, 1988, Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Perth, 425–437.

YASSIR, N. AND OTTO, C.J., 1997—Hydrodynamics and fault seal assessment in the Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea.
The APPEA Journal, 37(1), 380–389.

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