ENGINEERING SCIENCE

MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE & COMPUTER
DEPARTMENT

ENGIN(EDEBRSI1N0G01S2C) IENCE

DESIGNED FOR POLYTECHNIC'S
STUDENT

HAFIZA BINTI IBRAHIM nneeww
SITI NOOR BINTI OTHMAN ssyyllllaabbuuss
AZIA IDAYU BINTI AWANG

© Copyright Statement

All rights reserved. All material in this document is, unless otherwise stated, the property of
the authors. Copyright and other intellectual property laws protect these materials.
Reproduction or retransmission of the materials, in whole or in part, in any manner, without
the prior written consent of the copyright holder, is a violation of copyright law.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessing
throughout our work to complete the e-book successfully.

We would like special thanks to our managements, Mathematics, Science and Computer
Department (JMSK) who give golden opportunity to complete this e-book project.

Any attempt at any level can't be satisfactorily complete without the support and guidance of
our colleagues of JMSK, which help us a lot in finalizing this e-book within the limited time
frame.

Finally, our deepest gratitude to our family for their support, love and encouragement to
complete of this project.

Thank you.

Hafiza binti Ibrahim
Siti Noor binti Othman
Azia Idayu binti Awang

PREFACE

ENGINEERING SCIENCE (DBS 10012) is specially written for diploma students taking
engineering science course at Polytechnic Malaysia. It contain all the topics stipulated in the
revised Engineering Science DBS10012 syllabus for first semester.

All physics concepts are presented clearly in simple way for easy understanding. Worked
examples are provided for every subtopic to show how physics problems are solved. Practice
exercise placed at the end of the subtopics provided immediate practice to enforce the
preceding concepts and skills. Tutorial at the end of each chapter provide a very wide range of
exam-type questions. In total, more than 200 questions are provided so that so that students can
adequately prepare for their examinations.

It is hoped that this book will help diploma students master the basic concept of physics as well
as prepare them to pursuing engineering course.

Hafiza binti Ibrahim
Siti Noor binti Othman
Azia Idayu binti Awang

Contents

1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

1.1 Physical Quantities.............................................................................. 4
Scalar Quantity And Vector Quantity ....................................................... 6
1.2 Measurement And Errors In Measurement ......................................... 8

Consistency, Accuracy And Sensitivity .................................................... 9

1.3 Unit Conversion ................................................................................ 10

Metric Unit And Customary Unit............................................................ 11

1.4 Readings Measurement Tools ........................................................... 17

Micrometer Screw Gauge........................................................................ 17

Vernier Calipers ...................................................................................... 20

Activity Chapter 1 ................................................................................... 24

Concept Map ....................................................................................................39

2 LINEAR MOTION

2.1 The Concept Of Linear Motion......................................................... 43
Distance, Displacement, Speed And Velocity ........................................ 44
Acceleration And Deceleration ............................................................... 48

The Equation Of Linear Motion.............................................................. 50

2.2 Velocity-Time Graph ........................................................................ 55

2.3 Experiment Related To Linear Motion ............................................. 62

Activity Chapter 2 ................................................................................... 66

Concept Map ....................................................................................................87

i

3 FORCE

3.1 Concept Of Force .............................................................................. 91
An Example Effects Of Force ................................................................. 92
The Difference Between Weight And Mass ........................................... 93
Newton’s Law Of Motion ....................................................................... 95
Newton’s Second Law ............................................................................ 95

Inclined Plane.......................................................................................... 97

Net/Resultant Force For Individual Forces ............................................. 99

Forces In Equilibrium............................................................................ 101

Component Of Forces ........................................................................... 102

Resultant Force Using Resolution Method ........................................... 106

3.2 Concept Of Moment........................................................................ 113

Principle Of Moments ........................................................................... 116

Centre Of Gravity.................................................................................. 123

Concept Map ......................................................................................... 136

4 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

4.1 Concept Of Work ............................................................................ 140
Calculation Of Work ............................................................................. 141
When No Work Is Done........................................................................ 145

4.2 Renewable Energy........................................................................... 147

4.3 Concept Of Energy.......................................................................... 150

Gravitational Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy................................. 150

Principle Of Conservation Of Energy ................................................... 155

4.4 Concept Of Power ........................................................................... 159

Efficiency .............................................................................................. 162

Activity Chapter 4 ................................................................................. 165

Concept Map ......................................................................................... 171

ii

5 SOLID AND FLUID

5.1 Concept Of Solid And Fluid.......................................................................175
States of Matter ..................................................................................... 175
Density .............................................................................................................176

Relative Density .................................................................................... 180

Pressure ................................................................................................. 183

Fluid Pressure........................................................................................ 186

5.2 Pascal Principle ............................................................................. 191

5.3 Archimedes' Principle ................................................................... 197

Activity Chapter 6 ................................................................................. 204

Concept Map ......................................................................................... 217

6 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

6.1 Temperature And Heat .................................................................... 221
Thermal Equilibrium ............................................................................. 222

Process Of Heat Transfer ...................................................................... 223

6.2 Heat Energy.................................................................................... 225

Phase Change and Latent Heat.............................................................. 234

Activity Chapter 6 ................................................................................. 239

Concept Map ......................................................................................... 253

References 254

iii

Physical
Quantities and

1 Measurement

1.1 Physical Quantities
1.2 Measurement and Errors in Measurement
1.3 Unit Conversion
1.4 Readings of Measurement Tools

The International Prototype of the Kilogram is an
object that was used to define the magnitude of the
mass of the kilogram from 1889, when it replaced
the Kilogramme des Archives, until 2019, when it
was replaced by a new definition of the Kilogram
based on physical constants.

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 1

CHAPTER Physical
Quantities and
1 Measurement

Learning Outcomes

A student should be able to:
❖ Describe base quantities, derived quantities and the International System (SI) of units.
❖ Define scalar and vector quantities.
❖ Describe consistency, accuracy and sensitivity
❖ Describe random error and systematic error
❖ Solve problems of unit conversion ( Metric Units & Customary Units)
❖ Interpret readings of measurement tools using:

i) Vernier Calipers
ii) Micrometer Screw Gauge

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 2

MIND MAP

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
AND MEASUREMENT

Physical Quantities Unit Conversion Measurements

Base Quantities Derived Prefixes Micrometer Screw
Quantities Gauge

Error Vernier Calipers

Scalar Random Systematic
Quantities Error Error

Vector
Quantities

KEYWORDS Accuracy – kejituan /ketepatan
Sensitivity – kepekaan
Physical quantity – kuantiti fizik Error – ralat
Base quantity – kuantiti asas Zero error – ralat sifar
Derived quantity – kuantiti terbitan Ralat parallax – ralat paralaks
Scalar quantity – kuantiti skalar Vernier callipers – angkup vernier
Vector quantity – kuantiti vektor Micrometer screw gauge – tolok skru
Prefixes – Imbuhan /awalan micrometer
Consistency – kepersisan/ ketekalan
Systematic error – ralat sistematik
Random error – ralat rawak

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 3

1.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

1. A quantity that is measureable is called physical quantity.
2. Examples of physical quantities (refer Table 1.1).

Table 1.1: Examples of Physical Quantities
Physical Quantities
Room temperature

The volume of wooden block
The speed of a car

The pressure of a gas
The weight of a person

3. Quantities which cannot be measured are non – physical quantities.
4. Physical quantities are categorized into TWO :

Physical
Quantities

Base quantities Derived quantities

Physical quantities that Derived by combining
cannot be defined in base quantities through
terms of other physical multiplication, division
quantities or both

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 4

5. Table 1.2 shows FIVE important base quantities and their corresponding SI units.

Table 1.2: Base Quantities SI units
Base quantities

Name Symbol Name Symbol
Length Ɩ Metre m
Mass m Kilogram Kg
Time t Second s
Electric current I Ampere A

Temperature T Kelvin K

6. Table 1.3 shows some examples of derived quantities.

Table 1.3: Derived Quantities

Derived Quantities Derived Units
Name Symbol
Formula Units Special
Area A name
length × Breath m × m = m2 -
Displacement
Velocity v m = ms−1 -
time taken s

Acceleration a change in velocity ms−1 = ms−2 -
time taken s Newton, N
Force F
Pressure P mass × acceleration kg × ms−2
Work W
Power P force N Pascal, Pa

area m2 Joule , J
Force × displacement kgms−2 × m = kgm2s−2 Watt , W
Work
J = Js−1
time s

The unit of SI of temperature is Kelvin. Did you
know that the name of Kelvin comes from a
scientist named Lord Kelvin.

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 5

Scalar Quantity and Vector Quantity

1. A scalar quantity is a quantity which has only magnitude or size.
2. A vector quantity has magnitude or size as well as direction.
3. The Table 1.4 shows a list of some common examples of scalar and vector quantities.

Table 1.4: Examples of scalar and vector quantities

Scalar quantities Vector quantities

Length Force

Time Displacement

Temperature Velocity

Mass Acceleration

Volume

Distance

Speed

Density

Power

Work

Energy

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 6

QUICK CHECK

1. Select scalar quantity from the following.

force length density energy power

pressure time mass acceleration

2. State whether each of the following is a scalar or vector quantity.

a) 100 m : Scalar quantity / Vector quantity

b) 55 m/s , east : Scalar quantity / Vector quantity

c) 50 0 C : Scalar quantity / Vector quantity

d) 521 bytes : Scalar quantity / Vector quantity

e) 850 Joule : Scalar quantity / Vector quantity

f) 90 km/hr , Kuala Lumpur to Johor Bharu

: Scalar quantity / Vector quantity

Answer:

1. Length, density, energy, power, time, mass

2. a) scalar quantity b) vector quantity c) scalar quantity d) scalar quantity e) scalar
quantity f) vector quantity

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 7

1.2 MEASUREMENT AND ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT

1. No measurement is exact. All measurements will have some degree of error or
uncertainty.

2. There are TWO types of errors :
a) Random Error
b) Systematic Error

3. Random error arises from unknown and unpredictable variation in condition. Random
error caused by factors which are beyond the control of the observer.

4. Random error maybe due to :
a) Personal error such as human limitations of sight and touch.
b) Lack of sensitivity – observer may not be able to discern it
c) Natural error - wind, temperature, humidity and etc.
d) Wrong technique of measurement – such as applying excessive pressure when
turning a micrometer screw gauge.

5. Random error can be minimized by repeating the measurements several times and taking
the average of the reading.

6. Systematic errors are cumulative error s that can be corrected if the errors are known.
7. Systematics error in measurement is result from :

a) An incorrect position of the zero point known as zero error.
b) An incorrect calibration of the measuring instrument.
8. A zero error arises when the measuring instrument does not start from exactly zero.

Figure 1.1a: Balance does not start Figure 1.1b: Balance does not start
from zero (positive zero error) from zero (Negative zero error)

9. Systematic error cannot be eliminated by repeating the measurements and averaging the
result. It only can be eliminated or corrected if the measuring instruments are
calibrated or adjusted.

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 8

Consistency, Accuracy and Sensitivity

1. The consistency of measuring instrument is its ability to register the same reading when
the measuring instrument is repeated.

2. Accuracy is the degree to which a measurement represents the actual value.
3. Sensitivity of a measuring instrument is its ability to respond quickly to a small

change in the value of a measurement.
4. A measuring instrument that has a scale with a smaller division is more sensitive.
5. Figure 1.2 below shows the comparisons between consistency, accuracy and sensitivity.

Consistent but inaccurate Consistent and accurate

Accurate but inconsistent Inaccurate and inconsistent

Figure 1.2: Consistency, accuracy and sensitivity

QUICK CHECK

1. Zero errors of a vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauge are comes from
………………. error.

2. Parallax error in measuring length by using vernier calipers is a …………..error.

Answer: 1. Systematic 2. Random

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 9

1.3 UNIT CONVERSION

1. In some calculations, the value of physical quantities needs to be converted from 1 unit to
another. When converting the units, a prefix must be considered.

2. A prefix is a letter placed at the beginning of a word to modify its meaning. For example
: 2000 meter can be written as 2 kilometers ( 2 km ) where the prefix kilo (k) means 1000.

3. Table 1.5 gives the prefixes for other multiples or sub – multiples :

Prefix Table 1.5: Prefixes
tera Symbol Power / factor
giga T 1012
mega G 109
kilo M 106
hecto k 103
deka h 102
deci da 10
centi d 10-1
milli c 10-2
mikro m 10-3
nano μ 10-6
pico n 10-9
p 10-12

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 10

Metric Unit and Customary Unit

1. The Metric System is the system of measurement primarily used in science and in
countries outside of the United States. Unit in this system include the meter, liter, gram
and all in multiples of ten.

2. The Customary System is the system of measurement primarily used in the United
States. Unit in this system include inch, foot, mile, pound, cup and etc.

3. The table 1.6 shows the approximate metric equivalents for common customary units.

Table 1.6: Customary Units and Metric Units

Customary Units Metric Units

1 inch 25.4 millimeters 2.54 centimeters

1 foot 12 inches 30.48 centimeters 0.3048 meter

1 yard 3 feet 0.9144 meter 91.44 centimeters

1 mile 1760 yards 1.60934 kilometers 1609.34 meters

1 teaspoon 4.93 milliliters

1 cup 0.24 liter

1 pint 0.47 liter

1 quart 0.95 liter

1 gallon 3.8 liters

1 ounce 28.35 grams

1 pound 0.45359 kilogram 453.59 g

Example 1
A radio station transmits radio waves with a frequency of 102.7 MHz. What is the frequency
of the radio waves in Hz?

Solution:

102.7 MHz = 102.7 × 106 Hz 1 Mega = 106

= 102700000 Hz @ 1.027 × 108 ( )

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 11

Example 2

Convert each of the following:

a) 0.0025 kg to g
b) 685 cm to m
c) 8.5 cm2 to m2
d) 550 kJ to J

Solution: 1 kg =1000 g

a) 0.0025 kg to g = 0.0025 × 1000
= .

b) 685 cm to m = 685 1 m = 100 cm
100

= .

c) 8.5 cm2 to m2 = 8.5 1 m2 = 1002 cm2
1002

= . @ . × − ( )

d) 550 kJ to J = 550 × 1000 1 kilo Joule = 1000 Joule

= @ . × ( )

Example 3

The density of sea water is 1.05 g cm-3. Express the value of the density in the unit kg m-3.

Solution:

1.05 g cm−3 = 1.05 g 1 kg (100 cm)3 1 kg = 1000g
1 cm3 × 1000 g × (1 m)3 1m3 =1003 cm3

= 1050 kgm−3 @ 1.050 × 103 −3( )

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 12

Example 4

A car moves with a speed of 120 km/hr. Calculate the value of speed in m/s.

Solution:

120 km hr−1 = 120 km × 1 hr × 1000 m 1 km = 1000 m
1 hr 3600 s 1 km 1 hour = 3600 s


= .

Example 5

A wooden stick is 29 inches long? How long is the stick in centimeters? Hint: 1inch = 2.54
cm.

Solution: = 29 inches × 2.54 1 inch = 2.54 cm
29 inches = .

Example 6

The weight of a sack of potatoes is 27 kg. How much would the sack of potatoes weigh in
pounds? Hint: 1 kg = 2.2 lb

Solution: 1 kg = 2.2 lb
27 kg = 27 × 2.2 pounds

= .

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 13

Example 7

The capacity of a can of syrup is 14 gallons. What is the capacity of the can of syrup in
liters? Hint: 1 gallon = 3.79 liters.

Solution:

14 gallons = 14 gallons × 3.79 1 gallon = 3.79
= .

Example 8

Elly is selling juice during the intermission of a school play. If she has 6 quarts of juice, how
many 1-cup servings of juice can she pour?

Solution: 1 = 0.95
6 = 6 × 0.95 1 = 0.24

= 5.7
5.7

5.7 = 0.24
= 23.75 ≈

Video Description: Formula DBS10012
Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 14

4. Conversion of units sometimes involve with temperature. Below are 3 equations show
the conversion between temperature scales.

Table 1.7: Conversion between Temperature Scales

CONVERSION FORMULA
0 F to 0 C 5

0 C to 0 F = 9 ( − 32°)
0 C to Kelvin 9

= 5 + 32°
= + 273.15

Kelvin to 0 C = − 273.15

Example 9

Converts 260 Celsius to Fahrenheit.

Solution:

26° = 9 (26℃) + 32° 9
= 5 + 32°
5

= . ℉

Example 10

A healthy person has a body temperature of 98.6 °F. Calculate this temperature in Kelvin?

Solution:

98.6 ℉ = 5 (98.6 − 32°) 5
9 = 9 ( − 32°)

= 37

37° = 37° + 273.15 = + 273.15
= .

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 15

Example 11

The temperature of a cold glass milk is about 50 C. Calculate the equivalent temperature on
the kelvin thermometer?

Solution: = + 273.15
5° = 5 + 273.15

= .

QUICK CHECK

1. Dry ice sublimes (phase change between solid to gas) at -78.5 °C under normal
atmospheric pressures. What is this temperature in Fahrenheit?

2. A standard barrel of grape juice holds 60 gallons. How many liters of grape juice
can this barrel hold?

3. Calculate how many inches tall is a man who is 6 feet tall?

Answer: 1) -109.30 F , 2) 228 liters, 3) 72 inches

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 16

1.4 READINGS MEASUREMENT TOOLS
Micrometer Screw Gauge

1. A Micrometer Screw Gauge is used to measure a small length ranging between 0.10 mm
and 25.00 mm.

Figure 1.3: Micrometer Screw Gauge
2. This instrument can be used to measure the diameter of wires and the thickness of steel

plates to an accuracy of 0.01 mm.
3. The micrometer scale comprises a main scale marked on the sleeve and a thimble scale

marked on the thimble.

Thimble Scale
Main scale

Figure 1.4: Main Scale and Thimble Scale

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 17

4. When taking the reading, the thimble scale is turned until the object is gripped very gently
between the anvil and the spindle. The racket knob is then turned until a ‘click’ sound is
heard.

5. The racket knob is used to prevent the user from exerting too much pressure.

Zero Errors

1. The accuracy of the micrometer screw gauge is affected by zero error. Before using the
micrometer screw gauge, determine the zero error, if any.
(a) Zero error

Horizontal The ‘0’ mark on the thimble
reference line scale is exactly in line with the
horizontal reference line on
the main scale when the
micrometer is fully closed.

Figure 1.5: No Zero Error

(b) Positive zero error 2nd mark above the ‘0’ mark of
thimble scale. The error is
Horizontal +0.02mm
reference line
Corrected reading
= reading- (+0.02 mm)

Figure 1.6: Positive zero error

(c) Negative zero error 3rd mark below the ‘0’ mark
of the thimble scale. The
Horizontal error is - 0.03mm.
reference line
Corrected reading
Figure 1.7: Negative zero error = reading – (- 0.03 mm)
= reading + 0.03 mm

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 18

Example 12
The diagrams below show the zero error reading of a micrometer and a reading showing the
diameter of a ball bearing. Find the value of corrected reading for diameter of a ball bearing.

Solution:
Zero error = + 0.06 mm
Diameter reading = 1.5 mm + (48 x 0.01) = 1.98 mm
Corrected reading = 1.98 mm – (+ 0.06 mm) = 1.92 mm

Example 13
The diagrams below show the zero reading of a micrometer and a reading showing the
diameter of a small coin. Find the value of corrected reading of the coin.

Solution:
Zero Error = - 0.04 mm
Diameter reading = 7.0 mm + (43 x 0.01 mm) = 7.43mm
Corrected reading = 7.43 mm – (- 0.04) = 7.47 mm

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 19

Vernier Calipers

1. Vernier Calipers is used to measure an object with dimensions up to 120 mm with an
accuracy of 0.1 mm.

2. There are two pairs of jaws; one is designed to measure linear dimensions and outer
dimensions while the other is to measure inner diameters.

Figure 1.8: Vernier Calipers
3. The reading of the Vernier Calipers is the result of the additional of the reading on the

main scale to the reading on the Vernier scale.
Calipers reading = Main Scale reading + Vernier Scale reading

Example 14
What is the reading of the Vernier Calipers below?

Solution:

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 20

Solution:

Reading = 15.0 mm + (5 x 0.1 mm) = 15.5 mm
Example 15

What is the reading of the Vernier Calipers below?

Solution:

Reading = 3.0 mm + (9 x 0.1 mm) = 3.9 mm
Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 21

Zero Errors

1. An instrument which does not register a zero reading when the actual reading is zero has
a zero error.

2. Vernier Calipers have a zero error if the ‘0’ mark on the main scale is not in line with the
‘0’ mark on the Vernier scale when the jaws of the calipers are fully closed. To eliminate
the zero error: Corrected reading = Calipers reading – Zero Error

(a) Zero Error

The ‘0’ on the main scale is exactly
in the line with the ‘0’ mark on the
Vernier scale when the Vernier
Calipers is fully closed.

Figure 1.9: No Zero Error The 3rd mark on the Vernier scale
(b) Positive Zero Error coincides with a mark on the main scale.
When using this instrument, + 0.03 cm
Figure 1.10: Positive Zero error should be subtracted from the reading.

Figure 1.10: Positive Zero Error Corrected Reading
(c) Negative Zero Error = Reading– (+0.03cm)

Figure 1.11: Negative Zero Error The 7th mark on the Vernier scale
coincides with a mark on the scale,
therefore:
Zero Error = - (1.0-0.7) mm

= - 0.3 mm @ - 0.03 cm

When using this instrument, 0.03 cm
should be added to the reading.
Corrected Reading
= reading – (- 0.03cm)

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 22

QUICK CHECK

1. Read the scale of micrometer screw gauge below:
mm

2

2. Read the scale of Vernier Calipers below:
cm cm cm cm

Answer: 1) 2.55 mm 2) 3.09 cm

Video Description: Reading Video Description: Reading of
Micrometer Screw Gauge Vernier Calipers

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 23

1. ACTIVITY CHAPTER 1

1. The average surface temperature of Mars is -55 0C. What is the average temperature
in degrees Fahrenheit?

Answer : −67℉

2. Dermatologists use liquid nitrogen to freeze skin tissue. If the temperature of the
liquid nitrogen is -195 0C, calculate the temperature in Kelvin.

Answer : 78.15K

3. A plastic bottle contains 5 gallons of distilled water. How many liters of distilled
water are in the bottle? (given that 1 gal = 3.8 liters)

Answer : 19 liters

4. A person is 75 inches tall. Calculate the tall of this person in centimeters.

Answer : 190.5 cm

5. When buying a television, the screen size is measured in inches between opposite
corners. Calculate 45-inch television in feet unit.

Answer : 3.75 feet

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 24

6. Converts the distance below in km to mile:
i) Kota Bharu to Kuala Krai , 73.99 km
ii) Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah to Behrang 2020, 6.5 km
iii) Machang to Tanjung Malim, 431km

Answer : i) 45.98 mile ii) 4.039 mile iii) 267.81 mile

7. Convert the following :

a) 108 is equal to _________

ℎ


b) 26 3 3

c) 2.34 2 2

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 25

Answer : a) 30 b) 2.6 × 107 c) 2.34 × 10−6 2
3


8. Convert every each of the unit needed.

a) 0.956
3 3

b) 95

ℎ

c) 2.93 × 103

d) 2.34 /

ℎ

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 26

Answer : a) 9.56 × 10−4 −3 b) 1583.33 c) 2.93 d) 1.0345 × 10−4



9. Calculate the volume in m3 of a block of wood with dimensions 4.0 × 1.5 ×
1.4 .

Answer : 8.4 × 10−6 3

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 27

10. State five base physical quantities and their corresponding units.

Answer : Refer notes

11. What is the difference between sensitivity, accuracy and consistency?

Answer : Refer notes

12. Complete the table by writing the value of each given prefix.

Prefix Value
Milli 10-3

Nano

Micro

Mega

Giga

Answer : Refer notes

13. Complete the table by filling in the suitable measuring instruments for the
measurement of length and the accuracy respectively.
Measuring Instrument Length (cm) Accuracy (cm)
2.52

2.512

Answer : Refer notes

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 28

14. The radius of the earth is 6370 km. Express the quantity in SI unit.

Answer : 6 370 000 m

15. A copper block is of length 2.5 cm, width 2 cm and height 1.5 cm. Calculate the
volume of the copper block, in SI unit?

Answer : 7.5 × 10−6 3

16. Define :
a) Base quantity :
b) Derived Quantity :

Answer : Refer notes

17. The figure shows a pair of Vernier Calipers used to measure the thickness of a
wooden block. The reading of the Vernier Calipers is:

Answer : 1.55

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 29

18. The figure shows a Micrometer Screw Gauge. The reading of the micrometer
screw gauge is :

19. Convert the following units: Answer : 2.25 mm
a) 110 km/hr to m/s [ Final Exam Collection – short semester 2011]
b) 100 g/cm3 to kg/m3

Answer : a) 30.56 m/s b) 100 000 kg/m3

20. List down FOUR (4) base quantities and FOUR (4) derived quantities and its SI
unit.

[ Final Exam Collection - July 2009]

Answer : Refer notes

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 30

21. Convert the following units:
a) 1500m to km
b) 69 N/m2 to kN/m2
c) 160 m/s to km/hr
d) 1000 kg/m3 to g/cm3

[ Final Exam Collection - July 2009]

Answer :a) 1.5 km b) 0.069 kN/m2 c) 576 km/hr d) 1 g/cm3

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 31

22. List TWO (2) examples for the following terms:
a) Scalar quantity
b) Vector quantity

[Final Exam Collection - June 2011]

23. Write the definition of : Answer : Refer notes
i) Scalar quantity [Final Exam Collection - December 2010]
ii) Vector quantity

24. Convert the following units: Answer : Refer notes
i) 67 cm3/minute to m3/hour [Final Exam Collection - July 2007]
ii) 2.95 km2 to mm2

Answer : i) 4.02 × 10−3 3ℎ −1 ii) 2.95 × 1012 2

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 32

25. Convert the following units:
i) 0.076 N/m to kN/m
ii) 3.27 mg to gram

[Final Exam Collection - January 2010]

Answer : i) 0.000076 kN/m ii) 0.00327gram

26. Define scalar quantity and give two examples.

[Final Exam Collection - December 2011]

Answer : Refer notes

27. List THREE (3) base quantities and THREE (3) derived quantities.

[Final Exam Collection - June 2009]

Answer : Refer notes

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 33

28. Convert the following units:
a) 30 cm2 to m2
b) 72 km/hr to m/s
c) 13.6 gcm-3 to kgm-3

[Final Exam Collection - June 2009]

Answer : a) 3 × 10−3 2 b) 20 c) 13 600 −3



29. List TWO (2) types of errors in measurement.

[Final Exam Collection - December 2013]
Answer : Refer notes

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 34

30. Convert 8.16 × 107 to

31. Convert the following units: Answer : 8160 cm
i) 1178 cm3 to m3 [Final Exam Collection - June 2014]
ii) 120 km/hr to m/s
iii) 98 kN/m2 to N/cm2

Answer : i) 0.001178 m3 ii) 33.33m/s iii) 9.8 N/cm2

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 35

32. State the readings for the following micrometer screw gauges in mm:

[Final Exam Collection - June 2014]

i) If the zero error occurred is - 0.02 mm

ii) If the zero error occurred is 0.04 mm

Answer : i) 7.75 mm ii) 0.43 mm

33. What is the zero error shown below?

Answer : +0.03 cm or +0.3 mm (The Vernier calipers is precise to 0.01 cm or 0.1 mm)

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 36

34. This is the final reading on Vernier calipers with zero error of -0.3mm. What is the
actual measurement?

Answer : Reading = 10.02 cm, Actual reading = 10.05 cm
35. What is the zero error shown below?

Answer : - 0.7 mm

36. What is the zero error as shown below?

Answer : + 0.03 mm

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 37

37. What is the zero error as shown below? Answer : - 0.02 mm
38. What is the reading shown below?

Answer : 9.48 mm

39. What is the reading shown below?

Answer : 9.98 mm

40. A micrometer screw gauge with a -0.03 mm zero error is used to get this final
reading below. What is the actual measurement?

Answer: 2.91 mm

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 38

CONCEPT MAP

Or
Size

Magnitude And

Which has Which has both Base quantity
Physical quantity is a

That cannot be defined in
Is a term of other

Quantity Physical quantities

is a That can be Derived by
Is a
combining
Measured Are

Base
quantities

Vector quantity Derived
quantities
Scalar quantity

Chapter 1- Physical Quantities and Measurement/ Page 39

2 Linear Motion

2.1 The concept of linear motion
2.2 Linear motion from velocity-time graph
2.3 Experiment related to linear motion of an object

Linear motion is a motion in a straight line.
Chapter 2 - Linear Motion/ Page 40

CHAPTER Linear Motion

2

Learning Outcomes

A student should be able to:

❖ Define linear motion
❖ Define uniform and non-uniform motion
❖ Describe distance, displacement, speed, velocity, average velocity, acceleration and

deceleration.
❖ Solve the related problems by using kinematic formula:

a) = +
b) 2 = 2 + 2
c) = + 1 2

2

d) = 1 ( + )

2

❖ Calculate the distance, displacement, speed, velocity, average velocity, acceleration
and deceleration from the velocity-time graph

❖ Sketch velocity-time graph
❖ Carry out the experiment related to linear motion of an object

Chapter 2 - Linear Motion/ Page 41

MIND MAP

LINEAR MOTION

Distance Acceleration Motion graph
Displacement Velocity –time graph
Deceleration
−

=

Equation of motion:

distance = +
Speed = time
1
displacement = 2 ( + )
Velocity = time

= + 1 2
2

2 = 2 + 2

KEYWORDS Acceleration - pecutan
Deceleration – nyahpecutan
Scalar quantity – kuantiti skalar Motion graph – graf pergerakan
Vector quantity – kuantiti vektor Uniform – seragam
Distance – jarak Non uniform – tidak seragam
Displacement – sesaran Constant – tetap
Speed – laju Stop – berhenti
Velocity – halaju
Rest - rehat

Chapter 2 - Linear Motion/ Page 42

2.1 THE CONCEPT OF LINEAR MOTION

1. Linear motion is a motion in a straight line. Figure 2.1: Moving escalator
2. Examples of straight line motion:

a) A passenger carried by a moving escalator
b) An athlete running a 250 m race
3. Examples of non- linear motion:
a) A top spinning
b) The earth orbiting the Sun

Figure 2.2: The earth orbiting the sun Figure 2.3: A top spinning

4. The physics quantities involve in linear motion are distance, displacement, speed,
velocity, time and acceleration.

5. Uniform motion referred to motion in a constant movement. For example: a car move in
a straight line with a constant speed and a falling coconut. This motion is not involved with
acceleration or deceleration.

6. Non –uniform motion referred to motion that involve with acceleration or deceleration.
For example : a car is moving with initial velocity 20m/s and accelerate until 90 m/s. After
20s, it started to decelerate and the velocity is decrease to 10 m/s.

Chapter 2 - Linear Motion/ Page 43