PARA REVISION BORRON FINAL REVISTA SKY NEWS

ENGLISH VERSION : TURBULENCIAS EN VUELO, RAZÓN PARA TEMER?

TURBULENCE IN FLIGHT The vertical movement of the air normally
REASON TO FEAR? stops at high altitude because the
temperatures are very low, which is why we
For passengers in flight in an aircraft, can fly more smoothly above the clouds, so it
turbulence is uncomfortable and unpleasant will always be a better option to fly in aircraft
movements, for others, they are dangerous that have the capacity to fly at greater
movements of the plane that make you think height as is the case with jets. Sometimes,
the worst. The reality is that in the vast however, cumuliform clouds can make their
majority of cases the turbulence in flight is way high. We usually find them in tropical
simply movements of the aircraft due to the areas, and we do our best to surround them.
effect of the ascending and descending air
currents. Turbulence caused by jet streams
A jet stream is an extremely strong high-
As a definition for the purposes of this article, altitude wind that reaches speeds in excess
we remain that turbulences are sudden of 300 km / h (150 knots). These winds blow
movements of the air, which can be mainly from west to east in the northern
horizontal and vertical, converge by surprise hemisphere.
and with an intensity that ranges from mild, to On the outbound flight we tried to avoid the
moderate and severe. These air movements jet stream, as it would mean flying into a
are generated by the difference in headwind. On the return trip, we try to make
temperature and also as a consequence of the most of the tailwind. The problem with
the relief of the land mass. the jet stream is that it can change direction
suddenly if it encounters areas of high or low
Why is turbulence formed in the air? pressure.
At high altitude, turbulence occurs when the
air rises vertically - from bottom to top. It works Pilots and their relationship with turbulence
in the following way: the sun heats the earth Normally it is usually attributed to the skills of
and the air above it. The hot air expands and the pilot how much the plane moves on a
rises. This produces what we call an updraft certain route, on a certain day, as if, in all
stream. As the air rises, its temperature drops cases, the turbulence is generated by it. If it
to the dew point. If the air continues to rise, could be true that the choice of flight levels,
moisture particles begin to form in it, creating the choice of storm cloud deviations, are
clouds. And that's good, because now we based on the decisions made by the pilot in
can see the turbulence, not just from the his capacity as ultimately responsible for the
cockpit window, but also on the weather direction and conclusion of the flight, but in
radar. In general, the pilot usually does not have
many options on how to avoid these
However, if the rising air is very dry, uncomfortable turbulences in flight.
condensation does not form and we cannot
see the turbulence. This is called clear air Sometimes air traffic limitations prevent us
turbulence, and it's tricky because it can from avoiding turbulence or we are surprised
catch us off guard. The meteorological radar by turbulence that we cannot see on radar.
cannot detect them either because the air It is on these occasions that the buckle up
does not contain moisture particles that can signs come on and you are asked to take
reflect our radar signals.

SN | 50

ENGLISH VERSION : TURBULENCIAS EN VUELO, RAZÓN PARA TEMER?

your seat immediately. If the turbulence is Both the A320 and the B737 have aluminum
very marked, we even stop serving the wings and are thicker than the B787, the
passengers and the cabin crew also have to flexibility is much less than the latter so that
fasten their seat belts. It is important for you will have a more comfortable flight in
everyone's safety. the B787 on days with turbulent air.

During flight preparation, we always study the The Boeing B787, which having a similar wing
weather forecasts. This allows us to predict if area as the Airbus A330, has a more flexible
and where we can expect turbulence. wing due to the type of material and the
Throughout the flight we try to avoid all the design as Airbus has continued with its wing
turbulence that we see from the cockpit or design for more than thirty years, contrary to
on radar screens. We also maintain contact Boeing, which has renewed the herself.
with air traffic control and with other planes
that are in the area to keep us informed The wings of the Boeing 787 are very flexible
about weather conditions. because their carbon fiber material can be
stretched further and the high aspect ratio of
Types of aircraft versus feeling more or less 11 will increase this effect. In flight, all you'll
turbulence in flight feel is less shaking from the gusts, because
The type of aircraft could be related to how the wing will dampen load changes more
turbulence feels in the passenger cabin, effectively. On the ground, the wing could
which is at the end where the strength and have less clearance for the tip, because less
force of it is felt and perceived. This is related built-in dihedral is needed; the rest is supplied
to the type of design of the aircraft wings, the by the elasticity of the wing in flight.
flexibility of the material used and its size. This
means that in smaller aircraft with aluminum For a given wing shape, the flex of the wing is
wings and with greater rigidity, the impact of the result of the ratio of strength and
air currents, that is, turbulence, tends to be elasticity of the wing material. Composites
transmitted to the cabin. are the latest in aircraft material, they are
lighter and stronger than aluminum. It is five
It means that for the same material and the times stronger than aluminum and bends
same wing area, the wing bending is a about half when under load. But because it
function of the following relationship: a long, is stronger, much less material can be used
thin wing bends more than a short, thick wing. to make the wing lighter, even though a
Or the long aluminum wing of a large plane certain amount of carbon fiber flexes less
flexes more than the shorter wing with the than the same amount of aluminum, there is
same aspect ratio of a smaller plane. simply less. The flexural strength ratio of
carbon fiber is much higher than that of
To give an idea of ​this in large aircraft like the aluminum.
Boeing Model 787, which have an
approximate wing length of 60 meters, their All airplanes with wings made of carbon fiber
flexibility in their up and down movements in flex much more than airplanes with wings
the event of upward and downward air made of aluminum.
currents could be as high as 10 feet. under
normal conditions and up to 26 feet at its
peak. This equates to a height of one story in
a normal house.

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ENGLISH VERSION : TURBULENCIAS EN VUELO, RAZÓN PARA TEMER?

The amount of flex is really a product of the
material. The wing requires a specified
maximum force; with metal, which results in a
given amount of flex. This can vary within
limits, but it is really the material, its stiffness to
yield point ratio, and its fatigue properties
that control how much flex you will end up
with.

The amount of bending for a given bending
moment depends on three factors:

1. Wing Span: A given curvature of the wing
due to bending at the root of the wing will
cause a tip displacement that is proportional
to the distance of that tip from the root.
2. Mast height: this curvature increases with
the inverse of the square of the mast height.
A lower relative thickness of the wing will
produce more flex.
3. Material: Carbon fiber has a higher
capacity than aluminum in terms of flexibility,
so it can be stretched more and produce
more flex at the elastic limit.

Don't be afraid to fly, it is a safe activity.
The causes of accidents were much higher 50
years ago than today. Especially in the
approach and landing phase in the presence
of storms in the area. Currently this type of
accident is almost nil.

In flight, turbulence affects passenger
comfort but is not a real or potential accident
threat. Turbulences in flight could affect if
they are severe and the passenger does not
comply with the instructions of the pilot in
command of the plane to fasten their seat
belts.
So after reading this article, we hope that you
are more convinced of the high degree of
safety of our aviation as a means of transport
and that you fearlessly repeat the experience
of flying with us again.

Relax and enjoy your flight.

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HISTORIA DEL INICIO DEL VUELO

Por el Hombre (Pt. 1/2)

Diseños de Leonardo Da Vinci

Desde los diseños de Da Vinci,
tanto las grandes alas para que el
hombre las agitara y pudiera así
volar, como las maquinas similares
a los hoy helicópteros y aeroplanos
que eran consideradas como
diseños avanzadas de máquinas
voladoras, no se pudo lograr en la
época el anhelado vuelo sonado
por el hombre.

Las máquinas voladoras de Da Vinci
se exponen a escala real en Roma.

Cometas
En el caso de los cometas, aunque no era exactamente un vuelo del hombre, si ha sido
considerado un diseño pionero en el intento de vuelo por los principios en los que se fundamenta.
Aunque no se sabe quién lo inventó se supone que hacia los 20 mil años antes de cristo los chinos
ya volaban cometas se le atribuye a Lu Ban que vivió entre el año 770 y 476 antes de cristo. El
cometa fue utilizado por los emperadores de la época para enviar mensajes y también como
arma de guerra pues lo cargaban con pólvora y leña para soltarlos sobre el terreno enemigo y así
causarles bajas.

Globo y Dirigible
En sus mejores tiempos, el dirigible
podía competir con el avión. De
hecho, algunos rascacielos de
Nueva York, como el Empire State
Building, se diseñaron y
construyeron con una terminal o
“aeropuerto” para el amarre de
dirigibles.
Recientemente se está
potenciando de nuevo su uso,
como es el caso de la aeronave
Airlander 10. Un dirigible
comercial gigantesco que está
realizando sus últimos vuelos de
prueba.

El vuelo con una máquina más
pesada que el aire fue posible
solamente a inicios del siglo XX. El
hombre, sin embargo, consiguió
volar mucho antes gracias a
ingenios más ligeros que el aire.

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ARTÍCULO|HISTORIA AVIACIÓN

Origen del dirigible
En 1782 un francés, el fabricante de papel Joseph Montgolfier, observando el humo y el aire
caliente que subían de un fuego, tuvo una idea genial.
Construyó un globo pequeño con tela ligera, lo hinchó con aire caliente y cuando lo dejó libre lo
vio, con comprensible satisfacción, elevarse hacia el cielo.

Al año siguiente Montgolfier,
ayudado por su hermano,
fabricó un globo de tela forrado
de papel: lo llevó a una plaza
de su ciudad natal, encendió
fuego debajo y dejó que se
llenase bien de aire caliente. La
multitud, estupefacta, vio
elevarse al globo hasta una
altura de 2.000 metros.
Pocos meses, después los
hermanos Montgolfier repitieron
el experimento delante del rey y
la reina de Francia. Esa vez,
para hacer aún más
emocionante el vuelo, ataron al
globo una barquilla en la cual
pusieron un ganso, una oveja y
un gallo.

Al año siguiente, dos valientes se ofrecieron para el primer Joseph-Michel Montgolfier
vuelo humano: su aeróstato se deslizó a lo largo de los tejados
de París, corrió muchas veces el riesgo de encenderse y
finalmente aterrizó a diez kilómetros de distancia.

Aquel mismo año, otro audaz consiguió en un globo la altura Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier
de 3.000 metros; en 1785 dos aeronautas volaron de Inglaterra
a Francia, corriendo muchas veces el riesgo de acabar en el Joseph-Michel Montgolfier
mar. Como anécdota: para aligerar la carga y recuperar (Annonay; 26 de agosto de 1740
altura se vieron obligados a tirar su ropa. - Balaruc-les-Bains; 26 de junio
Ya en los primeros años del siglo XIX, el éxito de los aerostatos, de 1810) y
en toda Europa, era grandioso: se construían globos cada vez Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier
mayores y más bonitos, se realizaban empresas cada vez más (Annonay; 6 de enero de 1745 -
ambiciosas. Serrières; 2 de agosto de 1799)
fueron dos hermanos franceses
Se batieron récords de altura, de distancia, de duración; y se conocidos por ser considerados
construyó también el globo más grande: tenía 55 metros de los inventores del globo
alto y transportaba en su canastilla 50 personas. aerostático.

Continuará...

Fuente: Wikipedia.com

SN | 55

ENGLISH VERSION : HISTORIA DEL INICIO DEL VUELO POR EL HOMBRE PARTE 1 /2

THISTORY OF THE BEGINNING OF FLIGHT BY hot air rising from a fire, had a brilliant idea.
MAN PART 1/2 He built a small balloon out of light cloth,
inflated it with hot air, and when he released
Da Vinci Designs it he saw it, with understandable satisfaction,
Since Davinci's designs, both the large wings rise into the sky.
so that man could wave them and thus be
able to fly, as well as the machines similar to The following year Montgolfier, helped by his
today's helicopters and airplanes that were brother, made a paper-lined cloth balloon:
considered as advanced designs of flying he took it to a square in his hometown, lit a
machines, the desired design could not be fire underneath, and let it fill well with hot air.
achieved at the time. man-dreamed flight. The dumbfounded crowd watched the
balloon rise to a height of 2,000 meters.
Kites
In the case of comets, although it was not A few months later the Montgolfier brothers
exactly a flight of man, it has been repeated the experiment in front of the King
considered a pioneering design in the flight and Queen of France. This time, to make the
attempt by the principles on which it is based. flight even more exciting, they tied a basket
Although it is not known who invented it, it is to the balloon in which they put a goose, a
assumed that around 20 thousand years sheep and a rooster.
before Christ the Chinese were already flying
kites, it is attributed to Lu Ban who lived The following year, two brave men
between 770 and 476 BC. The comet was volunteered for the first human flight: their
used by the emperors of the time to send balloon glided along the rooftops of Paris,
messages and also as a weapon of war as ran the risk of igniting many times, and finally
they loaded it with gunpowder and firewood landed ten kilometers away.
to drop them on enemy terrain and thus
cause casualties. That same year, another audacious man
achieved a height of 3,000 meters in a
Balloon and Airship balloon; in 1785 two aeronauts flew from
In its best days, the airship could compete England to France, often running the risk of
with the airplane. In fact, some skyscrapers in ending up at sea. As an anecdote: to lighten
New York, such as the Empire State Building, the load and regain height they were forced
were designed and built with a terminal or to throw away their clothes.
"airport" for the mooring of airships.
Recently its use is being promoted again, as is Already in the first years of the 19th century,
the case of the Airlander 10 aircraft. A the success of the aerostats, all over Europe,
gigantic commercial airship that is making its was great: bigger and prettier balloons were
last test flights. being built, more and more ambitious
Flying with a heavier-than-air machine was undertakings were carried out.
possible only at the beginning of the 20th
century. Man, however, managed to fly Records of height, of distance, of duration
much earlier thanks to lighter-than-air were broken; and the largest balloon was
devices. also built: it was 55 meters high and carried
50 people in its basket.
Origin of the airship
In 1782 a Frenchman, the papermaker
Joseph Montgolfier, observing the smoke and

SN | 56

ARECOMENDACIONES|AL VIAJAR Ya que disfruta de la experiencia de
viajar con nosotros, Sky High Airline
RECOMENDACIONES Services, queremos que conozca todo
lo que necesita para hacer más
Al viajar completo y placentero su viaje.

Asegúrese de portar su pasaporte a la hora de Por eso le presentamos una guía de
viajar. aspectos a tomar en cuenta a la hora
Confirme la cobertura de su seguro antes de de viajar.
viajar.
Pongale número a su viaje. Estime un
presupuesto adecuado para cada situación.

Conozca las políticas sobre el equipaje de mano
y bodega.

Botiquín del viajero. Lleve consigo las medicinas
importantes y necesarias para usted y su familia.

Conozca las Normativas. Cada país exige una
serie de documentos y requisitos necesarios que
el turista debe cumplir.

Si viaja con su mascota, tenga en cuenta
comunicarse con la línea aérea para conocer los
requisitos.

Prepararse ante un posible robo antes del viaje.
Infórmese de las condiciones de seguridad del
lugar.

Riesgos y cuidados durante el viaje. Seguir los
consejos y directrices de nuestro staff para su
seguridad antes, durante y después del vuelo.

Viajar segura durante el embarazo. Debe llevar
toda la documentación médica y medicamentos
necesarios.

Fuente; CESAC, Te informa., Qué debes saber al viajar?, (2018, Junio)
http://cesac.mil.do/index.php/publicaciones/recomendaciones-para-viajar?download=117:recomendaciones-
para-viajar

SN | 57

Necesitas información, ayuda, Ya que disfruta de la experiencia de
viajar con nosotros, Sky High Airline
orientacion acerca de cualquier
RECOMENDACIONESServices, queremos que conozca todo
tema realcionado con lo que necesita para hacer más

documentacion, estadía y normativas Contactos decompleto y placentero su viaje.
Consulados DominicanosPor eso le presentamos una guía de
de los dominicanos en nuestros
aspectos a tomar en cuenta a la hora
destinos, te dejamos un directorio con de viajar.

los datos de contacto de los

Consulados Dominicanos en las islas.

CURAZAO Asociación Dominicanos Unidos
ARUBA Presidente: Alejandro Van Puter
ST. MAARTEN
BONAIRE Tel: 599-9-677-4059
MARTINICA




· Asociación Dominicanos
(Fundación Juan Pablo Duarte):

Presidente: Winston Tavarez
Tel: 297 592 1679





· Asociación Dominicanos
Presidente: Mayra Provence
Tel: 721-520-2686




Asociación Dominicanos
Presidente: Adoni Alonso
Tel: 599-770-3123





· Asociación Dominicana
Tel: 596 696 00 31 25

ANGUILA

· Asociación Dominicana

Presidente: Julio Derick
Tel: 1 (264) 729-9189

SN | 58

ENGLISH VERSION : RECOMENDACIONES AL VIAJAR

RECOMMENDATIONS
WHEN TRAVELING

Since you enjoy the experience of traveling
with us, Sky High Airline Services, we want you
to know everything you need to make your
trip more complete and pleasant.
That is why we present you a guide of
aspects to take into account when traveling.

Make sure you have your passport with
you when you travel.
Confirm your insurance coverage before
you travel.
Number your trip. Estimate an appropriate
budget for each situation.
Learn about the policies on carry-on and
hold luggage.
Traveler's first aid kit. Take important and
necessary medicines for you and your
family with you.
Know the Regulations. Each country
requires a series of documents and
necessary requirements that the tourist
must meet.
If you are traveling with your pet, consider
contacting the airline for requirements.
Prepare for possible theft before the trip.
Find out about the security conditions of
the place.
Risks and care during the trip. Follow the
advice and guidelines of our staff for your
safety before, during and after the flight.
Travel safely during pregnancy. You must
bring all the necessary medical
documentation and medications.

SN | 59

PUBLICIDAD

Maintenance Aviation

Los pioneros del Caribe @skyhighaviationservices


SKY HIGH AIRLINES GROUP
skyhighaviationservices
Calle Filomena de Cova, casi esquina Av. Gustavo Mejia Ricart, Edificio
Corporativo 2015, Nivel 14, Ens. Piantini Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional
República Dominicana.

Telefono: 809-591-4412
Whatsapp: 809-720-5623
E-mail: [email protected]