SCIENCE FOLIO Weather and its effects on Earth Students Name : 1) Yoshethaasai A/P Uvaraj 2) Ashreena A/P K.Kanagaraj Identity card number : 1) 080522-10-2622 2) 080805-02-0870 Form : Form 3 Lily Theme : Earth and Space Exploration Learning Area : Space Weather Content Standards : 9.1 The Sun and 9.2 Space Weather. Learning Standards : 9.11 Explain the structure of the Sun and phenomena that occur on the Surface of Sun. : 9.1.2 Justify the importance of the Earth’s Magnetosphere : 9.2.1 Communicate about Space SMK CONVENT SITIAWAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Front Page 1 2. Acknowledgement 3 3. Introduction 4 4. 9.1 The Sun 5 5. Facts About The Sun 6 6. Structure of the Sun 7-9 7. Phenomena on the surface of sun 10-16 8. 9.1.2 The importance of Earth’s Magnetosphere 17-18 9. 9.2.1 Space Weather 19-20 10. Interpretation of data 21 11. Conclusion 22 12.. Reference 23 Bil. Content Pages
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would also like to thank our parents and friends for their encouragement and support throughout the project. We want to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the success of our science project. First and foremost, we would like to thank our science teacher, Puan Rahayu binti Amat Tosirim, for providing us with the guidance and support we needed to complete this project. Other than that, providing us with the necessary materials and facilities to conduct our research and observation.
INTRODUCTION Lastly, to communicate better about Space Weather and its effects towards Earth (9.2.1) There are several purposes for this folio to be done. Firstly, it is to explain and observe better regarding the stucture of the Sun and the phenomena that occurs on the sun’s surface (9.1.1) Secondly, to justify the importance of the Earth’s Magnetosphere (9.1.2)
9.1 THE SUN Our sun is a 4.5 billion year old yellow dwarf star and is about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers) from Earth. The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System which is a massive, hot ball of plasma, inflated and heated by energy produced by nuclear fusion reactions at its core. Diagram 1.1 The Sun Nuclear fusion that occurs in the sun involves the combination of 2 Hydrogen-2 nuclei to form a Helium-3 nucleaus, a neutron and energy.
FACTS ABOUT THE SUN Equator Circumference : 4,379,000 km Radius : 695,700 km Temperature : 5973° to 15,000,000°C Average orbital speed : 720,000 km/h star type : yellow dwarf Average time taken to rotate : 27 Earth days Number of planets : 8
STRUCTURE OF THE SUN The structure of the sun is made up of the following parts : -convection zone -radiative zone -photosphere -core -corona -chromosphere
STRUCTURE OF THE SUN The sun’s atmosphere is divided into 3 layers, Corona, Chromosphere, Photosphere.
STRUCTURE OF THE SUN hot gases expand and rise to the photosphere through the process of convection. transfer of heat through convection occursmore rapidly than transfer of heat through radiation. range of temperature : between 5500°C to 1,500,000°C. heat is transferred through radiation from atom to atom. transfer of heat through radiation takes a long time up to 100000 years from the core to the convection zone. range pf temperature : between 1.5 million°C to 15 million°C. almost 99% of heat energy is produced through combination of 2 Hydrogen-2 nuclei which produces one Helium-3 nucleus and 1 neutron 1) Convection Zone 2) Radiation Zone 3) Core
PHENOMENA ON THE SURFACE OF SUN Phenomena happening on the surface of the Sun are: a) Granule (brighter region) Solar granules is a convection cell in the Sun’s photosphere. They are caused by currents of plasma in the Sun’s convective zone, directly below the photosphere.
PHENOMENA ON THE SURFACE OF SUN Phenomena happening on the surface of the Sun are: b) Sunspot (darker region) exist in pairs or groups form the upper region of the convection zone where the plasma has lower temperature than its surroundings. temperature is lower than photosphere. due to low temperature, sunspots appear black on surface of sun. diameter : between 1000 km to 50,000 km. Sunspots are the dark regions on the photosphere.
PHENOMENA ON THE SURFACE OF SUN Phenomena happening on the surface of the Sun are: c) solar cycle (appear and disappear every 11 years) The diagram below shows the location of sunspots which are the places of eruption of gases or plasma on the photosphere since 1875.
PHENOMENA ON THE SURFACE OF SUN Phenomena happening on the surface of the Sun are: d) prominence (strong magnetic field is atrracted) can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers. may last a few days to several months. glowing gases : can be thrown out by powerful prominences into outer space at speeds ranging from 600 km s-1 to more than 1000 km s-1 Prominance, solar flare and coronal mass ejection are phenomena in which plasma (or electrified gases) are thrown out from the sun to outer space.
PHENOMENA ON THE SURFACE OF SUN Phenomena happening on the surface of the Sun are: e) solar flare column made up of numerous charged particles from the sun shooting outwards in violent and spectacular gas explosions near sunspots. solar flare increase to their maximum brightness in a few seconds then fade over several hours charged particles interact with the atoms and molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere to produce aurora.
PHENOMENA ON THE SURFACE OF SUN Phenomena happening on the surface of the Sun are: f) coronal mass ejection shoots magnetic gaseous particles outward into space and appears like an expending cloud takes 3 days for the magnetic gaseous particles to reach Earth interact with atoms and molecules in Earth’s atmosphere to produce aurora. Coronal mass ejection appears as a large cloud made up of magnetic gaseous particles shooting outward from the sun and often occur together with strong and large solar flares.
PHENOMENA ON THE SURFACE OF SUN Phenomena happening on the surface of the Sun are: g) solar wind (charged particles) electrons protons alpha particles Solar wind is made up of charged particles in plasma such as :
9.1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE Earth’s Magnetosphere is defined as a region in outer space that covers the Earth where the magnetic field is a combination between the Earth’s magnetic field.
9.1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE to protect the earth from adverse effects caused by harmful substances from the sun or other bodies in the universe. The Earth’s magnetosphere is made up of interactions between the Earth’s magnetic field brought by solar winds. The importance of the earth’s magnetosphere are: a) magnetosphere functions as a biological shield that protects life on earth from the adverse effects. b) prevents charged particles (alpha molecules, protons and electrons) . It will also distrupt telecommunications, navigation systems and electric power lines c) reduces additional pressure exerted by the solar winds that adds onto the Earth’s normal atmospheric pressure.
9.2.1 SPACE WEATHER Space weather is defined as the phenomena that occur: a) on the surface of the sun, such as sunspots, prominence, solar flares and coronal mass ejections. b) in outer space such as solar winds, solar radiation storms and geomagnetic storms. Seasons in space weather are related to the solar cycles which is the maximum and minimum sunspot activities occurring in an 11 year cycle. space weather : surrounding conditions from the thermosphere layer to outer space through the ecosphere layer and magnetosphere. solar radiation storms : high speed protons shoot outwards from the sun.
9.2.1 SPACE WEATHER In geomagnetic storms : magnetic gaseous particles are converted into heat which is then transferred to gaseous particles in the ionosphere. This heat changes the density of the gases and the magnetic field in the ionosphere. Changes in the densities of gases disrupt radio signals and navigation system (GPS) Changes in magnetic field : geomagnetic induced currents are produced.
INTERPRETATION OF DATA A satellite network to study outer space weather also known as the Evolving heliophysics system observatory was set up in outer space to collect space weather data. Space weather data is used or analysed : a) to predict when a coronal mass ejection will happen in the sun (disruption to telecommunications, navigation system and electric power lines on Earth. b) to determine the reasons for the occurrence of coronal mass ejections and solar flares on surface of sun.
CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study of the sun and space weather in Science Form 3 Chapter 9 has provided us with a profound understanding of the dynamic interactions that occur in our solar system. Through this exploration, we have gone into the sun's crucial role as the primary source of energy for our planet and its influence on space weather phenomena. We have learned how solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other solar activities can impact Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and even technological systems. The importance of monitoring and studying space weather becomes evident as we strive to comprehend and mitigate potential impacts on communication systems, satellite operations, and power grids. As we continue to advance our knowledge in this field, it becomes increasingly clear that the sun plays a crucial role in shaping the environment of our solar system. By studying the sun and space weather, we gain valuable insights that contribute to scientific understanding and practical applications that can help us protect and enhance our technological infrastructure in the face of solar variability.
REFERENCE Dr. G Saravanan. Chapter 9 : Space Weather. Malaysia : Pusat Tuisyen Seri Sukses Tho Lai Hong ; Che Ahmad bin Daud (2018). Science Form 3 Textbook. Malaysia : Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. Images : Google ; Dr. G Saravanan Chapter 9: Space weather. Pusat Tuisyen Seri Sukses.
SCIENCE FOLIO Exploration Students Name : 1) Yoshethaasai A/P Uvaraj 2) Ashreena A/P K.Kanagaraj Identity card number : 1) 080522-10-2622 2) 080805-02-0870 Form : Form 3 Lily Theme : Earth and Space Exploration Learning Area : 10.0 Space Exploration Content Standards : 10.1 Development in Astronomy 10.2 Development of Technology and its application in space exploration Learning Standards : 10.1.1 Explain the historical development of the Solar System model. : 10.2.1 Communicate about the importance of the development of technology and its application in Space Exploration : 10.2.2 Justify the need to continue Space SMK CONVENT SITIAWAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Front Page 24 2. Acknowledgement 26 3. Introduction 27 4. 10.1 Development in Astronomy 28 5. History of development of solar system 29-35 6. 10.2 Development & technology in space 36-37 7. Applications of technology in space exploration 38-44 8. Justification of the need to continue space exploration 45 11. Conclusion 46 12.. Reference 47 Bil. Content Pages
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would also like to thank our parents and friends for their encouragement and support throughout the project. We want to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the success of our science project. First and foremost, we would like to thank our science teacher, Puan Rahayu binti Amat Tosirim, for providing us with the guidance and support we needed to complete this project. Other than that, providing us with the necessary materials and facilities to conduct our research and observation.
INTRODUCTION Lastly, to communicate better about the importance of the development of technology and its application and justify the need to continue space exploration. ( 10.2.1 and 10.2.2) There are several purposes for this folio to be done. Firstly, it is to explain and observe better regarding the development in astronomy as well as its application in space exploration (10.1 and 10.2) Secondly, to explain the historical development of the solar system. ( 10.1.1)
10.1 DEVELOPMENT IN ASTRONOMY Astronomy is a science field that studies the universe as well as objects within it such as planets, moon, stars and galaxies. galaxies in the universe moon stars
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM new evidences sophisticated technology Greek astronomers were one of the earliest to study objects in outer space. They claim that the Earth is spherical and has done several attempts to measure its size. There are various explanations models the universe being presented by ancient astronomers and it changes over time. The change occurs due to : development of history on solar system model
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM arabic developed by : scientists in the middle east, North Africa, Spain and central asia. Most of the works of islamic astronomy are written in :
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Greek astronomer, astrologer and geographer built the geocentric model with Earth at the centre and circular orbits 1) Ptolemy (90-168 A.D)
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM polish astronomer, mathematician, economist and doctor built the heliocentric model with the sub at the centre and circular orbits 2) Copernicus (1473-1543)
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM german astronomer, mathematician and astrologer modified the heliocentric model with the sun at one common focal point on the elliptical orbits of the planets according to Kepler’s Law 3) Kepler (1571-1630)
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Aldebaran Altair Alnitak Alnilam Mintaka Betelgeus One of the significant evidences of the influence of Islamic astronomy is the naming of several stars using Arabic language such as : Terms such as Azimuth , Almanac, Zenith, Nadir, Alhidade, Almucantar and Vega are derived from Islamic Astronomy.
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Trigonometric , algebraic and algorithm principle used in astronomical development by well known islamic astronomers
10.2 DEVELOPMENT & TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE The first man to successfully observe objects in the outer space using a telescope is Galileo Galileo Galilei.
10.2 DEVELOPMENT & TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE 11th Century : Chinese invented gun powder and used primitive rockets in battles 1609 : First telescope used in the field of astronomy by Galileo Galilei 1957 : First satellite - USSR Sputnik 1 1961 : Fist human to orbit Earth - Yuri Gagarin, aboard USSR Vostok 1 1969 : First human to set foot on the Moon - Neil Armstrong, US Apollo 11 1973 : First Jupiter flyby - US Pioneer 10 1981 : First flight of US space shuttle - Columbia 1989 : First Neptune flyby - US Voyager 2 1990 : US launched Hubble Space Telescope from space shuttle Discover 1996 : Malaysian satellites MEASAT 1 and 2 launched 2000 : Malaysia’s first microsatellite TiungSAT-1 launched 2002 : National Space Agency (Agensi Angkasa Negara) established 2011 : construction of International Space Station (ISS) completed
APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE EXPLORATION 1) Space Telescope The astronomical sextant used to measure the altitude of the stars. Galileo’s Telescope became the most widely used stronomical instrument
APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE EXPLORATION 1) Space Telescope Hubble space telescope was placed in an orbit 500 km from the surface of Earth Spitzer space telescope detects very distant activities in space
APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE EXPLORATION 1) Space Telescope Apart from optical telescopes, radio telescope are also used to detect radio waved from space
APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE EXPLORATION 2) Rocket The rocket structure consists of 4 main systems namely, structural system, payload system, guide system, and propulsion system Rockets are used widely in space explorations. When the fuel in a rocket burns, hot gases are released at high speed through the bottom of the rocket. The release of these gases produces a force which pushes the rocket upwards.
APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE EXPLORATION 3) Satellite weather forecasting communication television navigation monitoring the situation on Earth’s surface (remote sensing) A satellite is a communication device that interprets a radio signal from the Earth, amplifies it and then responds to that signal. There are various types of satellites that are used such as :
APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE EXPLORATION 4) Space probe A space probe is a spacecraft that gathers information and sends it back to Earth. Space probes do not orbit Earth like satellites but travel further into and out of the Solar System. Space probes carry cameras and remote sensing instruments as well as radio transmitters and receivers for the purpose of communicating with scientist on Earth. There are three types of space probes, namely interplanetary to explore long distances, orbiters enter the orbits of the planets and landers land on the planets to collect information The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft was launched on October 15 1997 to study Saturn and took 7 years to reach Saturn.
APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE EXPLORATION 4) Remote Sensing Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without physically touching it. Satellites or airplanes equipped with tracking devices to detect and classify objects on the Earth’s surface, atmosphere, and oceans based on reflected electromagnetic radiation. The Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency (ARSM) or formerly the National Remote Sensing Center ( MACRES) was established in 1988 under the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MOSTI)
JUSTIFICATION OF THE NEED TO CONTINUE SPACE EXPLORATION obtain detailed information on Earth planets and space objects. produce several types of pure and high-quality materials such as microchips, crystals and special metals that are not available on Earth. review the construction of a power plants using solar energy in outer space. Energy generated will be sent to Earth. find new placements for humans in outer space. Exploration of space allows us to understand the universe better. While the cost of spending in space technology research in high, the research brings good results such as the development of knowledge and technology as well as the increase in job opportunities. Space exploration also benefits substantially to the advancement of the aerospace industry in our country. Among the field of aerospace industry that has great benefits is aircraft manufacturing technology. Progress in this are has bring result when Malaysia successfully released its first unmanned surveillance aircraft in 2001. The plane named Eagle Airborne Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV) was built through a joint venture project with the British Aerospace system (BAE) Importance of Space Exploration :
CONCLUSION In conclusion, the exploration of space, advancements in astronomy, and the rapid development of technology have collectively propelled humanity into a new era of understanding and discovery. From the early days of gazing at the stars to the sophisticated technologies used in space exploration today, the progress made in this field is a testament to human curiosity, ingenuity, and the relentless pursuit of knowledge. As we stand on the brink of new possibilities, the convergence of astronomy and technology continues to redefine our comprehension of the cosmos. The information gathered from space missions has not only deepened our understanding of celestial bodies but has also contributed to solving challenges on our own planet. Technologies developed for space exploration, such as satellite communication and Earth observation systems, have found applications in weather forecasting, disaster management, and global communication networks, enhancing the quality of life for people around the world. Furthermore, the collaboration between astronomers and technologists has led to the development of powerful telescopes and space probes, enabling us to observe distant galaxies, study exoplanets, and delve into the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy. In the future, as we continue to push the frontiers of space exploration, it is essential to recognize the interconnectedness of scientific disciplines and technological advancements. The quest to understand the cosmos not only fuels our intellectual curiosity but also inspires the creation of technologies that benefit society as a whole. The ongoing exploration of space is a testament to the human spirit's capacity for exploration, innovation, and the relentless pursuit of a deeper understanding of our place in the cosmos.
REFERENCE Dr. G Saravanan. Chapter 10 Space Exploration. Pusat Tuisyen Seri Sukses Tho Lai hong ; Che Ahmad bin Daud (2018). Science Form 3 Textbook. Malaysia : Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. Images : Google ; Dr. G Saravanan Chapter 10 space exploration. Pusat Tuisyen Seri Sukses.