The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise_ Muslims, Christians, and Jews under Islamic Rule in Medieval Spain

Islamic Spain
—capital punishment in, 136–38
—vs. Catholic Europe, 92–94
—convivencia, 2, 5, 84, 97, 106, 114, 116, 188–90, 197, 221, 233
—genetics, 161–63
—Jews in, 177–203
—jurisprudence in, 94–96, 210–13
—neighborhoods in, 116–17
—slavery in, 160–62, 164–66; slave warriors, 52, 54, 124–25, 158
—taifas, 33, 52; Almoravid takeover, 53; Granada, 27–28, 162; Jews in, 181–85,

191; lukewarm piety, 97, 106, 151; punishment in, 99, 105
—terror tactics, 35–48
Istanbul, 49, 76
Italian Renaissance, 77

janizaries, 164
jarchas, 67, 174, 224
Jerusalem, 49, 122, 220
Jesus, 34, 101, 125, 134, 195, 196, 201, 220, 231–32
Jewish dietary laws. See food taboos, Jewish
Jews. See Judaism
jihad, 19, 22–35, 37, 40, 41, 45, 52, 54, 63, 80, 86, 87, 98, 126, 129, 133, 135,

138, 150, 228
Jiménez de Rada, Rodrigo, 36, 40
jizya, 25, 26, 29, 46–47, 112, 179, 209–10
John, Apostle, 122
Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita, 173

Judaism
—apostates, 191–92, 194, 196, 210, 221
—expulsion of Jews, 181–82, 191
—fatwas on, 117, 189–90
—food taboos, 197–98, 199
—heretics, 196
—in Islamic Spain, 177–203; aljamas, 190–91
—Karaism, 191–92, 200–203
—leaders: Ibn Albalia, Isaac, 184; Ibn Naghrela, Joseph, 182; Ibn Naghrela,

Samuel, 182, 184, 191–92, 194
—religious law, 191–95, 197–99
—responsa, 193–94, 198
—and ulama, 185
—and Visigoths, 177–78
See also Caro; Maimonides
Julian, Count. See Urbanus

kafir, 30, 206
Karaism, 191–92, 200–203
Khalid, 46
khifad. See female circumcision
al-Khushani, 32, 85, 87, 88, 92, 96, 101, 102, 105, 107, 109, 134
King Leovigild, 58
Kitab al-Bayan al-Mughrib, 32, 164

lapidation. See stoning

law
—Catholic European, 92–94, 223
—Islamic. See Islam, religious law; fatwas; sharia
—Jewish, 191–95
—Visigoth, 59, 217–22, 223
Leyes de Moros, 26, 101, 143, 145
Libro de buen amor, 173

madhhab, 96
Madhahib al-Hukkam, 96
madrasas, 66
Magna Carta, 59
Maimonides, Moses, 186–87, 192–93, 196–99; on Christians, 195–96; on

Karaism, 201, 203; on Muslim Arabs, 196
Malik Ibn Anas, 26, 41, 95, 108, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 126, 127, 140, 141,

142, 149, 151, 153, 212. See also Malikism
Malikism, 10, 94–100; Abd al-Rahman III, 96, 97, 102, 107, 128; on alcoholic

beverages, 105–6; on apostates, 100–101; on blasphemy, 101–2; burning
cities, cutting trees, killing animals, and destroying buildings during jihad,
33; on Christmas, 114–15; on female circumcision, 140–43; on food taboos,
106; on fornication, 144–46; on heretics, 28, 99, 102, 125, 126, 127, 133,
188; on Jews and Christians, 111–13, 116–17, 179–80, 190, 209–13; on
jihad, 23–26, 28–30, 33; on judges, 92; on music and singing, 107–10;
Muwatta, 24, 28, 29, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 140, 141, 144, 209; on
sodomy, 103; al-Tafri, 25, 29, 33, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 141, 145,
148, 149; on thievery, 103; Tuhfat al-Hukkam, 92, 96; on veils, 151; on
witches, 101; on women, 148–53, 156–57, 158
mamluks, 160, 161, 164
al-Mansur. See Ibn Abu Amir al-Mansur, Muhammad
al-Maqqari, 15, 30, 36, 37, 38, 50, 61, 62, 97, 108, 120, 121, 124, 135, 216
Marquis of Santillana, Íñigo López de Mendoza, 173
Martel, Charles, 21–22
martyrdom in Islam. See Islam, martyrdom
Martyrs of Córdoba, 133–34, 227, 230–33
Masrur, 88
Mass, 62, 90, 92
Massacre of the Ditch, 227–28

mawali, 20, 52; revolts of, 207–8
Middle Ages, 57, 76
military orders, 54
minnim, 196. See also Karaism
Mishneh Torah. See Maimonides, Moses
mixed marriages. See intermarriage
monasteries, 20, 73, 136, 207, 223
Mongols, 35
Morabia, Alfred, 6, 30–31
moriscos, 55–56, 95, 110, 141; expulsion of, 55–56
mozarabs, 15, 206–7, 230. See also dhimmis
Mudawwana, 33, 96, 97, 98, 103, 153
mudéjares, 26, 55, 95, 118, 141, 148, 212
Muhammad, 34, 45, 47, 90, 106, 134, 157; and jihad, 23, 30, 31
Muhammad cartoons, 8
muhsan, 144, 145, 147, 148, 167
muhtasibs, 87, 134
mujahideen, 54
muladis, 91, 117, 133, 207, 208, 228–29; 230, 231–32; revolts of, 226–30
multiculturalism, 2, 4, 53, 84, 114, 115, 137, 139, 186, 225
Musa Ibn Nusayr, 20, 32–33, 37–39, 42–43, 60
music, 175; and Islam, 40, 107–10
Muslim law. See Islam, religious law; fatwas; sharia
Muwatta. See Malikism

names given to Christians, 206
nave, 80
New Testament, 92, 137
North Africa, 13; Berbers, 62, 214; as Christian territory, 19–20, 41–42;

conquest of, 44, 122; as Muslim territory, 56, 67, 215

Pact of Umar. See Umar, Pact of
pacts, abrogation of, 39
Palestine, 16
People of the Book, 29, 111, 208, 216, 217
Persia: conquest of, 35, 45; influence of, 64–65, 108–9
pigs, 112; Christians as, 206

Pillars of Hercules, 20, 49
Pirenne, Henri, 76–77
pluralism, 2, 8
polytheists, 26, 32, 87, 206, 216
presentism, 4–5
priests, 29, 226
Primera Crónica General. See Alfonso X
purity practices of Islam. See Islam, ritual purity
Pythagoras, 65

qadis, 91, 94, 165
queens, Visigoth, 59, 163, 170, 176; Spanish, 170–75
Quran, 10, 11, 46, 86, 88, 91, 97, 128, 152, 180; on apostasy, 103; on beheading,

210, 137; on fornication, 146; on jihad, 23, 26. 29; on jizyah, 29, 210; on
other religions, 178; on racial superiority, 165

rabbis. See Maimonides, Moses; Caro, Joseph Ben Ephraim
rajm. See stoning
rape. See women, rape
raya, 212, 213
al-Razi, 36, 40, 61, 79, 120, 121
Reconquest, (Reconquista) 31, 34, 51–55, 118, 185
Recópolis, 59, 69, 82
relics. See Catholic, relics
renaming as a hegemonic tactic. See hegemonic tactics of Islam
responsa, 193–94, 198
Risala: on apostasy, 100, 102–3; on blasphemy, 101; on dogs, 112; on female

circumcision, 141–42; on food taboos, 106; on games, 104; on jihad, 25;
muhsan, definition of, 145; on music, 107–8; on sex, 144, 146; on women,
148, 149
Romans, 14, 32, 41, 63–64, 72, 195, 206
Rum. See Romans

sacristy, 122
Sahabah. See Companions of the Prophet
Sahnun, Ibn Said. See Mudawwana
al-Saluli, Uqba, 32, 87–88
saqaliba. See slave warriors

Saracen, 33, 44
Science and technology, 6, 13, 42, 65–68, 70–72, 76, 78–79, 135–36, 154, 236
Serbians: battle of Kosovo, 22
sexual slaves, 25, 130–32, 155, 156, 158–68; influence on genetics, 161–64
al-Shafii, 26
sharia, 85–86; on alcoholic beverages, 104–5; on blasphemy, 125; muhtasib,

134; Tuhfat al-Hukkam, 96; zalmedina, 127
shock-and-awe tactics. See Islamic Spain, terror tactics
Siege of Vienna. See Battle of the Siege of Vienna
Sisebut (poet-king), 68
slavery, 43–44, 164–66
slave warriors, 52, 54, 124–25, 158
Slavs, 52, 163–64, 165; eunuchs, 166. See also mamluks; slave warriors
sodomy, punishment of. See Malikism, on sodomy
Spain: vs. Iberia, 14–16. See also Catholic, Spain; Hispania; Islamic Spain
Spania/Spannia, 49–51, 214
Spanish Inquisition, 4, 100
stoning (rajm), 55, 96, 103, 104, 139, 143–46
Shulchan Aruch. See Caro, Joseph Ben Ephraim
Suma de los principales mandamientos y devedamientos de la ley y çunna, 25,

150
sunnah, 10–11, 86; on circumcision, 142–43; on public baths, 150–51
Sunan Abu Dawud, 150
supremacy; of Christianity, 115; of Islam, 47, 54–55, 80; of religious law, 85
Syria, 46–47

al-Tabari, 28, 35, 51, 58, 108, 164
tabiun, 32, 37, 45, 216
taifas, 33, 52; Almoravid takeover, 53, 87; Granada, 27–28, 162; Jews in, 181–

85, 191; lukewarm piety, 97, 106, 151; punishment in, 99, 105
al-Tafri, 25, 29, 33, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 141, 145, 148, 149
Tariq Ibn Zayd, 21, 32, 52, 60–61
terror. See Islamic Spain, terror tactics
Tertullian of Carthage, 20
theft. See Ibn Rushd, on thievery; Malikism, on thievery
Toledo, 3, 53, 69, 81, 207, 230; beheadings, 133; looting of, 60–61; Massacre of

the Ditch, 227–28; rebellions, 123–24; Third Council of, 218, 221; women

in, 172–73
tolerance. See Catholicism, and Jews; Catholicism, and Muslims; dhimmis,

tolerance; Islam, and Christians; Islamic Spain, Jews in; Umayyad reign,
Christians under; Visigoths, and Jews
Trinity. See polytheists
Tuhfat al-Hukkam, 92, 96
Turks, 22, 56, 76; and the raya, 212–13

ulama, 10, 86, 89, 91–92, 147, 168; and the Almoravids, 53; and the Jews, 185;
and jihad, 30–31; Maliki, 10, 97–99, 114–16; and al-Mansur, 135; and
rulers, 86–87

Umar, 42, 46, 66, 105, 112, 210, 212–13; Pact of, 117
Umayyad reign, 62, 85, 87, 95, 97, 101, 102, 104–5, 111, 113, 114, 120, 125,

128, 130, 134–35, 136; Christians under, 212–13; destruction of pre-Islamic
past, 78–80; mosques, 79–80, 121–22, 215–16; revolts, 227–30; slaves, 158,
161–63, 166
unbelievers. See kafir
universities, 65–66
Urbanus, Count, 36, 60
Utbiyya, 96, 103, 111, 112, 113

veiling, 147–53
Virgin Mary. See Black Virgin of Rocamadour
Visigoths, 58–60; art, 81–82; Egica, 220–22; and Jews, 177–78; law, 59, 217–

22, 223; queens, 170, 175; Recópolis, 59, 69, 82; vs. Muslims, 63–64

wine, 104–6, 111, 117, 190, 199, 211
witches, 101

women
—in Catholic Spain, 170–75
—in the Christian Greek Roman Empire, 151–53
—in Islamic Spain, 139–75; female circumcision, 140–43; freedom, 153–58;

rape, 146, 210–11; as sexual slaves, 130–32, 155, 156, 158–68; stoning,
143–46; veiling, 147–53; vs. women in Catholic Spain, 169–75

Zakat, 24, 29, 209
zandaqa. See apostates

About the Author

Darío Fernández-Morera is Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish
and Portuguese at Northwestern University. A former member of the National
Council on the Humanities, he holds a BA from Stanford University, an MA
from the University of Pennsylvania, and a PhD from Harvard University. He
has published several books and many articles on cultural, literary, historical,
and methodological issues in Spain, Latin America, and the United States.

ISI Books is the publishing imprint of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute,
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Copyright © 2016 by Darío Fernández-Morera ISBN: 978-1-5040-3469-2
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