Derivation by non-affixation

Derivation by non-affixation
Morphology syntax 146265

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Present
Professor. Narisa Paicharoen
English Morphology 146265, Semester 2, Sec 2

1

Contents

Charter Page

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1

1. Conversion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2

1.1 Using nouns as verbs (N>V)…………………………………………………………………………………....2

1.2 Using adjectives as verbs (Adj>V)…………………………………………………………………………...3

1.3 Using verbs as nouns (V>N)…………………………………………………………………………………….4

2. Backformation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

3. Clipping……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6

3.1 Cutting the front and/or the footer………………………………………………………………………..6

3.2 Diminutive………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8

4. Blending..........................................................................................................................................9

4.1 Compositions with main sections and extensions…………………………………………….....9

4.2 The second compound word has an equal role………………………………………………..10

5. Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10

5.1 Initialism and Acronym………………………………………………………………………………………….10

5.2 Abbreviations in electronic communications………………………………………………………11

Exercise………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........................13

Reference………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15

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Introduction

Derivation by non-affixation
Will talk about the word formation process is one of the derivation. Namely
the derivation by non-affixation process. There are processes of derivation by non-
affixation process as in the diagram.

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General characteristics of derivation by non-affixation

Derivation by non-affixation mean the process of making words without using
a derivation affixes is the main method but use clipping, abbreviation, blending, or
backformation. Derivation by non-affixation is a word-building process that doesn’t
depend on with morpheme. (non-morphemic word-formation process) It is divided
into the following kinds.

1. Conversion

Conversion is the use of one type (part of speech) of word and use it for
another without changing the form of words. In this process will changing the kind.
Divided into 4 subtopics, including using nouns as verbs (N>V), adjectives as verbs
(Adj>V), verbs as nouns (V>N), and adjectives as nouns (Adj>N). At the same time, the
Kreidler’s concept of the semantic relationship between the old and the new words.

1.1Using nouns as verbs (N>V)
Nouns such as jail, bottle, skin, dust. slice, cash, hammer, and pin. Besides acting
as a noun it can function as a verb called de-nominal verbs. Kreidler noted that
when a noun is used as a verb. The meaning of the verb is correlated with the
meaning of the noun in various ways.

1. Transfer meaning
1. a) He has been in the jail (N) for three months.

b) They should jail (V) him for life.

2. a) They drank three bottles (N) of wine.
b) The whisky is bottled (V) here before being sent abroad.

3. a) She has thick black hair and smooth dark skin (N).
b) She skinned (V) and sliced the tomatoes.

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4. a) All the furniture was covered in dust (N).
b) She dusted (V) the books and the bookshelves.

2. Effective meaning
1. a) He had only a slice (N) of bread for breakfast.
b) He sliced (V) the bread.

2. a) She was paying cash (N) for those items.
b) She cashed (V) a check.

3. Instrumental meaning
1. a) They crushed the ice cubes with a hammer (N).
b) He hammered (V) the nails into the back of the frame.

2. a) She used a lot of pins (N) to fasten pieces of cloth together.
b) She pinned (V) the badge onto her jacket.

1.2 Using adjectives as verbs (Adj>V)
Adjectives such as dry, narrow, open, slim, slow, thin, warm, complete,
brown, dirty, free, hollow, quiet, ready, round, smooth, and wet. Besides acting as a
noun it can function as a verb called de-adjective verbs. According to Kreidler’s
concept when a adjective is used as a verb. The meaning of the verb is correlated
with the meaning of the adjective in various ways.
1. Inchoative meaning
1. a) The wood was dry (Adj).
b) The sheets dried (V) in the sun.
2. a) The fog is quite thin (Adj) in places.
b) The trees thinned (V) as they got closer to the top of the mountain.

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2. Causative meaning
1. a) The police make a complete (Adj) search of the area.

b) The students have completed (V) the course.

2. a) She has dark brown (Adj) hair.

b) She browned (V) the meat in a frying pan.

3. a) There is a stack of dirty (Adj) dishes in the sink.

b) You can borrow my gloves, but please try not to dirty (V) them.

1.3 Using verbs as nouns (V>N)
Verbs such as attempt, delay, approach, arrest, attack, cut, bruise, break,
gesture, mistake, slice, spill, and reply. Besides acting as a verb it can function as a
noun called de-verbal noun. Kreidler noted that when a verb is used as a noun. The
meaning of the noun is correlated with the meaning of the verb in various ways.
1. Event/action
1. a) He attempted (V) to get the machine working.
b) All his attempts (N) to get the machine working failed miserably.

2. a) He delayed (V) his decision on whether to warn the public.
b) There was a delay (N) in warning the public.
1.2 Using adjectives as nouns (Adj>N)
When using nouns such as rich, blind, poor, tough, and smart is used as a

noun, use “the” as article noun if assuming the meaning og the adjective is “X” the
noun means X qualification people group and the noun that come from the use
“the” contract with an adjective are plural nouns.
1. a) rich the rich

b) blind the blind
c) poor the poor
d) tough the tough
f) smart the smart

5
1

2. a) They rich (Adj) people.
b) Those houses belong to the rich (NP).

3. a) She is almost blind (Adj).
b) She bought talking books for the blind (NP).

4. a) The rich live here.
b) *The rich lives here.

5. a) The blind are told to participate in the braille workshop.
b) *The blind is told to participate in the braille workshop.

2. Backformation

Backformation is the opposite of using suffixation. This way starts with simple

word and complex word, such as noun “editor” which is simple word (consist of only

one word) and “actor” which is complex word (consist of two word: act and -or).

Users of the language separate –or from actor causes the verb “edit” to appear in

the language.

Most of the words are formed by the backformation is a verb that reverse form a

noun. Beside a verb “edit” that reverse from a noun “editor” other verbs that

formed reverse from a noun such as…..

(V) (N)
a) orate orator

b) sculpt sculptor

c) swindle swindler

d) hawk hawker

e) peddle peddler

f) donate donation

g) resurrect resurrection

h) orient orientation

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i) televise television

It may be noted that the cut-off such as –or, -er, -ion
In addition, there are also verbs reverse from adjectives appeared such as
“legitimate” that reverse from an adjective along with the addition –ize.

Plag noted that verb that formed reversing may be homophonous word such as

escalate (V) that formed reverse from two noun such as escalation [N] ‘increment’

(by cut “–ion” off) and escalator [N] ‘elevator’ (by cut “-or” off) make escalate [V] is

homophonous word.

a) escalate (escalation) ‘increase’ Example, Gas prices are expected to
continue to escalate in the short term.
b) escalate (escalator) ‘up or down the escalator’Example, they escalated
down to the lower level.

3. Clipping

Clipping mean cut off some part of words to get new word that is shorter
than before. But also still meaning and part of speech of word. This kind of word
applies to a specific group of people who are familiar with such as lab from
laboratory, chem from chemistry use in group of people who study or work about
academic science but may have some words letter people use more and use general
such as gym from gymnasium, ad from advertisement that has changed from use less
and use more.

3.1. Cutting the front and/or the footer

Brinton noted that cutting have several form such as cut the footer, cut the

front, and cut the front and the footer.

Cutting the footer

a) expo exposition

b) condo condominium

c) dorm dormitory

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d) fan fanatic
e) disco discotheque
f) demo demonstration
g) deli delicatessen

Cutting the front alligator
earthquake
a) gator violoncello
b) quake internet
c) cello
d) net

Cutting the front and footer

a) fridge refrigerator

b) script prescription

Besides cutting will found in the common noun also found in proper noun such as

name truncation that appear in the call of people who are familiar between people.

The remaining parts after cutting will be the first syllable of base or the syllable that

get primary stress or secondary stress.

First syllable Albert
a) Al Alfred
b) Alf Barbara
c) Barb

Primary stress Alexandra
a) Xan Amelia
b) Mel Arabella
c) Bell

Secondary stress

a) Gail Abigail

b) Bert Adelbert

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In some cases, cutting name shortened, the consonant sound may be changed or

vowel sound, changing from /th/ sound to /t/ sound and changing from /r/ sound to

/l/ sound.

/th/ /t/

a) Art Arthur

b) Cat Catherine

/r/ /l/

a) Sal Sarah

b) Hal Harold

3.2. Diminutive

Clipping may appear along with addition morpheme diminutive such as –y/-ie
for express preference for that person or thing (affection) called hypocorism the part
that remains after cutting and is the base of –y/-ie the first syllable or stress syllable.
the new word will be two syllables.

First syllable hankie
a) handkerchief telly
b) television baebie
c) barbecue brekky
d) breakfast Angie
e) Angela Bernie
f) Bernard Aussie
g) Australian

Stress syllable

A) pyjamas jammies

b) umbrella brollie

c) tobacoo baccie

For the case, the old word is one syllable (monosyllabic) use –y/-ie add to the end

of word without clipping

a) aunt auntie

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b) bed beddie
c) night nightie
d) dog doggy
e) Chris Chrissie

4. Blending
Blending is the combination of two words into one word, eliminating part of

either or both of the two words. Most of the time, words that are mixed together will
be of the same type, such as nouns and nouns such as motor + hotel motel verbs
and verbs such as guess + estimate guestimate. Combinations can be divided into
two types: the compound with the main part and the extension, and the second-part
combination has the same role. This continues in 4.1 and 4.2, respectively.

4.1 Compositions with main sections and extensions

A compound with a main part and an extension is formed by mixing two

words, the meaning of which is derived from the first word being the main meaning,

and the second term is an additional extension (It may represent a sub-genre of the

first word), for example, sci-fi (science + fiction) refers to a type of fiction. (Not a branch

of science) An example of this type of compounding is as in (a).

(a) emotion + icon emoticon

sky + hijacker skyjacker

helicopter + airport heliport

sports + broadcast sportscast

situation + comedy sitcom

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4.2 The second compound word has an equal role.
The semantics of this type form the meanings of the two together, with no
major part or extension they play an equal role in meaning such as brunch (breakfast
+ lunch) refers to a meal that combines breakfast and lunch. Examples of these types
of compound words include

(b) smoke + fog smog
channel + tunnel Chunnel
boat + hotel boatel
folk + spoon spork
friend + enemy frenemy

5. Abbreviations

Abbreviations are another way to form words. An abbreviation is similar to
cutting and mixing, in that part of the word is cut off and the first letter of the word is
used to form a new word. Abbreviations can be divided into 2 types as follows.

5.1. Initialism and Acronym

When the first letter of a word is used to make a new word, there are two

types of abbreviations to be pronounced: The sequential reading of each letter is

called an initialism, and a literal reading is called an acronym, as in (1) and (2),

respectively.

(1.) - IQ (intelligence quotient)

- ATM (automatic teller machine)

- DVD (digital versatile disc)

- CEO (chief executive officer)

(2.) - PIN (personal identification number)

- ASEAN (association of Southeast Asian nations)

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- laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)

- radar (radio detecting and ranging)

Minkova and Stockwell (Minkova & Stockwell, 2009: 17) further noted that in some

instances the abbreviation may contain both the inositolism and the accronium

characteristics. That is shortened by a combination of inositolism and accronium

(initialism-acronym hybrids), as in (3).

(3.) - CD-ROM (compact disk read-only memory)
- JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)

In addition, the accronium may be assigned a similar pronunciation (same
pronunciation) to a particular word in a language when the word has a meaning that
corresponds to the meaning of the accord, it is called immutable. Adcroneme
(Imitative acronym) (Minkova & Stockwell, 2009: 18) as in (4)

(4.) - CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere)
- START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks)
- AIM (American Indian Movement)
- NOW (National organization for Women)

5.2. Abbreviations in electronic communications
In electronic communication nowadays, there are more abbreviations in the
form of abbreviations. In addition to the abbreviation in the first letter of the
aforementioned words, there are also abbreviations based on the abbreviation
characteristics. The pronunciation is pronounced, with numbers in the abbreviation,
as in (5) and (6).

(5.) - brb (be right back)
- idk (I don't know)
- ttl (talk to you later)

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- g2g (got to go)
Such an abbreviation is for convenience and speed, and at the same time is a
creative expression of the language of communication.

113

Exercise

1. คำทปี่ รำกฏเป็นตวั หนำใน (1) – (10) มำจำกกำรเปลย่ี นประเภท (conversion) ในลักษณะใด

ก. จำกคำนำมเป็นคำกรยิ ำ (N > V) ข. จำกคำคณุ ศัพทเ์ ป็นคำกริยำ (Adj > V)

ค. จำกคำกรยิ ำเปน็ คำนำม (V > N) ง. จำกคำคุณศัพทเ์ ปน็ คำนำม (Adj > N)

(1) The wine was brewed in Norway but bottled in Hong Kong. (ก.)

(2) I am one of the regulars at the pubs in Takayama. (ง.)

(3) Don't sit on the floor. You might dirty your dress. (ข.)

(4) James scored a hit in his first shot. (ค.)

(5) She skinned and sliced the tomatoes (ก.)

(6) John used some cheats in the computer game to make him win

easier. (ค.)

(7) Stop shouting and running around like a crazy. (ง.)

(8) Don't butter the bread for her. she prefer jam. (ก.)

(9) Can you empty the bin for me, please? (ข.)

(10) It is obvious that the Real Madrid will enter the UEFA UEFA Champions League

Finals. (ง.)

2. คำทีป่ รำกฏเป็นตัวหนำใน (1) – (16) ตรงกับกำรสรำ้ งคำด้วยวิธีใด

ก. กำรยอ้ นกลับ (backformation) ข. กำรผสม (blending)

ค.กำรตดั (clipping) ง. กำรย่อ (abbreviation)

(1) VAT (ง.)

(2) phone (ค.)

(3) babysit (ก.)

(4) edutainment (ข.)

(5) GPS (ง.)

(6) backform (ก.)

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(7) emoticon (ข.)
(8) NATO (ง.)
(9) ad (ค.)
(10) donate (ก.)
(11) net (ค.)
(12) flu (ค.)
(13) sitcom (ข.)
(14) UNICEF (ง.)
(15) brunch (ข.)
(16) automate (ก.)

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Reference

บลู ย์จรี ำ ชิรเวทย์, (2562) “Derivation by non-affixation” in English Morphology,
( พมิ พค์ ร้งั ท่ี 2 ), (กรุงเทพมหำนคร: สำนกั พมิ พจ์ ุฬำลงกรณม์ หำวิทยำลัย 2562), หน้ำ 45-58