Super shark

TAKING OVER EXPLORING THE DEEP

Anemones, barnacles, and sea
urchins are among the first
animals to set up home on a
sunken ship. About a year or
two later, corals start building
up, turning the shipwreck into
an artificial reef.

199

DESCENT INTO
DARKNESS

BOTTOM OF THE SEA

The surface of the ocean is bright with sunshine, wild
with waves and, in the tropics, it is warm. Deeper down,
the Sun’s rays cannot reach: it is always dark and colder
than inside a refrigerator. The deepest part of the ocean
is home to some of the strangest animals on the planet.
There is so little food down there that fish swim slowly
to save their energy. Anything that comes within range
is a potential meal—even if it’s bigger than you are.

GLOWING IN THE DARK

Many deep-sea animals have special light-
producing organs or patches in their skin.
They flash their lights to signal to mates,

or use them as a lure for attracting prey.

Giant tube worms, crabs,
and fish live around hot
water vents on the sea floor

HOT-BED OF LIFE

In places the ocean floor has volcanic
ridges that spew out super-hot water.
The animals here survive the high
temperatures and feed on chemicals
dissolved in the water.

Mouthlike hood
snaps shut when
food drifts inside

200 UNDER PRESSURE

Some animals, such as this
predatory tunicate, live attached
to the ocean floor. It catches tiny
floating animals in its “jaws” and,

like other deep-sea animals, has
a flabby body that can withstand

the high water pressure.

GHOST OF THE DEEP EXPLORING THE DEEP

This ghost shark is happiest in coastal
seas but sometimes descends to
deeper, darker waters where it
spends most of its time swimming
slowly along the bottom looking for
equally slow prey. Its strong sense of
smell and ability to detect electric
fields help it search in the gloom.

201

EXPLORING THE DEEP HELPING A FRIEND

Manatees are slow-moving mammals that
can be injured by collisions with ships and
other motorboats. They are also harmed by
pollution. Scientists keep a check on their
numbers to see if they need extra protection.

202

KEEPING TRACK

PROTECTING THE SEAS

The ocean looks so vast that it seems endless and
everlasting. In fact, many animals are fished so much that
their numbers are dropping. Garbage from land pollutes
the water, while ocean life is harmed by climate changes.
All around the world people are studying the ocean and
doing what they can to protect the animals that live
there and prevent them from being driven to extinction.

Radio tracker fixed
to turtle’s shell

TRACKING MOVEMENTS

By fitting animals with trackers that
send out detectable signals, scientists

can keep track of where they go.
This helps them protect species that

rely on certain habitats to survive.

REPLANTING REEFS

In places where reefs have been
destroyed, special frames are used to
replace them. These have been “seeded”
with fragments of coral, encouraging the
growth of new reefs as habitats for animals.

STATS AND FACTS

NUMBER OF SPECIES DESCRIBED PER YEAR

Scientists are still 136 fish 452 crustaceans 683 other
discovering new types
of marine life. There 379 mollusks Total 1,650
could be as many as
one million species NUMBER OF FISH SPECIES
living in the ocean.
17,400 species
ECORDED MARINE of marine fish

R SPECIES

32,800 total fish species

200,000

203

GLOSSARY

ABYSS COLONY FEEDING FRENZY INVERTEBRATE
The abyss, or abyssal zone, is the A group of animals that live closely When a group of predators, such as An animal without a backbone.
deepest part of the ocean, stretching together, often relying on each other. sharks or sailfish, work together to Includes corals, mollusks, starfish,
13,100 to 19,700 ft (4,000–6,000 m). Corals live in colonies. herd and attack prey, often with few jellyfish, shrimp, and sponges.
It is intensely dark and cold and few of the prey surviving.
animals are able to live there. CORAL JUVENILE
Soft-bodied animals that live in large FEELER A young animal that is not yet able
ALGAE groups or colonies, usually in warm, Part of the body that is used to sense to reproduce.
A group of simple plants that include shallow seas. They secrete a substance or touch things, especially when
microscopic green plankton and that hardens into stone around them searching for food. LARVA
enormous multicelled seaweeds, for protection. A young stage of an animal that looks
such as giant kelp. FILTER FEEDER very different from its adult form. Many
CRUSTACEAN An animal that feeds by filtering out marine animals spend part of their
BELL An animal such as a shrimp, crab, or plankton or small particles of food early life as a larva, including crabs,
The umbrella-shaped body of lobster that has a hard outer shell and suspended in water. corals, and lobsters. (Plural is larvae.)
a jellyfish. four or more pairs of limbs. They have
to molt the outer shell to grow. FLATFISH LURE
BIOLUMINESCENCE A flattened species of fish that swims A part of the body of a marine animal
The production of light by animals. DECIBEL on its side, close to the seabed. Both that is used as bait to attract another
It can be used to attract a mate, for A unit that measures the intensity or eyes lie on the same side of the head. animal when hunting. Lures can
camouflage, as a decoy, for catching loudness of a sound. Total silence is just Members of this group include plaice, resemble a food animal, such as a
prey, or for communication. It is above 0 decibels (dB). soles, and halibut. worm, or be bioluminescent to attract
created by a chemical reaction in prey in darkness.
the animal’s body. DISK WIDTH GAPE
Term used to describe the body size The wide opening of an animal’s MAMMAL
BUOYANCY of a fish, such as a ray, that has “wings.” mouth or shell. A warm-blooded animal that has hair
The ability of a marine organism and feeds its young on milk. Marine
to float in water. DORSAL FIN GESTATION mammals include whales, dolphins,
An unpaired, upright fin on the back The period of time, also called a and seals.
CAMOUFLAGE of a fish, whale, or dolphin. pregnancy, between the fertilization
Colors and patterns on an animal’s of an egg and the birth of an animal. MEMBRANE
skin that help it blend in with ECHINODERM A thin, flexible piece of skinlike tissue
its surroundings. A marine invertebrate that has a chalky GILLS that acts as a barrier.
outer skeleton and tube feet, such as a The structures used by fish and other
CANINE sea star (starfish) or sea urchin. aquatic animals to obtain oxygen MIDNIGHT ZONE
A pointed tooth that is often enlarged from water. Usually arranged in pairs, The cold, dark zone in the middle of
in meat eaters and is used for tearing ELECTRORECEPTION they also get rid of waste carbon the ocean. It generally describes depths
food. In walruses and narwhals the The ability of an aquatic animal to dioxide from the blood. between 3,300–13,100 ft (1,000 and
upper canines grow long enough to detect an electric field or current. 4,000 m) below the surface. Animals
form tusks. It is used for detecting objects or HERTZ that live here have to cope with intense
for communication. A unit (Hz) used to measure the pressure and constant darkness.
CARTILAGE frequency of sound waves. One hertz
A tough, light yet flexible substance EGG CASE is equal to one cycle per second. MIGRATION
that makes up the skeleton of a shark The tough case that surrounds the The higher the frequency of cycles, The regular return journey that an
or ray instead of bone. fertilized egg of some sharks or rays. the higher-pitched the sound. animal makes every year to reach
It protects the developing shark until feeding or breeding grounds.
COLD-BLOODED it is ready to hatch. HYDROTHERMAL VENT
Describes an animal whose body A crack in the seabed that pours out MOLLUSK
temperature varies with that of ESTUARY superheated water that is full of An invertebrate animal that has a soft,
its environment. It controls its The mouth of a large river at the point minerals. Vents are often home to muscular body. Sometimes the body
temperature by moving to hotter where it meets the sea. The amount of unique colonies of animals that can is surrounded by a hard shell. Mollusks
or cooler areas as needed. salt in the water changes with the tide. survive in harsh conditions. include snails, clams, and sea slugs.

204

MOLT REEF SUBMERSIBLE WARM-BLOODED
The process of shedding an outer A ridge of jagged coral, rock, or sand A small underwater craft designed Describes an animal that is able to
layer of skin or an external shell so lying just above or below the surface for research and exploration. keep its body temperature constant
that an animal can grow. This occurs of the sea. regardless of the temperature of its
at certain times of the year or at SUNLIGHT ZONE surroundings. All marine mammals
particular points in the animal’s REPTILE The uppermost layer of the ocean, and some sharks are warm-blooded.
life cycle. A cold-blooded vertebrate with scaly, which is bathed with sunlight during
waterproof skin, such as a marine the day. In clear water it can extend WATER PRESSURE
MOUTHBROODER iguana or a sea snake. down as far as 655 ft (200 m); in The weight of the water pressing
Species of fish in which one of the murky water as little as 50 ft (15 m). down on an animal as it goes deeper
parents holds the developing eggs SALINITY Most fish live in this zone. into the ocean. At the bottom of
in its mouth until they hatch. During The amount of salt dissolved in water. the deepest trench it is as much as
this time the adult cannot feed. Seawater has 35 g of salt for every TENTACLE 8 tons per square inch (1 tonne per
liter of water. Fresh water is usually Thin, flexible limb mainly used for square cm).
NOCTURNAL less than 0.5 g of salt per liter. grasping and feeding. Some carry sense
Describes an animal that is active organs for touch, taste, smell, or VENOM
at night and sleeps during the day. SCAVENGER vision. Others may be equipped with A poison, or toxin, produced by
An animal that feeds on dead plants suckers, stingers, hooks, or even teeth. an animal that is used in hunting
NUTRIENT or animals. or self-defense. It is injected into
A substance that provides vital TIDE another animal through a bite
nourishment needed for the growth SCHOOL OR SHOAL The twice-daily rise and fall in sea or sting.
and maintenance of life. A large number of fish that swim level that is caused by the pull of the
together. Sun and Moon. VERTEBRATE
OCEAN TRENCH An animal that has a backbone or
A very deep canyon in the ocean floor. SENSORY PORE TOXIC spinal column made up of individual
The temperature is barely above Part of a network of jelly-filled Describes a substance that is bones or pieces of cartilage called
freezing and the water pressure is pockets on the skin of sharks and poisonous. The bite or sting of an vertebrae. (Single is vertebra.)
crushing. Few animals can survive here. other electroreceptive fish. These animal may have a toxic effect on
pores help fish detect electric fields. another animal. VERTICAL MIGRATION
PARASITE A pattern of movement of animals
An organism that lives on or inside SKELETON TWILIGHT ZONE (and plankton) between deep and
another animal to gain food or shelter. A framework of bone or cartilage The region immediately below the shallow waters. This may happen
It is usually harmful to its host. that supports the body of an animal sunlight zone, from 655 to 3,300 ft daily or be seasonal. It also occurs
and provides attachment points (200–1,000 m). Very little light reaches in animals that spend different stages
PECTORAL FINS for muscles. this level and plants cannot grow. of their lives at different depths.
A pair of fins that lie either side of
a fish’s head that help control its SKIN PIGMENT ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK
direction of movement. Color found in the skin of an animal.

PITCH SLIME / per—for example, km/h means kilometers per hour
The high or low quality of a sound. A soft and slippery substance that is °C degrees Celsius
produced by the skin of an animal. It cal calories
PLANKTON helps fish swim more easily, but also cm centimeter
Tiny animals and algae that drift protects them against parasites and dB decibel
or float in the sea and other water infections. Some slimes are poisonous °F degrees Fahrenheit
bodies. They provide food for to predators. fl oz fluid ounce
larger animals. ft foot
SPAWN g gram
PREDATOR The eggs of a fish, amphibian, or Hz hertz—see glossary for definition
An animal that hunts and kills other invertebrate. Spawning is the laying in inch
animals (its prey) for food. of the eggs. kg kilogram
km kilometer
PREY SPECIES lb pound GLOSSARY
An animal that is killed and eaten A group of animals that look like one m meter
by a predator. another and can reproduce with each min minute
other—animals cannot reproduce ml milliliter
PROPULSION with members of another species. mm millimeter
The action of moving forward. mph miles per hour
STINGER oz ounce
RAKER A weapon used by some animals in s or sec second
A structure in a filter-feeding fish that self-defense or to capture prey by sq square
scrapes food particles off the gills and injecting a poison through a hollow
diverts them to the food pipe. spine or harpoon.

205

INDEX

A cleaner wrasse, blue-streak 106–7 eggs continued ghost shark 201
clownfish 100–101 jawfish 92–3 giant clam 40–41
abyssal zone 191 coastal waters 7 lionfish 33 gills 58, 59, 107, 125
algae 41, 111, 191 colors 70, 114, 127 loggerhead turtle 138 Great Barrier Reef 192
anemones 76, 77, 100, 199, 201 communication, sperm whale 171 pygmy seahorse 29 great white shark 36–9, 79
angel shark 35 cone snail 48 seahorses 118 Greenland shark 154–5
anglerfish 18–19 copepods 118 groupers 15
Antarctic Ocean 34, 110–11 coral reefs 6, 192–3, 199, 203 electricity, torpedo ray 180–81
Arctic 56, 155 courtship, seahorses 118 eyes 12, 13, 50, 129, 152, 164, 173, 174, 177 H
arms, starfish 54, 55 crabs 116, 134, 153
F hammerheads 164–7
B blue swimming crab 26–7 harpoons 23, 48
boxer crab 76–7 feeding frenzies 47, 68, 186 hearing, silky shark 186
bamboo shark, brown-banded 108–9 crocodile icefish 34 feelers 129, 168 horn shark, California 16–17
banded sea snake 121 cuttlefish, broadclub 169 filter feeders 60 hydroids 185
barnacles 81, 199 fins 17, 33, 35, 47, 51, 52, 66, 67, 70, 71, hydrothermal vents (black smokers) 7, 195
barrel shrimp 150–51 D
basking shark 10–11 181 I
batfish, red-lipped 52–3 deep sea 6, 7, 190–91, 200–201 fish
beaks 126, 139 defenses icefish, crocodile 34
biting reef worm 44–5 blue-streak cleaner wrasse 106–7 iguana, marine 98–9
bivalves 40 boxer crab 77 clownfish 100–101 ink, cuttlefish 169
black smokers (hydrothermal vents) 7, 195 clownfish 100 crocodile icefish 34 intestines, tiger shark 172
black swallower 191 cone snail 48 deep-sea fish 6, 200–201
blacktip reef shark 158–61 flying fish 66 flying fish 66–7 JK
blacktip shark 68–9 lionfish 32–3 garden eel 130–31
blind shark 128–9 parrotfish 156, 157 groupers 15 jawfish 92–3
blood pufferfish 42–3 jawfish 92–3 jaws 14, 15, 16, 25, 36, 44, 60, 63, 73, 75,
sea cucumber 114–15 lefteye flounder 12–13
crocodile icefish 34 seahorses 119 lionfish 32–3 113, 116, 117, 125, 171
great white shark 36 shy shark 94 mobula ray 84–5 jellyfish
sensing in water 37, 186 swell shark 30 moray eel 14–15, 192
thresher shark 79 zebra shark 121 parrotfish 156–7 lion’s mane jellyfish 56–7
blue shark 136–7 devilfish, spiny 122–3 pufferfish 42–3 Portuguese man o’ war 22–3
blue-streak cleaner wrasse 106–7 diving 196–7 pygmy seahorse 28–9 jumping
blue swimming crab 26–7 gentoo penguin 89 red-lipped batfish 52–3 blacktip shark 68
boxer crab 76–7 narwhal 21 remora 72 flying fish 66
brains 169, 171 sperm whale 171 ribbon-tailed stingray 50–51 great white shark 39
breathing 171 submersibles 194–5 sailfish 70–71 mobula ray 84–5
broadclub cuttlefish 169 dogfish, spiny 117 sardines 87, 96–7 spinner dolphin 81
broadnose sevengill shark 178–9 dolphins 7, 36, 178 sea lamprey 49 krill, Antarctic 110–11, 113, 136
bronze whaler 86–7 spinner dolphin 80–81 Sloane’s viperfish 62–3
brown-banded bamboo shark 108–9 spiny devilfish 122–3 L
bull shark 102–5, 197 E torpedo ray 180–81
burrows 93, 131 see also sharks lamprey, sea 49
eels flatfish 12–13 leaping see jumping
C garden eel 130–31 flippers, loggerhead turtle 138, 139 lefteye flounder 12–13
moray eel 14–15, 192 flounder, lefteye 12–13 lemon shark 140–43
California horn shark 16–17 flying fish 66–7 light zones 191
camouflage 13, 25, 29, 30, 35, 50, 52, 122, eggs frilled shark 124–5, 190 lionfish 32–3
barrel shrimp 151 lion’s mane jellyfish 56–7
127, 169 blue swimming crab 27 G liver, shark 10, 172
catshark, small spotted 152–3 California horn shark 17 lizards 98–9
clam, giant 40–41 common octopus 126, 127 garden eel 130–31 loggerhead turtle 138–9
giant clam 40 gentoo penguin 88–9

206

M red blood cells 34 sharks continued T INDEX
red-lipped batfish 52–3 shy shark 94–5
mackerel 47 reef sharks 190, 192, 198 silky shark 186–7 tails 35, 50, 78, 79, 82
mako, shortfin 82–3 small spotted catshark 152–3 teeth 15, 16, 19, 21, 25, 36, 49, 58, 63, 73,
mammals blacktip reef shark 158–61 spiny dogfish 117
whitetip reef shark 132–3 starry smooth-hound 116 99, 116, 117, 125, 146, 171, 173, 185
manatee 202–3 reef worm, biting 44–5 swell shark 30–31 tentacles
sea otter 134–5 reefs 6, 192–3, 199, 203 thresher shark 78–9
walrus 146–7 remora 72 tiger shark 172–5 anemones 100
see also dolphins; whales reptiles whale shark 58–61, 197 lion’s mane jellyfish 56–7
manatee 202–3 marine iguana 98–9 whitetip reef shark 132–3 Portuguese man o’ war 22–3
manta ray 7 sea snakes 121, 148–9 wobbegong 24–5 sea cucumber 115
mantis shrimp 176–7 turtles 138–9, 172, 203 zebra shark 120–21 thresher shark 78–9
marine iguana 98–9 ribbon-tailed stingray 50–51 tides 7
megamouth shark 112–13 shells 26, 27, 40, 138 tiger shark 172–5
midnight zone 191 S shipwrecks 198–9 tope shark, common 144–5
migration 10, 49, 58, 82, 97, 137, 139,145, 164 shoals see packs and schools torpedo ray 180–81
mimicry 121 sailfish 7, 70–71 shortfin mako 82–3 tracking animals 203
mobula ray 84–5 sandtiger shark 182–5 shrimp 192 tube feet 55, 114, 115
mollusks 40 sardine 87, 96–7 tuna 47, 82
moray eel 14–15, 192 sawshark 168 barrel shrimp 150–51 tunicate 200
mouths 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 28, 33, 49, 51, 54, scalloped hammerhead 166 mantis shrimp 176–7 turtles 172, 203
schools see packs and schools shy shark 94–5 loggerhead turtle 138–9
58, 63, 73, 75, 93, 113, 118 scuba divers 197 silky shark 186–7 tusks 21, 146, 147
muscles sea apple 115 skin 99, 123, 127, 133, 152, 169, 187 twilight zone 190
sea cucumber 114–15 sleep 146, 147, 156
giant clam 40 sea floor 12, 200–201 slime 100, 156, 157 V
great white shark 36, 37 sea lamprey 49 Sloane’s viperfish 62–3
shortfin mako 82 sea lion 94 small spotted catshark 152–3 venom
mussels 54, 134 sea otter 134–5 smooth-hound, starry 116 biting reef worm 44
sea snakes 121, 148–9 snails 48, 169 cone snail 48
NO sea urchins 199, 201 snakes, sea 121, 148–9 lionfish 32
seahorses 118–19 speed Portuguese man o’war 22–3
narwhal 20–21 blue shark 136 pufferfish 42
nurse shark 72–5 pygmy seahorse 28–9 broadnose sevengill shark 178 ribbon-tailed stingray 51
oceanic whitetip shark 46–7 seals 36, 39, 154, 155 California horn shark 17 sea cucumber 114
octopuses 126–7, 169, 191 seaweed 98, 99 flying fish 66 sea snakes 148, 149
otter, sea 134–5 sensors 164, 165, 168, 176 gentoo penguin 88 spiny devilfish 122
sevengill shark, broadnose 178–9 great white shark 36 spiny dogfish 117
P sharks 6, 197 Greenland shark 155
mobula ray 85 viperfish, Sloane’s 62–3
Pacific Ocean 195 angel shark 35 Portuguese man o’ war 23
packs and schools 21, 85, 87, 97, 110, 111, basking shark 10–11 red-lipped batfish 52 WZ
blacktip reef shark 158–61 sailfish 70–71
117, 136, 142, 160, 166, 183 blacktip shark 68–9 shortfin mako 82 walking fish
predators 60–1, 68–9, 79, 87, 160, 183 blind shark 128–9 Sloane’s viperfish 63 brown-banded bamboo shark 108
parasites 85, 107 blue shark 136–7 tiger shark 173 California horn shark 17
parrotfish 156–7 broadnose sevengill shark 178–9 sperm whale 170–71 common octopus 126
penguin, gentoo 88–9 bronze whaler 86–7 spines 32, 33, 42, 43, 50, 51, 117, 122 red-lipped batfish 52
pincers, crabs 27, 76, 77 brown-banded bamboo shark 108–9 spinner dolphin 80–81 spiny devilfish 122
plankton 6, 7 bull shark 102–5, 197 spiny devilfish 122–3
plankton feeders 10, 28, 41, 49, 58, 77 California horn shark 16–17 spiny dogfish 117 walrus 146–7
poisons see venom common tope shark 144–5 spotted catshark, small 152–3 whale shark 58–61
polar seas 6 frilled shark 124–5, 190 squid 125, 136, 153, 169, 171 whaler, bronze 86–7
pollution 203 ghost shark 201 starfish 54–5 whales 36
porcupinefish 43 great white shark 36–9, 79 starry smooth-hound 116
Portuguese man o’ war 22–3 Greenland shark 154–5 stingrays 50–51, 164 narwhal 21
pregnancy 125, 140, 141, 144, 158 hammerhead 164–7 stings 16, 22, 23, 56, 77, 100 sperm whale 170–71
pufferfish 42–3 lemon shark 140–43 stomachs 32, 42, 54, 55 whitetip reef shark 132–3
pygmy seahorse 28–9 megamouth shark 112–13 submersibles 191, 194–5 whitetip shark, oceanic 46–7
nurse shark 72–5 suckers 114, 115, 127, 169 wings 35, 50, 51, 66, 85, 89, 181
R oceanic whitetip shark 46–7 sunlight zone 190 wobbegong 24–5
reef sharks 190, 192, 198 swell shark 30–31 worm, biting reef 44–5
rays 183 sandtiger shark 182–5 swim bladder 118 wrasse, blue-streak cleaner 106–7
manta ray 7 sawshark 168 swordfish 82 zebra shark 120–21
mobula ray 84–5 shortfin mako 82–3
torpedo ray 180–81 207

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Dorling Kindersley would like to thank 40–41 Scubazoo.com: Adam Broadbent. 100–101 Scubazoo.com: Adam 166–167 Naturfoto www.naturephoto-
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John for proofreading; Hilary Bird for the Odziomek (cr). 48 Corbis: Alex Kerstitch / Society. 112–113 naturepl.com: Bruce 176–177 Dreamstime.com: Beverly Speed.
index; Steve Crozier for creative retouching; Visuals Unlimited (b). 49 Alamy Images: Rasner / Rotman. 115 Getty Images: Borut 177 Photoshot: LOOK (cr). 178–179
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Isley. 13 Scubazoo.com: Roger Munns (cr). 76–77 Scubazoo.com: Adam Broadbent. 139 Alamy Images: Martin Strmiska (cr). 197 Getty Images: Wayne Lynch (c).
14 Alamy Images: WaterFrame (cl). 77 Scubazoo.com: Jason Isley (cr). 140–141 Alamy Images: WaterFrame. Scubazoo.com: Adam Broadbent (bc);
15 Corbis: Stuart Westmorland (br). 78–79 FLPA: Norbert Probst / Imagebroker. 142–143 Scubazoo.com: Jason Isley. Jason Isley (crb). 198–199 Science Photo
16 Getty Images: Jeff Rotman / Photolibrary 79 Scubazoo.com: Jason Isley (cr). 144–145 Alamy Images: Dan Sullivan. Library: Photostock-Israel. 198 Corbis:
(bl). 17 Dreamstime.com: Greg Amptman 80–81 Alamy Images: Anthony Pierce. 145 Photoshot: Charles Hood / Oceans Stephen Frink (bc, c). Scubazoo.com: Jason
(tl). Getty Images: Mark Conlin / Oxford 82–83 Getty Images: Masa Ushioda. Image (cr). 146–147 Robert Harding Isley (clb). 200–201 FLPA: Minden Pictures
Scientific (bl). 19 FLPA: Minden Pictures / 84–85 Science Photo Library: Christopher Picture Library: Reinhard Dirscherl. / Norbert Wu. 200 FLPA: Frans Lanting (c);
Norbert Wu (tl). 20–21 Getty Images: Paul Swann. 85 Scubazoo.com: Jason Isley (cr). 147 Alamy Images: Photoshot Holdings Minden Pictures / Norbert Wu (bc). Science
Nicklen. 23 Corbis: Minden Pictures / 86–87 SeaPics.com: Doug Perrine. Ltd (cr). 148 Scubazoo.com: Jason Isley Photo Library: Dr. Ken MacDonald (clb).
Norbert Wu (bl). 24–25 Dreamstime.com: 87 Corbis: Stuart Westmorland (cr). (cl). 148–149 Scubazoo.com: Christian 202–203 Science Photo Library: Douglas
Kkg1. 25 Photoshot: Picture Alliance (cr). 88–89 Photoshot: Andy Rouse. 89 Getty Loader. 150–151 Getty Images: David Faulkner. 203 Alamy Images: Rheinhard
26 Auscape: John Lewis (cl). 27 Corbis: Images: Danita Delimont / Gallo Images Wrobel / Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Dirscherl (cr). Scubazoo.com: Roger
Kevin Fleming (tr); Lynda Richardson (bc). (cr). 92–93 Scubazoo.com: Gil Woolley. 151 Photoshot: NHPA (cr). 152–153 Getty Munns (cb). 204 Scubazoo.com: Jason
28–29 Scubazoo.com: Roger Munns. 93 Scubazoo.com: Jason Isley (cr). Images: Marevision. 154–155 Photoshot: Isley (tr, ftr); Christian Loader (tc).
30–31 OceanwideImages.com: Andy 94–95 SeaPics.com: Doug Perrine. Saul Gonor / Oceans Image. 156–157 Getty 206 Scubazoo.com: Jason Isley (tr, ftr);
Murch. 30 SuperStock: Mark Conlin (cl). 94 Scubazoo.com: Jason Isley (cl). Images: Visuals Unlimited, Inc. / Reinhard Roger Munns (tc). 208 Scubazoo.com:
33 Getty Images: Nature, underwater and 96–97 Scubazoo.com: Jason Isley. Dirscherl. 156 Alamy Images: Adam Butler Jason Isley (tr)
art photos. www.Narchuk.com / Moment 97 FLPA: Ingo Arndt / Minden Pictures (cr). (cl). 158–159 Getty Images: Barcroft Media Endpapers: Dreamstime.com: Dream69 0
Open (crb). 34 Getty Images: Doug Allan / 98 Alamy Images: National Geographic / Contributor. 160–161 Getty Images:
Oxford Scientific (cra). SuperStock: Minden Image Collection (cra). 99 Alamy Images: Sakis Papadopoulos / The Image Bank. All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Pictures (c). 36 Scubazoo.com: Jason Isley Karen & Ian Stewart (tr). Robert Harding 164 Alamy Images: Martin Strmiska (br).
(cl, tr). 38–39 Getty Images: David Jenkins / Picture Library: Michael S. Nolan (crb). Photoshot: Michael Patrick O'Neill (cl). For further information see:
Robert Harding World Imagery. 100 Scubazoo.com: Jason Isley (cl). 165 FLPA: Imagebroker / Norbert Probst (tr). www.dkimages.com

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