CHEMISTRY PROJECT BASED LEARINING 1 Chapter 8 Manufactured substances in industry NAME Liang Kai Qian CLASS 4S4 TEACHER Puan Chan Yoke Bee
GLASS a) State the major component and main characteristics of glass. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF GLASS Silicon dioxide (SiO2) Calcium oxide (CaO) Sodium oxide (Na2O) MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASS Electrical insulator Heat insulator Transparent Hard but brittle Chemically inert Waterproof
b) By using table, discuss the 4 types of glasses (fused glass, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, lead crystal glass) according to their properties and uses. Type of glass Properties Uses Fused glass -High melting point -Does not expand nor contract much when there is a large change in temperature -Suitable for making telescope lens Soda-lime glass -Low melting point -Easily moulded -Cannot withstand high temperatures -Can easily crack during sudden temperature change -Used to make glass containers such as bottles and jugs Borosilicate glass -Resistant to heat -Do not crack easily when subjected to thermal stress -Low expansion coefficient -Used to make many laboratory glassware such as beakers and flasks Lead crystal glass -Heavier -High refractive index -Suitable to be used in making prisms
CERAMICS a) State the major component and main characteristics of ceramic Clay Earthen elements Nonmetallic substances Inorganic substances Water Powders High thermal resistant Electrical insulator Hard and strong Chemically inert Break easily Heat insulator
b) Discuss the uses, properties and examples of ceramics Uses of ceramics Properties of ceramics Examples of ceramics -Pottery -Brick -Bowl -Cutting disc -Brake disc -Tungsten carbide ring -High thermal resistant -Break easily -Chemically inert -Electrical insulator -Hard and strong -Heat insulator Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) Titanium carbide (TiC) Silicon carbide (SiC)
Composite materials and their importance a) Define composite materials b) Discuss the 5 types of composite materials (reinforced concrete, superconductor, fibre optic, fibre glass and photochromic glass) according to their properties and uses. Composite materials are widely used in the development and advancement of technology in the world nowadays. Composite materials consist of reinforced concrete, superconductor, fibre optic, fibre glass and photochromic glass. First and foremost, reinforced concrete is highly durable, wind and water-resistant, noncombustible and also soundproof. It is commonly used in construction of bridges, dams and buildings. Moreover, fibre glass is lightweight, strong and less brittle. Fibre glass is used to make helmets, car bumpers and printed circuit boards. Next, properties of optical fibre include light-emitting in various colours, brittle and also washable. It is used to transmit information and data in the form of light. In addition, optical fibre has replaced copper wires in video cameras and connects computers in Local Area Network (LAN). Furthermore, photochromic glass darkens when exposed to sunlight. In dim light, copper(I) chloride, CuCl in photochromic glass catalyses the reverse process so that the photochromic glass becomes transparent. Photochromic glass protects the user from UV rays and is suitable for use in car windows, building windows and camera lenses. Lastly, superconductors like YBCO ceramics have superconductivity properties other than alloys. Superconductor is used to make electromagnets, that are superconductor magnets or supermagnets. Supermagnets are light and have strong magnetic force. It is used in particle accelerators and involved in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) machines and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines. A composite material is a material made from combining two or more nonhomogeneous substances, that is matrix substance and strengthening substance. The matrix substance surrounds and binds the strengthening substance together